General remarks

Planapochromats
Phase-contrast
obiectives

A few wordson the workingprinciple

of the microscope

P O L Zo b i e c t i v e s

4
Parfocalizationof objectivesandeyepieces10
Appropriateselection
o f i n i t i a lm a g n i f i c a t i o n s
of objectivesand eyepieces
12
F i e l do f v i e wa n d v i e w i n ga n g l e
14
Correctionof aberrations
16
The coverglassand its importancefor
i m a g eq u a l i t yi n t h e m i c r o s c o p e
The immersionmethod
20

51
52

54
56
UD Achromats
57
Special-purposeobjectives
58
ULTRAFLUARS
Jamin-Lebedeff
transmitted-light
interferenceequipment 59
microscopy 60
Objectivesfor reflected-light
E P I P L A NH D o b i e c t i v e s
61
62
E P I P L A No

63
64

EPIPLANPOL objectives

65
ZEISSobiectives
Classificationof objectives
Achromats
Planachromats
NEOFLUARS
Planapochromats
ULTRAFLUARS
Obiectivemounts
ZEISSobjectivesfor photomicrography
LUMINARS

23

25
26
27
27

68

Photomicrographic objectives
LUMINARS
w i t h i r i sd i a p h r a g m
Epi-LUMINARS

69
71

28
29
32

Eyepieces
C-typeand Kpl eyepieces
Eyepiecesfor spectaclewearers
Eyepiecesfor micrometerdisks
Micrometerdisks
Object markerwith diamondtip

72
73

36

Pointereyepieces

74
75
76
77
78

Eyepiecefor stereomicroscopes

80

42

Microprojectioneyepieces

B1

46

Special-purpose
eyepieces
Grain-sizedisks accordingto ASTM E
and VDE h standards

82

Intermediate
systemschanging

Stagemicrometers

M
ZEISScondensers
D a r k -ife l d i l l u m i n a t i o n

EPIP
Pho
Antifleximmersionobjectives

Integrating
micrometer
disks
Doubleeyepiecewith pointer
Centeringtelescope,Klein magnifier,
ctrosco

84
86
86

Ing

systems
NEOFLUARS

Condensers

88
89

remarks
General
A few words on the working principle
lf objectsor detailsare to be seen clearly,
of the microscope a sufficientlylarge image must be formed on
the retina of the eye. A measureof the size
o f t h i s i m a g e - w h i c hc a n n o tb e m e a s u r e dd i r e c t l y - i s t h e s o - c a l l e da n g l eo f v i e w .I n m a n y
c a s e st h i s i s s o s m a l lt h a t t h e d e s i r e dc l a r i t y
c a n n o l o n g e rb e a c h i e v e dT. o o b t a i ng r e a t e r
clearness,means must thereforebe used to
i n c r e a s et h e v i e w i n g a n g l e a n d t h u s t h e
i m a o ef o r m e do n t h e r e t i n a .
fhe simplest solution consists in approachingthe eye as closelyto the object as
p o s s i b l e .T h i s . h o w e v e r ,i s f e a s i b l eo n l y t o
a c e r t a i ne x t e n tb e c a u s eo f t h e l i m i t e da b i l i t y
of the eye to accommodate.To overcome
this difficultywe have to avail ourselvesof
lensesor lens systems.The effectof such an
auxiliarymeansis, in each case,that the object located a short distance in front of the
eye-or even an image of such an object-is
imagedat a greaterviewingangle and a sufficient distancefrom the eye to allow observation without any particularstress on our
m e c h a n i s mo f a c c o m m o d a t i o n .
T h e a i d u s u a l l ye m p l o y e df o r t h i s p u r p o s e
is an ordinaryconverginglens of sufficiently
, h i c hw i l lf o r m a m a g n iife d
s h o r tf o c a ll e n g t hw
image of an object located in its focal plane
at a distancefar enough for the eye looking
t h r o u g ht h e l e n s t o v i e w i t w i t h o u td i f f i c u l t y .
T h e e y e w i l l t h e ns e et h e o b j e c tu n d e ra w i d e r
viewing angle as if it were viewed from a
normal distance.Such a lens is called a
magnifier.lts magnificationis definedas the
relationshipbetweenthe tangentfunctionsof
the two viewing angles,a certainvalue having been adoptedas the normalviewingdist a n c e ,v i z . 2 5 0m m . T h i s i s t h e s o - c a l l e dd i s tance of distinctvision. Using this value,we
o b t a i nf o r t h e n u m e r i c avl a l u eV Lo f t h e m a g n i ficationof a magnifierof focal lengthfL:
,r, - -250
v L

f ,

lf higher magnificationsare required,

simplelensesare no longersufficient.In this
case,the requirementsto be made of image
quality can only be satisfiedby lens combinations. However,the magnificationwhich
can be achieved in a single magnification
stage, as in a magnifier,is limited because
technicalproblemsonly allowthefocal length
to be reducedto a certaindegree:the lenses
haveto be curvedever moresteeplyand their
diametersthus become smallerand smaller.
This results in difficultiesnot only in manuf a c t u r i n g ,b u t p r i m a r i l yi n u s i n g t h e m : t h e
viewing distance is greatly reduced, the
image brightnessis low and the visual field
small.
These disadvantagescan be overcomeif
two successiveimage-formingsystems are
used as is the case in the compound microscope:
The first stage of image formation consists of a lens system,the microscopeobjective, located close to the object, which forms
a real and magnifiedaerial image of the object, usually at a certain distance from the
latter. The relationshipbetween image size
and object size,the scale of the image M,ni,
is governed by optical laws and is represented by the relationshipof the separation
between the image and the primary focal
point of the objective,which is called the
"optical tube length t", and the
objective
focal lengthfoui,viz.
M o b i=

fobi

The contentof this aerialimageformedby

the objective,i. e. the detail of fine object
structuresit contains,however,has nothing
to do with the scale at which the objective
reproducesthe object. On the contrary-as
Abbel was the first to prove-it dependsnot

only on the wavelengthof the light used for

observation,but primarilyon the light-admitting propertiesof the objective. These are
determinedby the apertureangleof the cone
of rays from the pencil originatingat the object, which is able to enter the instrument
through the aperture of the objective. The
measure of this angle is-likewise since
Abbe-the numericalvalue of the sine function of half the apertureangle. lf the pencil
originating at the object does not pass
through air before it reachesthe objective,
but through another medium of differentrefractive index, the angle must be multiplied
by this index. Becauseof its importancefor
image formation in the microscope,Abbe
coined the term numerical aperture for the
product of the sine of half the aperture
angle and refractiveindex. Thus if this rerm
is abbreviatedN.A.,as is customaryin microscopy, and o insertedfor half the aperture
angle,then we have
N.A,:n.sino
With regardto the magnifiedimageformed
by a microscopeobjectiveit must be noted
that two adjacentobject detailswill only be
separated,or resolvedas it is called in optical
language,if the expression

)'

)'

>a >
N . A .: - : 2 N . A .

applieswith regardto their separationd.

Consequently,
the magnitudeof the separation d to be resolvedis always betweenthe
limits
),
I
ano
*-A2NA
I II u s t r a t i o n :
l l l u m i n a t i n gc o n e m a d e v i s i b l e .
The cone of light varies as a function of the numerical aperture.

I Ernst Abbe (1840-1905),

physicist and professorat Jena. From
1867worked for the ZEISS Optical Works. Became a Dartnerin
t h e c o m p a n yi n 1 8 7 5P
. i o n e e ro f m i c r o s c o p ec o n s t r u c t i o nE. s l a b l i s h e dt h e Z E I S SF o u n d a t i o n .

Resolvingpoweral J"= 550nm Table 1

Objective
aperture

0.10
0.30
0.65
0.95
1.25
1.40

Separationd (p)
N.A.
5.5
1.83
0.84
0.58
0.44
0.39

2 N.A.
2.75

0.92
0.42

0.29
0.22

0.20

An importantfact which is frequentlyoverlooked is that nearthe lirnit of resolutiongiven

by the aboveformulait is exclusivelythe distance betweenthe object details which is reproduced correctly. Nothing can be said
about their shape. To reproduceobject configurationswith a reasonabledegreeof similarity, we must remain considerably-by a
factor of about 5 to 1O-above the limit of
resolutionfor the detail in question.
The second stage of image formation in
the compound microscope is exclusively
designedto spread the image produced by
the first stage so that all detailscan be conveniently recognized by the eye. For this
purposethe aerial image formed by the objective is viewed through a lens systemacting like a magnifierand called the eyepiece.
It is natural that even the highest eyepiece magnificationcannot show the eye
more than the aerial image in accordance
with the resolving power of the objective.
There is thus no point using a higher eyepiece magnificationthan is requiredto make
the resolveddetailof the aerialimagevisible.
Abbe realizedthat it was sufficientto use a
total magnificationof the objective-eyepiece
system of 500 to 1000x ihe objectiveaperture. He coined the term usefulmagnification

for thisrange.
The total magnificatiohVmicris just the
p r o d u c to f t h e s c a l eo f t h e a e r i a li m a g eM o o i
produced by the objectiveand the eyepiece
magnificationVoct,
namely
250

Vmicr:+

focI

O n t h e b a s i so f t h i s f o r m u l aw e o b t a i nf o r
the total focal length of a compound microscope
250
250
\/
v m r c r-

f"b . f""

f micr

t
,
lmicr:

E y e p ie c e

Intermediate lmage

Objective

Specimen
Schematic drawing of the light path in the microscope

fobi ' focl

1

A c l o s e rl o o ka t t h i sf o r m u l ac l e a r l ys h o w s
the advantageswhich the compoundsystem
has over the simplemagnifyingsystem:
D u e t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t yo f c o m b i n a t i o na,
multitude of total focal lengths can be
achievedwith only a few elementsof different
focallength.
Since the focal lengths of the different
components remain large as compared to
the focal length of the overall system, it is
possible by appropriate selection of the
formerto obtain practicallyany desiredshort
overallfocal length. This meansno lessthan
that the magnifyingpower of a microscopeis
a c t u a l l yu n l i m i t e d .T h a t t h i s u n l i m i t e dm a g n i f y i n gp o w e r c a n n o t b e f u l l y u t i l i z e di n t h e
c o m p o u n dm i c r o s c o p ei s d u e t o t h e l i m i t e d
resolving power of the objective,which is
determinedby the wavelengthof the light
u s e d a n d t h e n u m e r i c a al p e r t u r e .
However,sufficientlyhigh resolvingpower
a n d a m a g n i f y i n gp o w e r h i g he n o u g h t om a k e
the resolvedimage detail clearly visible still
do not enablea compoundsystemto present
the eye with an undistortedimage of this

10
detail. In addition,the errors inherentto a
greateror lesserdegreein any imageformed
by the lenses have to be eliminatedto such
an extent that the overall system guarantees
a largely unaberrated reproduction of resolved image detail.
While-as we have seen-the resolving
powerat a givenwavelengthof light depends
exclusivelyon the objective,the image-forming properties are determined jointty by the
objective and the eyepiece, although the
primaryinfluenceis the type of objective.
The magnifying power is determined on
the one hand by the objectiveand the eyepiece,but on the other alsobythe mechanical
system of the microscope connecting the
two,becauseits Iengthdeterminesthe optical
tube length. Since the demands made with
regardto resolvingpower,magnifyingpower
and image-forming properties cannot be
satisfiedwith a singleobjectiveand eyepiece
system, the connecting element, the body
tube, must be designedso that the two componentscan be easilydetachedfrom it. This
is why the lenselementsof both the objective
and the eyepieceare accommodatedin special "mounts". The former have a standard
threadby whichthey can be screwedinto the
lower end of the body tube. The simpler,
tubular mounts of the eyepiece lenses are
slipped from above into the suitablyshaped
eyepiecetube.
Parfocalizationof objectivesand eyepieces

To facilitate the exchange of objectives,

so-called "objective changers" are usually
. inserted between the objective and the body
tube. The location of the plane separaiing
the body tube from the objectiveon the one
hand and the eyepieceon the other is determined by practicalconsiderations:
The tube should always be in the same
positionin relationto the specimen.
The image must remain in focus when

11

m : mechanicaltube length
a : object-to-image
distance
b : object distanceof objective
: intermediateimagedistance
of eyepiece
- working distanceof the objective

objectivesor eyepiecesare changed. ln microscope language,this is called "parfocalizationof objectivesand eyepieces".

To satisfythe latter requirement,which is
essentialfor undisturbedwork with the microscope,the optical tube length cannot be
the same for all types of objectives.lt is the
distancebetweenthe specimenand the aerial
image that must be kept constant. With a
given mechanicaltube length this can only
be achievedby appropriatedesignof the objective mount. The length of this must be
chosen so that the separationbetween the
object plane and the undersideof the body
tube againstwhich the objectiverests when
it is screwed in is the same, and the lens
systemis positionedso that the aerial image
will always be formed in the same plane in
the tube, regardlessof the objective focal
length.The measureof the distancebetween
objectiveplaneand objectivescrew flangeis
the so-calledobject distanceof the objective.
ln order that the image will remain in
focus when the eyepiecesare exchanged,
the
eyepiecefocal plane must always coincide
with the real aerialimage. In otherwords,the
eyepiece flange must also be located at a
fixed distance (intermediateimage distance
of the eyepiece)from the plane of the aerial
image in the tube, and the eyepiecemounts
must be so designedthat their focal plane is
alwaysat a fixed distancefrom their seating.
Severalpoints have to be taken into account when fixing the three mechanical
dimensions:ihe
o b j e c td i s t a n c eo f t h e o b j e c tive,the mechanicaltube lengthand the intermediateimagedistanceof the eyepiece.
The object distance of the objective is
preferablychosen so that the objective of
lowest power that is used frequentlyas well
as objectivesof particulariylong construction
can still be parfocalized.On the other hand,
however,the objectivesmust not be made

12
excessivelylong or centeringwill become+oo
difficult. A reasonablevalue has been found
to be 45 mm, which we have been using for
all our transmitted-light objectivessince1950.
The intermediate image distance ol the
eyepieceshould be chosenas short as possible to allow eyepiecesof short focal length
also to be parfocalizedwithout difficulty.
With our eyepiecesit is 10 mm.
The mechanicaltube length should above
all be chosenso that the microscopecan be
dimensionedto suit its purposewithout bec o m i n gu n w i e l d yT. h e m e c h a n i c a l t u blee n g t h
o f o u r m i c r o s c o p e iss 1 6 0m m .
For the normal transmitted-lightmicroscope,the combinationof thesethree magnitudes results in a distance of 195 mm between the specimenand the aerial image.
Object distance
of objective

45 mm

mechanical
tube length
1 6 0m m

intermediateimage
planeof eyepiece

1 0m m

objectto-image
distance
1 9 5m m

Once the tube length has been fixed, the

total magnificationof the microscope only
depends,in addition,on the focal lengthsof
objectivesand eyepieces,i. e. the scale of
the aerial image and the eyepiece magnification.
Appropriateselection
The user of the microscopewill find it of
of inilial magnifications advantageif these two factors are chosen so
of objectives and eyepieces that a Iarge number of total magnifications
can be achievedwith a minimumequipment
outlay. Such a series can be consideredas
well coordinatedonly if it satisfiesthe followingconditions:
The relationshipof every component in
the serieswith the one precedingit and the
o n e f o l l o w i n gi t s h o u l d b e o f e q u a l m a g n i tude.
It should be possibleto obtainserieswith
larger increments by leaving components
with smallerincrementsout of a basicseries.

13
The values of the different components
s h o u l d b e r o u n d f i g u r e so r s h o u l d a t l e a s t
b e c l o s e e n o u g ht o r o u n d f i g u r e st o b e e x pressedby them with sufficientaccuracy.
The seriesshould be so establishedthat
once fixed for a power of ten it can be
e x t e n d e da s d e s i r e d b y m u l t i p l y i n gb y 1 0 ,
1 0 0 ,e t c .
Theseconditionsare well satisfiedby the
d e c i m a lg e o m e t r i cs e r i e so n w h i c h t h e G e r m a n l n d u s t r i a lS t a n d a r dD I N 3 2 3 i s b a s e d .
T h e w o r k i n g g r o u p o n m i c r o s c o p yi n t h e
standards committee of the German Prec i s i o nE n g i n e e r i n g
a n d O p t i c a ll n d u s t r yh a s
therefore proposed that the R 10 standard
seriesfrom this standardbe adooted as the
b a s i sf o r a m i c r o s c o p em a g n i f i c a t i o sne r i e s .
It is containedin the draft standardon microscope magnifications,DIN 58,886,and is
composedas follows:
StandardSeries

10
100
1000

l.tc

t.o

12.5
125

to

160

1250

1600

20
200
2000

2.5
25
250

2500

3.2

32
320
3200

6.3

40
400
4000

50
500

o,J

630

80
800

etc.

When deciding on the characteristic

values of objectivesand eyepieceson the
b a s i s o f s u c h a s e r i e s ,t h e f o l l o w i n gp o i n t s
mustbe takeninto consideration:
There should be 4 to 5 main objectives
with the aid of whichthe rangeof total magnifications requiredfor practicalwork can be
c o v e r e ds, i n c eo n l yt h i s n u m b e ro f o b j e c t i v e s
can be mountedon the conventionaltype of
objectivechanger(revolvingnosepieces).
T h e v a l u e sf o r t h e i n i t i a lm a g n i f i c a t i oonf
the objectivesand eyepiecesmust also be
taken from the aboveseries. Only then is the
a d v a n t a go
e f t h es t a n d a r ds e r i e sf u l l yu t i l i z e d ,
viz. that the product of any two figures is
a g a i n a s t a n d a r df i g u r e .

14
In view of these considerationswe have
chosen the following magnification incrementsfor our objectives. Only in rare cases
and in the case of special-purpose
objectives
have important reasons prompted certain
deviations.
Series of initial magnifications of objectives
Basic series
Main series
S i m p l i f i e ds e r i e s

2.5 4
2.5
2.5
(2.5\

Seriesof initial magnificationsof eyepieces

4 x 5 x 6 . 3 X8 X 1 0 x 1 2 . 5 x1 6 x 2 0 x 2 5 ) <

6.3 10

6.3
10
10

16 25
16

40
40

40
40

63

100

100
(100)
100

The numerical aperture chosen for the

different objective magnificationsdepends
largelyon the qualityof correction.In general, the largestapertureis used that is possible and justified under the circumstances.
The numericalaperturesapplyingto our objectives may be taken from the different objectivetables.
Field of view and viewing angle

In the compound microscope,the image

is sharplylimitedby a diaphragmin the eyepiece which is called the eyepiecefield stop.
Its diameterdependson the focal lengthand
type of the eyepiece and is limited by the
inside diameter of the tube accepting the
eyepiece. This diaphragm allows only a
certainportionof the real intermediateimage
to be viewed. The diameter of this field is
called the field-of-viewnumber. In the tables
included in this booklet it is indicated for
eachof the eyepieces.This numbermakes it
possibleto determinethe diameterof the object portion which can be covered with the
eyepiecefield of view. This so-called obiect
field is determinedby dividing the field-ofview number by the initial magnificationof

15
the objective used-if necessarymaking alIowance for a factor due to body magnification or an intermediateoptical system.
The field-of-viewnumber and the eyepiecefocal lengthalso serveto determinethe
viewing angle under which the eye sees the
entireimage. lf S is the field-of-viewnumber,
then the viewing angle w results from the
expression
.
t9

w
2

S
z . f* ,

T h i sv i e w i n ga n g l ei s a l s o i n d i c a t e di n t h e
differenteyepiecetables.
All factors determining the magnifying
power of the compound microscopeand its
relationshipto the resolvingpower given by
the apertureof the objective(rangeof useful
magnification)can be representeddiagrammatically as is shown by the following example of a typical series of objectivesand
eyepieces.
The horizontal ines in the diagramrepresentthe steps by which the total magnification increases in accordance with the
standard series, page 13. The solid lines
from the lower right-handcornerto the upper
left-handcorner are guide lines for the objectives, the magnification and numerical
aperture of which are indicated beside the
l o w e re n d o f t h e g u i d e l i n e . T h e g u i d e l i n e s
for the eyepiecesare the dash-dottedones
r u n n i n gf r o m t h e l o w e rl e f t - h a n dc o r n e r t ot h e
upper right-hand corner. The eyepiece
magnificationand the field-of-viewnumber
a r e i n d i c a t e db e s i d e t h e i r l o w e r e n d . T h e
guide lines for the eyepiecesintersectthose
of the objectivesat the steps which indicate
the total magnificationof the corresponding
c o m b i n a t i o n .T h e c o l o r e d f r a m e l i m i t s t h e
range of useful magnificationas defined by
Abbe.

16
Correctionof aberrations

Accordingto the laws of geometricoptics,

there is a considerable number of errors
inherent in the image formed by an optical
lens. Of these, the following affect image
points even near the optical axis:
sphericalaberration
s i n ec o m a
longitudinalchromaticaberration
chromaticdifferenceof sphericalaberration.
Towardsthe edge of the field,the following aberrationsare increasinglyevident:
coma
astigmatism
curvatureof field
distortion
chromaticdifferenceof magnification.
It is impossibleto correct all these aberrations at once and completely. They can
only be more or less reduced, greater
emphasisbeing placed on the reduction of
some than othersdependingon the intended
use of the opticalsystem.
Thetechnicalmeansrequiredfor the satisfactory correction of optical aberrations
dependprimarilyon the degreeof perfection
d e s i r e d ; i n a d d i t i o n ,t h e y d e p e n d o n t h e
desired numericalaperture.

Special attention must be paid to the

effect which the cover glass generallyused
in the microscope for examiningspecimensby transmittedlight
h a so n i m a g eq u a l i t yT. h i s i n f l u e n c ei s c l e a r l y
noticeablewith objectivesof largernumerical
aperturethan 0.3 to 0.35. lt takes the form of
sphericalovercorrectionand must be compensatedby an appropriateresidueof undercorrection in the objective if the latter is
designedfor examiningcoveredspecimens.
This is, of course, possibleonly if the overcorrection introducedby the cover glass is
always identical,and this is only the case if
the cover glass has a certain thicknessand
refractiveindex,and the specimenis in very

tJl';""?"JTlffi;
andirsimporrance

17
Vt,n
3200
2500
2000
1600
1250
1000
800
630
500
400
320
250
200
160
125
100
80
50
10
32
25
20
t6
12,5

18
close contactwith the undersideof the cover
glass.
Microscopeobjectivesare normallycorrectedfor a coverglassthicknessof.0.17mm.
lf the cover glasses actually used deviate
from this nominalthickness,
they will produce
a more or less disturbingover- or undercorrection,dependingon the numericalaperture
of the objective employed. The following
table indicatesthe amount of deviationfrom
nominalthicknesswhich is tolerablewithout
any noticeableloss of image quality.
Cover-glassthickness with dry objectives
N.A.of objective

Admissible
deviation
fromnominal
thickness
of 0.17mm

0.08- 0.3
0.3 - 0.45

0.45- 0.55
0.550.650.750.85-

0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95

+0.07
+0.05
+ 0.03
+ 0.02
+0.01
+ 0.005

Table 2
Approxirnaterange
of admissiblecover-glassthickness
(mm)

-0.3
0
0.1 - 0.24
0.12 -0.22
0.14 -0.20
0.15 - 0.19
0.16 - 0.18
0 . 1 6 5- 0 . 1 7 5
This table shows that with objectivesof
very high numerical aperture the optimum
imagequality is achievedonly if specialcare
is taken to use only cover glasses of prescribed thicknessand if the object detail on
which the microscopeis focused is in direct
contactwith the undersideof the coverglass.
However, this will be the case only very
seldom. Generally,there will be a more or
lessthick layerof mountingmediumbetween
the focusing plane and the undersideof the
cover glass,which has about the same effect
on the correction as if the thicknessof the
cover glass were increased by the same
"effective cover-glassthickamount. The
ness" is therefore composed of the actual

19
cover-glass
thicknessand the aforementioned
l a y e ro f m o u n t i n gm e d i u mb e t w e e nt h e f o c u s i n g p l a n e a n d t h e u n d e r s i d eo f t h e c o v e r
glassT
. h e r e s u l t i n gi n a c c u r a c yh a sp r o m p t e d
objective manufacturers to use special
mountsfor all objectiveswith whichsuchfine
d ifferencesmatter.Theseso-calIedcorrection
collars allow one lens elementto be shifted
so that the over- or undercorrectiondue to
a deviation of the cover-glass thickness
f r o m t h e n o m i n a vl a l u ec a n b e c o m o e n s a t e d .
F o r t h i s p u r p o s e t, h e c o r r e c t i o nc o l l a r h a s a
k n u r l e d r i n g w i i h a g r a d u a t i o na n d i n d e x .
T h e f i g u r e so f t h e g r a d u a t i o (n1 2 . . . 1 7 . . . 2 2 1
indicate the cover-glassthickness in hundredths of a millimeter.Optimum image
q u a l i t y i s o b t a i n e dw h e n t h e f i g u r e c o r r e s ponding to the thicknessof the cover glass
used is oppositethe index.
l n g e n e r a lm i c r o s c o p i cp r a c t i c ei t w i l l n o t
be possibleto measurethe effectivecoverglassthicknessdirectly.lt is thereforenecessary to use indirectmethodsto determinethe
correctsettingof the correctioncollar.
1. The only method which can be used in all circumstances
and at the same time ensures the most accurate settinq of the
correction collar, consists in measuring the effective cov-er-glass
thickness with the aid of the microscooe:
. . . U s i n g a 4 0 x , N . A . 0 . 6 5 ,4 0 X . N . A . 0 . 7 5o r 4 0 y , N . A . 0 . g So b jective, the condenser is stopped down to half the obiective
9perture.and the microscope successively focused on the surlace_ot tne cover gtass and the focusing plane with the aid of
the fine adjustment. The corresponding readings of the fine
adjustment are noted down. The difference be[ween the rwo
settings gives the optical thickness of the cover qlass, which has
t o b e c o n v e r t e d t o t h e m e c h a n i c a l l y " e f f e c t i v e t h i c : k n e s b "b v m u l t i plying it by a factor K. The latter'is preferably determinei once
a n d . f o r a l l b y _m e a n s o f a n e x p e r j m e n t . F o a t h i s p u r p o s e , t h e
thickness D, of a few ordinary cover glasses is acctiratblv determined by means of a. measuring-aid (micrometer, dial gage),
whereupon thelr optical thjckness D, js measured with the mlcroscope as described above. The desired factor K results from the
two measurements:

K=+

It is not, as one might assume, identical with the refractive

index ol the cover olass.
Example: K iJto be determined with two cover qlasses of
diflerent thickness. Measurements show the followino thickn esses.
Cover glass No. 1
N o . 2 ( n D= 1 . 5 2 8 8 )
Dl mm
0.161
0.240
D, mm
0.102
0.152
We thus obtain for
DriD' = K 1.529
1.572

20
2 . W i t h l e s s , b u t s t i l l s u f f i c i e n ta c c u r a c yt h e e x p e r i e n c e d
m i c r o s c o p i sw
t i l l b e a b l e t o a d j u s tt h e c o r r e c t i o nc o l l a r b y t u r n i n g i t u n t i l a f i n e , d a r k o b j e c t d e t a i l i s i m a g e dw i t h o p t i m u m
conIrasl.

It follows from the aforesaidthat objectives designedfor use with cover-glassspec i m e n s c a n n o t b e e m p l o y e df o r e x a m i n i n g

uncovered specimens. For use with uncovered specimensspecially corrected obiectivesare available.
I I I ustration :
R a n a ,f r o g , b l o o d s m e a r .
N E O F L U A R6, 3 x , 0 . 9 0N . A . , c o r r .
Magnification
500x
In the uppermicrograph
t h e c o r r e c t i o nc o l l a r h a s b e e n a c c u r a t e l ys e t
f o r c o v e r - g l a s st h i c k n e s s ,
i n t h e l o w e r t h e s e t t i n gd e v i a t e s
b y 0 . 0 1m m f r o m t h e c o r r e c tv a l u e .

,&

w
The immersionmethod

An extremelyefficientmeansof improving
the image quality with objectives of high
n u m e r i c aal p e r t u r ei s t h e p r i n c i p l eo f i m m e r s i o n . l t c o n s i s t si n u s i n ga l i q u i db e t w e e nt h e
specimenand the front surfaceof the objective, which if possibleshould have the same
optical propertiesas the glass of the front
lens (homogeneousimmersion). In accorda n c ew i t h t h e f o r m u l a
d -

N.A. n 'sino
this will also increasethe resolvingpower by

21
the factor n, an advantagewhich today is
f requentlyconsideredas the primarypurpose
of immersion.
Since an objectivecan be far better corrected for homogeneousimmersionthan a
dry system of identicalfocal length and numericalaperture,it may also be of advantage
to use the immersionmethodwith systemsof
longer focal length. This gives objectives
p e r m i t t i n ga h i g h e re m p t y m a g n i f i c a t i oann d
thus makingit possibleto covera wide range
of resultant magnificationsby simple exchange of eyepieces.
Another advantageof the immersionmethod is that neither the cover-glasssurface
nor the front lens of the objectivereflectany
light so that for critical work the image is of
c o n s i d e r a b l yh i g h e r c o n t r a s tt h a n w i t h a n
otherwiseequivalentdry objective.
Since the optical characteristicsof the
immersionliquids have to be taken into account in the computationof the objectives,
similar to those of the cover glass, it is
essentialto use only the prescribedimmers i o n o i l . T h i s i s a l l t h e m o r e i m p o r t a nat s t h e
p r i n c i p l eo f r i g o r o u sh o m o g e n e i t yh a s b e e n
abandonedwith manyof the highlydeveloped
immersionobjectivespresentlyin use.
Insteadof the usual oil (refractiveindex
n o [ 2 0 oC ] : 1 . 5 1 5 ) w
, a t e r ( n o : 1 . 3 3 3 )o r
glycerin (no : 1.455)are occasionallyused
a s i m m e r s i o nm e d i a f o r s p e c i a l p u r p o s e s .
Water immersionis used for examiningobjects in water. Glycerin is used if for some
reasonthe objectivefront lens and the cover
glass are made of amorphous quartz and
approximatehomogeneityis desired.
Objectives designed for homogeneous
immersionmay be used with coveredor uncovered specimens. The cover-glassthickness is naturallyof no importancewith these
systems. lt is differentwith present-dayimmersionobjectives,in which the principleof

22
homogeneityhas beenabandoned.This point
should be rememberedif immersionobjectives computed for covered specimensare
also employedfor viewingsmearswhich are
left uncoveredto save trouble. This is normally the case in the examinationof blood
and bacteria smears. While the slight degradation of the image thus produced may
still be tolerablefor routinework, the trouble
of covering the specimen should definitely
n o t b e s h u n n e di n c r i t i c a w
l o r k w h e r ef u l l u s e
is made of the high performanceof the objective. lt is true that the lack of a coverglass
can be made up by other means,such as the
use of immersionoil of higher refractiveind e x - n o 2 0 o C : 1 . 5 2i n s t e a do f 1 . 5 1 5 - o rb y
increasingthe tube length,but who wants to
use two differenttypes of immersionoil and
where can a microscopebe found today in
whichthe tube lengthcan be increasedup to
25 mm! Finally,cbjectivesspeciallycorrected
for uncoveredspecimens,as normally employed for reflected-lightwork, may also be
used for this purpose.

ZEISSobjectives
classificationof objectives

23

The different types of objectives are

generallyclassifiedin accordancewith the
degree to which their aberrationshave been
corrected,their designationindicatingchromaticcorrectionfirst. This also automatically
constitutesa classificationaccordingto the
technicalmeans requiredfor achievingtheir
respectivedegreesof correctionand hence
their price categories.
We distinguishbetweenthe followingcorrectioncategories:
achromaticobjectives,
semi-apochromaticobjectives,
apochromaticobjectives.
In their original form, all objectives in
thesethree categoriesexhibitfield curvature
which increasesconsiderablywith decreasing focal length. As long as they were
primarily used for visual observation,this
was not felt as a seriousdrawback,because
any desired point in the field of view could
easily be focusedwith the aid of the fine adjustment. However,since the techniquesof
photomicrographyhave assumed such importance,new typesof objectiveshavehad to
be developedin which the curvatureof the
field is eliminatedto a sufficientdegree, in
addition to the other aberrations.Years of
computation were required to solve this
extraordinarilydifficult problem in a satisfactory manner. In 1938 our firm introduced the first objectivesgiving a flat field,
under the designationPlanachromats.ln the
meantime, countless improvements have
been made in these objectives.
As a result of this untiring work, a state
has now been reachedwhich permitsnot only
achromatsbut also apochromatsto be made
as flat-field objectives. Thus the aforementioned three categories of objectives are
supplementedby those of the
Planachromats
and the
Planapochromats.

24
Thesecan be suppliedboth as dry objectives and immersionobjectives. There are
objectivescorrected for the observationof
cover-glassspecimens and others for use
with uncoveredspecimens.While the objectives corrected for covered specimens are
mounted and parfocalizedso that they may
be usedfor transmitted-light
work, the objectives for uncoveredspecimensare-with few
exceptions-designedfor use in conjunction
w i t h v e r t i c a li l l u m i n a t o r s .
To satisfythe special requirementswhich
haveto be madefor observationby polarized
light (strain-freecomponents,provisionfor
accuratecenteringof objectives),objectives
in centeringmountsare supplied,the optical
componentsof which are manufacturedand
mountedwith specialprecautionsto guarantee completefreedom from strain (POL objectives).
In principle,practicallyall objectivescan
be equippedwith phase platesfor use of the
Zernike phase-contrastmethod. Our manufacturingprogram includesa wide choice of
such objectives.
Our opticaldesignersare today usingthe
most advanced techniques and the latest
glass types. They are constantlystrivingto
find the best for the microscopeoptics we
manufacture.the best that can be achieved
with the meanspresentlyat our disposal.The
use of highlyperfectedglasstypesmay,however, occasionally have the disadvantage
that a greater sensitivityto acids and water
vapor is unavoidable.lt is obviousthat this
appliesaboveallto the most highlycorrected
and therefore most expensivetypes of objective-if only in a few cases.Allowancefor this
fact can be made by usingonlythe lesscostly
objectivesfor work with acids.
A lens error which has a very important
influence on the satisfactoryimaging of a
visualfield of a certainextensionis the chro-

25
matic differenceof magnification.Eversince
Abbe'stime,this error has generallynot been
correctedin the objectivebut by meansof an
eyepiecehavingan error of identicalmagnitude but oppositedirection. Such eyepieces
are called compensatingeyepieces. ln order
that a singleseriesof eyepiecesmay be sufficient-a fact which is today consideredindispensablein the interestsof easyoperation
of the microscopeby less experiencedpersonnel-all our objectives have the same
lateral chromatic aberration. The fact that
this is the casewith all our objectivesensures
that the user of our microscopesneed not
bother about which type of eyepieceto use
for a certainobjective.Any of our eyepieces
will do. However,our objectivesshouldnever
be combinedwith eyepiecesof anothermake
if a more or lessseriousloss of imagequality
is to be avoided.
The differentcategoriesof objectivesare
:
d istinguishedby thefolIowingcharacteristics
Achromats

Achromatsare lenscombinationsin which,

to keep the price down, only the back focal
distancesfor the colors blue and red of the
spectrumhave been made equal. This gives
the mostfavorablecorrectionfor the brightest
regionof the spectrum.ln this region,spherical aberration and sine coma as well as
astigmatismhave,of course,been eliminated
as far as necessaryor feasiblewith the means
available at this price level. The residual
chromaticaberrationin this type of objective
c a n b e s e e n u n d e r o b l i q u e i l l u m i n a t i o na s
violet and yellowish-green color f ringes
around dark object details. Under straight
i l l u m i n a t i o na n d w i t h t h e s p e c i m e no u t o f
focus, it appearsas a weak violet cast above
the plane of sharp focus and as a weak yellowish-greencast below that plane. These
secondary colors are all the more pronounced, the better the other aberrations

26
have been corrected. Altogether,however,
they are generallynot bad enoughto disturb
visualobservation.
The focal lengths of achromaticobjectives are chosen so that the upper limit of
usefulmagnification
can be reachedwith eyepiecesof relativelylow power. Eyepiecesof
h i g h e r m a g n i f i c a t i o nt h a n 1 2 . 5 x s h o u l d
thereforenot be used,or only in exceptional
cases,e. g. for measuringand counting.
Achromaticobjectivesare employed for
routine work, for equippingteaching microscopesand for all applicationsin which critical observationis not required. lf due allowance is made for their characteristics,
these
objectivesmay also be usedfor photomicrography,even for color photography.We now
only manufactureachromatsin simplemounts
and exclusivelyfor transmittedlight.
Planachromats

Planachromatsare objectivesof improved

chromaticcorrection.in which the curvature
of field has been eliminatedpracticallyentirely even for the largest field of view encounteredin the microscope.This,of course,
requiresa much greateroutlaywhich results
i n a c o r r e s p o n d i n g lhyi g h e rp r i c e . D u et o t h e
importance of field flattening for viewing
polished specimens under vertical illumination,almost all our objectivesfor this
type of work are Planachromats.They are
then called EPIPLANobjectivesand should
be used togetherwith Kpl eyepieces.
For reflecied-lightmicroscopywe have
1 . E P I P L A No b j e c t i v e sf o r b r i g h t - f i e l di l l u m i n a t i o n ,b y w h i c h t h e i l l u m i n a t i n gl i g h t i s
transmittedto the specimenvia a reflecting
means(planeglassor prism)throughthe objective. The objective acts as its own condenser.
2. EPIPLAN HD objectives for bright{ield
a n d d a r k - f i e l di l l u m i n a t i o n B
. r i g h t - f i e l di l l u minationis attainedas describedabove. In

27
d a r k - f i e l di l l u m i n a t i otnh e t i g h ti s g u i d e dp a s t
the objective and concentratedin the specimen plane by meansof concentricmirrors
or concentriclens systems. The concentric
mirrors or lens systems are combined with
the objectiveto form one unit.
NEOFLUARS

Using fluoriteinsteadof crown glass,microscope objectivescan be built which are

distinguishedby considerablyimprovedcorrectionof aberrationsalthoughthey havethe
same number of lens elements as achromatic objectives.The design we use for our
"NEOFLUARS"
and which can be traced
back to R. Winkel comes very close to the
correctionof apochromaticobjectives.Only
secondary color has not been completely
eliminatedalthough it is far less noticeable
than with the achromats.lt is obviousthat the
I i m i t e dn u m b e ro f l e n s e l e m e n t su s e d i n t h e
NEOFLUARSdoes not allow a correctionfor
field curvature.However,the low number of
glass-to-air surfaces in these objectives
ensuresa minimumof flare so that they produce images of surprisinglyhigh contrast.
The excellent correction of NEOFLUARS
makes it possible to achieve considerably
higher numerical apertures than in achromatic objectives.Thusthe N.A.of NEOFLUAR
objectives-insofar as they are dry systemsis 15 to 30 o/oabove that of normal achromats
of identicat focat tength (tabtes 8-10).
NEOFLUARSmay therefore be combined

y,'*#'*":","#",{J'fi5:?i
larly well suitedfor phase-contrast
work.
Planapochromats

With the aid of special glass types, which

were then new, and fluorite,Abbe was the
first to succeed, in the eighteen-eighties,
in
computing objectives of equal back focal
distancefor more than two colors and, at the
same time, far-reachingcorrection of the

28
other aberrationsas well. Abbe announced
this new type of objective,which he called
apochromat,on July 7, 1886. Ever since, it
has been continuallyimprovedand today it
is so highly developedthat further improvement appearshardlypossible,all the more so
as it now gives a perfectlyflat field without
sacrificing any of its other characteristics.
Since this has become possible we only
whichwe
manufactureflat-fieldapochromats,
"Planapochromats".Owing to the apocall
chromatic correction of these objectives'
residualchromaticaberrationcan no longer
be recognizedin the image. lt is, of course,
necessaryto use suitable eyepieceswhich
compensatefor the chromaticdifferenceof
magnification.
The numericalaperture of our Planapochromats has been increasedto a few per
cent abovethat of the NEOFLUARobjectives.
They thus representthe ultimatein performance that is possible today-and probably
that is possibleat all. As a result,these objectivesare usedwhenevermaximumresolution is requiredfor extremelycritical work.
It is obviousthat they are superiorto all other
typesof objectivein color photomicrography.
Planapochromatsshould always be combined with Kpl eyePieces.
ULTRAFLUARS

of ULTRAFLUARS
Transmission

ULTRAFLUARSare special-purposeobjectivesdesignedso that the ultravioleilight

is also usedfor imageformationin the microscope. They must therefore contain only
material the transmissionof which is sufficientfor the desiredrangef rom 400 m,adown
to about2O0mp^Glasscannotbe usedforthis
purpose.Only amorphousquartzand fluorite
are suitable.Since for manyyears it seemed
impossibleto achievechromaticcorrectionevenjust for a small regionof the spectrumwith the aid of thesetwo materialsalone,so"Monochromats"were at first introcalled

29
duced, which were corrected for only one
wavelength.Only recently have our optical
designersaccomplishedthe feat of computing a series of objectivesof excellentchromatic correctionover the very large spectral
regionfrom 230 m4 to 700 m4. Sincethen we
have been making only one series of objectivesfor ultravioletmicroscopy.We call them
ULTRAFLUARS.
We do not manufactureany
monochromatsor even reflectingobjectives,
because these offer no advantages over
ULTRAFLUARS,but only have disadvantages.
Objective
mounts

F i our e :
C r - o s s - s e c t i odnl a g r a mo f P l a n a p o c h r o m a1t0, 0 x , 1 . 3 N . A . ,o i l ,
w i t h o b j e c ta n d f r o n t l e n s p r o t e c t i o n .

T r a n s i l l u m i n a t i o no b j e c t i v e s h a v e t h e
standard W 0.8"X1/zd"thread for screwing
into the revolvingnosepieceor single nosepiece. The high-powersystems,which may
touch the cover glass, are equipped with
resilientmountswhich give way if they knock
a g a i n s tt h e s p e c i m e n .T h i s g u a r a n t e e sa d e quate protectionof both the specimen and
the objective front lens. The mount of the
immersionobjectives-exceptthe achromats
-can be locked in retracted position so
as to facilitateapplicationof the immersion
liquid.
In view of the Iarge number of objectives
with differentcharacteristics
which we manufactureit has beenfound convenientto make
them differexternallyas well,so that the user
will recognizeaI a glance what type of objective he has before him. They are theref o r e i d e n t i f i e db y t h e c o l o r a n d f i n i s h o f t h e
mount,as well as its engraving(seetable 3).

30
Objectivemounts

Objective type

Planachromats
NEOFLUARS
Planapochromats
ULTRAFLUARS

Table3

Upperpartof mount
belt-polishe6
black
chromium-plated,
belt-polished
chromium-plated,
glossy

C h r o m i u m - p l a t e dC o l o r
lowerpart
of en-

Engraved

black

glossy

white

P l a n .E P I P L A N

belt-polished

black

NEOFLUAR

glossy

white
black

Planapo
ULTRAFLUAR

lmmersion systems are distinguished

from dry objectivesby a blackor coloredring
at the lowerend of the mount. In addition,the
immersionmedium indicatedby the color of
the ring is also identifiedby an abbreviation
afterthe objectivedata. The followingcolors
and abbreviateddesignaiionsare used on
immersionobjectives:

lmmersionobjectives Table4
lmmersion
Color
medium
of ring
black
oil
Water
white
Glycerin
orange
Methylene
iodide yellow

Designation
Oel
W
Glyz
Methylenjodid

Apart from the trade mark,our objectives

are engravedf irstof alI with a f igure indicating
the scaleat whichthe realintermediate
image
is reproducedatthe object-to-image
distance
fixed for our microscopes,i. e. the initial
magnification(e. g. 25),then-after a strokethe value of the numericalaperture(e. g. 45).
Below these two figures there may be additional data indicatingthe mechanicaltube
lengthor the cover-glassthicknessfor which

31
the objectivesare corrected,as well as the
s e r i a ln u m b e r .
T h e m e c h a n i c atlu b e l e n g t hi n a l l o u r m i croscopesis 160mm. On objectivessensitive
to deviationsfrom the prescribedcover-glass
thickness,
the cover-glassthicknessfor which
they are correctedfollowsthe figure160after
a stroke.
lndicationsreferringto cover-glassthickn e s sh a v et h e f o l l o w i n gm e a n i n g :
"0.17"
the objective is sensitiveto deviations from a cover-glassthicknessof
0 . 1 7m m .
the objective may be used with or
without cover glass.
"0"
the objective should only be used
without a cover glass.
Specialobjectives,e. g. those containing
strain-freelenses for polarized-lightmicroscopy, phase-contrastobjectives,etc., are
identifiedby the abbreviationslisted in the
f o l l o w i n gt a b l e :
T a b l e5
Abbreviation

Meaning
correctedfor use with uncoveredspecimens
Phase-contrastobjectives

Phl
Ph 2 (red)
Ph3
Pol (red)

HD
Epi

U s ea n n u l adr i a p h r a g m
1 I
U s ea n n u l adr i a p h r a g m
2 |
U s ea n n u l adr i a p h r a g m
3 J

of phase-contrast
condenser

Objectivefor polarized-lightmicroscopy
Objectivefor reflected-light
work using bright-fieldor dark{ield illumination
Objectivefor reflected-light
microscopy
Since the engravingon the objectivesis
often in a positionwhere it cannot be seen
once these have been screwed into the microscope,our objectiveshave colored rings
at the lower end of the funnel, which are
v i s i b l ei n a n y p o s i t i o na n d i n d i c a t et h e i n i t i a l

32
magnificationof the objective. This color
code,which is independentof the type of objective,is explainedin the followingtable.
Table 6

Color code for initial magnification

lnitial
magnification
Color
of ring

1 X

2.5X

4X

6.3x

8i10x 16x

25X

40x

63x

80/100x

o r a n ge

..
v- e l l o w

dark
green

briqht

dark
.,

wnlte

brioht
green

DIUE

OIUE

In the compound microscope,the object

ZEISSobjectivesfor photomicrography
LUMINARS fields that can be recorded photomicrographically for low-powerwork are of limited
size, in the case of our instrumentsa maxim u m7 . . . 8 m m . T h i s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t i t
is possible neither to achievea sufficiently
small scale of reproductionin a compound
microscope,nor to magnifythe portionof the
aerialimagecoveredby the eyepiecebeyond
the limit imposed by the clear diameter of
the tube. lf larger object fields are to be
photographedat small scalesand with a flat
field,we may only use a singlemagnification
stage,i. e. an imageof the specimenmust be
emulsion
formed directlyon a light-sensitive
by means of an objective of suitable focal
length.Wherehigh imagequalityis required,
specially developed systems are used the
design of which is similar to that of photographic lenses. ln addition,it is advisableto
employ a camera of variableextension. To
cover a wide rangeof imagescales,we need
"photomicrographicobjeca series of such
tives" with carefullyselectedfocal-lengthincrements. These incrementsdepend on the
degreeto whichthe cameraextensioncan be
varied. Of course the extension is always
limited.
We manufacturesuch photomicrographic
objectivesunderthe designaiionLUMINARS.

33
Accessories are available which allow
these objectives to be used on our large
cameramicroscopeULTRAPHOT,
which can
be equippedfor any type of microscopicand
photomicrographicwork, as well as on our
PHOTOMICROSCOPE
and the UNIVERSAL
researchmicroscope.For furtherdetails,see
the operating instructionsfor these instruments.
LUMINARSare always used without eyepieces. The shorterfocal lengths(16,25 and
40 mm) may occasionallyalso be combined
with eyepiecesand used like ordinarymicroscope objectives.In this case,however,eyepieces must be chosen to match the correction of the LUMINARS.Suitabletypesare the
eyepiecesof our stereomicroscopes
and Ctype eyepieces.

ZEISSeyepieces
Types of eyepiece

34

As was mentioned in the introduction

(pageB),the eyepieceis designedto present
to the eye the object detail resolvedby the
objective and contained in the real interm e d i a t ei m a g eu n d e r a v i e w i n ga n g l ew h i c h
is sufficientlylargefor easy recognition.This
alone could be achievedwith a simple converging lens, but no influence could be
exerted on aberrations. lf this is desired,
such single-elementeyepieceswill have to
be replacedby more complexsystems.
In practice,however,these can be made
only with relativelyshort focal Iengths,because on the one hand their diameter
increasessharplywith growing foeal length,
while on the other the exit pupil of the microscope-i. e. the image of the objectiveaperture formed by the eyepiece,which represents the plane where the observer'seye
pupil must be located-is movedto an inconvenientlylong distance away from the eyepiece lens. Both these drawbacksare eliminatedby constructingthe eyepiecesf rom two
more or less widely spaced components.
one of which is locatednear the aerialimage.
Here it affects primarilythe imaging of the
p u p i l , w h i l e t h e s e c o n d c o m p o n e n tt a k e s
over the eyepiecefunction proper, viz. that
of magnifying.The first componentis called
t h e " c o l l e c t i v eo r f i e l d l e n s " ,t h e s e c o n dt h e
"eye lens". The field lens may be located
before, in or behind the real intermediate
image. lf it lies before the aerial image, it
will reducethe latterby a certaindegreeand
shift it towards the objective. Eyepiecesof
this type are called Huygenianeyepieces.lf
the field lens is locatedbehindthe real intermediate image,then, of course, it does not
modify the latter. This is particularlyfavorwith the
able for the purposeof measurement
aid of micrometerdisks arrangedin the image
plane. Eyepieces of this type are called
Ramsdeneyepieces.

35
Huygenianeyepiecesresult in a shorter
overall length of the microscopethan eyepiecesof the Ramsdentype. With short focal
lengths,however,the latter type allows the
exit pupil to be locatedfurtheraway from the
eye lens. This is why eyepiecesof long focal
length are usuallydesignedon the Huygens
principle,those of short focal length on the
Ramsden principle. The two components
c o n s i s to f s i n g l ee l e m e n t so n l y i n t h e s i m p l e s t
types of eyepiece. Severalelementsare invariably required per component if any influenceis to be exertedon the aberrationsof
the eyepiece itself or the residualerrors in
the imageproducedby the objective.Thus it
has beengeneralpracticeeversincethe time
of Abbe to compensatefor a rathertroublesome error frequentlyexhibited by the objective image and difficult as well as costly
to correct in the objective-the chromatic
difference of magnification-by using eyepieces which exhibit the same but opposite
aberration.In addition,attemptshaveoccasionally been made to reduce field curvature
by means of the eyepiece. Eyepiecescompensatingfor lateralchromaticaberrationare
known as compensatingeyepieces.
To facilitatethe use of our microscopes,
we have computedall our objectivesso that
the chromaticdifferenceof magnificationin
the real intermediateimage they produce is
alwaysthe same. We can thereforebe content to supplycompensatingeyepieceswhich
make up for this degree of lateralchromatic
aberration. This matchingof objective and
eyepiececorrection,introducedin the interests of our customers,is ihe reasonwhy we
have to warn our customersagainst using
eyepiecesof other manufacturewith our objectives.
The eyepiecesfor our stereomicroscopes,
however,are not designed on the principle
explainedabove. They have no compensat-

36
the
ing effeci,becausein stereomicroscopes
optical systems of the first magnification
stage are also free from lateral chromatic
aberration.Theseeyepiecesthereforecannot
be combinedwith the usual microscopeobjectives.
Intermediate systems changing
the magnification

During practical use of the microscope,

a change of magnification by means of
changingeyepiecesis frequentlyconsidered
inconvenientand troublesome,becauseihe
eyepiecesnot being used at the momentare
detached parts which may get lost or
damaged. To counter this disadvantage'
systems have been
magnification-changing
insertedbetweenthe objectiveand the eyepiece of the microscope.These may either
be designedfor a stepwisechangeof magnification-whichwould correspondto a change
of eyepieces-or as continuously variable
systems. ln the latter, however, a more or
less noticeableloss of image quality is unavoidable. We have therefore adopted the
system of changing the magnification by
steps.
lf only two alternativemagnificationsare
required-whichis generallyconsideredsufficient for teaching and laboratory microscopes used for routinework, for instancethen the magnificationchanger may be used.
This is a two-componentsystemmountedso
that it can be insertedinto the limb top of our
STANDARDmicroscopes(STANDARDK' R
o r W L ) . F o r t h i s p u r p o s et h e l i m b t o p i s
equippedwith a spindlewhichcan be rotated
through 90o and on which the magnification
changer is secured by means of a coaxial
screw. This arrangementoffers the advantage that the magnificationchanger is normally firmly attachedto the microscope,but
can be removedif necessarY.
The followingmagnificationchangersare
available:

37
(see
0.8x;1x, 1x:1.6x, 1xZ2x
Section on field-of-viewnumber and size of
o b j e c tf i e l d ) .
W h e n t h e m a g n i f i c a t i o cnh a n g e ri s s e t i n
t h e p r o p e r p o s i t i o n ,t h e t o t a l m a g n i f i c a t i o n
c o m p u t e df r o m t h e i n i t i a l m a g n i f i c a t i o nos f
objective and eyepiece will be changed by
the correspondingfactor.
l f a r a p i dc h a n g eo f m a g n i f i c a t i oinn m o r e
than two steps is desired,it is necessaryto
employ a more complicatedoptical system
such as that contained in our OPTOVAR.
H e r e t h e a e r i a l i m a g e p r o d u c e db y t h e o b jective is first shiftedto infinityby means of
a lower Telan lens of negativepower. This
image is then viewed through a telescope
system mounted above it. In the present
case, the telescope system consists of an
upper Telan lens of positivepower mounted
at the lowerend of the tube and representing
the telescopeobjective,and the usual microscope eyepiece. The two Telan lenses are
h e l d b y t h e u p p e ra n d l o w e rw a l l so f a c y l i n d r i c a lh o u s i n g .T h e l a t t e ri s d e s i g n e ds o t h a t
small Galileantelescopescan be insertedin
the space betweenthe two Telan lenses.For
t h i s p u r p o s e t, h e t e l e s c o p e sa r e m o u n t e do n
a revolvingdisk which can be controlledfrom
the outside. The magnifyingfactors to be
l iththe magnification
a c h i e v e da r e i d e n t i c aw
of the telescope systems. Apart from the
factor 1, which is effectiveif no telescopeis
in the light path,the OPTOVARcan be set for
1 . 2 5 x ,1 . 6x a n d 2 X o r 0 . 8x , 1 . 2 5 xa n d 1 . 6x
magnificationwith the aid of telescopes.In
addition,anothersystemcan be moved into
the light path, which has the effect of a
Bertrand lens and permits the exit pupil of
the objectiveto be viewed,for instancefor
observing interferencepatterns,for centeri n g t h e a n n u l a rd i a p h r a g mi n r e l a t i o nt o t h e
p h a s e p l a t e a n n u l u si n p h a s e w o r k , o r f o r
checkingthe stoppingdown of the objective.

38
This image-formingsystem for pupil observationmay also be used to advantagefor
p r o d u c i n ga n o n l y s l i g h t l ym a g n i f i e di m a g e
of the specimen,if it is desired to scan the
specimenfor generalorientation.ln this case
its magnificaiionfactor is approx.1.25.
sysIntermediatemagnification-changing
page
88.
in
table
36
on
tems are listed
Field-of-viewnumber and size of object field

Magnification-changing systems are a

convenientmeans of varying the size of the
object field covered for a certain field-ofview number of the eyepiecewithout changing any mechanicaldimensionsof the microscope. lf the scale of the real intermediate
imageis increasedby meansof suchan intermediatesystem,a smallerobject field will be
covered. On the other hand, if the scale of
the real intermediateimage is reduced,the
objeci field will, of course, be larger' The
latter is undoubtedly an advantage in all
cases where many specimens have to be
scanned.The only drawbackis that the total
magnificationis reduced by the same factor
by which the scale of the intermediateimage
is changed. This disadvantage,though, can
easily be offset by a higher-powereyepiece
which should,however,have the same fieldof-viewnumberas the one originallyused.
An example may serve to illustratethis:
C o m b i n i n ga 1 0 x o b j e c t i v ea n d a 1 0 x
eyepiecewith a field-of-viewnumber of 16,
a n o b j e c tf i e l d S o f 1 6 : 1 0 : 1 . 6 m m w i l l b e
coveredunder a total magnificationof 100X '
Insertingan intermediatesystem with a
factor of 0.8 will increasethe object field by
-the reciprocalfactor,since we have
16
16
=10.0:
B:zmm'
lf we wish the total magnificationto remain
unchanged,insteadof the 10x eyepiecewe

39
shallhaveto usean eyepiec" = 12.5x
ffi
w h i c ha l s o h a s a f i e l d - o f - v i e w
n u m b e ro f 1 6 .
F u r t h e rm a g n i f i c a t i o no f t h e o b j e c t f i e l d i s
possibleif eyepieceswith increasedfield-ofview numbers, so-called wide-angle eyep i e c e s ,a r e e m p l o y e d .S u b s t i t u t i n g1 0 X o r
12.5x wide-angleeyepieceswith a field-ofv i e w n u m b e ro 1 2 0f o r t h e o r d i n a r ye y e p i e c e s ,
the aboveexamplecan be writtenas follows:
Withoutintermediatesvstem
20
S=*:2
mm.
IU

With 0.8X intermediatesvstem

20
"-10'0.8-

:2.5 mm.

I n o t h e r w o r d s ,t h e s a m e o b j e c t f i e l d i s
c o v e r e du n d e r1 0 0 X t o t a l m a g n i f i c a t i oans i f
a 1 0 X e y e p i e c ew i t h a f i e l d - o f - v i e w
number
of 25 were used.
Wide-angle eyepieces have been developed for the observationof larger fieldsof-view. The following table lists the eyepieces and their field-of-viewnumbers. The
* i m a g ed i a m e t e rg i v e n
i n t h e t h i r d c o l u m ni s
basedon the conventionalobject distanceof
250 mm. lt is the product of the field-of-view
n u m b e ra n d t h e e y e p i e c em a g n i f i c a t i o n .
T a b l e7
Kpl
Wide-angle yepiece

Field-of-view
number

l m a g ed i a m e t e r *

to

250 mm
256 mm

12.5x
16X

Mountsand identificationof eyepieces

As is usual, the lenses of the eyepiece

systems are housed in relatively simple
m o u n t sT
. h e s ei n t u r n a r e c o n t a i n e di n a t u b e
fitting into the upper end of the microscope
lube with the eye lens at the top and the field

40
lensat the bottom. The mountof the eye lens
is designedso that its projectingedge may
be gripped. The field lens is either located
right in the eyepiecetube or likewise contained in a special mounting ring. The eyep i e c e t u b e o r m o u n t i n gr i n g h a s a f e m a l e
thread of M 22X 0.5 into which light filters or
other accessoriesmay be screwed, as required.
The outsidediameterof the eyepiecesis
standardized. This standard diameter is
traditional in the normal microscope. lt is
a stand23.2mm. In our stereomicroscopes
ard diameterof 30 mm has been adopted. ln
addition,the diameterof the eye-lensmount
of all our eyepiecesconformsto the German
DIN Standard 58,881to facilitate the attachthe eyement of accessories.Consequently,
is
eyepieces
all
our
lens mount diameterof
28 mm.
As is the general practice today, the
magnificationof the eyepiecesis indicated
" ". Lettersbefore
by a figure followed by x
the magnificationmark the type of eyepiece.
Since we manufactureonly compensating
eyepieces,such an identificationwould normally be superfluous. However, our eyepieces of higher power are so designedthat
they producea flat field,which is not necessary for the low-power systems. The latter
are thereforemarked C (compensatingeyepieces)to distinguishthem from the former
marked Kpl (compensatingf lat-field eyepieces).
The fact that the eyepiecesare used to
view a real image may be utilizedto make a
sharp image of a reticule, graduation and
otherfiguresor pointersvisibletogetherwith
this object image. These figures are engraved on glass plates (micrometerdisks)
which are insertedin the diaphragmplane of
the eyepieces. However,since they will not
necessarilybe seen sharplywith normaleye-

41
pieces,above all if the eye of the observer is
not free from visual defects,eyepieceswith a
focusingeye lens are used for this purpose.
In addition,theseeyepiecesare designedso
that the micrometerdisk can be easily,inserted and will be centered once it is in
position. The micrometer disks normally
suppliedby us are Iistedon page 75.
For polarized-lightmicroscopy the crosshairs marking the center of rotation of the
stage must be very accurately centered.
Since this cannot be achieved by the mere
insertionof crosshairdisks,we manufacture
special eyepieces with accurately adjusted
crosshairsor crosshairmicrometerdisks for
this purpose.
For critical work, partly for very special
measuring or counting problems, we also
manufacture a great variety of specialpurpose eyepieceswhich are listed after the
ordinary eyepieces.

ZEISScondensers

42

ln microscopyself-luminousobjects are
rarelyencountered,in fact only in fluorescent
work. In general,the objectsto be examined
u n d e r t h e m i c r o s c o p em u s t b e s u i t a b l yi l l u minatedto allow their details to be imaged
and viewed. Either incident or transmitted
l i g h tm a y b e u s e df o r i l l u m i n a t i o na,n d i n b o t h
cases either the bright-fieldor the dark{ield
method may be employed. In the former,an
imageof the light source is formed in the objectiveaperture,while in the latterthis is not
the case.
W i t h a p e r f e c tb r i g h t - f i e l di l l u m i n a t otrh e
aforementionedsource image should fill the
objectiveaperturecompletely,becauseonly
then can the full apertureof the objectivebe
utilized,if necessary.In addition,the object
field reproducedshould,of course,be comp l e t e l ya n d e v e n l yi l l u m i n a t e d .
When using high-apertureobjectives,a
source image of sufficient size can be
achievedonly with very large light sources.
However,since the size of the light sources
generally used today is limited, it must be
magnified by optical means. This is done
with the aid of a lens systemlocatednear the
specimen,the so-calledcondenser.
The light sourceto be magnifiedmust be
brought as close to the focal plane of ihe
condenseras possibleso that its magnified
image will be produced at a sufficientdistance from ihe specimen. Otherwise the
a n g l eo f i n c i d e n c eo f t h e p e n c i l so f r a y s i l l u minatingthe object pointswill vary greatlyin
the centerand the outerfield,thus producing
i n c r e a s i n g loyb l i q u ei l l u m i n a t i o ino w a r d st h e
edge of the image so that the image character will no longer be homogeneous.Since
it is not normallypossibleto locatea light
source in the condenserfocal plane due to
the heat it generates,the source is arranged
at an appropriatedistance from the microscope and a source imagefillingthe con-

43
denser aperture is formed in the condenser
focal plane with the aid of another lens
system,the lamp condenser.This offersthe
followingadditionaladvantages
:
The effectivearea of this image can be
r e d u c e db y m e a n so f a n i r i sd i a p h r a g mw, h i c h
i s a c o n v e n i e nm
t e a n so f c o n t r o l l i n gt h e i l l u minating aperture. Such an aperture iris is
practically always permanentlyattachedto
the condenser.
It is easy to achievea very homogeneous
i i l u m i n a t i o no f t h e o b j e c t f i e l d r e p r o d u c e d
by adjustingthe condenserso that it forms a
s h a r pi m a g eo f t h e h o m o g e n e o uisl l u m i n a t e d
apertureof the lamp condenseron the spec i m e n . A n i r i s d i a p h r a g mi n t h i s p l a n e( l a m p
field stop) makesit possibleto matchthe size
o f t h e i l l u m i n a t e df i e l d w i t h t h a t o f t h e f i e l d
imaged (Kiihler's method of illumination).
In accordancewith these generalobserv a t i o n sa
, condenseh
r a s t w o f u n c t i o n si n a n
e c o n o m i cb r i g h t - f i e l di l l u m i n a t i n sg e t u p :
1 . T h e c o n d e n s e rm u s t b e c a p a b l eo f p r o d u c i n gc o n e so f r a y sf o r i l l u m i n a t i n tgh e o b ject points,the axes (principalrays)of which
shouldas far as possiblebe paralleland perp e n d i c u l atro t h e s p e c i m e np l a n ea n d w h o s e
aperturecan in certain cases be as large as
the apertureof the objectiveemployed.
2 . T h e c o n d e n s e sr h o u l df o r m a h i g h - q u a l i t y
i m a g eo f t h e l a m pf i e l d s t o p i n t h e s p e c i m e n
plane.
To satisfythe first condition,a universally
applicablecondenserwould haveto havethe
h i g h e s t n u m e r i c a la p e r t u r eo c c u r r i n g w i t h
the objectivesused (1.3-1.4). However,such
a high illuminating
a p e r t u r ei s a c t u a l l yu s e d
only in rare casesin microscopicpractice. In
fact,to increaseimagecontrastthe illuminati n g a p e r t u r es h o u l db e s m a l l e rt h a n t h e o b jective aperture. Experiencehas shown that
even in the caseof immersionobjectiveswith
t h e e x t r e m e l yh i g h a p e r t u r eo f N . A . ! 1 . 4 a n

44
i l l u m i n a t i n ga p e r t u r e o f l e s s t h a n 1 . 0 i s
generallysufficientso that an N.A. 0.9 condenserwill do in the great rnajorityof cases'
This offersthe followingadvantages:
The correctionof the condensercan be
improvedwithout increasingits cost.
The focal length and obiect distance of
the condensercan be increased.
As a result,the condenserdiaphragmcan
more easily be arranged in the correct position,in the focal plane. The front lens need
not be connectedto the specimenslide by
m e a n so f a n i m m e r s i o nl i q u i d .
For reasons of price, condensers are
generallycorrectedonly as far as is possible
at minimumexpense. Especiallywhen used
with higherapertures,it is thereforevery difficult to achievea satisfactoryimage of the
lamp field stop with most condensersdue to
their sphericaland chromaticaberrations'In
o r d e rt o o b t a i na h o m o g e n e o u s li yl l u m i n a t e d
object field the lamp field stop must be
opened further than would normally be
necessary.However,this is of no importance
as long as imagecontrastis not impaired.
For critical work and in conjunctionwith
objectiveswe recommend
high-performance
that correctedcondensersbe used,whichare
available in the form of achromatic-aplanatic
condensers.
With a lamp field stop of given diameter,
a condenser of a certain focal length will
only illuminatean object field of a certain
size. lt is impossibleto design condensers
suited for illuminatingall the aperturesand
fields of view used in practice. This can be
achievedonly if-as with the objectives-condensers of different focal length are employed. Many condensersare thereforedesigned so that a relativelyshort-focuscondensercan be convertedinto a condenserof
longerfocal lengthand lower maximumaperture by removing its front lens or a front

45
component.
F o r t h i s p u r p o s et h e f r o n t l e n s i s e i t h e r
unscrewedor, where this is technicallyfeasible, swung out of the light path.
All condensers are provided with the
mechanicalfittings required for their use.
The extentand design of these are indicated
i n t h e f o l l o w i n gt a b l e s .
The type of mount used to attachthe condenser to the microscope depends on the
t y p e o f i l l u m i n a t oer m p l o y e d .
l f t h e l i g h t o f a s e p a r a t ei l l u m i n a t o ri s
reflectedinto the condenserby means of a
m i r r o ro r i f a n i n t e g r a li l l u m i n a t ow
r ith a suff i c i e n t l yl a r g e r a d i a n tf i e l d i s a v a i l a b l e( e . g .
low-voltagebase iliuminatoror on-baseilluminator),the condenserneed not be centerable.
W i t ho u r m i c r o s c o p e st h, e s i m p l e sdt e s i g n
consists of a condenser sleeve mounted
underneaththe microscopestage,into which
the condenseris inserted.
When the condensermust be movablein
the axial direction,however,it is mountedon
a rack-and-pinion
condensercarrier.
I n a l l o u r l a r g em i c r o s c o p e (sS T A N D A R D ,
W L , U N I V E R S A LP, H O T O M I C R O S C O Pa E
nd
ULTRAPHOT) the low-voltage illuminator
normallyused as light source is permanently
attached to the microscope.
T o a l l o w t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n eidl l u m i n a t i n g
techniquesto be employedwith sufficientaccuracy, a device had to be incorporatedin
t h e i l l u m i n a t i n sg y s t e mw i t h t h e a i d o f w h i c h
t h e i m a g eo f t h e l a m pf i e l ds t o pf o r m e di n t h e
specimenplanecould be centeredin relation
to the field reproducedby the microscope.
We thus providedfor a displacementof the
condenserby meansof two centeringscrews
on the condensercarrier,which act against
the force of a spring. This devicealso serves
to hold the condenserwhich is insertedinto
it with a heat-treateddovetailring. The con-

46
denser can here in any case be axially displaced with the aid of the condenser carrier
to allow the image of the lamp field stop to be
focused in the specimenplane.
Z-type condensersare used with the condensercarriers.
Dark-fieldillumination

i s u s e d ,t h e l i g h t
l f d a r k - f i e l di l l u m i n a t i o n
from the condenserdoes not enter the objective directly. Only the light diffractedby
t h e s p e c i m e n( i n t h e c a s e o f i n c i d e n ti l l u mination,the light reflectedby the specimen)
entersthe objectiveand formsthe image. As
a result,the areas in the field of view which
containno object structuresremaindark.
W i t h d a r k - f i e l di l l u m i n a t i o nt h, e s p e c i m e n
i s a c t u a l l yi l l u m i n a t e db y a h o l l o w c o n e o f
l i g h t , t h e l o w e s t a p e r t u r e ( i n t e r i o rl i m i t o f
aperture)of which is larger than the numerical apertureof the viewingobjective.
D a r k - f i e l di l l u m i n a t i o nr e q u i r e sp o w e r f u l
l i g h t s o u r c e s a n d s p e c i a l c o n d e n s e r s .l m mersionobjectivesof highernumericalapert u r e t h a n1 m u s tb e e q u i p p e dw i t h a n i r i s d i a phragmto allowtheir apertureto be reduced.
W i t h f u l l y o p e n i r i s d i a p h r a g mt h e s e o b j e c tivesare employedfor brig ht-fieldi ||um ination.
objectivesare unsuitablefor
Phase-contrast
darkjield observation.
Dark-field Ultracondenser

Dry dark{ield condenser

47
S T A N D A R D W L r e s e a r c h m i c r o s c o p e w j t h 6 v , 1 Sw i n t e g r a l i l l u m i n a t o r ,
p a n c r a t i c c o n d e n s e r , P l a n a c h r o m a t s ,O P T O V A R a n d K p ' i w i d e - a n g l e e y e p i e c e s

Surveyof opticalsystems 48
forthe
Objectives
ightmicroscope
itted-l
transm

Achromats

D e s i gn a t io n

O
O

Achromat,3.2x,0.07N.A.
Achromat,6.3x,0.16 N.A.
A c h r o m a t , 1 0 x , 0 . 2N2. A .
Achromat.16x.0.32N.A.
Achromat,25x,0.45N.A.
Achromat,40x,0.65N.A.
Achromat,63x,0.80N.A.
Achromat,40x,0.75N.A.,waterl)
Achromat,40x,0.85N.A.,oil
Achromat,40x,0.85N.A.,oil
A c h r o m a1t 0 0 x 1
, . 2 5N . A . o
, il
Achromat,100x,1.25N.A.,oil,with iris3)

T a b l e8
l ni ti a l
magnrfication

N.A.

Focal
Ie n g t h
mm

Working Cover-glass
d i s t a n c e ? )t h i c k n e s s C a t a l o g
mm
No.
mm

3.2x 0.07 34.9 30

6.5x

0.16

24.4 10.3

10.2x 0.22 16.7

16.2x 0.32
25.4x 0.45
40.8x 0.65

10.8
7.0
4.5

63.3x 0.80

3.0

40.4x 0.75
40.0x 0.85
39.2x 0.85
98.8x 1 . 2 5
98.8x 1 . 2 5

4.6
4.6
4.7
1.9
1.9

5.0
3.5
1.0

0.17
0.47 0j7
0j4
0j7
1.6
0.17
0.35 0j7
0.35 1.5
0.09 0j7
0.09 0.17

460100
460300
460400
46 05 00
46 06 00
46 07 00
4 60 80 0
461702
461706
46 1708
4 6 1 90 0
46 19 06

1) For Achromat, 40x, 0.75N.A., water, a clip-on cap 461790is supplied.

,) The working distance is the clear distance between the front lens of the objective used and the specimen (upper surface of covet
g lass).
3) Objective with iris for stopping down the aperture in dark-field work.
4 ) O b j e c t i v e w i t h c o r r e c t i o n c o l l a r c a n b e u s e d f o r c o v e r - g l a s s e s w i t h t h i c k n e s s f r o m 1 . 1t o 1 . 5 m m .
5) Special objective, e. 9., for STANDARD UPL, for work with specimen in thick-walled chambers.

49

Planachromats

Designation

Table 9
I ni t i a l
magnif i c a t i on

* Planachromat,
2.5x,0.8N.A.
2.6x
* Planachromat
6.3x,0.16N.A.
6.26x
O Planachromat,
tOx, OZZtrt*
10.0x
f Planachromat,
16x,0.35N.A.
16.1x
Planachrom at, 25x,0.45 N.A.
O* Planachromat,
40x, 0.65l{A
40.8x
LD-PIanachromat,
40x,0.60N.A.,corr.o; 3g.9x
f P l a n a c h r o m a1t0 0 x ,1 . 2 5N . A . ,o i t - 1 0 0 - 6 x
Planachromat,
100x,1.25N.A.,oil,
with iris3)
100.6x
Generallyrecommendedfor a seriesoJ
O four objectives
+ five objectives

N.A

Focal
length
mm

W o r k i n g Cover-glass
d istance,) th ickness C a t a l o g
mm
mm
No.

0.08 54.5 8.7

0 . 1 6 27j
4.9
0.22 15.8 4.8
0.35 10.4 2.7
0.45
7.0 1.4
0.65 4 . 1 3 0 . 7
0.60 4 . 1 1 . 5
.%
1 . 6 6 0J9

46 03 10
460410
460510
0.17
460610
0 . 1 7 4 60 71 0
1 . 1 - ' 1 . 546 07 15s)
0 . 1 7 4 6 1 91 0

1.25

0.17

1 . 6 6 0.09

4 6 1 91 6

50

T a b l e1 0

NEOFLUARS
l n l t i aI
magn if l c a t io n

+ NEOFLUAR.6.3x.0.20N.A.
6.4x
NEOFLUAR,10x,0.30N.A.
10.2x
+ N E O F L U A R1, 6 x ,0 . 4 0N . A .
16.1x
25x,
N.A.
NEOFLUAR,
0.60
+ NEOFLUAR.40x. 0.75N.A.
40.5x
Plan-NEOFLUAR,
63x,0.90N.A.,
corr.4)
62.9x
N E O F L U A R6,3 x ,1 . 2 5N . A . ,o i l
62.6x

+ NEOFLUAR
1 0, 0 x1, . 3 0N . A .o, i l

N.A

Focal
Ie n g t h
mm

Working Cover-glass
distancer) thickness
Catalog
mm
No.
mm

0.20 23.6 10.8

0.30 16.4 4.0
0.17
0 . 4 0 1 0 . 8 0.9
7
.
1
0
.
5
4
0.17
0.60
4.5
0.33 0.17
0.75
0.90
1.25

100.0x 1.25

46ffi24
460420
460520
460620
460720

2.7
0 . 0 9 0 . 1 1 - 0 . 2 34 6 0 8 1 2 - 9 9 0 3
461820
2,8
0.65 0j7
1.92 0.24 0j7
461920

51

Planapochromats

D e s i gn a t io n

Pianapochromat,
4x, 0.16N.A.
Planapochromat,
1Oxo
0.32N.A.
Planapochromat,
25x, 0.65N.A.
Planapochromat
40x, 0.95N.A.,corr.4\
Planapochromat,
40x, 1.0 N.A.,o i l ,
with iris3)
Planapochromat,
63x, 1.4 N.A.,oil
P l a n a p o c h r o m a1t 0, 0 x ,1 . 3N . A . ,o i l ,
P l a n a p o c h r o m a1t0, 0 x ,1 . 3N . A . ,o i l ,
with iris3)

T a b l e1 1
lnitial
magnrfication

N.A

Focal
length
mm

4.1x 0.16 35.1

10.0x 0.32 14.6
25.3x 0.65
6.3
40.4x 0.95
4.25
100.2x t . J
62.1x 1 . 4
100.2x 1 . 3
40.1x

1.0

Working
Cover-glass
distancer) tickness
mm
mm

2.5
0.35
0j4
0.09

1 . 6 30 . 0 9

Catalog
No.

460240
0.17
460440
0.17
46 06 40
0 . 11 - 0 . 2 3 4607 42

1.63 0.09

0.17
0.17
0.17

4 6 1 94 6
46 1840
461940

4.05 0.22

0.17

461746

2.57 0.09

f) The working distance is the clear distance

between the front lens of the objective used and the specimen (upper surface of cover
glass).
,) Objective with iris for stopping down the
aperture in dark-fleld work.
') uolecllve wiln correctlon collar can
be used for cover-glasses with thickness from 0.11to 0.23 mm.

52

Phase-contrastobjectives

These objectives contain an annular

phase plate in which phaseshift and absorption are matchedso that optimumimageswill
be obtainedwith the majority of specimens
for which the phase-contrasttechniquecan
be used to advantage.For specialproblems,
objectiveswith speciallymatchedabsorption
can be made to order. Detailswill be supplied on request.
lf phase-contrastobjectives are used for
bright-fieldwork, a more or less noticeable
but generallyhardly disturbingloss of contrast must be expected, depending on the
objectivetype chosen.This effectwillbe least
noticeable with the Ph NEOFLUARSand
For dark-fieldobservation
Planapochromats.
phase-contrastobjectivesare generallynot
to be recommended.

53
Phase-contrast
objectives

Initialmagnrfication

D e s ig n a t i o n

Achromat,
Achromat,
Achromat,

10x,0.22N.A..Ph1
4 0 x , 0 . 6 5N . A . P
, h2
40x,0.75N.A.,water,
Ph2
Achromat,
4 0 x , 0 . 8 5N . A . ,o i l . P h 3
Achromat,
1 0 0 x , 1 . 2N
5 .A.o
, i t ,P h 3
Planachromat, 25x,0,45N.A.,Ph2
LD-Planachromat,
40x,0.60
N.A.,corr.,

N.A.

Focal
tength
mm

W o r k i n g Cover-g I ass
di s t a n c e t h i c k n e s s
mm
mm

Catalog
No.

10.2x 0.22 167 5.0

40.8x 0.65 4.5 0.47
40.4x 0.75 4 . 6 1 . 6

0.17
0.17

46 04 01
460701
46 1703

39.2x 0.85
98.8x1.25
25.2x 0.45
39.9x 0.60

4.7
1.9
7.0
4.1

1.5
0.17
0.17
1.1-1.5

4 6 1 70 9
46 19 01
460611
4 6 0 71 6 .

40x,0.65N.A.,Ph2

40.8x 0.65

4j3 0.7

63x,0.90
N.A.,corr.,
Ph3

63.4x0.90 2 . 7 0 . 0 9

0.17
0j7

460711
460813

Ph2
Planachromat,
Planachromat,

T a b l e1 2

0.35
0.09
1.4
1.5

Planachromat, 1 0 0 x 1
, . 2 5N . A . o
, i t ,p h 3 1 0 0 . 6 x1 . 2 5 1 . 6 60 . 0 9
NEOFLUAR,
1 6 x , 0 . 4 0N . A . P
, h2
1 6 . 1 x0 . 4 0 1 0 . 8 0 . 9
NEOFLUAR.
25x,0.60N.A.,Ph2
25.2x 0.60 7.1 0.54
NEOFLUAR.
40x,0.75N.A.,Ph2
40.5x 0.75 4.5 0.33
Plan-NEOFLUAR,
63x,0.90
N.A.,corr., 62.gx0.90 2.7 0.09

0.17
461911
0.17
460521
0.17
460621
0.17
460721
0.11-0.23 46 08 13_9903

NEOFLUAR,
6 3 x , 1 . 2 5N . A . o
, i l ,P h 3 6 2 . 6 x 1 . 2 5
NEOFLUAR.
100x,1.30N.A.,oit, Ph3 100.2x1.25
Planapochromai,25x,0.65N.A.,Ph2
25.3x 0.65
Planapochromat,40x,0.95N.A.,corr., 40.4x 0.95
Ph3
Planapochromat,40x,1.0N.A.,oil,
4 0 . 1 x1 . 0
w i t h i r i s ,p h 3
P l a n a p o c h r o m a t6, 3 x , 1 . 4N . A . ,o i l , p h 3 A Z . l x @
Planapochromat,
100x,1.30N.A.,oil, ph 3 100.2x1 a

0.17
4 6 1 82 1
0.17
4 6 1 92 1
0.17
4606 41
0.11-0.23 460743

Ph3

2.8 0.65
1.92 0.24
6.3 0j4
4.25 0.09

4.050.22 0.17

Special objective, e' 9., for STANDARD UPL, for work with specimens
in thick-walled cnamoers.

461747
4 6 1 84 1

54
POLZ objectives
for polarized-lightmicroscopy

The objectiveslistedbeloware strain-free

and have centeringmounts.

T a b l e1 3

D e s i gn a t i o n

O*Planachromat, 2.5x,0.08N.A.,POL Z
1 0 x . 0 . 2N
2 . A .P
. OLZ
Of Achromat,
-FNEOFLUAR, 25x,0.60N.A.,POLZ
4 0 x , 0 . 8 5N . A . ,P O L Z
O*Achromat,
N E O F L U A R , 6 3 x , 0 . 9 0N . A . ,P O L Z
1 0 0 x ,1 . 2 5N . A . ,o i l , P O L Z
O*Achromat,
Generallyrecommendedfor a seriesof
O four objectives
+ five objectives

l ni t i a l
magnification

2.6x
10.2x
25.2x
39.4x

N.A.

Focal
length
mm

Working
distance
mm

0.08
0.22
0.60
0.85

54.5
16.7
7.1
4.7

8.7
5.0
0.54
0.36

63.3x 0.90

3.0 0.12

98.8x 1.25

1.9 0.09

thickness
mm

Catalog
No.

0j7
0j7
0j7
0j7

46 0'118
46 04 08
460628
46 07 08
460828
4 6 1 90 8

55
UDAchromats

w
w

ryw

UD achromatsare objectivesspeciallydesignedfor usewith the universalrotarystage.

This aid for spatial orientationof the spec i m e n i s p r i m a r i l yu s e d i n p o l a r i z e d - l i E h
mti croscopy. The objectivesare attachedto the
polarizingmicroscopewith the aid of a centera b l e o b j e c t i v ec h a n g e r "
T h e i n i t i a l m a g n i f i c a t i o na n d n u m e r i c a l
apertureindicatedon the UD achromatshold
f o r u s e i n c o n j u n c t i o nw i t h h e m i s p h e r ew
s ith
a refractiveindex of 1.555. lf the objectives
are suitedfor "conoscopic"observation,
they
a r e m a r k e d " C " . U n d e r o r t h o s c o p i co b s e r vation,the extinctionpositionof a crysialcan
be recognizedif the apertureof the objective
is reduced. This is why two funnel stops are
s u p p l i e dw i t h e v e r y U D a c h r o m a to f h i g h e r
m a g n i f i c a t i otnh a n 1 6 x .
U s e dw i t h o u t h e m i s p h e r e
t h, e U D a c n r o m a t s o f f e r a p a r t i c u l a r l yl o n g w o r k i n g d i s tance. Due to their overall length of 33 mm
they must be attachedto the microscopeby
m e a n so f t h e a d a p t e rr i n g 4 6 2 9 9 1 .

56
UDAdrromats
for universalrotarystage,withoutspecimen
protection,
parfocalized
for 33 mm

T a b l e1 4

T e c h n i c adl a t af o r u s i n gt h e o b j e c t i v e sw i t h a n d w i t h o u th e m i s p h e r e
lnitial
Focal
Refractive
Working
Designation

AchromatUD,
6 . 3 x , 0 . 1N
2. A .

AchromatUD,
16x.0.17
N.A.

magnification

3.7

N.A.

length
mm

distance
mm

Catalog No.
of objective

0.07

30.4

19.0

462042

6.1

0j2
0.13

41.8
44.6

13.5
13.5

25.5
24.8

6.5

6.1

012
0.13

9.6

0.11

15.6

13.5

14.9
15.8

o.17

14.9
15.8

0.17
0.18

10.0

Achromat UD, 12.7

20x,0.57N.A. C**
19.7

0.38

12.6

0.18

21.0

0.57
0.61

AchromatUD. 25.8

0.41

40x,0.65N.A.C**
40.2
42.7

0.64
0.68

t Maximum permissible deviaiion 0.002

'. Suitable for conoscopic observation.

11.2
10.7

index
rr"

Radius

Catalog No.
of hemisphere

1.517
1.517
1.648
1.517
1.517
1.648

5.52
5.52
5.52
12.56
12.56
12.56

47 3824
47 3825
47 3826
47 3827
47 3828
47 3829

5.52
5.52
12.56
12.56

47 3824
47 3825
47 3826
47 3827
47 3828
47 3829

462044
1.517
1.557
1.648
1.517
1.517
1.648

10
10

10.5

4620 45
1.517
1.517
1.648

47 3824
5.52

47 3825
47 3826

462046

6.9

3.7

12.56

1.5
1.5

1.517
1.517
1.648

5.52
5.52

47 3824
47 3825
47 3826

57
The 1x Planachromat is the objectivewith the lowestinitialmagnif i c a t i o na n d b u i l t - i nf i e l d l e n s . l t i s n o t o a r focalized with the other objectives. For
polarized-lighm
t i c r o s c o p yw e s e l e c t t h e
most strain-freeobiectives.

The 1.6x-5x Planachromat is particularlysuitable for measuring purposes, because the magnification of the
aerial image can be accuratelyadapted to
the graduationof the micrometerdisk. The
objective is used with a condenserwhose
front lens is swung out of the light path. Ref o c u s i n gi s r e q u i r e di f t h e m a g n i f i c a t i o no f
the objectiveis changed.
The 32x Planachromat is an objective specially designed for our
RevolverMicroprojector.lts front-lensmount
is finished in black to avoid stray light. lf
necessary,it may be used on any other microscope.

Special-purposeobjectives
for the normaltransmitted-light
microscope

Designation

l ni t i a l
magnrf i c a toi n

Planachromat,
1x. 0.04N.A.
1.08x
lx,0.04 N.A.,POL
1.08x
1 . 6 x - 5 x , 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 1N . A .
1.6x- 5x
3 2 x , 0 . 6 5N . A .
32.2x
63x,0.90N.A.,oD
(for uncoveredspecimens) 63.0x

Table 15
Focal
length
mm

0.04

134.7

Working
distance
mm

4.4

0.04
134.7
4.4
0.03 0.1 4 1 . 2 - 2 0 . 8 3 2 - 1 . 5
0.65
5.6
0.3
0.90

3.0

Cover-glass
thickness Catalog
mm
No.

0.09

0.17

462010
4 62 01 1
4 62 01 3
462016
46 08 60

5B
ULTRAFLUARS

These are special-purpose objectives

equally suited for observationby ultraviolet
a n d v i s i b l el i g h t . T h e y a r e a c h r o m a t i cf o r a
rangefrom 230to 700 mpz.Thus there is pract i c a l l yn o s h i f t i n f o c u s w h e n c h a n g i n gf r o m
one wavelengthto another. The objectives
are corrected for 0.35 mm thick quartz
( H o m o s i l )c o v e r g l a s s e s a n d d e s i g n e df o r
glycerinimmersion,exceptthe ULTRAFLUAR,
1 0 x .0 . 2 0N . A . .4 6 2 0 5 9 .
These objectives are very sensitive to
fluctuationsof temperature.

T a b l e1 6

Designation

ULTRAFLUAR,
1 0 x , 0 . 2 0N . A .

N.A.,glyc.
32x,0.40

F o r w a v e l e n g t h 2 8 0m p
lnitial
Focal
Iengtl
magniN.A.
fication
mm

Working
distance
mm

10.0x 0.20 16.4

7.4

32.0x 0.40 6.0

0.45

For wavelength 546 mt

Focal
length
fication N.A.
mm

lnitial
Covergrass
magnit hi c k n e s s

9.4

0.35

Catalog
No.

0.19 17.5 462058

30.0 0.38 6.4 462060

0.35
98.0 0.81 1.93 462063
100x,0.85N.A.,91yc. 103.5x 0.85 1.79 0.12
87.8 1.15 2.00 46 20 64
100x,1.25N.A.,glyc.
100.9x 1.25 1.77 0.07
0.35
0.35
30.0 0.38 6.4 462070
32x,0.40N.A.,glyc.,Ph 32.0x 0.40 6.0
0.35
98.0 0.80 1.93 46 20 73
100x,0.85N.A.,glyc.,Ph 103.5x 0.85 1.79 0.12
9.4 0.19 17.5 462059
1 0 x , 0 . 2 0N . A . P
, OL
10.0x O.2O 16.4
7.4
30.0 0.38 6.4 462061
0.35
32x,0.40N.A.,glyc.,POL 32.0x 0.40 6.0
0.46
87.8 1.15 2.00 462065
1 0 0 x , 1 . 2 5 N . Ag.l,y c . ,P O L 1 0 0 . 9 x 1 . 2 5 1 . 7 7 0 . 0 7
0.35
465557,see page 93.
For achromatic-aplanatic
ULTRAFLUAR-condenser

59
Jamin-Lebedeff
transmitted-light
Three objectivesof the AchromatpOL Int
interference-equipmenttype and a specially selected condenser
c o n v e r t a n y o f o u r l a r g e p o l a r i z i n gm i c r o scopesinto an interferencemicroscope.This
allowsthe refractiveindex,thicknessand dry
mass of discrete objects(i. e. objects
which do not cover a continuousarea) to be
d e t e r m i n e d .T h e b e a m s p l i t t e r i n t h e c o n denser separatesthe rneasuringand comp a r i s o nb e a m s . T h e b e a m c o m b i n e ri n t h e
objectivecausesthe two beamsto interfere.
For furtherdetailssee booklet41-560.

Interferenceattachments

i nterference
attachment

ll
ill

with
Achromat
P O Ll n l

10x,0.22N.A.
40x, 0.65N.A.
1 0 0 x ,1 . 0N . A . ,o i l

T a b l e1 7

Working dislance
mm

2.26

0.2
0.08

Distance between
measuring and
comparison beams
mm

Catalog No.
for
STANDARD
microscopes

Catalog No.
for UNIVERSAL,
PHOTOMICROSCOPE,
ULTRAPHOT

0.5
0.17
0.05

47 4403
47 4406
47 4408

47 4413
4744 16
47 4418

60
Objectives
microscopy
for reflected-light
All our microscopesfor opaquework are
c o m p u t e df o r u n c o v e r e d s p e c i m e n s .I n
v i e w o f t h e h e i g h to f t h e v e r t i c a li l l u m i n a t o r
to be insertedbetweenthe tube and the objective they have a relativelyshort parfocal
d i s t a n c eo f 3 3 m m .T h e i ri n i t i a l m a g n i f i c a t i o n s
partlydeviatefrom our usualstandardvalues
of 50x,
in view of the standardmagnifications
100x,200x, 500x and 1000x used in metalI u r g i c a lw o r k .
With few exceptions,all our reflectedlight objectivesare designedas flat{ield objectives. In the systemssuppliedsince 1965
special care has been taken to eliminatereflectionsat glass-to-airsurfacesby suitable
shapingand coating of the lenses. This has
beensurprisinglysuccessfulin the newseries
of EPIPLANobjectives.

61
EPIPLANHD objectives
For dark-field observationthe objective
for bright{ield and dark-fieldobservation p r o p e ri s b u i l ti n t oa c o n c e n t r i cm i r r o ro r l e n s
b y i n c i d e n tl i g h t system. This reduces the free working distance of the three low-powersystems.These
objectivesdo not have the Whitworththread
0.8"xl/se"but the M24x0.75screw thread.

T a b l e1 8

D e s i gn a t i o n

Initial
magnification

N.A.

Focal
length
mm

E P I P L A N 4 x , 0 . 1 0N . A . ,H D
4.07x 0.1 36.3
E P I P L A N 8 x , 0 . 2 0N . A . ,H D
7.96x 0.2 18.7
E P I P L A N 1 6 x ,0 . 3 5N . A . ,H D
16.06x 0.35 10.4
E P I P L A N 4 0 x , 0 . 8 5N . A . ,H D
40.56x 0.85
4.6
EPIPLAN 8Ox,0.95N.A.,HD
80.7x 0.95 2.25
E P I P L A N1 0 0 x ,1 . 2 5N . A . ,o i t , H D 100.6x 1 . 2 5 1.66

Working
distance
mm

0.23
0.09
0.25

Coverglass

Catalog No.
Objective
thickness for
mm
noseprece

Catalog No.
Objective with
change ring
(46 62 55)

460269 480269
46 03 69 48 03 69
46 05 69 48 05 69
4607 69 4807 69
46 08 69 48 08 69
461969481969

62
EPIPLANobjectives
To permit rapid change between the
for bright-fieldobservationby incidentlight standardmagnificationsused in metallography, these objectives are mounted on the
t y p e l l l D v e r t i c a li l l u m i n a t o4r 6 6 2 4 7 .O n t h e
U N I V E R S Am
L i c r o s c o p et ,h e P H O T O M I C R O SCOPEand the ULTRAPHOTcamera microof 50x,100x,200x,500x
scope magnifications
and 1000xcan be achievedwith Kpl 10x eyeoieces.

T a b l e1 9

Designation

E P I P L A N ,4 x , 0 . 1 N . A .
E P I P L A N ,8 x , 0 . 2 N . A .
E P I P L A N1, 6 x , 0 . 3 5N . A .
E P I P L A N4, 0 x , 0 . 8 5N . A .
EPIPLAN,80x,0.95N.A.

lnitial
m a g n i fi c a t i o n

4.07x
7.96x
16.06x
40.56x

80.7x

N.A

0.1
0.2
0.35
0.85

0.95

Focal Iength
mm

Working
d i stance
mm

36.3

9.0

18.8
10.4
4.6

7.2
2.8

2.25

0.23
0.09

Cover-glass
thi ckness
mm

63
LD-EPIPLAN
objectives have an extra long working distance. They
are requiredwheneverthe objectivemust be
protectedagainstthe effectsof heat,caustic
vapors,etc.,by meansof a glassplate placed
i n t h e o b j e c t f i e l d . L D - E P I P L A No b j e c t i v e s
w i t h t h e d e s i g n a t i o nD : 1 . 5 m m a r e s u p l i e dw i t h a 1 . 5m m t h i c kp r o t e c t i v ec a p . l f t h e
specimenis coveredby a quarlz glass,e. 9.,
a s i s u s u a li n w o r k w i t h h e a t i n gs t a g e s t, h e n
the quartz plate providesthe necessaryprotection in place of the protectivecap.
D u e t o t h e i r l o n g w o r k i n g d i s t a n c e ,t h e
LD-EPIPLANobjectivesare especiallysuitable as substagecondensers.They are used
f o r t h i s p u r p o s ep r i m a r i l yi n w o r k w i t h t h e
M icroscopePhotometer.

T a b l e2 0

D e s ig n a t io n

lnitial
magn if i c a t lo n

L D - E P I P L A N4, x , 0 . 1N . A . 4.06x
L D - E P I P L A N8, x , 0 . 2N . A . 7.94x
0
L D - E P I P L A N' 1, 6 x , 0 . 3N
.A. 16x
LD-EPIPLAN,
40x,0.60N.A. 40.1x
LD-EPIPLAN,
40x,0.60N.A. 40.1x
LD-EPlPLAN,40x,0.60N.A.,
Pol*
40.1x

Focal
length
mm

0.1
0.2

Working distance (mm) Coverwith l.5mm with1.5mm glass

protective thickness
coverglass
cap
mm

36.3

7.5
5.7

18.7 6.2
0.30 10.1 4.1
0.60 4 . 1 3.4
0.60 4 . 1 3 . 1

3.6
2.3

0.60

2.3

4.1

J.+

t.3

1.5
t.c
t.c

Objective
Catalog
No.

462101
462102
462143
462104
462097

Protective
cap, D1.5
No.

462911
462912
462913
462914

462124 462916

F o r t h e N o m a r s k i i n t e r f e r e n c e - c o n t r a s tm e t h o d i n r e f l e c t e d l i g h t u s e t h i s o b j e c t i v e , m o u n t e d a l m o s t s t r a i n J r e e , w i t h p r o t e c t i v e c a p
D 1 . 5 ( 4 6 2 9 1 6 )a n d i n t e r f e r e n c e - c o n t r a s t a t t a c h m e n t ( 4 7 4 4 6 4 \ .

64
EPIPLANPOL obiectives
The completely sirain-free bright-field
for polarized-lightmicroscopyand objectives are designed for polarized-light
method work, e. g. in ore microscopyor in connection
the Nomarskiinterference-contrast
w i t h i n c i d e n tl i g h t ( C N R Sl i c e n c e ) with opticallyanisotropicmetal phases.They
are attachedto the type llA, ll ST, Il C and ll E
vertical illuminatorsby meansof the change
ring 466256 in which they can be centered.
As comparedwith dry objectives,immercentering change ring
sion objectives result in enhanced image
contrastbecausereflectionsat the first surEPIPLAN POL objective
with thread W 0.8"
face of the front lens are made impossible
and the differencesbetween the reflectivity
and the intrinsic color of certain objects
stand out more clearly against oil than
a g a i n s ta i r .
lf a vertical illuminatoris to be used for
I nterference-contrast
Nomarski interference-contrast
method,
the
attachment
with thread W 0.8"
is
a
special
interference-contrast
attachment
f o r E P I P L A NP O Lo b j e c t i v e
neededfor each EPIPLANPOL objective.

T a b l e2 1

Designation

E P I P L A N ,4 x , 0 . 1 0N . A . ,P O L
E P I P L A N ,8 x , 0 . 2 0N . A . ,P O L
, OL
E P l P L A N1, 6 x ,0 . 3 5N . A . P
EPIPLAN,40x,0.85N.A.,POL
EPIPLAN,80x,0.95N.A.,POL
E P I P L A N ,4 x , 0 . 1 0N . A . ,P O L ,o i l
, O L ,o i l
E P I P L A N ,8 x , 0 . 2 0N . A . P
16x,0.40
N.A.,
POL,oil
Epi-Achromat,
N.A.,POL,oil
Epi-Achromat,40x,0.85
1
0
0
x
1
,
.
2
5
N
.
A
.P
, O L ,o i l
EPIPLAN,

lnitial
magnification

N.A.

4.07x 0.1
7.96x
16.06x
40.56x
80.7x

0.2
0.35
0.85
0.95

4.07x 0.1
7.96x
16.0x
40.0x
98.8x

Focal
length
mm

Working
d istance
mm

36.3 9.05
18.7 7.1
10.4 2.7
4.6 0.23

2.3 0.09
36.3 0.3

18.7 0.3
0.2
0.40 10.0 0.85
0.85 4.6 0.5
1 . 2 5 1.94 0.28

Coverglass
thicknessCatalogNo.
obiective
mm

462001
462002
462003
462004
462080

C a t a l o gN o .
Interferencecontrast
attachment"

47 4492
47 4492
47 4493
47 4494
47 4495

462006
462007
462008
462009
462005 474496

T o b e u s e do n T y p e l l v e r t i c a li l l u m i n a t o r sw i t h c h a n g er i n g 4 6 6 2 5 8 .O n v e r t i c a li l l u m i n a t o r sw i t h r e v o l v i n gn o s e p i e c e( T y p e sl A ,
co
z edda.p t e r r i n g 4 6 2 9 9 6
4 r/ r e s p o n d i n g o b . i e c t i v e s a r e p a r f o c a l i A
f l l A , l l l C ) t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e - c o n t r a s t a t t a c h m e n t s 4 T 4 4a9n3d/ 9
serves as connection

65
EPIPLANStM objectives

ThesearedesignedfortheSTANDARDUM
i n v e r t e d m e t a l l u r g i c a lm i c r o s c o p e . S i n c e
they fit into the revolvingnosepieceof the
s t a n d a r dt r a n s m i i t e d - l i g hmt i c r o s c o p e sa n d
are parfocalizedwith the transmitted-light
objectives,they may also be usedfor examini n g u n c o v e r e d t r a n s p a r e nst p e c i m e n si n
a l l c a s e sw h e r eo r d i n a r yt r a n s m i t t e d - l i gohbt jectiveswould give unsatisfactory
resultsdue
to the lack of a cover glass.
E P I P L A NS t M P h o b j e c t i v e sc a n b e u s e d
for phasework if the diaphragminsert467059
is placed in the base of the invertedmetall u r g i c a lm i c r o s c o p e .E v e r yE P I P L A NS t M P h
o b j e c t i v ei s s u p p l i e dw i t h a n a n n u l a r d i a p h r a g mw h i c hc a n b e c e n t e r e di n t h i s i n s e r t .

Table 22

D e s jg n a t io n

E P I P L A NS t M , 4 x . 0 . 1 0N . A .
EPIPLANStM, 8x, 0.20N.A.
E P I P L A NS t M , 1 6 x ,0 . 3 5N . A .
EPIPLANStM. 40x.0.85N.A.
EPIPLANStM, 80x,0.95N.A.
E P I P L A NS t M , 1 0 0 x ,1 . 2 5N . A . ,o i l
E P I P L A NS t M , 1 6 x ,0 . 3 5N . A . ,P h
EPIPLANStM, 40x, 0.85N.A.,Ph
E P I P L A NS t M , 1 0 0 x ,1 . 2 5N . A . ,o i t , p h

lnitial
magnrfi c a t i o n

N.A.

4.07x
7.96x
16.06x
40.56x
80.7x
100.7x
16.06x
40.56x

0.10
0.20
0.35
0.85
0.95
1.25
0.35
0.85

Focal
Ie n g t h
mm

Working
di s t a n c e
mm

36.3
18.8
10.4
4.6

9.0
7.2
2.8

462031
462032
462033
462034

2.25 0.09

1.7
10.4
4.6
100.7x 1.25 1 . 7

Cover-glass
thi ckness
mm
Catalog No

0.25
2.8

0.23
0.25

462035
462036
462037
462038
462039

66
EPIPLANPh objectives
These objectivescontain annular phase
for phase-contrast
work platesspeciallyadaptedto the requirements
utithverticalilluminators of incident-lig ht phase-contrastm icroscopy.
They are used in conjunctionwith a phasecontrastdiaphragminsertwhichamongother
things holds three suitable annular diap h r a g m so n a c h a n g e d i s k .
EPIPLAN Ph objectives have the same
W 0.8"xl /ze"screwthreadas the transmittedlight objectives. They are not suitable for
combination with our phase-contrastcondensersfor transmittedlight.

Table 23

EPIPLANPh objectives

Designation

I ni t i aI
magnif i c a t io n

E P I P L A N , 1 6 x ,0 . 3 5N . A . ,P h
EPIPLAN, 40x,0.85N.A.,Ph
E P I P L A N1. 0 0 x .1 . 2 5N . A . .o i l . P h

16.04x
40.56x
100.7x

N.A.

Focal
Ie n g t h
mm

0.35 10.4
0.85
1.25

4.6
1.62

Working
d istance
mm

Cover-gIass
thi ckness
mm

2.8

0.23
0.25

Phase-contrastdiaphragm inserl 472073 for vertical illuminator type ll G with single objective changer,
Phase-contrastdiaphragm i^sert 472072 for vertical illuminator iype lll C with a revolving nosepiece
can be combined with the UNIVERSAL and ULTRAPHOT microscopes

C a t a l o gN o

462027
462028
462029

67
Antifleximmersionobjectives

ln the case of reflected-lightbright{ield

i l l u m i n a t i o np,a r t o f t h e i l l u m i n a t i n tgi g h t i s
always refiected back to the image plane
from the glass-airsurfacesof the objective
before it has fully passedthrough the latter.
The amountof light that is reflecteddepends
on the type of objectiveand the adjustment
of the light path. lt may even happenthat an
image of the objective aperture becomes
v i s i b l e . T h i s e f f e c ti s p a r t i c u l a r l yd i s t u r b i n g
when viewing objects of low reflectivity.lt
c a n b e e l i m i n a t e db y u s i n gp o l a r i z e dl i g h tf o r
i l l u m i n a t i o nw, h o s e s t a t e o f p o l a r i z a t i o ni s
hardlychangedby specularreflection.When
a n a n a l y z e ri n t h e i i g h t p a t h i s o r i e n t e ds o
t h a t i t s p l a n eo f v i b r a t i o ni s p e r p e n d i c u l at ro
that of the light reflectedfrom the lens surf a c e s , t h i s l i g h t c a n b e e x t i n g u i s h e d .T h e
light diffusely reflectedfrom the specimen
surface,however,will pass through the analyzer practicallyunattenuatedbecause it is
depolarizedin the courseof diffusereflection.
In the case of specular reflectors-which
m o s t p o l i s h e ds p e c i m e n sa r e - t h i s m e t h o di s
p o s s i b l eo n l y i f a s u i t a b l yo r i e n t e dc, i r c u l a r l y
polarizingf ilter is insertedbetweenthe specim e n a n d t h e o b j e c t i v e .S o m e o f o u r b r i g h t field reflected-lightobjectivesare provided
with such filters. They are then called "Antiflex objectives". These are availablein the
forrn of EPIPLANand achromaticobjectives
f o r i n c i d e n t - l i g hwt o r k w i t h o i l a n d m e t h y l e n e
iodide.
Antiflex immersion objectives give part i c u l a rh i g h c o n t r a s if o r b r i g h t - f i e l di n c i d e n t light observations,because the use of an
i m m e r s i o nm e d i u me l i m i n a t e sa l l r e f l e c t i o n s
at the first surfaceof the front lens,while the
Antiflexsystemeliminatesall reflectionfrom
the surfacesof all other lens elements,and
because the differencesof reflectlvityand
intrinsic color of certain objects are more
p r o n o u n c e da n d m o r e c l e a r l yv i s i b l e i n o i l

6B
than in air. These objectivesare especially
suitablefor objects of low to medium reflectivity (coal petrography)and specimensof
varyingreflectivity(weakto stronglyabsorbing or refracting).Methyleneiodide immersion objectivesgenerallyproduce the same
resultas the correspondingobjectivesfor oil
immersion,but are even bettersuitedfor objects of extremelylow reflectivity(coal petrography).
T h e c i r c u l a r l yp o l a r i z i n gf i l t e r l o c a t e di n
front of their lens elementsmakes these objectives unsuitable for certain measuring
techniques,e. g. for the polarized-lightanalysis of the vibrationalstate of polarizedreflected light.

Table 24

Antiflex immersion objectives

D e s ig n a t io n

EPIPLAN-Antiflex,
8 x , 0 . 2 N . A . ,o i l
Antiflex-Epi-Achromat,
16x,0.40N.A.,oil
Antiflex-Epi-Achromat,
4 0 x . 0 . 6 5N . A . .o i l
EPIPLAN-Antif
lex,
2.5x,0.08N.A.,methyleneiodide
EPIPLAN-Antiflex,
4x, 0.1 N.A.,methyleneiodide
EPIPLAN-Antif
lex,
8x,0.2 N.A.,methyleneiodide
A ntiflex-Epi-Achromat,
16x,0.40N.A.,methyleneiodide
Antiflex-Epi-Ach
romat,
40x,0.65N.A.,methyleneiodide

lnitial
magnrfication

Catalog No.
Objective
for
nosepiece

Catalog No.
Objective
with
change ring

N.A.

7.9x

0.2

18.75 0.4

461364

481364

16.0x

0.4

10.0 0.45

461554

481554

40.0x

0.65

4.6

0.5

461754

4817 54

2.9x

0.08

54.8

0.3

46 1163

48 1163

4.1x

0.1

36.3 0.4

461263

7.9x

0.2

18.75 0.4

46 13 63

48 13 63

16.2x

0.4

10.0 0.35

46 1553

48 15 53

39.6x

0.65

461753

4817 53

4.6

Working
distance
mm

Coverglass

Focal
length
mm

0.25

thickness
mm

Photomicrographic
objectives
LUMINARSwith iris diaphragm

69

for photographyby transmittedor incident

l i g h t ,w i t h d a r k - f i e l di l l u m i n a t i o pn r o d u c e db y
illuminators.
stereomicroscooe

Table 25

Designation

1 6m m L U M I N A R

Focal
length
mm

Distance between
focal plane and
front lens vertex
(mm)

For infinite
object distance
Relative objectN.A.
aperture side

16.1 0.2

image
side

Magnifications obtainable

with
ULTRAPHOT"

1 : 2 . 5 1 0 . ' 1 1 1 . 5 50x-70x

with
UNIVERSAL
mr c r o s c o p e ,
PHOTOM I C R O S C O P E C a t a l o gN o

14x-22x

462511

8x-14x

462513

4x-Bx

462515

2x-4x

462517

40x-55x

25 mm LUMINAR

2 6 . 0 0 . 1 4 1: 3 . 5 2 1 . 9 2 3 0

31x-43x
25x-34x

40 mm LUMINAR

3 9 . 9 0 . 1 1 1 : 4 . 5 3 4 . 9 2 7 . 9 20x-27x
16x-22x

63 mm LUMINAR

63.4 0.11

1:4.5 54.8 45.0

1 1. 5 x - 1 6 x
9.5x-12.5x

1 0 0m m L U M I N A R
1 0 0m m L U M I N A R
f o r L u m i n a rh e a d
2 . 5 xt o 5 x L U M I N A R
for ULTRAPHOT

102.3 0.08 1:6.3 76.2 91.8

102.3 0.08 1 :6.3 76.2 91.8 6.5x-9.5x

462519
1.5x-28x 462529

5.3x-7.5x

variable

0.04/
0.05

2.5x-3.6x

462531

3.6x-5x

* A
c o n t i n u o u s s e r i e s o f m a g n i f i c a t i o n s c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h t h e U L T R A P H O T i f t h e O . 8 xa u x i l i a r y s y s t e m , C a t a l o g N o . 4 6 2 5 8 0 , i e
employed. The magnifications corresponding to this combination appear in small print.

70
1 0 0m m L U M I N A R

T h e 1 0 0 m m L U M I N A RC
, a t . N o .4 62 5 1 9 ,
has an M 44x0.75screw threadat eitherend.
Thus, when the protectivering in front has
been removed,the objective may also be
used in an inverted position to secure reduced scales.

100mm LUMINAR

T h e 1 0 0 m m L U M I N A RC
, a t .N o .4 6 2 5 2 9 ,
is basicallythe sameobjeciiveas No. 462519,
With its special mount it can be attachedto
the Luminarhead of the ULTRAPHOT.

to 5x LUMINAR

The 2.5x to 5x LUMTNARis a speciatpurpose objective designed for very small

scales. lt is exclusively intended for the
ULTRAPHOTcamera microscope and can
only be used for transmitted lighi in conjunctionwith the macro-stage47 2561. When
pleaseindicatethe
orderingthe macro-stage,
serialnumberof vour ULTRAPHOT.

71
Epi-LUMINARS
These are intendedfor photographywith
w i t h o u ti r i s d i a p h r a g mw i t h f i e l d t e n s our ULTRAPHOTcamera microscopeusing
r e f l e c t e d - l i g hbt r i g h t - f i e l di l l u m i n a t i o n .T h e
objectives 462542/43/45 can also be used
o n o u r U N I V E R S A Lm i c r o s c o p e .

Table26

Designation

20 mm Epi-LUMINAR

Focal
length
mm

C a t a l o gN o
tor
objective

18.7

462542

l \ 4 a gn i f i c a t i o n s
to be achieved with
ULTRAPHOT

Catalog No.
for macroilluminator

4 4 . 5 : 1 - 6 1: 1

47 2575

35:1-49:1

25 mm Epi-LUMINAR

25.0

4625 43

33:1-46:1

47 2575

27:'l-36:1

40 mm Epi-LUMINAR

40.0

4625 45

22:1-29:1

47 2575

1 7: 1 - 2 3 : 1

63 mm Epi-LUMINAR
'100
mm Eoi-LUMINAR

63.4

4 62 5 1 7

102.3

462529

12:1-17.5:1

47 2576

8 . 5 : '-1 1 2 : 1

4 72 5 7 7

'10:1-14:1

6.5:1-9:1
T h e m a g n i f i c a t i o n s i n s m a l l p r i n t c a n b e a c h i e v e d b y u s i n g t h e O . 8 xa u x i l i a r y s y s t e m ( 4 6 2 s 8 0 ) w i t h t h e E p i - L U M I N A R S

ZEISSeyepieces

72

For tubes with an inside diameter of

23.2 mm; adapted to a location of the real
intermediateimage 10 mm below the tube
edge; with compensatingeffect adapted to
the correctionof our objectives.
C-type eyepiecesmay be used in conjunction with simple types of objective. Objectives of higher correctionshould, if possible, always be combined with Kpl eyepieces. This applies above all to the Planachromatsand Planapochromats.

Table 27

D e s gi n a t i o n

5x compensatingeyepiece
6.3xcompensatingeyepiece
8x compensatingeyepiece
10x compensatingeyepiece
12.5xcompensatingeyepiece
8x Kpl eyepiece
10x Kpl eyepiece
16x Kpl eyepiece
20x Kpl eyepiece
25x Kpl eyepiece
16x Kpl wide-angleeyepiece

Eyepiece
magnrfication

Focal
Iength
mm

Fieldof-view
number

5x
6.3x

50.5
39.9

8x
10x
12.5x

31.2

20
18
16
16
12.5
18
16

reIief
mm

24.9

20.0

8x
10x
16x

20x
25x
16x

31.5

25.0
11
8.5
6.5
12

15.6
12.5
10.0
15.6

10

Ang le
of view

Catalog
No.

23"

463710
463810
463910
4 64 0 1 0
46 41 10

26"
300
360
360

33
360

36"
360

6.3
16

360

55"

463920
46 4020
46 4220
46 4320
46 4420
46 4244

73
Eyepiecesfor spectaclewearers

These have a particularlylong eye relief

and are thereforesuitablefor wearersof eyeglasses.lt should be noted,however,that the
spectaclelens also has an influenceon the
h e i g h to f t h e e x i t p u p i l . M i n u sl e n s e sm a g n i fy, plus lenses reduce the image according
to their power.A wearerof strongplus lenses
may thereforebe unableevenwith theseeyepiecesto approachthe pupil of his eye close
enoughto the eyepiecefor it to coincidewith
the exit pupil of the latter.

Table 28

D e si g n a t i o n

8x Br Kpl eyepiece
12.5xBr Kpl eyepiece
10x Br Kpl wide-angleeyepiece
12.5xBr Kpl wide-angleeyepiece

Eyepiece
magnification

8x

Eye
relief
mm

Focal
Ie n g t h
mm

Fieldof-view
number

31.3

18
12.5
18
18

12.5x

17
16

10x

20

19.8
25.1

12.5x

15

20.3

Eyepiece is supplied with foldable rubber eyecup.

Angle
of view

Catalog
No.

32"

463922
464120
46 40 42464142.

360

41"

50"

74
Eyepiecesfor micrometerdisks

In these eyepieces,the mount of the collective lens is designedto hold micrometer

disks. The disk is pressedagainst the eyep i e c e d i a p h r a g mb y m e a n so f a c l i p - o nr i n g
so that it rests in the image plane. The eyepiece may also be used, with or without a
m i c r o m e t e dr i s k , c o m b i n e dw i t h a n o r d i n a r y
eyepieceof the same specification(table 27)
i n a b i n o c u l a rb o d y .

Table29

Designation

8x compensatingeyepiece
f o r 1 7 m m d i a . m i c r o m e t edr i s k s
12.5xcompensatingeyepiece
t o r 1 7 m m d i a . m i c r o m e t edr i s k s
8x Kpl eyepiece
f o r 1 7 m m d i a . m i c r o m e t edr i s k s

12.5xBr Kpl eyepiece

f o r 1 7m md i a .m i c r o m e t edri s k s
16x Kpl eyepiece
f o r 1 7 m m d i a . m i c r o m e t edr i s k s
20x Kpl eyepiece
f o r 1 7 m m d i a . m i c r o m e t edr i s k s
10x Br Kpl wide-angleeyepiece
f o r 1 9 m m d i a . m i c r o m e t edr i s k s
1 0 x B r K p l w i d e - a n g l ee y e p i e c ef o r 1 9 m m
d i a . m i c r o m e t edr i s k sw i t h o r i e n t i n gs c r e w
Eyepiece is supplied with foldable rubber eyecup.

trv6hi6^a

tr\,A

magnification

relief
mm

8x
12.5x

8x

Focal
length
mm

Fieldof-view
number

Angle
of view

Catalog
No.

31.2 1 6

300

46 49 13

20.0 12.5

360

46 41 13

31.5 1 8

330

463923

12.5x

to

19.8 12.5

360

46 41 23

16x

11

15.6 1 0

360

464223

Iz . c

360

46 4323

2Ox

8.5

10x

20

25.1

Itt

41"

464043.

10x

20

25.1

18

44"

464046

75
Micrometer
disks

The following micrometerdisks with diameter 17 or 19 mm to be used in the eyepieces listed on table 29.
The eyepiecesfor the stereomicroscopes
listed in table 32 requiremicrometerdisks of
22.5mm diameter.

Catalog No.

- _

-:
1_--

2:

=:

"

1 0 m m e y e p i e c em i c r o m e t e rw, i t h 1 0 0d i v i s i o n s ,
1 7m m d i a .
Sameas above,but with 19 mm dia.
Sameas abovefor stereomicroscopes

4 74 01 1
47 4002
47 4061

5 m m m i c r o r n e t edri s k ,w i t h 1 0 0d i v i s i o n s1, 7 m m d i a .

47 4010

10 mm contrastmicrometerdisk,with 100or 200divisions,

1 7m m d i a .
47 40 12
l -

1 0 m m l i n e c o n t r a s tm i c r o m e t edr i s k ,w i t h 1 0 0d i v i s i o n s ,
1 7m m d i a .
47 4O1g

T h e s h a d e da r e at r a n s m i t s5 t o 1 0 % o f t h e i n c i d e n tl i g h t .

/#
Hj+:Fi+r]]1]]]+|

/ f f i \

\|]:I]:I]:l]:1ffi/
\I]:]]]:r]:]]:llffi/

\--/

N e t m i c r o m e t edr i s k 1 0 x 1 0m m , 2 O x 2 0s q u a r e s ,
1 7m m d i a .
S a m ea s a b o v e ,b u t w i t h 1 9 m m d i a .
Sameas abovefor stereomicroscopes

47 4014
47 40 44
47 4062

76
Catalog No.

r[-_l)

N e tm i c r o m e t edri s k5 x 5 m m ,1 0 x 1 0s q u a r e s ,
1 7m md i a .

47 40 15

C r o s s h a idr i s k ,1 7 m m d i a .
Sameas abovefor stereomicroscopes

47 4016
47 4060

1 0m m c r o s s h a im
r i c r o m e t edr i s k ,w i t h 1 0 0d i v i s i o n s '
1 9m m d i a .

474007

Reticulefor color televisionmicroscope,

1 9m m d i a .

47 4009

\"/

[--l
t - l

47 4032
Reticulocytedisk
this
thrombocytes*,
To simplifythe countingof reticulocytesand
m i c r o m e t e rd i s k c o n t a i n sa s m a l l s q u a r ew i t h i n a l a r g e s q u a r e
( 8 x 8 m m , 1 1 . 2m m d i a g o n a l ) T
. h e a r e a so f t h e t w o s q u a r e sa r e i n
a r a t i oo f 1 0 : 1 . T h e n u m b e ro f r e t i c u l o c y t eisn t h e l a r g es q u a r ei s
determinedin relation to that of the erythrocytesin the small
square.
This disk is preferablyused in the eyepieceswith focusing eye
lens,Sx Kpl (463923)and 12.5xBr Kpl (464123).
Object marker with diamond tiP

462960

This is screwed into the microscopelike an objective. The

diameterof the circle to be made aroundthe object can be set on
a graduation. Then the diamond tip is lowered onto the cover
g l a s sa n d t h e c i r c l ee n g r a v e db y t u r n i n ga r i n g .
B r e c h e ra n d S c h n e i d e r m a nTnh, eA m e r i c a nJ o u r n a lo f C l i n i c a lP a t h o l o g y , 2 01,0 7 9 - 1 0 8(31 9 5 0 )

77
Catalog No.

Stage micrometers

[1

A glass plate in a metal slide is provided

w i t h a 5 m r n s c a l edivided into 5 intervals.
A further distance of 1 mm is divided into
100/10m
0 m : 10p.

For transmittedlight: positivestage microme t e r 5 * 1 0 0 / 1 0 0m m , i n c a s e

47 4020
For rellected light: stage micrometer as
above,but without cover glass
47 4022
For ultravioletmicroscopy:stage micrometer
with slide and cover glass made of quartz
glass
47 4023

[n n=)
0

For transmittedlight: negativestage micrometer 5*100/100 mm, in case

47 4021

5 4 3 2 r 0
, , ' , l , , , r l r , , rll,,r, ,rr, ]l r rl r lr,lrrrr rl r l r rlr r l I

Objectfinder

For stereomicroscopes:
stage micrometer
25+50/10mm, in case
47 4025

462965

To allow the accurate relocation of object details, three

squares marked ABC, each containing30x30 smaller squares,
are engravedon a 26x76 mm slide. The 0.75x0.75mm squares
are figuredfrom 1 to 900 and furthersubdividedinto 3x3 squares.
The slide with the specimenneed only be exchangedfor the object f inderto give an accuratereadingof the positionof the stage.

7B
Pointereyepieces

These eyepieces have a pointer in the

imaEeplane,the tip of which can be moved
t o a n y p o i n ti n t h e f i e l db y t u r n i n ga k n o ba n d
rotatingthe eyepiecein the tube. For use in
b i n o c u l a br o d i e st,h e p o i n t e re y e p i e c es h o u l d
be paired with an ordinary eyepiece of the
same opticaldaia, as listedinIable2T.

Table30

Designation

Eyepiece
magnification

Bx compensatingeyepiecewith pointer 8x
12.5xBr Kpl eyepiecewith pointer
12,5x

r e lie f
mm

Focal
Ie n g t h
mm

Fieldof-view
number

Angle
of view

Catalog
No.

16

31.2
19.8

16
12.5

300
36"

4 6 3 91 8
4641 28

79
POL crosshaireyepieces
This eyepiece is inserted into the tube
with focusingeye lens and correctlyoriented.The crosshairshave been
orientingscrew centeredwith high accuracy. They mark the
opticalaxis of the polarizingmicroscopeand
the vibrationdirectionof polarizerand analyzerin their zero positions.They serveas an
index for measuringazimuth angles by rotation of the stage.
Crosshairmicrometersare also suitedfor
lengthmeasurementsunder orthoscooicand
conoscopicobservation.

Table 31

Designation

Bx Kpl crosshaireyepiecepOL
12.5xBr Kpl wide-angleeyepiece
with crosshairmicrometer

Eyepiece
magnilication

Eye
relief
mm

8x
12.5x

tc

Focal
length
mm

Fieldof-view
n u mD e r

Angle
of view

Catalog
No.

31.5

18

330

463925

20.3

18

50

464145

80
Eyepiecesfor stereomicroscopes

These are eyepiecesspecially designed

for an
for use with our stereomicroscopes,
inside tube diameter of 30 mm. They are
adaptedtor a real intermediateimagelocated
10 mm below the tube edge and have no
compensatingeffect.

Table 32

Designation

4x eyepiece
10x eyepiece
Samefor micrometerdisks
25x eyepiece
Samefor micrometerdisks
10x Br wide-angleeyepiece
16x Br wide-angleeyepiece

Focal
length
mm

Fieldof-view
number

10

62.6

12

25

30
20

Eyepiece
magnif i c a t io n

Eye
relief
mm

4x
10x

10

25x
10x
16x

18
15

Angle
of view

Catalog
No.

27

46 36 01.
46 40 0'1
46 4004
46 4401
46 4404
46 4002"
46 4202

43"
cc-

25

25

5b-

15.6

16

bb-

. ) n o t f o r s t e r e o m i c r o s c o pleV

depth-measuringCatalog No. 464005, with integralindex for

The10xstereoscopic
eyeplece stereoscopicdepth measurementis identical
in designto the 10x eyepiecefor micrometer
disks.
C l a m p i n gr i n g 4 6 4 9 1 2 s e r v e sf o r o r i e n tation of the eyepiece.

81
Microprojectioneyepieces
Forthe recommendedprojectiond istance,
Eyepieces
of longfocallengthfor use the scale factor of all projectioneyepieces,
in microprojection
equipment i. e. the relationshipbetween their field-of-

Table33
Transfer factors
F o c a ll e n g t ho f
m i c r o p r o j e c t i o n C a m e r aI e n so f f o c a l l e n g t h
eyepiece
1 0 0m m
1 2 5m m

1 2 5m m
'100mm
80 mm
63 mm

0.8x
1x
1.25x
1.6x

1x

1 6 0m m

1.25x
1.6x

1.25x
1.6x

2x

2x

2.5x

Microprojectioneyepieces

view number and the diameter of the projected image,is identical. lt is 100.
This means that all the eyepieces,which
have a field-of-viewnumber of 20, will prod u c e a n i m a g e o l 2 m d i a m e t e ra t t h i s d i s tance.
In exceptional cases, these eyepieces
may also be used for visual observationif
eyepiece magnificationsare requiredwhich
are lowerthan thoseof the normaleyepieces.
This is why the valuescorrespondingto eyepiece magnificationand eye relief are also
indicated. The eyepiecesmay also be used
t o a d v a n t a g ei f i n c i n e m i c r o g r a p hoyn 1 6 m m
or 8 mm film the aerial image produced by
the camera lens is to be transferredto the
film plane by the eyepiecewith litile or no
magnification.In this case the camera.with
a lens of suitable focal length, should be
arranged above the eyepiece. The camera
Iens may be a simple achromaticlens (telescope objective).Table 33 givesthe transfer
factors which can be achieved,for example,
with telescopeobjectivesand the four microprojectioneyepieces.
For detailson microprojectionequipment
includingprojectivessee brochure41-480.

Table 34

D e s i gn a t jo n

Eyepiece
magnification

Eye
relief
mm

Focal
Iength
mm

125 mm microprojectioneyepiece
100 mm microprojectioneyepiece
80 mm microprojectioneyepiece
63 mm microprojectioneyepiece

2x

2.5x
3.2x
4x

30
30
30

126.0 20
100.0 20

30

75.3
63.1

Fieldof-view
number

20
20

Recom_
mended for
projection
distance of
m

Catalog
No.

12.5

463379
463479
463579
463679

10
8

6.3

cial- urposee epteces 82

Screw micrometereyepiecesare usedfor
Screwmicrometereyepieces
with innerreading measuringobject lengths. The microscopist
may now read the measuredvalue off the
with an accuracy
micrometer,measurements
eyepiece. Thus, inner reading of measured
values avoids mistakes caused by accommodation. After calibrating with the stage
with an accuracy
micrometer,measurements
of 1/rooo
of a millimetercan be made.

Table35
Screw micrometereyepieceswith inner reading
for standardmonoculartube with 25 mm outsidediameter
a n d f o r p o l a r i z i n gt u b e
for tubeswith 33 mm diameter,for stereomicroscopes

with Kpl 8x
Catalog No.

with Kpl 16x

Catalog No.

463973
46 39 83

46 4273
46 4283

B3
Catalog No

K 8x goniometereyepiece
for standardmonoculartube
with 25 mm outsidediameter
46 39 74
for tube with 33 mm diameter,
for stereomicroscopes
46 39 84
f o r p o l a r i z i n gt u b e
46 39 94
This eyepieceis providedwith crosshairswhich can be rotated
through360oaboutthe intersectionof the two hairs. The angle
of rotationcan be read off a graduationwith vernierto within
1/.roo.The eyepiece is intendedfor measuring
angles in the
microscopefield of view.
K 8x and K 16x eyepiecesfor MicrohardnessTester
469977
with focusing eye lens
This is a special eyepiecefor evaluatingthe Vickersindentations produced by means of a MicrohardnessTester. lt containstwo micrometerdiskswith rectangularpatternsof dashed
lines which combineto form a crosshairin zero position. The
two diskscan be symmetricallyshiftedin relationto the vertical
centerline by meansof a knob. The diagonalof the indentation
is measuredby this shift. The eyepieceis of the interiorreading type.

K 10xUVprojective
46 4082
This system is designed to produce a second real image
e. g. on a Iight-sensiiive
emulsion (photomicrography)
or in a
photometersystem(Type05 UV-microscopephotometer).

8x Kpl countingeyepiece
46 39 71
This eyepiececan be clamped in the monoculartube. lt corrtains two diaphragm blades with rectangularcutouts,which
can be shifted symmetricallyin relationto the vertical center
line,thus makingit possibleto selectsquaresectionsfrom the
field of view. When using an object chamberof known depth,
volumescan thus be easily limitedfor counting purposes. In
other words, the eyepiece is intendedfor counting particles
within a certainvolume.

B4
Catalog No.

46 39 70
8x Kpl eyepiecewilh adjustablecounting lines
This has primarilybeen developedfor countingplanktonsamples. However,it may also be usedto advantagefor evaluating
o t h e rs a m p l e s .l t i s c l a m p e di n a m o n o c u l a tru b e a n d c o n t a i n s
a fixed horizontalhair and two vertical hairs which can be
shiftedsymmetricallyin relationto the vertical center line by
means of a knurled ring. The two adjustablehairs serve to
delimit counting areas of any desiredsize.

10xBr K eyepiecefor spectaclewearers,

for micrometer-disk
turret
for standardmonoculartube
46 4075
with 25 mm outsidediameter
46 40 95
f o r p o l a r i z i n gt u b e
This eyepieceacceptsrevolvingdisks which servefor the convenientdispositionand rapid exchangeof severalmicrometer
disks in the intermediateimage plane. This may be of advantagefor evaluatingclustersof particlesin connectionwith
standardseries,for measuringparticle size and determining
volume.
Eachturret containseitherone revolvingdisk or two, arranged
one abovethe other,with 6 or'12reticules,respectively.In
anotherposition,the light passesfreely throughthe disks.

Type'a' "honeycomb net" micrometer-disklurret

47 4120
The micrometerdisks built into this double turret conform to
ASTM E 19-46. The 11 disks correspondto the ASTM numbers 0 to 10. With the aid of the appropriaieobjectives,the
A S T M n u m b e r s2 t o l Z c a n t h u s b e c o v e r e d .T h e h o n e y c o m b
nets are extremely convenientfor estimating particle sizes
with relativeradii of l/21 and 2:1. One opening contains a
micrometerdisk with 10 mm/100 mm and 4 inch/128 graduations.

B5
Catalog No.

Type'b' "austenite-ferrite"micrometer-diskturret
47 41 21
Each of the two revolvingdisks holds six micrometerdisks
with austenite-ferrite
grain sizes in a ratio of 1:1 conforming
to the Steel and lron Standard 1510-6'1.The disks bear the
data for the Steel and lron Test Nos. 2 to 7. In conjunction
with our EPIPLANobjectivesit is thus possibleto cover the
n u m b e r s0 t o g .
The micrometer-disk
turrets47 4121 and 474122 togethergive
the overallrequirementsof the Steeland lron Standard1510-61
and shouldthereforebe orderedand treatedas one unit.

Type 'c' micrometer-diskturret,

47 41 22
"ferritegrain sizes2:1 and 4:1"
This double turret is identicalin design to the turret 474121,
with the only differencethat it coversthe grain size ratios2:1
a n d4 : 1 .
This micrometer-disk
turret reflectsall the differentconditions
of the Steel and lron Standard1510-61in conjunctionwith the
turreI4T4121.The two shouldthereforebe orderedand treated
as one unit.

Type'd' micrometer-disk
turret,
"ASTM-E112untwinnedgrainsn,

47 41 23

On this turret the grain-sizesamplesare arrangedaccording

to ASTM-E 112 with the whole numbers 0-4 or, respectively,
7 and 8 as well as the half numbers4.5-5.5. Variationof the
initial magnificationsof the objectivesthus allows the ASTM
numbers2 to 10 to be covered. The distributionof grain sizes
has been particularlyadaptedfor the assessmentof austenite
grain sizes,but it may also be used in conjunctionwith isometric grain-sizesystems.

B6
Catalog No.

turret
Integratingmicrometer-disk

6.-*'*'i?}:o'"o}

47 41 30
place
integrating
eyethe
well-proved
the
of
This turret takes
piece L With this turret, sets of points arranged in a square
are superimposedon the aerial microscopicimage according
to the principleof point analysis. Any overlappingof a point
with a componentis countedas a hit. The ratio of the number
of hits to the total number of points gives the partial volume
o r t h ep e r c e n t a g e b y v o l u m e .
The revolvingdisk has sevenopenings.For optimumgeometric
adaptationto the object, integratingdisks are mountedin four
of these openings. The disks have the same base length and
25, 100,400and 900 points,respectively.In addition,the large
clusters of points are centrally subdivided into 25, 100 and
400 pointsso that small object fields can be uniformlycounted
with these partialnets. lf the coordinatemotionsof the attachable mechanicalstages are made parallelto the sides of the
countingnets,then the specimenscan be completelycovered
with the point nets.

Disks 5 and 6 of the turret are intendedfor the determination

of grain sizes,shape factors, specific surfaces,diametersof
medium-sizedparticlesaccordingto the diametermethod,and
determinationof medium-sizedareas according to the circle
method. With the disk 5, the radius quotientsof successive
circles behave,according to internationalpractice,as 1/2:1,
i. e. the quotientsof the secondfollowingradii are in the ratio
2 : 1 . T h e r a d i i o f t h e g r a i n - s i z ed i s k 6 a r e s e l e c t e di n l i n e a r ,
decimalorder in steps of ten. ln addition,the radii of the Aterberg divisioncustomaryin sedimeniarypetrography,2-6320-63, have been included. The seventhdisk, finally,is provided with crosshairsfor quantitativemicroscopy.
Catalog No
K 8x double eyepiecewith pointer
for standardmonoculartube
46 49 20
with 25 mm outsidediameter
for tube with 33 mm diameter,
46 49 21
for stereomicroscopes
46 49 22
for polarizingtube
This unit has two separateeyepiecesspaced approx. 380 mm.

87
Bestell-Nr.

Centeringtelescope
46 4820
This is a small telescopeinsertedinto the tube insteadof the
eyepiece and serving for observationof the magnified exit
pupil of the microscopeobjectiveas well as the aperturestop
image appearingin it. This allows accurate checkingof the
objectiveaperture.lt servesinsteadof a Bertrandlensto adjust
t h e p h a s e - c o n t r a sat n n u l a r d i a p h r a g mo f t h e c o n d e n s e ri n
relationto the phase annulus in the objective,or to observe
interferencefigures.
The centeringtelescopeis focusedby shiftingits eyepiece.
Centeringtelescope
with built-in 5:100 micrometerdisk
e. g. for the measurementof interferenceangles.

46 4821

Klein magnifier
46 48 30
Clip-oneyepiecemagnifierdesignedto magnifythe exit pupil
of the entire microscope. lt servesthe same purpose as the
centeringtelescope.

Pupillaryspectroscope

47 4300

This low-powereyepiecewith focusingeye lensand an iris

d i a p h r a g mf o r l i m i t i n gt h e f i e l do f v i e w i s c o m b i n e dw i t h a h a n d
spectroscope.The slit of the spectroscopeis located in the
p l a n e o f t h e e y e p i e c ee x i t p u p i l . W i t h t h e a i d o f t h e i r i s d i a phragmthe detail to be investigatedspectroscopically
can be
singledout and its characteristicabsorptionor emissionspectrum viewed in the spectroscope.The hand spectroscopepermits a wavelengthscale and, if desired,a comparisonspectrum, to be projectedinto the image. With the aid of a specialpurposecamerathe spectracan be photographically
recorded.

88
Intermediate
The total magnificationpower of a micromagnification-changing
systems scope, calculated from the initial magnificationof the objectiveand of the eyepiece,
can be varied by means of an optical lens
system.

Table 36
Designation

Factor

Wide-fieldsystem

0.8x

for microscope

To be screwed into the body

tube, used primarilywith
the STANDARDK and R
Wide-fieldchanger
0 . 8 x- 1 x
STANDARDK and R,
w i t h h o l d e rs c r e wi n l i m bt o o
Magnificationchanger
1.6x-1x
Same as for the wide{ield
changer
Magnificationchanger
2x-1x
Same as for the wide-field
changer
OPTOVAR
1x-1.25x-1.6x-2x
STANDARDR, WL,
among others
Widejield OPTOVAR
0.8x 1x 1.25x 1.6x STANDARDR, WL,
among others
O P T O V A Ro n t u b e h e a d 1 . 2 5 x - 1 . 6 x - 2 x
UNIVERSAL

Catalog No.

47 3067

473068

473060
47 3065

473050
473070
47 16 45"

47 21 89"
PHOTOMICROSCOPE. partorstand

O P T O V A Ro n t u b e h e a d
. Wide-fieldOPTOVAR
on tube head is obtained
if the standardrevolving
nosepieceis replacedby
the nosepiecewith widef i e l ds y s t e m( 4 7 3 1 5 5 ) .

1.25x-1.6x-2x

0.8x-1x-1.25x

47 2645ULTRAPHOT
P H O T O M I C R O S C O PUEN. I V E R S A L
ULTRAPHOT

Condensers
Z-typecondensers

Simplecondensers

B9
For the condensercarrier of our routine
and researchmicroscopes,parfocalizedfor
a distanceof 38.2 mm, with built-inaperture
i r i s d i a p h r a g mf o r b r i g h tf i e l d .

Table37
F^^rl

nhi6^+

distance*
mm

Designation

Front lens

N.A.

length
mm

Condenser.0.6 N.A..SZ
Condenser,0.9 N.A.,Z
with swing-outlens

fixed

0.6

24.8

s w i n g i n go u t

0.9

13.1

2.0-2.2

46 5252

swinging
out

1.3
0.9

8.4
13.1

1 . 6- 1 . 8
2.0-22

465253
46 5262

1.3

8.4

1.6- 1.8

46 5263

0.9

13.1

2.0-22

46 5270

0.9

13.1

2.0-22

46 5282

C o n d e n s e1r . 3N . A .Z.
w i t hs w i n g - o ul e
t ns

Condenser,0.9 N.A.,Z. POL

s w i n g i n go u t
C o n d e n s e r1, . 3N . A . ,Z , P O L
with swing-outlens
s w i n g i n go u t
Phase-contrast
condenserll Z
with swing-outlens
s w i n g i n go u t
Phase-contrast
condenserllZ, POL
with swing-outlens
swingingout

Catalog
No.

46 5200

. T h e o b j e c t d i s t a n c e i n d i c a t e st h e p o s i t i o n
o f t h e i m a g eo f a n i n f i n i t e l yd i s t a n tl a m p f i e l d s t o p a b o v et h e s t a g es u r f a c ei n
g l a s s t o r a m e d i u ma p e r t u r ea n d a c o n d e n s e r a c k e du p t o i t s u p p e r s t o p . T h i s m e a s u r ei s a n i n d i c a t i o no f t h e t h i c k n e s so f t h e
o b j e c t sw h i c hc a n s t i l l b e p r o p e r l yi l l u m i n a t e dw i t h t h e c o n d e n s e rf o l l o w i n gK o h l e r ' sm e t h o d .

90
N.A.1.4 achromatic-aplanaticcondenserZ

Universal variable-focuscondenser for

bright-fieldillumination,if used togetherwith
the two auxiliaryfront lensesof N.A.0.6 and
N.A.0.9.

ffi@
Table38
Focal length
mm

Objectdistance
mm

F r o n tl e n s

N.A.

lmmersed

1.4

6.8

Withoutfrontlens
Auxiliaryfrontlens
0.63

0.32

30_7

37

0.64
0.9

15.3
10.4

6.6
1.8

0.9

AcJrromatic-apIanatic
phase-contrast
condenserlY Zl7

1.3-1.5

Catalog
No.

465257

465255
465256

Dry condenserof long objectivedistances

wiih aperiure iris diaphragmfor bright field
and three annulardiaphragmson a revolving
objecdisk, matchedwith our phase-contrast
tives, for phase-contrastobservationsof living objects in samplechambers.

Table39
N.A.

Focal length
mm

Object distance in glass

mm

Catalog
No-

0.63

15.3

11

465272

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Acfiromatic-aplanatic bright-field dark-field
phase-contrastcondenser VZ 465277

&@

F o r b r i g h t - f i e l d t h i si s a v a r i a b l ec o n denserlike the N.A.1.4condenserZ, 465257.

Forthe phase-contrast technique
it
may be used with the N.A. 1.4 front lens in
conjunctionwith our Ph objectivesof 16x or
higherpower.
F o r d a r k - f i e l d w o r k ,t h e N . A .1 . 4 f r o n t
lens of the condenser is immersed (object
d i s t a n c ei n g l a s s1 . 1 - 1 . 3m m ) . l t s a p e r t u r ei s
then 1.1-1.4, and it is suited for use in conjunctionwith N.A.0.65to 1.0objectives.Highpower oil immersion objectives must be
e q u i p p e dw i t h a n i r i s d i a p h r a g m .

Achromatic-aplanaticphase-contrast
This is the same condenseras 465277.
ffuorescencecondenser 465278 However, in positions 2 and 3 of the revolving disk, which are marked in blue, it contains two additionalannular diaphragmsfor
polarizedlight. In conjunctionwith the light
regulator 477220 these permit a phasecontrastimageto be continuouslyconverted
into a fluorescentimage.

@@
Achromatic-aplanaticphase-contrastand
interference-contrastcondenser 465294

For phase-contrastilluminationthis condenser with strain-free mounted lenses is

similarto the condenserlV Z, 465277. In the
p o s i t i o n sl , l l , l l l a n d l V t h e r e v o l v i n gd i s k
contains a double-prismquartz wedge and
an aperturediaphragm. Used togetherwith
Planachromats6.3x, 16x, 40x and 100x, a
polarizer and an interference-contrastslide
47 4431 or 4744 33, this condenserwill give
NOMARSKId ifferentialinterferencecontrast.
A rotaryspecimenstagewill be found helpful
for this type of work (booklet41-210).

92
The pancraticcondenseris based on the
Pancratic
0.13.. .0.90N.A. 465290 idea that an additional optical system of
condensor,
Condenserhead,1.3N.A. 465291 c o n t i n u o u s lvya r i a b l ef o c a l l e n g t hs h o u l db e
located betweenthe condensersystem and
t h e c o n d e n s e rd i a p h r a g mt o i m a g e t h e d i a phragm in the focal plane of the condenser
systemat a continuouslyvariablescale and
thus to cause a continuouschange of aperture. Since such a system at the same time
makesit possibleto imagethe apertureof the
l a m pc o n d e n s e irn t h e s p e c i m e np l a n ei n t h e
senseopposedto that of the changein image
scale,the product of the field-of-viewdiameter and the apertureremainsconstant. lf all
elementsare suitablymatched,the basic remethod
quiremeno
t f t h e K o h l e ri l l u m i n a t i o n
can be satisfiedin a very neat manner with
a m i n i m u mo f m a n i p u l a t i o n .
Operationis limitedto adjustingthe condenser for the maximumapertureof the obj e c t i v eu s e d s i m p l y b y t u r n i n g a k n o b . F o r
further simplification,three stops are provided for low-power, medium-power and
high-powerobjectives.Reductionof the illuminating aperture to a value below that of
the maximumapertureof the objectiveused
for observationis achievedas usual by varying the aperturediaphragmlocatedin a special insert in the microscope base. lt is
mounted so that it can be shifted laterally
and rotatedand thus also allowsoblique illum i n a t i o no f a n y d e s i r e da z i m u t h .
The pancraticcondensercan be used as
dry condenserfor aperturesup to 0.9 or as
immersioncondenser up to a maximum
a p e r t u r eo f 1 . 3 . l t s e r v e st o i l l u m i n a t et h e
fields and aperturesof all objectivesfrom
2.5x to 100x.
The pancratic condenser can easily be
usedfor phasecontrast. For this purpose,an
a n n u l a rd i a p h r a g ms u p p l i e dw i t h t h e u n i t i s
inserted at the plane of the aperture diaphragm. By varying the adjustmentof the

93
pancratic system,the image of the annular
diaphragmin the focal plane of the phasecontrast objective can be perfecily matched
to the size of the phase annulus there and
centeredwith the aid of the diaphragmadjustment.
N.A.0.6conoscopiccondenserUD 46 55 50

This condenser is specially adapted to

the position of the object on the universal
stage and servesfor optimum illuminationof
the conoscopicinterferencepattern. In conjunction with hemisphereswith a refractive
index of 1.555it acts with an apertureof 0.6.
In air its object distanceis 17 mm. lts working distancefrom 1 mm thick specimenslides
i s t h e n1 5 m m .

N.A.0.8achromaticULTRAFLUAR-condenser
This condenser for work by ultraviolet
with iris diaphragm 46SS57 light is corrected and parfocalizedlike an
ULTRAFLUARobjective(see page 58). At a
wavelength of 280 mp its focal length is
6.2 mm and its initial magnification29.5x.
Althoughit is a dry condenser,it may also be
immersedin the usual glycerin used in UV
microscopy.
This condenseris insertedinto the condenser carrier of our microscopesin conjunction with change ring 466258, intermediatering 46 29 90 and carrierZtor microscope objectives, 4655 45.

94

Table40

Dark-fieldcondensers

Designation

N,A,

Focal
length
mm

Object
distance
mm

For
objectives
of N.A-

Catalog
No.

1. 1 - 1. 3 0 . 7 5- 1. 0 4 6 5 5 0 0
1. 2 - 1 . 4 5 . 9
, il
U l t r a c o n d e n s e1r. 2
, . . . 1 . 4N . A . o
6
0.6 -0.75 46 55 05
Dry dark-fieldcondenser,0.8. . .0.95 N.A. 0.8-0.95 8.2
0.4 - 0.6 46 55 06
6.5
Dry dark{ield condenser,0.7. . . 0.85N.A. 0.7-0.85 8.5
For our microscopeswith centeringcarrier,each of thesecondensersmust be equippedwith
465542.
a condenserholderZ,
For insertioninto a condensersleeve,
4655 41,
the ultracondensermust be equippedwith the centerablecondenserholder S
46 55 40.
the other condenserswith the condenserholderS

95
Spectacle-lenscondensers

For photomacrographywith LUMINARS

(table25),for photographyby polarizedlight
as POLmodels.

Table41

For LUMINAR

1 6m m
25 mm
40 mm
6 3 o r 1 0 0m m
1 0 0m m

Spectaclelens
condenser

1*
2*

3*
4

Focal length
mm

Diameter of clip-on
diaphragm
rmml

Catalog No.

POL model
Catalog No.

21
3
4
82
137

3.5
6
9
15
27

46 55 61
465562
465563
465564
465565

465571
465572
465573
465574
465575

6
7

* For insertion
into the centering carrier of our microscopes each oi these condensers must be equipped with
condenser holder Z, 4655 42.

96
l l w i t h i n t e g r a l ,f u l l y a u t o m a t i c3 5 m m c a m e r a i n c l u d i n g p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r ;
PHOTOMICROSCOPE
e q u i p p e d f o r d i f f e r e n t i a l i n t e r f e r e n c e - c o n t r a s ti n t r a n s m i t t e d l i g h t , p h a s e c o n t r a s t a n d b r i g h l f i e l d

5.

97
U L T R A P H O lTl l C a m e r aM i c r o s c o p et o r 4 " x 5 " o r 3 5 m m p h o t o g r a p h y w i t h
f u l l y a u t o m a t i c i,n t e g r a lc a m e r a
i n c l u d i n gp h o t o m u l t i p l i e rT. h i s i n s t r u m e nct a n b e u s e dt c i ra t t i 6 c t i n i f i u e ia p p i i e o - i nm i c r o s c o p y .