You are on page 1of 12

ISSN 1392-3110

Socialiniai tyrimai / Social Research. 2009. Nr. 1 (15), 6475

([SORULQJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRID/HDUQLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQDV/HDUQLQJ(QYLURQPHQW
6ROYHLJD6NXQFLNLHQH5DVD%DOYRFLXWH6LJLWDV%DOFLXQDV
Siauliai University
$EVWUDFW
7RGD\PDQ\RUJDQL]DWLRQVVHHNLQJIRUHFRQRPLFDOO\ VXFFHVVIXO SHUIRUPDQFH LQ WKH HYHUFKDQJLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDUHVXSSRVHGWRIROORZWKHFRQFHSWRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLHWRGHYHORSDQGPDLQWDLQFRUSRUDWHOHDUQLQJ
FXOWXUH WR SURPRWH SHUVRQDO H[FHOOHQFH RI WKHLU HPSOR\HHVRSHQFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGFRRSHUDWLRQDQGWRHQFRXUDJHWKHPWRVKDUHH[SHULHQFHDQGDFWZLWKRXWIHHOLQJIHDU
RIIDLOXUH6FLHQWLFUHVHDUFKWHQGVWRIRFXVRQWKHDQDO\VLVRIWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJSURFHVVHVVHDUFKIRUHIIHFWLYH
OHDUQLQJWHFKQLTXHVOHDGLQJWRIXOOPHQWRIWKHHVWDEOLVKHG
OHDUQLQJQHHGV
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDQDO\VLVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQFRQFHSWIURPWKHWKHRUHWLFDOYLHZSRLQWZLWKWKHDLPWR
GHWHUPLQHNH\FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDV
OHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW
.H\ZRUGV RUJDQL]DWLRQ OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ
OHDUQLQJRIHPSOR\HHVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW

,QWURGXFWLRQ
5HOHYDQFHDQGUHVHDUFKSUREOHP6XFFHVVRI
EXVLQHVVRIDQ\RUJDQL]DWLRQGHSHQGVRQPDQ\GLIIHUHQWIDFWRUVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWRIWKHPEHLQJWKHSURFHVVRIOHDUQLQJWKDWQRWRQO\HQVXUHVH[LVWHQFHRIWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQEXWDOVRGHWHUPLQHVLQQRYDWLRQSURFHVV
ZLWKLQRSHUDWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
.YHGDUDYLFLXV/RGLHQH 'HYHORSPHQWRIWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQLVVHHQDVVSHFLFSURFHVVDVDXJPHQWDWLRQRIVRFLRFXOWXUDOV\VWHPVGHVLUHVDLPVH[SHFWDWLRQVJRDOVDJUHHPHQWVDQGWKHLUDFKLHYHPHQWSRWHQWLDO EDVHG RQ LQWHUQDO EXW QRW H[WHUQDO  UHVRXUFHV =DNDUHYLFLXV .YHGDUDYLFLXV $XJXVWDXVNDV
 &RQWLQXRXVOHDUQLQJLVWKHSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUGHYHORSPHQW 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ QHFHVVLW\ IRU FRQWLQXRXV
FKDQJLQJDQGOHDUQLQJDQ\RUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWVHHNVWR
EHH[LEOHDQGLQQRYDWLYHPXVWGHYHORSLWVRZQHPSOR\HH OHDUQLQJ V\VWHP HQDEOLQJ WR VHOHFW WKH PRVW
DSSURSULDWHVWUDWHJ\IRUWKHLUVNLOOVDQGFRPSHWHQFLHV
IRUPDWLRQ6FLHQWLFOLWHUDWXUHVXJJHVWVWKDWDQ\RUJDQL]DWLRQXQLYHUVDOO\DFNQRZOHGJLQJDQGHQFRXUDJLQJOHDUQLQJDQGKDYLQJVSHFLFOHDUQLQJFXOWXUHFDQ
EHLGHQWLHGDVOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ
$QDO\VLVRIGLIIHUHQWFRQFHSWVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQHQDEOHVWRHQYLVDJHWZRPRUHRUOHVVLQWHU-



UHODWHGFRPSRQHQWVWKHVWDWLFFRPSRQHQWRIRUJDQLVDWLRQRIOHDUQLQJDQGFRQGLWLRQVSURPRWLQJLWZKLFK
LVJHQHUDOO\XQGHUVWRRGDVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWDQG
G\QDPLFFRPSRQHQWRIOHDUQLQJLPSURYLQJQHZH[SHULHQFHJDLQLQJRULQRWKHUZRUGVFRPSRQHQWRIGHYHORSPHQWQRPDWWHUZKHWKHUZHVSHDNRIOHDUQLQJ
LQWHUPVRIDQLQGLYLGXDOJURXSRILQGLYLGXDOVRUWKH
ZKROHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
7KLV SDSHU LQYROYHV FRPSUHKHQVLYH DQDO\VLV RI D OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ FRQFHSW ZLWK WKH DLP
WR UHYHDO NH\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI LW DV OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW+HUHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWLVWUHDWHGDVWKH
VSDFHZKHUHDOHDUQHUWKURXJKLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKVRXUFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQDQGRWKHULQGLYLGXDOVDQGE\DFWLQJ
FRQVWUXFWLYHO\ YROXQWDU\ FRQVFLRXVO\ SXUSRVHIXOO\
DQG UHH[LYHO\ JDLQV NQRZOHGJH VNLOOV DQG YDOXHV
-XFHYLFLHQH7DXWNHYLFLHQH $OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLVDQDO\]HGDVWKHHQYLURQPHQWZKHUHOHDUQLQJRIHPSOR\HHVWDNHVSODFH&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHTXHVWLRQLVZKDWDUHWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKDWGHQHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWDQGZKDW
DUHWKHIDFWRUVRIWKLVHQYLURQPHQWGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\
PHPEHUVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ"
6XEMHFW RI WKLV UHVHDUFK SDSHU D OHDUQLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW
$LP RI WKLV UHVHDUFK SDSHU LV WR SHUIRUP
DQDO\VLVRIWKHFRQFHSWRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDQG
HPSLULFDOO\GLVFORVHDQGDVVHVVW\SLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
RIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ
7R DFKLHYH WKLV DLP WKH IROORZLQJ REMHFWLYHV
ZHUHVHW
WRGHVFULEHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWE\DQDO\]LQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIOHDUQLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\GLIIHUHQWDXWKRUV
WRSHUIRUPDQDO\VLVRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV FRUUHODWLQJ WKHP ZLWK WKH FRQFHSW RI
OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRIHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK
5HVHDUFK PHWKRGV DQDO\VLV RI VFLHQWLF OLWHUDWXUH XVLQJ RSHUDWLRQV RI DQDO\VLV DQG V\QWKHVLV
FRPSDULVRQ DQG V\VWHPDWL]DWLRQ TXHVWLRQQDLUH VXUYH\ DQG WKH IROORZLQJ PHWKRGV RI VWDWLVWLFDO GDWD
DQDO\VLV$129$ DQG 7WHVW FRUUHODWLYH DQG IDFWRU
DQDO\VLV

$QDO\VLVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDV
OHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW

RI RUJDQL]DWLRQV GHYHORS$W WKH HQG RI WKH WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ ZKHQ GHVFULELQJ PRGHUQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV
WKHFRQFHSWRIDFRQWLQXRXVO\OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ
,Q PRGHUQ H[WUHPHO\ UDSLGO\ FKDQJLQJ HQYLHPHUJHG7KHFRQFHSWRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDQG
URQPHQWRUJDQL]DWLRQVGLVFRYHUWKDWDYDLODEOHNQRZOLWV PRGHO ZDV UVW IRUPXODWHG DQG LQWURGXFHG LQWR
HGJHLVQRORQJHUVXIFLHQWIRUWKHLUTXLFNUHVSRQVHWR PDQDJHPHQWWKHRU\E\6HQJH  ZKLOH$UJ\ULV
FKDQJHVDQGGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ$FFRUGLQJWR0DFQHLO  GHVFULELQJOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVHPSKDVL]HG
  FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH LV DFTXLUHG E\ WKRVH WKHLPSRUWDQFHRIOHDUQLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQVZKLFKDUHDEOHWROHDUQIDVWHUDQGXVH
'LIIHUHQWWHUPVIRUGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHVDPHREWKHLUNQRZOHGJHKXPDQUHVRXUFHVPRUHHIFLHQWMHFWRUSKHQRPHQRQDUHRIWHQXVHGLQOLWHUDWXUHVXFK
O\WKDQWKHLUFRPSHWLWRUV$VNQRZOHGJHLVFRQVWDQWO\ DVOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQRUJDQL]DWLRQDOOHDUQLQJ
FKDQJLQJDELOLW\WROHDUQSRVVHVVHGE\DQLQGLYLGXDO DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQ OHDUQLQJ WR OHDUQ $FFRUGLQJ WR
RURUJDQL]DWLRQLHDELOLW\WRLGHQWLI\NQRZOHGJH =DNDUHYLFLXV .YHGDUDYLFLXV $XJXVWDXVNDV  
DVVLPLODWHQHZLGHDVDQGSXWWKHPLQWRSUDFWLFHIDVWWKHFRQFHSWRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLVFORVHO\UHHUWKDQFRPSHWLWRUVKDVDGLUHFWLPSDFWRQFRPSHWLODWHGWRWKHFRQFHSWRIDGHYHORSLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDV
WLYHDGYDQWDJHGHYHORSPHQWDQGVXUYLYDOLQWKHPDUGHYHORSPHQWRIRUJDQL]DWLRQLVLQVHSDUDEOHIURPLWV
NHW 6LPRQDLWLHQH 
OHDUQLQJ DQG FRPSHWHQFH HQKDQFHPHQW )RUHLJQ OLW$OPRVWWKHZKROHKXPDQOLIHLVVSHQWLQYDULHUDWXUHXVHVWKHWHUP/HDUQLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQWKDWFDQ
RXVRUJDQL]DWLRQVWKHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRGHQH EHLQWHUSUHWHGDVWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWOHDUQV LH
WKH YHU\ FRQFHSW RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ 0DQ\ DXWKRUV OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ  RU RUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ
LQWKHHOGRIPDQDJHPHQWDJUHHWKDWRUJDQL]DWLRQLV )RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHUWKHWHUPLearning OrDJURXSRIWZRRUPRUHSHRSOHZRUNLQJWRJHWKHUXQJDQL]DWLRQZDVDGRSWHG
GHUSDUWLFXODUVWUXFWXUHWRZDUGVWKHDLPRUWKHVHWRI
6FLHQWLFOLWHUDWXUHDFNQRZOHGJHVOHDUQLQJRUDLPV 6HLOLXV  6DNDODV HW DO  =DNDUHYLJDQL]DWLRQWREHWKHRSSRVLWHRIDWUDGLWLRQDOEXUHDXFLXV .YHGDUDYLFLXV $XJXVWDXVNDV   $FFRUGFUDWLFRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQFHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLVGHLQJWR6HQJH  RUJDQL]DWLRQUHSUHVHQWVDSDUWLFVFULEHG DV H[LEOH DQG HQFRXUDJLQJ SHUVRQDO H[FHOXODUVRFLDOV\VWHPZLWKLWVJRDOVDQGOLPLWVWKDWVHSOHQFH DQG PDVWHU\ RSHQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG WHDPDUDWHLWVLQWHUQDOHQYLURQPHQWIURPWKHH[WHUQDORQH ZRUN LWV HPSOR\HHV DUH QRW DIUDLG WR PDNH D PLVDQGJLYHH[SOLFLWVWUXFWXUHIRUDFWLYLWLHVRILWVPHPWDNH EHFDXVH PLVWDNHV DUH WROHUDWHG DV LQVHSDUDEOH
EHUV3XQG]LHQH  VXJJHVWVWKDWHYHU\RUJDQL]DSDUWRIOHDUQLQJSURFHVV+HUHKLHUDUFK\LVUHSODFHG
WLRQJRHVWKURXJKWKHF\FOHRIRQWRJHQHVLV LHGHE\PXWXDOFRRSHUDWLRQDQGYDOXHVVXFKDVKRQHVW\
YHORSPHQW RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO RUJDQLVP WKH VHW RI WUXVWDQGWROHUDQFHSUHYDLO$OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLV
FKDQJHV IURP LWV ELUWK WLOO GHDWK  DQG SKLORJHQHVLV DEOHWRDGDSWWRFKDQJLQJFRQGLWLRQVSUHGLFWFKDQJHV
LHKLVWRULFDOGHYHORSPHQWRILWVRUJDQV LWVV\VWHPDQGFKDOOHQJHVLQDFRQWLQXRXVO\FKDQJLQJHFRQRPDWLFJURXSVW\SHVFODVVHVNLQGVHWF ZLWKLQWKHRULFFXOWXUDODQGSROLWLFDOOLIHZKLFKLVSRVVLEOHRQO\
JDQLVP WKDWDUHW\SLFDOIRUDOOWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG WKURXJK FKDQJH LQ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FXOWXUH LQFOXGLQJ
DOVR H[SHULHQFHV LQGLYLGXDO F\FOH  ZKLFK LV GHSHQLWVLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHVDQGSURFHVVHVWKDWVXSSRUWWKLV
GHQWRQWKHSHULRGRIWLPHJHRJUDSKLFDOORFDWLRQDQG WUHQG:LWKUHIHUHQFHWR+LWW  WKHPDLQFKDUDFRWKHU HYHQWV DQG LV FKDUDFWHULVWLF RQO\ IRU D SDUWLFWHULVWLFVRIWUDGLWLRQDODQGOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVDUH
XODURUJDQL]DWLRQ7KLVLVKRZQHZIRUPVDQGW\SHV SUHVHQWHGEHORZ VHH7DEOH 
7DEOH
7\SLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWUDGLWLRQDODQGOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQV
&KDUDFWHULVWLFV
*HQHUDOYDOXHV

7UDGLWLRQDO2UJDQL]DWLRQ
8WLOLW\

6W\OHRIPDQDJHPHQW

&RQWURO

6WUDWHJ\$FWLRQSODQ

7RSGRZQDSSURDFK
5RDGPDS
+LHUDUFK\

6WUXFWXUH
&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRISHUVRQQHO

/HDUQLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQ
([FHOOHQFHDQGPDVWHU\
2UJDQL]DWLRQDOUHQHZDO
$VVLVWDQFH
7UDLQLQJ
(YHU\RQHLVFRQVXOWHG
/HDUQLQJSODQ
)ODWVWUXFWXUH
'\QDPLFQHWZRUNV
3HRSOHZKROHDUQ
0LVWDNHVDUHWROHUDWHGDVLQVHSDUDEOHSDUWRIOHDUQLQJ
*HQHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ
)LQDQFLDODQGQRQQDQFLDOSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHV

3HRSOHZKRNQRZ H[SHUWV
.QRZOHGJHLVSRZHU
([FHSWLRQDOVNLOOVRISHUVRQQHO $SSOLFDEOHOHDUQLQJ
(YDOXDWLRQV\VWHP
)LQDQFLDOSHUIRUPDQFH
PHDVXUHV
7HDPV
:RUNJURXSVLQVHSDUDWH
&URVVIXQFWLRQDOWHDPV
IXQFWLRQDOGHSDUWPHQWV
Source:WDEOHSUHSDUHGE\DXWKRUVRIWKHSDSHUZLWKUHIHUHQFHWR+LWW  



$FFRUGLQJO\OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQFDQEHXQGHUVWRRGDVWKHPRGHORIRUJDQL]DWLRQHQDEOLQJWRHQVXUHWKHDELOLW\WRH[LEO\DQGHIFLHQWO\UHVSRQGWR
FKDQJHVLQHQYLURQPHQWDQGGHYHORSLQGLYLGXDOVFDSDEOH RI FRQVLVWHQW SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH SURFHVV RI
OHDUQLQJ+RZHYHULPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQPRGHOLVDGLIFXOWWDVNDQGRQHRIWKHXQGHUO\LQJUHDVRQVLV WKHDEVHQFHRI DVLQJOHOHDUQLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQFRQFHSW 3XQG]LHQH 
,Q/LWKXDQLD6LPRQDLWLHQH  -XFHYLFLHQH
 HWFKDYHEHHQVWXG\LQJHGXFDWLRQDODQGVFLHQWLF LQVWLWXWLRQV DV OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV QHYHUWKHOHVVRQO\DIHZVWXGLHVRIEXVLQHVVDQGPDQXIDFWXULQJFRPSDQLHVDVOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVDUHDYDLODEOH &RQFHSWXDO DQG PHWKRGRORJLFDO YDOLGDWLRQ LV
PLVVLQJWKHUHLVDODFNRIHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKHV\VWHPRIQHFHVVDU\PHWKRGVDQGIHDVLELOLW\VWXGLHV
&RQVLGHULQJ JOREDO WUHQGV RI HGXFDWLRQ V\VWHPVH[SDQVLRQDQGFRQFHSWVIRULQFUHDVLQJHIFLHQF\RIRUJDQL]DWLRQDORSHUDWLRQLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRGHYHORSUHVHDUFKRIPDQXIDFWXULQJDQGEXVLQHVVFRPSDQLHV DV OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV ,Q /LWKXDQLD WKLV
HOGLVEHLQJVWXGLHGE\3XQG]LHQH'LHQ\V  
%DOYRFLXWH %DNDQDXVNLHQH    =DNDUHYLFLXV .YHGDUDYLFLXV $XJXVWDXVNDV   %XNDQ
WDLWH/DX]DFNDV  -XFHYLFLHQH  HWF
6LQFH\HDUZKHQWKH&RPPLVVLRQSXEOLVKHGLWV0HPRUDQGXPRQ/LIHORQJ/HDUQLQJLQ/LVERQ FRQWLQXRXV OHDUQLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ
KDVEHHQLQFOXGHGLQWKHSROLF\RI (XURSHDQ8QLRQ
(8  DQG LWV DVVRFLDWHG PHPEHU VWDWHV DQG LV QRZ
EHLQJUHDOL]HGWKURXJKERWKQDWLRQDODQG(8HIIRUWV
$FFRUGLQJWR$XJXVWLQDLWLV  PDQ\OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVGHYHORSDVOHDUQLQJODERUDWRULHVDURXQG
WKHFRUHLGHDWKDWZRUNLQJHQYLURQPHQWDQGSURFHVVHV
PXVWEHUHRUJDQL]HGLQWKHZD\PDNLQJLQWHJUDWLRQRI
OHDUQLQJDQGZRUNSRVVLEOH7KHFRQFHSWRIDOHDUQLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQLVWUHDWHGGLIIHUHQWO\LQGLIIHUHQWOLWHUDWXUHVRXUFHV6RPHDXWKRUVEHOLHYHWKDWHYHU\PHPEHURIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLVDFWLYHO\LQYROYHGLQ
OHDUQLQJE\FROODERUDWLQJZLWKRWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKH
WHDP DQG FRQVWDQWO\ DQDO\]LQJ ZRUN SURFHVVHV DQG
SHUIRUPDQFH7KHQVWUXFWXUHVDQGSURFHVVHVDUHFROOHFWLYHO\LPSURYHGQHZNQRZOHGJHDQGVNLOOVDUHDFTXLUHG (GPRQGVRQ 0RLQJHRQ   &RQWLQXRXV
OHDUQLQJDQGLPSURYHPHQWDOORZVJDLQLQJQHZH[SHULHQFHWKDWLVQHFHVVDU\IRURUJDQL]DWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHV
SURFHVVHVDQGFXOWXUHDQGEHFRPHVWKHH[SHULHQFHRI
WKHZKROHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
+DOH  HPSKDVL]HGWKHIROORZLQJDVW\SLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI D OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ VWDQGDUGUDWHVIRUDFFRPSOLVKPHQWRISDUWLFXODUWDVNVDUH
GHQHGEDVHGRQSHUVRQDOYDOXHVSHUIRUPDQFHRIHYHU\ PHPEHU LQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV DVVHVVHG E\ KLV
KHU FROOHDJXHVSURIHVVLRQDOV EXW QRW E\ GLUHFW PDQ-



DJHU IRFXV RQ LGHQWLFDWLRQ DQG VROXWLRQ RI SUREOHPV RSHQ DQG FRQVWUXFWLYH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ YDOXHV SURPRWHG E\ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DUH ZHOO FRPPXQLFDWHGLQWHUQDOO\DQGGRQRWFRQWUDGLFWWREHOLHIVRI
LWVHPSOR\HHVDXWKRULW\LVJLYHQDVDPHDQVIRUGHYHORSPHQW RI LQGLYLGXDOV SRWHQWLDO ZRUNSODFH LV D
SODFHRIOHDUQLQJWRRHPSOR\HHVDUHFRQVWDQWO\OHDUQLQJKRZWROHDUQWRJHWKHU:LWKUHIHUHQFHWRZRUNRI
+XEHU  WKHIROORZLQJIRXULQWHUUHODWHGFRPSRQHQWVRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQPXVWEHGLVWLQJXLVKHG
NQRZOHGJH DFTXLVLWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO PHPRU\$FFRUGLQJ
WRWKLVDXWKRUOHDUQLQJPXVWQRWEHFRQVFLRXVDQGLQWHQWLRQDO
6FLHQWLFOLWHUDWXUHDQDO\VLVDOORZHGXVWRREVHUYHWKDWRQHRIWKHPDLQDVSHFWVRIWKHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ FRQFHSW LV DGDSWDWLRQ WR FXUUHQW FKDQJHV
DQG HYHUFKDQJLQJ HQYLURQPHQW 7KLV DGDSWDWLRQ LV
EHOLHYHG WR JXDUDQWHH GHYHORSPHQW SURJUHVV FRPSHWLWLYHQHVVDQGUHSUHVHQWVRQHRIWKHSUHFRQGLWLRQV
IRUIXOOPHQWRIWKHQHHGVRIHYHUFKDQJLQJVRFLHW\
3XQG]LHQH%XNDQWDLWH/DX]DFNDV 
/LWKXDQLDQ/DERXU0DUNHW7UDLQLQJ$XWKRULW\
 GHQHVDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVDQRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWFUHDWHVHQYLURQPHQWVXLWDEOHIRULWVHPSOR\HHV SURYLGHV WKHP ZLWK RFFXSDWLRQ DQG RSSRUWXQLWLHVOHDGLQJWRLPSURYHGLQGLYLGXDODQGJURXSOHDUQLQJDQGLVFRQVWDQWO\FKDQJLQJE\LQWHJUDWLQJOHDUQLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW
$FFRUGLQJWR*DUYLQ  DOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ
FDQ EH GHQHG DV DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKDW KDV DFFXPXODWHGDGHTXDWHFRPSHWHQFHWRJHQHUDWHDFTXLUHDQG
WUDQVIHUNQRZOHGJHDQGDOVRWRFKDQJHLWVEHKDYLRXU
ZKLOH DGDSWLQJ WR QHZ NQRZOHGJH DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ$V =DNDUHYLFLXV .YHGDUDYLFLXV$XJXVWDXVNDV
  VXJJHVW OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQFOXGH VXFK
RUJDQL]DWLRQVZKHUHFRQWLQXRXVSURFHVVRIHPSOR\HH
LPSURYHPHQWSUHVXSSRVHVGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHZKROH
HQWLW\+LJKHUDLPVDQGEHWWHUSRVVLELOLWLHVRILQGLYLGXDOVUHHFWKLJKHUOHYHORIWKHLUGHYHORSPHQWDVEHWWHUGHYHORSHGSHRSOHVHWKLJKHUDLPVDQGEXLOGEHWWHURSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQZKLFKLQWXUQ
PHDQV GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG EHWWHU
GHYHORSHG RUJDQL]DWLRQV GHWHUPLQH IDU KLJKHU DLPV
RIDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKHZKROHHFRQRPLFV\VWHP
)URP WKH YLHZSRLQW RI 6KLEOH\   JURXSZRUN
LQ WHDPV FUHDWHV SUHFRQGLWLRQV IRU GHYHORSPHQW RI
OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQZKLFKLVDUHVXOWRIWKHFROOHFWLYHDFWLYLW\DQGUHHFWLRQRIH[SHULHQFHUHHFWLRQ
DQGDQDO\VLV
-RKQVWRQ +DZNH   VXJJHVW WKDW RUJD
QL]DWLRQVPDLQWDLQLQJHQYLURQPHQWVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQKDYHLQEXLOWEHWWHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQDPRQJ
HPSOR\HHV FURVVIXQFWLRQDO FRRSHUDWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ DYDLODELOLW\ DQG VKDULQJ WKDW DUH GLUHFWO\ FRQFHUQHGZLWKPRUHFUHDWLYHSUREOHPVROYLQJ

$FFRUGLQJWR)LJJLV$OGHUVRQ%ODFNZHOO%XWRUDF0LWFKHOO=XEULFN  LWLVUHOHYDQWWRDQDO\]H D OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ DV OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQWVLQFHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQIRFXVHVRQWKHSURFHVVRIOHDUQLQJDWDOOWKHOHYHOVLQGLYLGXDOJURXSDQG


RUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHYHO /HDUQLQJ LQ VXFK DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV XQGHUVWRRG DV VSRQWDQHRXV SURFHVV ZKLFK LV
PDLQWDLQHG DQG VXSSRUWHG E\ EXLOGLQJ OHDUQLQJ FXOWXUHHQVXULQJFRQGLWLRQVIRUHYHU\RQHWROHDUQDQGWR
VKDUH LQIRUPDWLRQ H[SHULHQFH DQG NQRZOHGJH (PSOR\HHV DUH WUDLQHG E\ XVLQJ LQQRYDWLYH WHDFKLQJ
OHDUQLQJWHFKQLTXHVWKDWFRUUHVSRQGWRWKHLUOHDUQLQJ

QHHGV DQG JRDOV RI OHDUQLQJ DUH UHODWHG WR WKHLU FDUHHU JRDOV DQG FRUSRUDWH VWUDWHJ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ KDV
LPSOHPHQWHG V\VWHP RI PDWHULDO LQFHQWLYHV IRU LPSURYHPHQWHQYLURQPHQWZLWKLQRUJDQL]DWLRQHQFRXUDJHVDQGVWLPXODWHVHPSOR\HHVWRXQGHUWDNHLQLWLDWLYH
DQGULVNVDQGHPSOR\HHVDUHZLOOLQJWRVROYHSUREOHPVWRJHWKHU
&RPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV RI VFLHQWLF OLWHUDWXUH
VRXUFHV UHYHDOHG PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI
WKHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQFRQFHSWWKDWDUHSUHVHQWHG
LQ7DEOHZLWKGLVWLQJXLVKHGW\SLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
7DEOH

0DLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW
$XWKRU
%HFN 
6HQJH 
+DQGO\  3HGOHU
%XUJR\QH%R\GHOO 
3HGOHU%XUJR\QH%R\GHOO

:DWNLQV0DUVLFN 

0DLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
2UJDQL]DWLRQIDFLOLWDWHVOHDUQLQJDQGSHUVRQDOGHYHORSPHQWIRUHYHU\ERG\OHDUQLQJ
LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
$V\VWHPRIFRQWLQXRXVOHDUQLQJZLWKHQYLURQPHQWIDYRXUDEOHIRUNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQ
DQGJHQHUDWLRQ
(YHU\WDVNJLYHVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WROHDUQLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ(YHU\PHPEHURIWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQVHHVOHDUQLQJDVKLVKHUULJKWDQGGXW\
2UJDQL]DWLRQVXSSRUWVOHDUQLQJ
/HDUQLQJ DQG ZRUN DUH PXWXDOO\ VXSSRUWLYH LQWHJUDWHG FRQWLQXRXV SURFHVVHV
OHDUQLQJLVDVWUDWHJLFJRDORUJDQL]DWLRQKDVDWWLWXGHWKDWOHDUQLQJGHWHUPLQHVFKDQJHV
LQLQGLYLGXDODQGFROOHFWLYHSHUFHSWLRQWKLQNLQJEHKDYLRXUDWWLWXGHVYDOXHVEHOLHIV
V\VWHPVVWUDWHJLHVSROLFLHVDQGSURFHGXUHV
/HDUQLQJLVXQGHUVWRRGDVFHQWUDOYDOXHRIRUJDQL]DWLRQDOFXOWXUH

)ORRG  *DUDOLV  


.XGRNLHQH 
'L[RQ  0DUTXDUGW  /HDUQLQJZLWKLQRUJDQL]DWLRQWDNHVSODFHDWWKUHHGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVLQGLYLGXDOWHDP
DQGV\VWHP7KRVHOHYHOVOLQNOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWV
6HQJH5REHUWV5RVV6PLWK
.OHLQHU 
$UJ\ULV6FKRQ 
1HYLV'L%HOOD*RXOG  
+DOH 
$UJ\ULV 
(DVWHUE\6PLWK  
+X\VPDQ  2UWHQEODG

6LPRQDLWLHQH 

*DUDOLV 
2WKPDQ/HPDQ 

3RVVLELOLW\WRUHHFWFRQWLQXRXVH[DPLQDWLRQRIRZQH[SHULHQFHDQGSUDFWLFH
3UDFWLFHVV\VWHPVDQGVWUXFWXUHVDUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQRUGHUWRHQDEOHPHWDOHDUQLQJ
/HDUQLQJV\VWHPDQGFRPSOH[RIDJUHHPHQWVDPRQJSHRSOHLVLQSODFHZLWKLQZKLFK
OHDUQLQJWDNHVSODFH(PSOR\HHVDUHFRQWLQXRXVO\OHDUQLQJKRZWROHDUQWRJHWKHU
$QDO\VLVRIVROXWLRQVDQGFRUUHFWLRQRIIDXOW\GHFLVLRQVFRPSULVHVDSDUWRIOHDUQLQJ
2UJDQL]DWLRQHPSKDVL]HVLPSRUWDQFHRIOHDUQLQJSURFHVVHV

/HDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQSURYLGHVHPSOR\HHVZLWKRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRFRQWLQXRXVO\H[SDQG
WKHLU FRPSHWHQFLHV RSHQ DQG LQQRYDWLYH PRGHOV RI WKLQNLQJ DUH EHLQJ HODERUDWHG
FROOHFWLYHDLPVDUHIUHHO\GHYHORSHGDQGHPSOR\HHVFRQVWDQWO\OHDUQWRVHHWKHELJ
SLFWXUH
1HZRUJDQL]DWLRQDOFXOWXUHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHFUHDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIZKLFK
OLHVRQWKHPDQDJHU
2UJDQL]DWLRQDGRSWVDQGPDLQWDLQVVXFKDIRUPRIOHDUQLQJWKDWHQDEOHVLWVPHPEHUV
WROHDUQLQVXFKDZD\WKDWOHDGVWRSRVLWLYHO\YDOXDEOHRXWFRPHVVXFKDVLQQRYDWLRQV
DQGHIIHFWLYHQHVV

Source:WDEOHSUHSDUHGE\DXWKRUVRIWKHSDSHUZLWKUHIHUHQFHWR6NXQFLNLHQH  

'LIIHUHQW DXWKRUV EDVHG RQ QGLQJV RI WKHLU


VWXGLHVGHQHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQE\HPSKDVL]LQJ
GLIIHUHQW \HW LQWHUUHODWHG DVSHFWV LQFOXGLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ



 /HDUQLQJLVDGDSWDWLRQWRFKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQW
 /HYHOVRIOHDUQLQJZLWKLQRUJDQL]DWLRQLQGLYLGXDO
JURXSRUJDQL]DWLRQ
 ([SORUDWLRQRIWKHH[SHULHQFHJDLQHG

 (QFRXUDJHPHQWRIFRQWLQXRXVOHDUQLQJGHYHORSPHQWRIOHDUQLQJVNLOOVDQGSURFHVVHVRILPSURYHPHQW
 .QRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQ
 .QRZOHGJH DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ ZLWKLQ WKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQ
 3DFHRIOHDUQLQJ
 /HDUQLQJ FULWLFDO YDOXH RI RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FXOWXUH
/HDUQLQJ LV RQH RI WKH PDLQ SURFHVVHV LQ D
OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDQGLWFDQLQXHQFHRUJDQL]DWLRQDO EHKDYLRXU FXOWXUH DQG HIFLHQF\ ,W KDV EHHQ
HVWDEOLVKHGWKDWGLIIHUHQWDXWKRUVGLVWLQJXLVKWKHDVSHFWRIOHDUQLQJZKHQGHVFULELQJOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVVLQFHLWLVHPSKDVL]HGLQDOPRVWDOOWKHGHQL-

/HDUQLQJ,QGLYLGXDO

WLRQVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQIRXQG
6FLHQWLFOLWHUDWXUHDQDO\VLVWKDWH[DPLQHGWKH
YHU\ LGHD RI D OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ UHYHDOV GLIIHUHQFH RI RSLQLRQV ZKHQ LW FRPHV WR WKH TXHVWLRQ RI
ZKRZKDW LV OHDUQLQJ LQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ LQGLYLGXDOVRURUJDQL]DWLRQLWVHOIKRZHYHUGLIIHUHQWDXWKRUV
XQDQLPRXVO\DJUHHWKDWNQRZOHGJHLVEHLQJFUHDWHG
VNLOOVDQGVSHFLFFDSDELOLWLHVDUHIRUPHGDQGH[SHULHQFHLVJDLQHGE\ZRUNLQJWRZDUGVFRUSRUDWHJRDOVRI
WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ$FFRUGLQJWR'L[RQ  )ORRG
 WKHIROORZLQJWKUHHOHYHOVRIOHDUQLQJFDQEH
GLVWLQJXLVKHG OHDUQLQJ LQGLYLGXDO OHDUQLQJ JURXS
DQGOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ VHH)LJ 

/HDUQLQJ*URXS

/HDUQLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQ

)LJXUH/HYHOVRIOHDUQLQJ
Source: SUHSDUHGE\DXWKRUVRIWKHSDSHU

$FFRUGLQJ WR 6LPRQDLWLHQH   D OHDUQLQJ LQGLYLGXDO OHDUQV E\ LQGLYLGXDOO\ UHDGLQJ RFFXSDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUH SHUIRUPLQJ H[SHULPHQWV SDUWLFLSDWLQJLQVHPLQDUVRUE\UHFHLYLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRUUHHFWLRQ IURP KLVKHU FROOHDJXHV $ OHDUQLQJ JURXS
OHDUQVZKHQWZRRUPRUHLQGLYLGXDOVZRUNLQJWRJHWKHU OHDUQ IURP WKH VDPH SUDFWLFH RU H[SHULHQFH (YHU\ JURXS FRPELQHV HPSOR\HHV RI GLIIHUHQW TXDOLFDWLRQVDQGH[SHULHQFHOHYHODQGLVGHOLEHUDWHO\PDGH
IRUWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGDFKLHYHPHQWRIRUJDQL]DWLRQDOJRDOV6HQJH  VXJJHVWVWKDWOHDUQLQJLQ
DJURXSFUHDWHVQHZLQWHUSHUVRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSVGHYHORSV FROOHFWLYH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ VWLPXODWHV HIIHFWLYH
PDQDJHPHQWRILQIRUPDWLRQOHDUQLQJIURPHDFKRWKHUDELOLW\WRPDQDJHVWUHVVDQGFRQLFWVFRQWLQXRXV
H[SORUDWLRQ RI HQYLURQPHQW DQG DOO RI LW LV LPSRUWDQWIRUWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDVDV\VWHPDVLWLQYROYHVDFTXLVLWLRQXVDJHFUHDWLRQDQGVSUHDGRIQHZNQRZOHGJHDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIVNLOOV,QGLYLGXDODQGJURXS
OHDUQLQJ LV LQWHJUDWHG LQ WKH OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ
LHOHDUQLQJWDNHVSODFHDWDOOOHYHOVDWWKHVDPHWLPH
6HQJH 6RPHWKLQNWKDWLIRUJDQL]DWLRQLVQRW
DOHDUQLQJRQHOHDUQLQJV\VWHPHQFRPSDVVLQJDOOWKH
OHYHOVLVDEVHQWLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQLQGLYLGXDOOHDUQLQJLVQRWPDLQWDLQHGDQGVRPHWLPHVLWLVLJQRUHGE\
RWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
+RZHYHU PRGHUQ HYHUFKDQJLQJ HQYLURQPHQW
HQFRXUDJHVHYHU\ERG\WROHDUQEHFDXVHOHDUQLQJSUR-



YLGHVQHZSRVVLELOLWLHVWRDGDSWWRFKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQW,WEHFRPHVGLIFXOWWRGLVWLQJXLVKZKHUHOHDUQLQJHQGVDQGZKHUHZRUNVWDUWVZKHUHZRUNHQGVDQG
ZKHUH OHDUQLQJ VWDUWV ([WUHPHO\ LPSRUWDQW UROH LV
SOD\HG E\ WKH JURXSZRUN DV LQGLYLGXDOV FRPPXQLFDWHDQGLQWHUDFWGXULQJGLVFXVVLRQV/HDUQLQJDQGUHHFWLRQFUHDWHVQHZTXDOLW\RILQWHUSHUVRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSVLQWKHJURXSGHYHORSVUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ DV WKH WHDP DQG HQFRXUDJHV XQGHUWDNLQJ
REOLJDWLRQV
/HDUQLQJ HQDEOHV WR FRQYHUW GDWD LQWR LQIRUPDWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQLQWRNQRZOHGJHDQGDOORZVXVLQJWKHPLQVXEVHTXHQWSURFHVVRINQRZOHGJHDFFXPXODWLRQDQGXSGDWLQJ.QRZOHGJHDFTXLVLWLRQLVLQVHSDUDEOH IURP LQIRUPDWLRQ VHDUFK DFFXPXODWLRQ
DQGVWRUDJHLQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJDQGWHFKQRORJ\
VSUHDG $QG]LXOLHQH%UDXNO\WH 
&RPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV RI VFLHQWLF OLWHUDWXUH
VRXUFHV JLYHV HYLGHQFH WR VXJJHVW WKDW IRUHLJQ DQG
/LWKXDQLDQ VFLHQWLVWV VWXG\LQJ OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV UHSRUW GLIIHUHQW \HW LQWHUUHODWHG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
RI OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKRVH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVGLIIHUHQWWKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOVRIOHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DUH EXLOW VHH 7DEOH  6RPH DXWKRUVVWDWHWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHWRSURPRWHLGHDRIEXLOGLQJDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQE\PDQLSXODWLQJZLWKGLVWLQJXLVKHGHOHPHQWV

7DEOH
&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIGLIIHUHQWPRGHOVRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ
$XWKRU
0RGHOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
3HGOHU%XUJR\QH 6WUDWHJ\FUHDWLRQDVDOHDUQLQJSURFHVVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQSROLF\IRUPDWLRQDYDLODELOLW\RILQIRUPDWLRQ
%R\GHOO 
DUUDQJHPHQW RI UHSRUWLQJ DQG FRQWURO V\VWHPV LQ RUGHU WR IDFLOLWDWH OHDUQLQJ FRRSHUDWLRQ
DPRQJ LQWHUQDO VWUXFWXUHV H[LEOH UHZDUG V\VWHP H[LEOH RUJDQL]DWLRQDO VWUXFWXUHV JDWKHULQJ
V\VWHPDWL]DWLRQ DQG VSUHDG RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW H[WHUQDO HQYLURQPHQW LQWHURUJDQL]DWLRQDO
RSHUDWLRQIDYRXUDEOHOHDUQLQJFOLPDWHDQGHTXDOOHDUQLQJFRQGLWLRQVIRUHYHU\ERG\
6HQJH 
0HQWDOPRGHOVFUHDWLQJDVKDUHGYLVLRQSXUVXDQFHRISHUVRQDOH[FHOOHQFHV\VWHPDWLFWKLQNLQJ
DQGOHDUQLQJZLWKLQWKHWHDP
:DWNLQV0DUVLFN &RQWLQXRXV OHDUQLQJ EXVLQHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FRRSHUDWLRQ DQG WHDPOHDUQLQJ VKDUHG YLVLRQ

SRVLWLYHOHDUQLQJFOLPDWHDQGOLQNVZLWKH[WHUQDOHQYLURQPHQW
*RK 
&OHDU YLVLRQ DQG PLVVLRQ REOLJDWLRQV DQG HPSRZHUPHQWV RI OHDGHUVKLS H[LEOH UHZDUG V\VWHP
HIIHFWLYHWUDQVIHURINQRZOHGJHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQJURXSZRUNDQGSUREOHPVROYLQJLQJURXSV
*DUYLQ 
3UREOHPVROYLQJH[SHULPHQWDWLRQOHDUQLQJIURPH[SHULHQFHDQGKLVWRU\OHDUQLQJIURPH[SHULHQFH
RIRWKHUVDQGVNLOOVVKDULQJLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ

3HGOHU%XUJR\QH%R\GHOO  KDYHLGHQWLHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ6FLHQWLFOLWHUDWXUHVXJJHVWVWKDWGXHWRFRPSOHWHQHVVRI


FKDUDFWHULVWLFVOLVWLWLVRQHRIWKHPRVWSRSXODUPRGHOVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQXVHGIRUUHVHDUFK %DOYRFLXWH-XFHYLFLHQH -XFHYLFLHQH  
XVLQJWKHPRGHOSURSRVHGE\3HGOHU%XUJR\QH%R\GHOO   KDV GHVLJQHG D TXHVWLRQQDLUH DQG SHUIRUPHGVHYHUDOFRPSUHKHQVLYHFDVHVWXGLHVLQ/LWKXDQLD5HVHDUFKHVVKRZHGWKDWH[LELOLW\RIUHZDUGV\VWHPLVWKHPRVWRIWHQPLVVLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFDQDOVR
UHYHDOHGSRRUHPSOR\HHLQYROYHPHQWLQIRUPDWLRQRI
RUJDQL]DWLRQDOFXOWXUHEHVLGHVQRWDOOWKHHPSOR\HHV
DUHSURYLGHGZLWKOHDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHV%DOYRFLXWH
 VXJJHVWVWKDWWKHRU\EXLOGLQJLQWKLVPRGHOKDV
UHDFKHGWKHV\QHUJ\HIIHFWDQGGRHVQRWFRQWUDGLFWWR
YHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLGHQWLHGE\6HQJH  $FFRUGLQJWR6HQJH  WKH
IROORZLQJFRPSULVHVWKHHVVHQFHRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQPHQWDOPRGHOV OHDUQLQJSHUVRQ HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI D VKDUHG YLVLRQ OHDUQLQJ WHDP  SXUVXDQFH
IRUSHUVRQDOH[FHOOHQFH OHDUQLQJSHUVRQ V\VWHPDWLFWKLQNLQJ OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ DQGOHDUQLQJLQD
WHDP OHDUQLQJWHDP (YHU\FRPSRQHQWLVVDLGWREH
RIFULWLFDOLPSRUWDQFHDQGLIDWOHDVWRQHRIWKHPLV
PLVVLQJPRGHOZLOOQRWIXQFWLRQHIFLHQWO\$OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV XQGHUVWRRG DV D W\SH RI H[LEOH
DQG LQQRYDWLYH RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZKHUH OHDUQLQJ SOD\V D
PDMRUUROH
6RPH VLPLODULWLHV FDQ EH IRXQG ZLWK D FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQPRGHOSURSRVHGE\:DWNLQV0DUVLFN  $FFRUGLQJ
WR WKHVH DXWKRUV VXFK DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ SURYLGHV RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUFRQWLQXRXVOHDUQLQJHQFRXUDJHVEXVLQHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRRSHUDWLRQDQGWHDPOHDUQLQJ
SURPRWHV HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI VKDUHG YLVLRQ GHYHORSV
SRVLWLYHFOLPDWHIRUOHDUQLQJDQGOLQNVRUJDQL]DWLRQ
ZLWKLWVH[WHUQDOHQYLURQPHQW



$FFRUGLQJWR*KRVK  RUJDQL]DWLRQVGR


QRWKDYHEUDLQVKRZHYHUWKH\SRVVHVVDFRJQLWLYH
V\VWHPDQGKDYHKLVWRU\DQGPHPRU\/LNHLQGLYLGXDOV GHYHORS WKHLU SHUVRQDOLW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV GHYHORS WKHLU LGHRORJLHV DQG DWWLWXGHV +RZHYHU SURFHVV
RI RUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ GRHV QRW GHYHORS LWVHOI
*RK   VXJJHVWV WKDW LQ WKH FRXUVH RI WKLV SURFHVV RUJDQL]DWLRQ PDQDJHU PXVW FUHDWH IDYRXUDEOH
FRQGLWLRQVIRUOHDUQLQJDQGLWVPDQDJHPHQWLQRUGHU
IRULWWRSURFHHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSODQDQGLGHQWLHV
WKH IROORZLQJ YH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDW SURYLGH EDVLV
IRUDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQFOHDUYLVLRQDQGPLVVLRQ
REOLJDWLRQV DQG HPSRZHUPHQWV RI OHDGHUVKLS H[LEOH UHZDUG V\VWHP HIIHFWLYH WUDQVIHU RI NQRZOHGJH
DQGLQIRUPDWLRQJURXSZRUNDQGSUREOHPVROYLQJLQ
JURXSV
%XLOGLQJ D PRGHO RI OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ
*DUYLQ  HPSKDVL]HGIHDWXUHVVXFKDVSUREOHP
VROYLQJ H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ OHDUQLQJ IURP H[SHULHQFH
DQGSUDFWLFHVRIRWKHUVVNLOOVDQGNQRZOHGJHVKDULQJ
LQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ 1HZ SUDFWLFH QHZ NQRZOHGJH
RIWHQDOORZVRUJDQL]DWLRQVWRPDNHPDQ\EHQHFLDO
FKDQJHVLQWKHLUDFWLYLWLHV
$QDO\VLV RI GLIIHUHQW PRGHOV DQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV SURSRVHG E\ GLIIHUHQW DXWKRUV VXSSRUWV RSLQLRQ WKDW WKH PRVW FRPSUHKHQVLYHFRPSOHWHDQGSUHVHQWLQJKLJKHVWQXPEHURI
WKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLVWKHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQPRGHO
SURSRVHGE\3HGOHU%XUJR\QH%R\GHOO  
,QVXPPDU\WKHUDWLRQDOHEHKLQGHPHUJHQFHRI
OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQFRQFHSWLVVHDUFKIRUQHZZD\V
RI VXFFHVVIXO UHVSRQVH WR FKDQJHV RI YRODWLOH HQYLURQPHQW$OWKRXJKPDQ\VLPLODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQG
PRGHOV RI OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DUH GLVWLQJXLVKHG
DQG LGHQWLHG RQO\ IHZ DWWHPSWV WR GHVLJQ VSHFLF
PHDQV IRU PHDVXUHPHQW RI RUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ
FRQWH[WH[LVWDQGQHLWKHUFOHDUFULWHULDIRUHYDOXDWLRQ
QRURSWLPDOOHYHO DFKLHYHPHQWRIZKLFKLQWKHRUJD-

QL]DWLRQFRXOGPHDQLWFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDOHDUQLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQ LVHVWDEOLVKHG %DOYRFLXWH 
$FFRUGLQJWR6HQJH  EXLOGLQJDOHDUQLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQLVDGLIFXOWWDVNWKDWUHTXLUHVORQJODVWLQJHIIRUWVDQGLQYROYHVFKDQJHVLQHPSOR\HHWKLQNLQJ DQG FKDQJH RI RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FXOWXUH OHDGLQJ WR
EHWWHUH[LELOLW\DQGUDSLGDGDSWDWLRQWRFKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQWDQGDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVVXFKLVGHQHGDVDYLVLRQRIZRUNVSODQQHGIRUWKHIXWXUHEXW
QRWDW\SHRIRUJDQL]DWLRQ(YHU\SHUVRQOHDUQVDW
HYHU\OHYHORIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQZKLOHEULQJLQJFKDQJHVRIKLPVHOIKHUVHOIDQGRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
)ROORZLQJ FRPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV RI GLIIHUHQW FRQFHSWV DQG PRGHOV RI D OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ
IURPWKHWKHRUHWLFDOYLHZSRLQWLWZDVHVWDEOLVKHGWKDW
OHDUQLQJLQDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLVRQHRIWKHFULWLFDOYDOXHVSRVVLEO\GHWHUPLQLQJSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQ

*HQHUDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHUHVHDUFK
7RGHWHUPLQHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWLQUHODWLRQWRWKH
FRQFHSW RI OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKH HPSLULFDO UHVHDUFKZDVFDUULHGRXWGXULQJDSHULRGRI6HSWHPEHU
0DUFK
7KHWRROXVHGIRUWKHUHVHDUFKZDVDQDQRQ\PRXVTXHVWLRQQDLUHFRPSULVHGRIVHYHUDOEORFNVRI
TXHVWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ HQYLURQPHQW RI OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ  EORFNRITXHVWLRQVUHJDUGLQJLQGLYLGXDO
OHDUQLQJOHYHO  EORFNRITXHVWLRQVIRUWKHUHVHDUFK
LQWRFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW  GHPRJUDSKLFDQGSURIHVVLRQDOGDWDEORFN JHQGHUDJH
SURIHVVLRQSRVLWLRQKHOG 
)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQZDVLGHQWLHGDVWKHHQYLURQPHQWZKHUH
HPSOR\HH OHDUQLQJ LV PDLQWDLQHG DQG HQFRXUDJHG
WKHUHIRUHWKHDLPZDVWRHVWDEOLVKZKDWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLGHQWLHGWKURXJKWKHRUHWLFDODQDO\VLVZHUHSUHGRPLQDQWLQUHVSRQGHQWRUJDQL]DWLRQV7KHIROORZLQJ
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVFDQEHGLVWLQJXLVKHG
7HDPZRUNDQGWHDPOHDUQLQJWDNHVSODFH
(PSOR\HHVDUHLQIRUPHGDERXWFRUSRUDWHVWUDWHJ\
DQGVKDUHGDLPV
9LVLRQIRUWKHIXWXUHRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGDQGGLVFXVVHG
)UHHLQIRUPDWLRQRZEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRI
WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ YHUWLFDO  DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJDPRQJHPSOR\HHV KRUL]RQWDO H[LVWV
/HDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVDUHPDGHDYDLODEOHIRUHYHU\RQH
(PSOR\HHVDUHOR\DOWRWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQWKH\ZRUN
for.
(PSOR\HHOHDUQLQJHYDOXDWLRQV\VWHPLVLQSODFH



&RQWLQXRXVLPSURYHPHQWDWZRUNH[LVWV
(PSOR\HHVOLQNDQGPDWFKWKHLUSODQVWRSODQVDQG
VWUDWHJ\RIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
(PSOR\HHVDUHLQIRUPDOO\JLYHQDQRSSRUWXQLW\WR
SDUWLFLSDWHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIFRUSRUDWHVWUDWHJ\
(PSOR\HHV DUH JLYHQ PDWHULDO LQFHQWLYHV WR LPSURYH
$H[LEOHUHZDUGV\VWHPLVLQSODFH
&ROOHFWLYHOHDUQLQJFXOWXUHLVPDLQWDLQHG
'LVFXVVLRQVWDNHSODFH
*DLQHGH[SHULHQFHLVVKDUHGDQGDQDO\]HG
(PSOR\HHV DUH KRQHVW VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG DQG WUXVW
HDFKRWKHU
(PSOR\HHVUHVSHFWHDFKRWKHUDQGDUHWROHUDQW
(PSOR\HHVIHHOUHVSRQVLEOHIRUHDFKRWKHUDQGIRU
WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
7KH UHVSRQGHQWV ZHUH DVNHG WR LQGLFDWH WKH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJ
HQYLURQPHQWWKDWH[LVWLQWKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQV
0RVWRIWKHTXHVWLRQVLQFOXGHGLQWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHZHUHRIWKHFORVHGRUVHPLFORVHGW\SHV2SLQLRQVH[SUHVVHGE\WKHUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHDVVHVVHGXVLQJ/LNHUWVFDOHZKHUHWKH\KDGWRDVVHVVSUHVHQWHG
VWDWHPHQWVLQUHVSHFWLYHJUDGHGOHYHOV ZLWKRSWLRQV
always, often, sometimes, never DQG dont know 
'HPRJUDSKLF GDWD RI UHVSRQGHQWV ZDV JDWKHUHG XVLQJQRPLQDOLQWHUYDOVFDOHV
5HVHDUFK LQYROYHG  UHVSRQGHQWV ZRUNLQJ
DWRUJDQL]DWLRQVRIYDULRXVVL]HVDQGW\SHVJHRJUDSK\ RI WKH UHVHDUFK FRYHUHG FRXQWLHV RI .ODLSHGD
.DXQDV9LOQLXVDQG6LDXOLDL
$QDO\VLV RI UHVSRQGHQWV GHPRJUDSKLF GDWD
VKRZHGWKHIROORZLQJGLVWULEXWLRQE\JHQGHUPHQ
SHUFHQW DQGZRPDQ SHUFHQW ZHUHLQWHUYLHZHG'LVWULEXWLRQRIUHVSRQGHQWVE\DJHZDVWKH
IROORZLQJ\HDUROG SHUFHQW \HDU
ROG SHUFHQW \HDUROG SHUFHQW 
\HDUROG SHUFHQW DQGDQGPRUH\HDUROG
SHUFHQW 
0DMRU SDUW RI UHVSRQGHQWV  SHUFHQW  KDG
XQLYHUVLW\HGXFDWLRQSHUFHQWRIZKLFKKDG%DFKHORU'HJUHHSHUFHQW0DVWHU'HJUHHDQGSHUFHQW'RFWRU'HJUHH$OOWKHUHVSRQGHQWVUHSUHVHQWLQJGLIIHUHQWSURIHVVLRQVZHUHJURXSHGDFFRUGLQJWR
WKH/LWKXDQLDQ3URIHVVLRQDO&ODVVLHUDVIROORZV$XGLWRUV SHUFHQW +HDOWK&DUH SHUFHQW (GXFDWLRQ  SHUFHQW  %XVLQHVV  SHUFHQW  /DZ 
SHUFHQW (QJLQHHULQJ SHUFHQW DQGRWKHUSURIHVVLRQDOV SHUFHQW *LYHQWKHSRVLWLRQVKHOGE\
UHVSRQGHQWV WZR ODUJH JURXSV ZHUH GLVWLQJXLVKHG
ZKLWHFROODU ZRUNHUV  SHUFHQW  DQG PDQDJHUV
SHUFHQW 6SHFLDOLVWVDFFRXQWHGIRUSHUFHQW
RIWRWDOQXPEHURIUHVSRQGHQWV
0RUH WKDQ KDOI RI WKH LQWHUYLHZHG VXEMHFWV

GHYHORSPHQWDQGLPSURYHPHQW7KHUHZDVDOVRDSDUW
RIUHVSRQGHQWVZKRSRLQWHGRXWWKDWOHDUQLQJLVLPSRUWDQWLQDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVDPHDQVRIDGDSWDWLRQWRFKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQW2QO\IHZUHVSRQGHQWVLQGLFDWHGWKDWOHDUQLQJLVWKHNH\YDOXHLQWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FXOWXUH 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO FXOWXUH FDQ
EH DVVXPHG WR EH D FRPSOH[ HOHPHQW HQFRPSDVVLQJPDLQYDOXHVEHOLHIVDQGVWDQGDUGVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDFFHSWDEOHIRUDOOWKHHPSOR\HHVDQGWKHHVVHQFHRIZKLFKLVEHVWFDSWXUHGE\WRSPDQDJHUVRI
WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ 7RS PDQDJHUV DFFRXQWHG RQO\ IRU
SHUFHQWRIWRWDOQXPEHURIUHVSRQGHQWVWKXVDVSHFW RI RUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ FXOWXUH PLJKW KDYH
EHHQXQGHUHVWLPDWHG,WLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWQRQHRI
WKHUHVSRQGHQWVUHODWHGWKHFRQFHSWRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQWRNQRZOHGJHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQVSUHDGLQWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQ
2QH RI WKH WDVNV VHW IRU WKLV UHVHDUFK ZDV WR
GHWHUPLQHZKDWWKHPDLQPRWLYHVIRUUHVSRQGHQWVWR
OHDUQDUHDQGZKDWUHDVRQVEHKLQGHPSOR\HHOHDUQLQJDUHLVOHDUQLQJDVVRFLDWHGZLWKSHUVRQDOQHHGVRU
ZLWKUHTXLUHPHQWVIRURUJDQL]DWLRQDOLPSURYHPHQW"

ZRUNHGLQWKHSXEOLFVHFWRU SHUFHQW DQGRQO\


SHUFHQWZRUNHGLQWKHSULYDWHVHFWRU
6XPPDUL]LQJ GHPRJUDSKLF GDWD RI UHVSRQGHQWVFRQFOXVLRQZDVGUDZQWKDWPRVWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHZKLWHFROODUZRUNHUVZLWKXQLYHUVLW\HGXFDWLRQZRUNLQJLQWKHSXEOLFVHFWRU

)LQGLQJVRIH[SORULQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI
DOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJ
HQYLURQPHQW
7RUHYHDOW\SLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDOHDUQLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQ DV OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW UHVSRQGHQWV
ZHUHJLYHQDQRSHQHQGHGTXHVWLRQ+RZGR\RXXQGHUVWDQGWKHFRQFHSWRI/HDUQLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQ"$QVZHUVZHUHJURXSHGE\WKHLGHQWLHGDVSHFWVRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQFRQFHSWXVLQJWKHPHWKRGRIFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ RI TXDOLWDWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KLV LV KRZ ZH
IRXQGWKDWIRUPRVWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVWKHFRQFHSWRI
OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQZDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWHQFRXUDJHPHQW RI FRQWLQXRXV OHDUQLQJ SURFHVVHV RI VNLOOV
,WLVDSHUVRQDOPDWWHURI
HYHU\LQGLYLGXDOZLWKQR
UHJDUGWRKLVKHUZRUN
ZKDWVRHYHU
4XDOLILFDWLRQVUDLVLQJ
GHVLUHWRWHDPKLJKHU
VDODU\
1HFHVVDU\IRUWKH
DFKLHYHPHQWDQG
UHDOL]DWLRQRIRUJDQL]DWLRQDO
JRDOV
,WLVDQLQVHSDUDEOHIDFWRU
RILPSURYHPHQWDQG
GHYHORSPHQWRIWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQ


















1XPEHURIUHVSRPGHPWV

)LJXUH5HVSRQGHQWVDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVOHDUQLQJ
'DWD DQDO\VLV UHYHDOHG WKDW PRVW RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV DVVRFLDWHG OHDUQLQJ ZLWK RUJDQL]DWLRQDO
LPSURYHPHQW SHUFHQW DVZHOODVZLWKDFKLHYHPHQW DQG UHDOL]DWLRQ RI RUJDQL]DWLRQDO JRDOV 
SHUFHQW  DQG RQO\  SHUFHQW RI UHVSRQGHQWV UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH\ ZHUH OHDUQLQJ WR UDLVH WKHLU TXDOLFDWLRQV DQG WR EH DEOH WR HDUQ KLJKHU VDODULHV VHH
)LJ &RQVHTXHQWO\VXFKDGLVWULEXWLRQRIUHVSRQGHQWVDQVZHUVVKRZVWKDWOHDUQLQJLVXQGHUVWRRGDVLQVHSDUDEOHIDFWRURIGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
DQG LV GLUHFWO\ UHODWHG WR WKH FRQFHSW RI D OHDUQLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZKHUH OHDUQLQJ LV PDLQWDLQHG DQG HQFRXUDJHG DW WKH LQGLYLGXDO JURXS DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHYHOV 6XSSRVHGO\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ LQ SXUVXDQFH RI
LWVGHYHORSPHQWJRDOVFUHDWHVIDYRXUDEOHFRQGLWLRQV



IRUHPSOR\HHOHDUQLQJLHE\SURYLGLQJDSSURSULDWH
PDWHULDODQGRWKHUFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRI
OHDUQLQJSURFHVV
$QDO\VLVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJ
HQYLURQPHQW ZDV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ WKH IDFWRU DQDO\VLV PHWKRG VARIMAX URWDWLRQ RI WKH IDFWRU D[LV 
WKDWUHYHDOHGWKHIROORZLQJIRXUVWDWLVWLFDOO\JURXQGHG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ IDFWRUV RUJDQL]DWLRQDO
maintenance of learning environment cooperation
and knowledge sharing; high communication culture; material incentives for improvement7KH UVW
IDFWRUKDGSHUFHQWRIWRWDOGLVSHUVLRQWKHVHFRQG  SHUFHQW WKH WKLUG   SHUFHQW DQG
WKHIRXUWKSHUFHQW

7DEOH
,QWHUUHODWLRQVDPRQJIDFWRUVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW
3HDUVRQVFRUUHODWLRQFRHIFLHQW

2UJDQL]DWLRQDOPDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQLQJ
HQYLURQPHQW
&RRSHUDWLRQDQGLQIRUPDWLRQDQG
NQRZOHGJHVKDULQJ
+LJKFRPPXQLFDWLRQFXOWXUH
0DWHULDOLQFHQWLYHVIRULPSURYHPHQW
**

/HDUQLQJ
HQYLURQPHQW

&RRSHUDWLRQDQG
LQIRUPDWLRQDQG
NQRZOHGJHVKDULQJ

+LJK
0DWHULDO
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LQFHQWLYHVIRU
FXOWXUH
LPSURYHPHQW

**

**

**

**

**

**

**
**

**
**

1
**

**
1

S

7DEOH VKRZV WKDW WKH PRVW LQWHUUHODWHG IDFWRUV RI D OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ DV OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW DUH RUJDQL]DWLRQDO PDLQWHQDQFH RI OHDUQLQJ
environment DQG cooperation and knowledge sharing  ,WLVFRUUHFWWRVD\WKDWIDYRUDEOHOHDUQLQJFRQGLWLRQVDYDLODEOHIRUHYHU\ERG\LQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ FRQWLQXRXVLPSURYHPHQWHPSOR\HHOHDUQLQJ
HYDOXDWLRQV\VWHPLVLQSODFHDQGFRUSRUDWHOHDUQLQJ
FXOWXUHLVPDLQWDLQHG LQGXFHFRRSHUDWLRQDVZHOODV
NQRZOHGJHDQGH[SHULHQFHVKDULQJFRPSHWHQFLHVGHYHORSPHQWWKDWDUHQHFHVVDU\IRURSHUDWLRQRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDQGDFKLHYHPHQWRIRUJDQL]DWLRQDOJRDOV
7KH VHFRQG VWURQJHVW FRUUHODWLRQ ZDV IRXQG
EHWZHHQRUJDQL]DWLRQDOPDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQLQJHQvironment DQG high communication culture  
,W LV DVVXPHG WKDW LI RUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ FXOWXUH
LVPDLQWDLQHGLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQHPSOR\HHOHDUQLQJ
HYDOXDWLRQV\VWHPLVLQSODFHDQGOHDUQLQJLVVHHQDV
DQDWXUDOSURFHVVLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQWKHQKLJKFRPPXQLFDWLRQFXOWXUHIRUPVZKLFKLVHYLGHQFHGE\HPSOR\HH PXWXDO UHVSHFW DQG WROHUDQFH RSHQQHVV DQG
WUXVW UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR HDFK RWKHU DQG HVSHFLDOO\ WR
WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
7KHZHDNHVWLQWHUUHODWLRQZDVIRXQGEHWZHHQ
material incentives for improvement DQG high communication culture  6XFKQGLQJVRIWKHUHVHDUFKFDQEHH[SODLQHGE\WKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWFXOWXUH RI LQWHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQ DPRQJ HPSOR\HHV LV
KDUGO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHZDJHVV\VWHPRUPDWHULDOLQFHQWLYHV RI HPSOR\HH LPSURYHPHQW 7KH IDFWRU RI
material incentives for improvement ZHDNO\ FRUUHODWHVZLWKRWKHULGHQWLHGIDFWRUVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW VHH7DEOH 
7KH LGHQWLHG IDFWRUV RI D OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ DV OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW DUH XVHG IRU IXUWKHU
DQDO\VLV ZLWK D YLHZ WR QG RXW WKH DWWLWXGH RI UHVSRQGHQWVWRZDUGVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWLQGLIIHUHQW
JURXSVE\JHQGHUDJHOHYHORIHGXFDWLRQVHFWRUDQG
SRVLWLRQKHOG
&RPSDULVRQRIWKHIDFWRUVRIDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ DV OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW DPRQJ GLIIHUHQW
JURXSVRIUHVSRQGHQWVGLVWULEXWHGE\JHQGHUVKRZHG
WKDW PHQ DQG ZRPHQ KDYH VLPLODU DWWLWXGHV DQG DVVHVVPHQWV



5HVHDUFKUHYHDOHGWKDWHYDOXDWLRQRIOHDUQLQJ
HQYLURQPHQWLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHDJH
RIHPSOR\HHV $129$S ,QWKHDJHJURXS
RI  \HDUV KDOI RI DOO WKH LQWHUYLHZHG VXEMHFWV
SHUFHQW GLVWLQJXLVKHGWKHIDFWRURImaterial incentives for improvement DQG WKH VPDOOHVW SURSRUWLRQRIUHVSRQGHQWVLQWKLVDJHJURXS SHUFHQW 
UHSRUWHGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOPDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQLQJHQvironment 7KLV FKRLFH E\ DJH RI UHVSRQGHQWV FDQ
EHH[SODLQHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWZKHQVWDUWLQJWKHLUFDUHHUHPSOR\HHVDUHPRWLYDWHGXVLQJH[LEOHV\VWHP
RIZDJHVDQGOHDUQLQJDQGLPSURYHPHQWLVPRUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWUDLQLQJRIIHUHGE\HGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQV
$OPRVWKDOI SHUFHQW RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV
LQWKHDJHJURXSRI\HDUSRLQWHGRXWWKDWWKH\
GR QRW UHFHLYH PDWHULDO LQFHQWLYHV WR LPSURYH DQG
PRUHWKDQDKDOI SHUFHQW RIUHVSRQGHQWVVWDWHG
WKDWRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUHYHU\ERG\WROHDUQDUHXQDYDLODEOHLQWKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQVHPSOR\HHOHDUQLQJHYDOXDWLRQV\VWHPLVQRWIXOO\GHYHORSHGDQGHWF
(YDOXDWLRQRIOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWZDVDOLWWOHELWGLIIHUHQWIRUWKH\HDUROGDQGROGHUUHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHQWRIHPSOR\HHVRIWKLVDJHUHSRUWHG
WKDWIDFWRUVRIRUJDQL]DWLRQDOPDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQing environmentDQGmaterial incentives for improvementH[LVWHGLQWKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQV7KXVDQDVVXPSWLRQFDQEHPDGHWKDWHPSOR\HHVRIRYHU\HDUROG
DUHPRUHOLNHO\WRPDWFKWKHLUSODQVIRUIXWXUHZLWK
RUJDQL]DWLRQDORQHVDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WKH\EHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGFRRSHUDWLRQDQGNQRZOHGJHDQGH[SHULHQFH
VKDULQJWKDWWDNHVSODFHLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ SHUFHQW 
7KHUHVHDUFKUHYHDOHGWKDWHYDOXDWLRQRIOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWGHSHQGVRQWKHOHYHORIUHVSRQGHQWV
HGXFDWLRQ $129$S $VPXFKDVSHUFHQW RI UHVSRQGHQWV LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK KDG XQLYHUVLW\
HGXFDWLRQWKHUHIRUHLWZDVLPSRUWDQWWRH[SORUHWKHLU
FKRLFHVLQWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWIDFWRUV$ERXWSHUFHQWRIUHVSRQGHQWVZLWKXQLYHUVLW\HGXFDWLRQLQGLFDWHGWKDWorgaQL]DWLRQDOPDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWH[LVWVDQGHPSOR\HHVDUHJLYHQmaterial incentives for

improvement LQ WKHLU RUJDQL]DWLRQV  SHUFHQW RI


UHVSRQGHQWV ZLWK SRVWVHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ LQGLFDWHGWKDWcooperation, and information and knowledge
sharingWDNHVSODFHLQWKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQV
&RPSDULVRQ RI FKRLFHV RI HPSOR\HHV ZRUNLQJ LQ SXEOLF DQG LQ SULYDWH VHFWRU WWHVW S 
UHYHDOHGVLJQLFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVSURYLQJWKHIDFWWKDW
IDFWRUVRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWDUHPRUHH[SOLFLWO\H[SUHVVHGLQRUJDQL]DWLRQV
RIWKHSULYDWHVHFWRUZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIRQHIDFWRURUJDQL]DWLRQDOPDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQLQJHQYLURQment SHUFHQW (PSOR\HHVRIWKHSULYDWHVHFWRU
RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQGLFDWHGWKDW cooperation, and information and knowledge sharing  SHUFHQW  WDNHV
SODFHDQGhigh communication culture SHUFHQW 
DQG material incentives for improvement  SHUFHQW DUHLQSODFHLQWKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQV$QDVVXPSWLRQFDQEHPDGHWKDWSXEOLFVHFWRURUJDQL]DWLRQVJLYH
OHVVDWWHQWLRQWRFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRRSHUDWLRQNQRZOHGJHDQGH[SHULHQFHVKDULQJDPRQJHPSOR\HHVDQG
V\VWHPRIPDWHULDOLQFHQWLYHVIRULPSURYHPHQWLVLQFRPSOHWH7KLVVLWXDWLRQFDQEHH[SODLQHGE\WKHIDFW
WKDWSXEOLFVHFWRURUJDQL]DWLRQVRSHUDWHXQGHUFRQGLWLRQVRIOLPLWHGFRPSHWLWLRQDQGQHHGWRFRPSHWHOHVV
WKDQSULYDWHVHFWRURUJDQL]DWLRQV



&RQFOXVLRQV
 &RPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIVFLHQWLFOLWHUDWXUHVXJJHVWVWKDWDOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLVWKHRSSRVLWH
RIDWUDGLWLRQDOEXUHDXFUDWLFRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQFHD
OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLVGHVFULEHGDVH[LEOHDQG
HQFRXUDJLQJ SHUVRQDO H[FHOOHQFH RSHQ WR FRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGWHDPZRUNLWVHPSOR\HHVDUHQRW
DIUDLGWRPDNHDPLVWDNHDVPLVWDNHVDUHWROHUDWHGDVLQVHSDUDEOHSDUWRIOHDUQLQJSURFHVV+HUH
KLHUDUFK\LVUHSODFHGE\PXWXDOFRRSHUDWLRQDQG
YDOXHV VXFK DV KRQHVW\ WUXVW DQG WROHUDQFH SUHYDLO3URFHVVRIOHDUQLQJPXVWEHPDLQWDLQHGDQG
HQFRXUDJHG DW DOO WKUHH OHYHOV LQGLYLGXDO JURXS
DQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOEHFDXVHLWLVWKHRQO\ZD\HQDEOLQJ HIIHFWLYH FUHDWLRQ DQG VSUHDG RI NQRZOHGJHIRUPDWLRQRIVNLOOVVSHFLFFDSDELOLWLHVDQG
H[SHULHQFHV LQ SXUVXLW RI VKDUHG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO
JRDOV
,WLVWUXHWKDWDOWKRXJKPDQ\VLPLODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG PRGHOV RI OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DUH GLVWLQJXLVKHGDQGLGHQWLHGFOHDUFULWHULDIRUHYDOXDWLRQ
DUHDEVHQWDQGRSWLPDOOHYHODFKLHYHPHQWRIZKLFK
E\WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQFRXOGPHDQLWFDQEHFRQVLGHUHG
D OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV QRW HVWDEOLVKHG$ OHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHDPRGHORIDSHUIHFW RUJDQL]DWLRQ SXUVXHG E\ PDQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQ
VHDUFKIRUZD\VRIVXFFHVVIXOUHVSRQVHWRFKDQJHVLQ
WKHHYHUFKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQW
 )LQGLQJVRIRXUUHVHDUFKVKRZWKDWZKHQSUHVHQWLQJWKHLUFRQFHSWLRQVRI DOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ









PDQ\ UHVSRQGHQWV WHQG WR HPSKDVL]H WKDW OHDUQLQJLVOLQNHGWRLPSURYHPHQWRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ


DQG WR DFKLHYHPHQW DQG UHDOL]DWLRQ RI RUJDQL]DWLRQDOJRDOVOHDUQLQJLVXQGHUVWRRGDVLQVHSDUDEOH
IDFWRURIRUJDQL]DWLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWZKLFKLVGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHFRQFHSWRIOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQZKHUHOHDUQLQJLVPDLQWDLQHGDQGHQFRXUDJHG
DWLQGLYLGXDOJURXSDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOOHYHOV$
SUHYDLOLQJ RSLQLRQ LV WKDW RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZRUNLQJ
WRZDUGV LWV GHYHORSPHQW JRDOV FUHDWHV IDYRXUDEOH FRQGLWLRQV IRU LWV HPSOR\HHV OHDUQLQJ LH
HQVXUHVPDWHULDODQGRWKHUFRQGLWLRQVIRUPDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQLQJSURFHVVDQGFRRSHUDWLRQ
$QDO\VLV DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH HPSLULFDO UHVHDUFK QGLQJV UHYHDOHG WKH IROORZLQJ IRXU VWDWLVWLFDOO\ JURXQGHG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ IDFWRUV RUJDQL]DWLRQDO PDLQWHQDQFH RI OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW FRRSHUDWLRQ DQG NQRZOHGJH VKDULQJ
KLJK FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FXOWXUH DQG PDWHULDO LQFHQWLYHVIRULPSURYHPHQW7KHVWURQJHVWFRUUHODWLRQZDVIRXQGEHWZHHQIDFWRUVRIRUJDQL]DWLRQDO
PDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWDQGFRRSHUDWLRQDQGNQRZOHGJHVKDULQJ  DQGWKHVHFRQGVWURQJHVWFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQRUJDQL]DWLRQDOPDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWDQGKLJK
FRPPXQLFDWLRQFXOWXUH  7KHZHDNHVWLQWHUUHODWLRQH[LVWHGEHWZHHQIDFWRUVRIPDWHULDOLQFHQWLYHV IRU LPSURYHPHQW DQG KLJK FRPPXQLFDWLRQFXOWXUH  &RQVHTXHQWO\FRQGLWLRQVRI
RUJDQL]DWLRQDOOHDUQLQJFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGWREHD
VWURQJHUGHWHUPLQDQWRIHQYLURQPHQWFRPSRQHQWV
VXFKDVOHDUQLQJIURPH[SHULHQFHDQGFRRSHUDWLRQ
WKDQPDWHULDOLQFHQWLYHVIRULPSURYHPHQW
)LQGLQJV RI RXU UHVHDUFK OHDG WR FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW
HPSOR\HHV XQGHUVWDQG WKDW WKURXJK WKHLU GDLO\ ZRUN URXWLQHV FRQYHUVDWLRQV DQG GLVFXVVLRQ
ZKHQVKDULQJNQRZOHGJHDQGH[SHULHQFHWKH\DUH
OHDUQLQJ IURP HDFK RWKHU LH WKDW OHDUQLQJ DQG
ZRUNDUHLQVHSDUDEOHSURFHVVHV
,WZDVIRXQGWKDW\RXQJHUUHVSRQGHQWVDUHPRUH
OLNHO\WRHQYLVDJHDQGYDOXHWKHIDFWRURIPDWHULDO
LQFHQWLYHVIRULPSURYHPHQWZKLOHROGHUUHVSRQGHQWVWHQGWRIRFXVRQWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIOHDUQLQJ
HQYLURQPHQWLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
,Q DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK RXU UHVHDUFK QGLQJV DQ DVVXPSWLRQFDQEHPDGHWKDWOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW
RI WKH SXEOLF VHFWRU RUJDQL]DWLRQV FDQ EH FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV SD\LQJ VFDQW DWWHQWLRQ WR HPSOR\HH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQFRRSHUDWLRQNQRZOHGJHDQGH[SHULHQFH VKDULQJ DQG V\VWHP RI PDWHULDO LQFHQWLYHV IRU LPSURYHPHQW LV LQFRPSOHWH KHUH 7KLV
VLWXDWLRQFDQEHH[SODLQHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWSXEOLF
VHFWRU RUJDQL]DWLRQV RSHUDWH XQGHU FRQGLWLRQV RI
OLPLWHGFRPSHWLWLRQDQGQHHGWRFRPSHWHOHVVWKDQ
SULYDWHVHFWRURUJDQL]DWLRQV

5HIHUHQFHV
 $QGLXOLHQ % %UDXNO\W ,   0RNVOLRVLRV
RUJDQL]DFLMRV SOWUD XJG\PR VWDLJRVH Informacijos
mokslai 9LOQLXV 9LOQLDXV XQLYHUVLWHWR OHLG\NOD 1U

 $UJ\ULV&  2UJDQL]DWLRQDOOHDUQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPV$FFRXQWLQJ2UJDQL]Dtions and Society9RO
 $XJXVWLQDLWLV$6DXODXVNDV03HWDO  0RNVOLRVLRV RUJDQL]DFLMRV VDPSUDWD 0HWRGLQ PHGLDJD
UHQJ9LOQLDXVXQLYHUVLWHWR)LORVRMRVLU.RPXQLNDFLMRVIDNXOWHW )6)LU.) VWXGHQWDLGVW\WRMDLLUGRNWRUDQWDL >DFFHVVHG RQ @ $YDLODEOH RQOLQH
DW KWWSZZZLQIRYLYXOWLYVELEOLRWHNDWHPRVPRNVOLRMLKWP.
 %DOYRLW5  +ROLVWLQLVRUJDQL]DFLMRVPRN\PRVL PRGHOLVHVPLQLNRPSHWHQFLMY\VW\PXL 'DNWDURGLVHUWDFLMD.DXQDV9\WDXWR'LGLRMRXQLYHUVLWHWDV
 %DOYRLWH 5 %DNDQDXVNLHQ ,   0DX
PRQLX YDGRYVDYLQLQN UHHNW\YDXV PRN\PRVL
JDOLP\EV2UJDQL]DFLMYDG\EDVLVWHPLQLDLW\ULPDL
.DXQDV9\WDXWR'LGLRMRXQLYHUVLWHWDV1U
 %XNDQWDLW ' /DXDFNDV 5   'DUER ELURV
NDLSEHVLPRNDQLRVRUJDQL]DFLMRVSDUDPHWUDLOrgani]DFLM YDG\ED VLVWHPLQLDL W\ULPDL .DXQDV 9\WDXWR
'LGLRMRXQLYHUVLWHWDV1U
 'L[RQ 1   2UJDQL]DWLRQDO /HDUQLQJ 2WWDZD
&RQIHUHQFH%RDUGRI&DQDGD5HSRUW
 (GPRQGVRQ$0RLQJHRQ%  )URPRUJDQL]DWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ WR WKH OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ Management Learning9RO1R
 )LJJLV -$OGHUVRQ$ %ODFNZHOO$ %XWRUDF$
0LWFKHOO.=XEULFN$  :KDWFRQYLQFHVHQWHUSULVHVWRYDOXHWUDLQLQJDQGOHDUQLQJDQGZKDWGRHV
QRW"1&9(5$GHODLGH
 )ORRG $/   7KH OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ
6SHHFKWRWKHQG$QQXDO&RDFKLQJ&RQIHUHQFHRQ
WKH&KDOOHQJHRI/LIHORQJ/HDUQLQJLQDQ(UDRI*OREDO&KDQJH*HQHYD3DUN2QWDULR$XJXVW
 *DUYLQ'$  %XLOGLQJD/HDUQLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQ+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV5HYLHZ9RO1R
 *KRVK$   /HDUQLQJ LQ VWUDWHJLF DOOLDQFHV$
9\JRWVNLDQSHUVSHFWLYH7KHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ
0&%XQLYHUVLW\SUHVV9RO1R
 *RK6&  ,PSURYLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDOOHDUQLQJ
FDSDELOLW\OHVVRQVIURPWZRFDVHVWXGLHVThe learnLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ  0&% XQLYHUVLW\ SUHVV 9RO 
1R
 +DOH00  /HDUQLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQVDQG0HQWRULQJPublic Productivity and Management Review
6$*(3HULRGLFDO3UHVV
 +LWW:'  7KH/HDUQLQJ2UJDQLVDWLRQ6RPH
5HHFWLRQV RQ 2UJDQLVDWLRQDO 5HQHZDO Leadership
2UJDQLVDWLRQ'HYHORSPHQW-RXUQDO9RO1R

 +XEHU * 3   2UJDQL]DWLRQDO /HDUQLQJ WKH
FRQWULEXWLQJSURFHVVHVDQGWKHOLWHUDWXUHV2UJDQL]Dtional Science9RO



 -RKQVWRQ5+DZNH*  &DVHVWXGLHVRIRUJDQLVDWLRQV ZLWK HVWDEOLVKHG OHDUQLQJ FXOWXUHV 1&9(5


$GHODLGH
 -XFHYLFLHQH3  %HVLPRNDQWLVPLHVWDV.DXQDV
7HFKQRORJLMD
 -XFHYLLHQ37DXWNHYLLHQ*  8QLYHUVLWHWR ELEOLRWHNRV PRN\PRVL DSOLQNRV VDPSUDWD Pedagogika: mokslo darbai1U
 .YHGDUDYLLXV-/RGLHQ'  2UJDQL]DFLMRV
Y\VW\PRVLJDOLP\EVLUMRSUDNWLQLDLLQJVQLDLOrgaQL]DFLMYDG\EDVLVWHPLQLDLW\ULPDL.DXQDV9\WDXWR
'LGLRMRXQLYHUVLWHWDV1U
 /LHWXYRV GDUER ULQNRV PRN\PR WDUQ\ED  
.YDOLNDFLM DQDOL]V YDGRYDV GDUER ULQNRV PRN\PRSDVODXJRPVWREXOLQWL9LOQLXV$*25$>DFFHVVHG
RQ@$YDLODEOHRQOLQHDWKWWSZZZGDUERULQNDOWPRGNODVLNDWRULXVGRNXPHQWDLNYDODQDOL]HSGf.
 0DFQHLO&  7KHVXSHUYLVRUDVDIDFLOLWDWRURI
LQIRUPDO OHDUQLQJ LQ ZRUN WHDPV Journal of workplace learning9RO  
 3HGOHU 0 %XUJR\QH - %R\GHOO 7   7KH
OHDUQLQJFRPSDQ\DVWUDWHJ\IRUVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW/RQGRQ0F*UDZ+LOO
 3XQGLHQ$   3URIHVLQLR PRN\PR LQVWLWXFLMD NDLS EHVLPRNDQWL RUJDQL]DFLMD SUREOHPRV LU NDLWRV JDLUV Profesinis rengimas: tyrimai ir realijos.
.DXQDV9\WDXWR'LGLRMRXQLYHUVLWHWDV1U
 3XQGLHQ$'LHQ\V9  'DUEDVLUPRN\PDVLVGDUERSDVDXOLRLUYLHWLPRVDYHLNRVSREXGLRNDLWD Profesinis rengimas: tyrimai ir realijos .DXQDV
9\WDXWR'LGLRMRXQLYHUVLWHWDV1U
 6DNDODV$9DQDJDV3HWDO  3UDPRQVPR
QLYDG\ED.ODLSGD.ODLSGRVXQLYHUVLWHWROHLG\Nla.
 6HLOLXV$   2UJDQL]DFLM WREXOLQLPR YDG\ED
.ODLSGD.ODLSGRVXQLYHUVLWHWROHLG\NOD
 6HQJH 3   7KH )LIWK 'LVFLSOLQH 7KH$UW DQG
3UDFWLFH RI WKH /HDUQLQJ 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 1HZ <RUN
'RXEOHGD\
 6KLEOH\--  7KH3ULPHURQ6\VWHP7KLQNLQJ
2UJDQL]DWLRQDO /HDUQLQJ >DFFHVVHG RQ @
$YDLODEOH RQOLQH DW KWWSZZZV\VWHPVSULPHUFRP
ZKDWBLVBRUJBOHDUQLQJKWP.
 6LPRQDLWLHQ%  0RN\NODEHVLPRNDQWLRUJDQL]DFLMD.DXQDV7HFKQRORJLMD
 6NXQLNLHQ6  ,PLWDFLQLYHUVORDLGLPWDLN\PRYHUWLQLPDVEHVLPRNDQLRMHRUJDQL]DFLMRMH'DN
WDURGLVHUWDFLMD.DXQDV9\WDXWR'LGLRMRXQLYHUVLWHWDV
 :DWNLQV.(0DUVLFN9-  7RZDUGVD7KHRU\RI,QIRUPDODQG,QFLGHQWDO/HDUQLQJLQ2UJDQL]DWLRQV International Journal of Lifelong Education,
Vol. 11, No. 4.
 :DWNLQV . ( 0DUVLFN9 -   6FXOSWLQJ WKH
/HDUQLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQ/HVVRQVLQWKHDUWDQGVFLHQFH
RIV\VWHPLFFKDQJH6DQ)UDQFLVFR-RVVH\%DVV
 =DNDUHYLLXV3.YHGDUDYLLXV-$XJXVWDXVNDV7
  2UJDQL]DFLM Y\VW\PRVL SDUDGLJPD .DXQDV
9'8

66NXQLNLHQ5%DOYRLW6%DOLQDV
%HVLPRNDQLRVRUJDQL]DFLMRVNDLSPRN\PRVLDSOLQNRVEUXRW\ULPDV
6DQWUDXND
0DQ\WLQD NDG LXR PHWX GDXJXPD RUJDQL]DFLM
VLHNGDPRV HNRQRPLNDL HIHNW\YLRV YHLNORV NLQWDQLRMH
DSOLQNRMHWXUWYDGRYDXWLVEHVLPRNDQLRVRUJDQL]DFLMRV
LGMDW\NXUWLLUSDODLN\WLEHQGUPRN\PRVLNXOWUVNDWLQWLGDUEXRWRMDVPHQLQPHLVWULNXPDWYLUEHQGUDYLP
EHQGUDGDUELDYLP VNDWLQWL GDUEXRWRMXV GDO\WLV SDWLUWLPL
LU YHLNWL QHELMDQW VXNO\VWL 0RNVOLQLXRVH W\ULPXRVH YLV
GDXJLDXGPHVLRVNLULDPDPRN\PRLUPRN\PRVLSURFHVR
DQDOL]HL LHNRPD HIHNW\YL PRN\PRVL PHWRG NXULXRV WDLNDQW EW JDOLPD SDWHQNLQWL QXVWDW\WXV PRN\PRVL
SRUHLNLXV
LDPHVWUDLSVQ\MHDWOLHNDPDLVDPLEHVLPRNDQLRV
RUJDQL]DFLMRVVDPSUDWRVDQDOL] VLHNLDQWDWVNOHLVWLSDJULQGLQLXVMRVNDLSPRN\PRVLDSOLQNRVEUXRXV0RN\PRVL
DSOLQND LD WUDNWXRMDPD NDLS HUGY NXULRMH EHVLPRNDQW\VLV VYHLNDXGDPDV VX LQIRUPDFLMRV DOWLQLDLV LU NLWDLV
LQGLYLGDLV NRQVWUXNW\YLDL YDOLQJDL VPRQLQJDL WLNVOLQJDL LU UHHNV\YLDL YHLNGDPDV J\MD LQL JHEMLP LU
YHUW\EL -XFHYLLHQ 7DXWNHYLLHQ   %HVLPRNDQWLRUJDQL]DFLMD\UDDQDOL]XRMDPDNDLSDSOLQNDNXULRMH
Y\NVWD GDUEXRWRM PRN\PDVLV .\OD NODXVLPDV NRNLH
EHVLPRNDQLRV RUJDQL]DFLMRV EUXRDL DSLEGLQD M NDLS
PRN\PRVLDSOLQNLUNRNLXVLRVDSOLQNRVYHLNVQLXVLVNLULD
RUJDQL]DFLMRVQDULDL"
7\ULPRWLNVODVDWOLNWLEHVLPRNDQLRVRUJDQL]DFLMRV NDLS PRN\PRVL DSOLQNRV VDPSUDWRV WHRULQ DQDOL]
LU HPSLULNDL DWVNOHLVWL PRN\PRVL DSOLQNRV EGLQJRV
EHVLPRNDQLDLRUJDQL]DFLMDLEUXRXV



7\ULPRWLNVOXLSDVLHNWLEXYR VXIRUPXOXRWLWRNLH tyULPRXGDYLQLDL


DQDOL]XRMDQWYDLULDXWRULLVNLULDPXVEHVLPRNDQLRV
RUJDQL]DFLMRVEUXRXVDSLEGLQWLEHVLPRNDQLRUJD
QL]DFLMNDLSPRN\PRVLDSOLQN
 HPSLULQLR W\ULPR SDJULQGX DWOLNWL RUJDQL]DFLMRV PRN\PRVLDSOLQNRVEUXRDQDOL]VLHMDQWMXRVVXEHVL
PRNDQLRVRUJDQL]DFLMRVNRQFHSWX
6LHNLDQWW\ULPRWLNVOREXYRDWOLNWDVHPSLULQLVW\ULPDVQDXGRMDQWDQRQLPLQVDSNODXVRVDQNHWNXULVXGDU
NHOHWDV VX EHVLPRNDQLRV RUJDQL]DFLMRV DSOLQND VXVLMXVL
NODXVLP EORN LQGLYLGXDODXV PRN\PRVL O\JPHQV W\ULPR NODXVLP EORNDV PRN\PRVL DSOLQNRV EUXR W\ULPR
NODXVLP EORNDV GHPRJUDQL LU SURIHVLQL GXRPHQ
EORNDV O\WLV DPLXV SURIHVLMD SDUHLJRV  7\ULPR PHWX
EXYRDSNODXVWLUHVSRQGHQWDLGLUEDQW\VYDLUDXVG\GLR
LUWLSRRUJDQL]DFLMRVHW\ULPRJHRJUDMDDSP.ODLSGRV
.DXQR9LOQLDXVLULDXOLDSVNULWLV
$QDOL]XRMDQW LU LQWHUSUHWXRMDQW HPSLULQLR W\ULPR
GXRPHQLV EXYR QXVWDW\WL NHWXUL VWDWLVWLNDL SDJUVWL EHVL
PRNDQLRV RUJDQL]DFLMRV NDLS PRN\PRVL DSOLQNRV YHLNVQLDLRUJDQL]DFLQLVPRN\PRVLDSOLQNRVSDODLN\PDVEHQGUDGDUELDYLPDVLUSDVLGDOLMLPDVLQLRPLVDXNWDEHQGUDYLPRNXOWUDPDWHULDOLQLVWREXOMLPRVNDWLQLPDV1XVWDW\WD
NDGRUJDQL]DFLQVPRN\PRVLVO\JRVODELDXQHLPDWHULDOLQLV WREXOMLPR VNDWLQLPDV OHPLD WRNLXV DSOLQNRV NRPSRQHQWXVNDLSPRN\PVLLSDWLUWLHVLUEHQGUDGDUELDYLP

You might also like