Equatorial

Forest

TEMPERAT
URE

High Temperature

RAINFALL

High
Rainfall,excess of
200cm

LATITUDE

50 north to 50
south of equator

CHARACT
ERISTICS

Trees Compete for

sunlight,grow
taller,epiphytes
grow due to high
humidity,forests
always appear
green,trees shed at
different
times,hard
wood,scattering of
species over a
wide area

TYPES OF
TREES
FOUND

REGIONS
WHERE
THEY ARE
FOUND

Monsoon
forest
(tropical
deciduous)

Limited period
of monsoon,75
to 200cm

Temperate
deciduous forest

Temperate
coniferous or taiga

Mediterranean
forest

Moderate
temperature

Dry summer

Moderate rainfall

Moderate rainfall
in winter

Middle latitudes

500N and
700N,extensive belt
of n.hemisphere

Western margins
of continents in
middle latitudes

Under growth ,
bamboo
groves,needs
lot of care as
they r less
resistant to
fire,shed leaves
about six to
eight weeks in
summer

Shed their leaves

on the onset of
winter,woods are
strong,durable,wo
ods

Tall, straight with

narrow needle ike
leaves,no
undergrowth, woods
soft,most are
evergreen,somelike
larch are deciduous

Have spiny,waxy
or small
leaves,prevent
transpiration,
trees have deep
roots to Tap
water from
deep,thick
barks,tress are
widely
spaced,shrubs
occur in between

Mahogany,
rosewood,ebony
economically
useful

Sal, teak, sisam

,areas of heavy
rainfall
bamboos,
rubber,
cinchona,
mahagony

Oak,birch,

Pine, cedar,fir,red
wood,spruce,walsum

Cork, olive,
oak,chestnut

Zaire basin of
Africa,amazon
basin of south
America,
Malaysia ,
Indonesia,western
ghats of india,west
Bengal,Orissa,nort
h eastern india

Central and
north east
india, eastern
slopes of
india,moist
deciduous in
eastern part of
chhotanagpur
plateau,M.P,S.
Bihar,Orissa,si
waliks,Myanm

Central and
western
Europe,north
eastern
u.s.a,southern
Russia,central
America,korea,
japan, china

Are lighter and

easier to work
on,have different
type of species,

chestnut,maple,
walnut, elm,

Canada,norway,Swed
es,finland,latvia,lithu
ana,Estonia,central
and eastern Siberia,in
india- shivaliks
clothed wd tropical
deciduous,wet hill
forest btwn 1000 nd
2000m,1600-3300
above sea level pine
,cedar(temperate

ar, Vietnam,
Thailand,laos,
Cambodia and
north east
Australia

Other
characteristi
c

In amazon basin
its known as
selvas,grows upto
60m or above

Not as dense as
selvas, demand
for wood is
high

region)3600m
abov sea level alpine
forest,tress like
junipers,birches,pine
Used for building
material ,ship
building

Found in alps and

Himalayas.in siberia
known as taiga forest

Forest and its characteristics

Desert vegetation Tidal forest

Grasslands
Tropical
grasslands

Mid latitude grasslands

Also thorn and

scrub forest

Tidal Forest

Moderate
rainfall,100c
m

25 to 75 cm annual
rainfall,slightly more in summer

Low rainfall,below
25 cm

100-150 cm

Latitudes

Interior of
tropical zone

Interior of continents f middle

latitudes

Sub-tropical (horse
latitudes), around
30N & 30S

Tropical & Subtropical, b/w 25N25S

Temperatur
e

Winters dry

Low temperature

Tall grasses
about 1.8 to 3
metres

Grasses are short and trees are

absent

Thick stem, thorny

or wax coated
leaves, short
growing season less
than three months
during summer

covered by
mangrove trees that
can survive both
salty anf fresh
water,

Either side of
equatorial
region of
Africa, parts
of brazillian
plateau,
deccan
plateau and n.
Australia..

Russia, interior of usa, coastal

plains of argentina and Uruguay
in s. America and murray darling
basin in australia

Tundra type occurs

around n. pole of
Eurasia and n.
America,thorn and
scrub around
shaurashtra in south
topunjab in north,
north M.P,south
west U.P

Tidal area along thr

coasts and rivers
,sundarban in the
ganga Brahmaputra
delta.i

Rainfall

Characteri
stics

Regions

(mainly mangroves)

Other
charac
teristics

Types of
plants

Known as
savanna in
Africa and
campos in
Brazil

Called steppes in Eurasia(in semi

arid areas,height 10 to
20cm,cover like mats), prairies in
north america(relatively
taller,humid regions,40-60cm) ,
pampas in south America,veldt in
s Africa,downs in australia

Occur as undergrowth in forest

or as small clumps in desert

Land is snow
covered in
winter,,sunshine
only for few hours
during days

Patches of
mosses,lichens,wild
flowering shrubs,

Sundari major
mangrove tree

Scrub forest
kikar,
babul,khair,date
palms
Animals

Zebra, deer, antelope have long

legs and hard hoofs,permit thm
to move
swiftly,tiger,lion,fox,rabbit

Note- cattle
rearing,grazing
formilk,meat,
wool,skins s
done,in areas
of low rainfall
goats camels

Have thick
skins,animals take
long sleep durng
winter,reindeer,
musk ox,bear,
wolf,fox

Animals
Animals

Regions

Elephant,one horned rhino(assam nd west

Bengal,swampy and marshy lands)

Hot equatorial forest,jungles of

assam,kerala,karnataka

Camel,wild asses

Hot n arid deserts,thar desert,arid areas f

ran of kuchchh,
Lion

Confined to gir forest of shaurashtra in

gujarat

Tiger

sundarban

Leopards,clouded leopards,snow leopards ,wild

sheep,mountain goats,the ibex,the
shrew,tapir,lesser panda

Upper reaches of himalayas

The Great Indian bustard(endangered species)

Rajasthan nd malwa

Birds
pheasants,geese,ducks,mynahs,parakeets,pigeons,
Cranes,hornbills,sunbirds
Other animals chousingha(four horned
antelope),black buck(Indian
antelope),gazel,deer(Kashmir stag,swamp
deer,spotted dear,musk deer,mouse deer)

Types of soils
Where
they are
found

Characte
ristic

Alluvial soil

Black soil

Red soil

Laterite soil

Generally
confined to
river basins
and coastal
plains,cover
s 40 % land
area,

Deccan
plateau,maharasht
ra,

Tamil
nadu,Karnataka,
A.P,south
eastern
Maharashtra,eas
tern M.P,parts
of
Orissa,chhotana
gpur and
bundelkhandred
dish colour due
to presenc of
iron in
crystalline and
metamorphic
rocks,ph value
6.6 to
8.0,poorer than
alluvial

Karnataka,tami
l
nadu,Maharash
tra, Madhya
Pradesh,hilly
areas of Orissa
and assam,

Loamy in deep
depressions and
in uplands,they
consist of loose
gravel,highly
coarse material

Forms under
typical
monsoon
conditions,alter
nate dry and
wet
climate,soils on
highr areas
more acidic
than low lying
areas,invariabl
y poor and
support only
pastures and
scrub forest.

Most
fertile,depos
ited by
rivers over
years,are
fine grained
both in
khaddarnew
alluvium
and bangar
old
alluvium,cla
y content is
higher in
bangar,vary
from sandy
to clayey, in
drier areas
more

M.P,
gujarat,A.P,tamil
nadu

Clayey,deep &
impermeable,on
uplands lower
fertility than low
lands,ideal fr
growing
cotton,can hold
moisture,sticky,di
fficult to work

b/w Tropic of
Cancer &
Tropic of
Capricorn

alkaline
Minerals

Rich in
potash,poor
in
phosphorous
,
nitrogen

Lime,iron,magnes
ium,
Alumina,potash,
But lack in
phosphorous,nitro
gen,

Have Iron,
deficit in
phosphoric acid,
organic
matter
,nitrogenous
material

Organic
matter,calcium
carbonate,magnes
ium carbonate

Crops and its distribution

CROPS

TEMPER
ATURE

RAINFALL

SOIL/ AREAS

EXPORT
ER

MAJOR
IMPORT
ER

CONDITION
S THAT
HAMPERS/U
SES

RICE(v
arieties
are
aus,ama
n,boro,ja
ya,ratna,
prabhat
mIR20,I
R8,kanc
han,pad
ma,bhar
ati,mang
ala)

Not below
270 to
300(during
growth
period)

100cm (during
growth
period),requires
flooded
fields,in areas
of low
rainfall,irrigatio
n is used

Clayey loam that

retain water,in the
river valleys and
deltas of subtropical and
temperate regions,

Thailand,U
SA, china,
India,pakis
tan,myanm
ar,egypt

Some are
exporter
as well as
importers
they
export
low
quality
nad
import
high
quality

High
temperature ,
high humidity
responsibl fr
diseases,insect
s,bacteria

Found in
asia,india,china,ja
pan,cambodia,vite
nam,thailand,mala

ysia,bangladesh.In
India(assam,west
Bengal,bihar,east,
M.P,Orissa,A.P,
Tamil Nadu,
kerala,
Karnataka,coastal
Maharashtra,punja
b,Haryana,U.P,Ka
shmir valley in
summer)
WHEA
T

Can be
grown in
diff
climatic
condition
, during
germination
cool and
sufficient
moisture in
soil, during
ripening
160c

SEASA Cannot
ME(OI tolerate too
LSEED) much
humidity,
drought or
cold

45 to 75 cm,

Loamy soil.

Winter wheat
grown where
winter nt
severe and
spring wheat
where winter is
severe.soft
wheat in humid
regionhard
wheat in dry
region

Found in

Low rainfall

India largest
producer,sudan,m
yanmar,china,egyp
t,Ethiopia,Tunisia,
mexico largest in
America,

Rabi crop

ukraine main
producer
USA,kazakhastan,
northern part of
russia(winter),chin
a, in
India( alluvial
plains of Indus
and ganga,
Punjab,Haryana,w
estern
U.P,rajasthan
Gujarat,M.P,
Western
A.P),france in
european
countries,
Argentina in
S.America,,germa
ny,U.K,Denmark,
Netherland

Australia
major
producer
as well as
exporter,ca
nada,
USA,Franc
e,germany,
argentina

West
asian
countries
.Brazil
largest
importer
in
S.Americ
a

China(larg
est
exporter),i
ndia,mexic
o,sudan,vie
tnam,

Japan(larg
est
importer),
USA,hon
kong,Syri
a

Absence of
sunshine crops
get infected
and
diseased.ov
er irrigation
shld b avoided
as may cause
disease red-rot

MUSTA
RD ND
RAPES
EED(OI
LSEED)

25 to
40cm,irrigation
in drier areas
Rabi crop

Loam and light

loam soil
Tropical n subtropical regions,

Canada,chi
na,poland

Netherlan
ds,Italy,fr
ance,germ
any,USA,
morocco,
mexico

Canada,fra
nce,hungar
y,Ethiopia,
brazil,

USA,uK,
Czechoslo
vakia,ger
many

Used in
preparing
vanishes,paint
s,linoleum,edi
ble oil

Argentina,f
rance,hung
ary,Austral
ia,china

Belgium,n
etherland,
mexico,U
SA

Rich in protein
,thrfr oilcake
used as cattle
and poultry
feed

Srilanka
largest
exporter,in
di,china,ke
nya,argenti
an

USA,UK,
pakistan,ir
an,Iraq,eg
ypt

Donot grow
beyond 40 to
50cmtotal
life span 40 to
50 years

Found in
India,china,pakista
n,Bangladesh,cana
da,USSR

LINSE
ED(OIL
SEED)

100 TO 650
latitudes

45 to
75cm,cool and
humid
Rabi crop

SUNFL
OWER(
OILSE
ED)

Tea

Cooler
climate
during
sowing,ger
mination,gr
owth,high
temperature
,cloudless
sky during
ripening

Bth Kharif &

Rabi crop.

430 north to
270 south
latitude,can
be planted
upto an
altitude of
2450 m
above sea
level,warm
and humid
climate,

125 to 750cm

but mainly
Rabi.

Alluvial and
clayey ,Found in
Tropical and
temperate region,
india,argentina,For
mer
USSR,USA,Canad
a,france,Pakistan..
In different types
of soil,but black
soil
better.matures
in three month..
Found in
Former
USSR,argentina,b
ulgeria,Romania,t
urkey,spain,usa,ch
ina

Water should
not stagnate
near
roots,should b
evenly
distributed,gro
w under shade

fertile soil with

high humus
content Should
not have
alkalicontent
rather acidic with
low calcium and
higher iron
content,nitrogenou
s fertilizers useful

Found in
india
(leading
producer),japan,ch
ina,srilanka,argent
ian,kenya,Indonesi
a
Coffee(c
offe
arabica,
coffee
robusta)

Sugarca
ne(indu
strial
crop)

Highlands
in
tropics,500
to 1500 m
above sea
levels..coffe
Arabica(150
to 200 c)
and coffee
robusta (200
to 300 c)

High humidity
btwn 70 to
90percent,
rainfall 160 to
250 cm

210 to 270 c

75 to 120 cm

Hot and
humid
climate of
tropical
climate is
good

Kharif crop

Deep,porous and
water retentive
soil
Found in
Brazil largest
producer,Colombi
a,Vietnam,Haiti,ja
maica,Puerto
rico,Guatemala
india(karnataks)
indonesia(java
island)

Loam,clay and
alluvial,also in
Durng ripening black and laterite
low
soil,deep soil with
temperature dry high moisture
weather
content
Found in
Brazil,india(U.P,ta
mil nadu,bihar,
west
Bengal,A.P),cuba,
pakistan,Thailand,
mexico,Australia,i
ndonesia,china

Brail,colo
mbia,vietn
am,guatem
ala,Uganda
,Ethiopia,
mexico

USA,ger
many,fran
ce,spain,it
aly,uk,jap
an,argenti
na,netherl
and,

Hail and high

velocity wind
is very
harmful,

Cuba
largest
exporter,ve
nezuela,bra
zil,Australi
a,Thailand,
S,Africa,p
hillipines,d
ominican
Republic,
mauritius,i
ndia export
s limited
guatemala,
honduras,j
amaica n
central
america

Most of
the
countrie
of
Africa,eur
ope, north
America
somme
developed
countries
export
it,refine it
n import
it in
higher
prices

Less than 200

restricts
growth

Sugarbe
et(root
crop)

160 to 230
celsius,at
the time
maturity
clear
cloudless
sky,cool
climate

Requires high
moisture,below
60cm rainfall
irrigation
requires 5 to 6
months to
mature
Rabi crop

Loam or clayey
loam,alkaline or
salinethough
saline
harmful,fertilizer
intensive
crop,requires
nitrogenous
fertilizer

Very
limited
enters
market as
sugar is
made by
the
producing
countries

For making
sugar,cannot
survive in
water logged
soils,highlynsu
sceptible to
diseases,infect
ions

Usa,brazil, Uk,japan ,
paraguay,b france,ger
razil,Egypt many,italy
,Malawi,in
dia,Pakista
n,turkey,ug
anda,Niger
ia,Tanzania
,argentina,
peru

Water logged
soil nt
suitable,cannot
tolerate frost

Found in
Europe,ukraine,U
SA,Canada,Syria,i
raq,turkey,Israel,al
geria,france,germa
ny,poland,former
Czechoslovakia,fo
rmer
USSR,USA,UK,ro
mania,italy
cotton

Warm
climate ,210
to 270 c ,as
high s 400 bt
nt lower dn
210c,when
fruits
appear
temperature
high during
day cool at
night

Its a plant f
dry
climate,50cm
enough,bt
venly
distributed
during entire
growth..during
ripening
cloudless
Kharif crop

Variety of
soil,volcanic,black
,alluvial,intensive
fertilizer use
Found in
USA,texas,mississ
ippi,central
tennessa,atlantic
coastal
plain,tazikistan,ka
zakhastan,turkmen
istan,Uzbekistan

india(Maharashtra,
Gujarat,tamil
nadu,Madhya
Pradesh,Andhra
Pradesh
punjab,haryana,raj
asthansao Paulo
in

brazil,,,Pakistan(in
dus valley)
Rubber

Equatorial
150cm evenly
Undulating or
climate
distributed
gently sloping
0
27 celcius.. throughout year highlands so dt
water is drained
deep fertile soils
Found in
Southeast
asia,Malaysia,indo
nesia,Thailand,ind
ia(kerala,tamil
nadu,karnataka),c
hina,srilanka,keny
a(major
producers)
cambodia,Vietnam
,nigeria,Zaire,braz
il(minim
producer)

Malaysia,t
hailand,vie
tnam,Liber
ia,srilanka,
nigeria

Usa
leading
importer,j
apan,chin
sa,former
USSR,fra
nce

History
Brahmo Samaj

Denounced polytheism, idolatory; discarded faith in divine avataras,

denied that scriptures could enjoy status of ultimate authority, no
definite stand on karma, criticized caste system, condemened sati,
abolition of purdah system, discouraged child marriage &
polygamy, crusaded for widow remarriage.

Swadeshi & Boycott

Movement

Genesis in anti-partition movement against partition of Bengal, decision

for Bengal partition made public in December 1903.
Official reasons for partition- with huge population too big to
administer.
Real motive- to weaken Bengal
To be divided on the basis of
1) Language 2) Religion
Anti-partition movement under moderates(1903-1905)
- through petitions, public meetings, propagandas, pamphlets and
newspaper. After announcmnt of partition in july 1905, protest started,
boycott of foreign goods.
Movement undr extremist :
- Boycott of govt. school, offices, courts, legislative councils,
municipalities, govt. titles, public meetings & propagandas, corps of
volunteers or samitis, imaginative use of traditional festivals , emphasis
on self reliance , swadeshi or indigenous enterprises, program of
swadeshi or national education.

1906

- National council of education was set up to organize a system of

education literary, scientific & technical

- A Bengal institute of technology was also set up to send students to
Japan for advanced learning
- Nandlal bose famous painter was the first recipient of a scholarship
offered by the Indian society of oriental art founded in 1907
- Women were to play an imp. role in the movement from now.
1907

To further government interests the All Indian Muslim League was

propped up in 1907 as an anti congress front and reactionary elements
like Nawab Salimullah were encouraged.

Surat split
December 1907

Reasons : differences between extremist and moderates.

(i) Extremists wanted to extend the movement outside Bengal and
include all forms of associations (e.g. govt service, law courts,
legislative councils etc.) under the boycott programme but Moderates
didnt want to extend outside.
(ii) Extremist wanted strong resolution supporting their program but
Moderates didnt support boycott of councils and inclusion of similar
associations.
- Govt. played their strategy of isolating extremist frm the moderates.

Morley-minto
reform-1909

Morley- Secretary of state & Minto- Viceroy of India.

Reason of reform- Muslims demanded for separate electorates for them
and representation in excess of numerical strength.
Reforms :
1) No. of elected members Imperial L.C and Provincial L.C
increased. In provincial council.
- Non-Official majority introduced. But as some non-officials
were to be nominated therfore overall non-elected majority
remained.
2) In Imperial L.C out of 68, 36 officials, 32 non-officials and 5
nominatd. Out of 27 non-offcl8 seats fr muslims under
separate electorates6 reservd fr british capitalists, 2 for
landlords, 13 under genr=earl electorate.
3) Elected member indirectly electedlocal body elect electoral
collegein turn would elect members of provincial

legislatureswhich in turn elect members of central

legislature
4) Besides separate electorates for muslims, representation in
exces of the strength of population was accorded to the them.
Income qualification was also kept less than hindus.
5) Powers of legislatures increased. Both in central and
provincescould pass resolution, ask question, vote separate
items in the budget but the budget as a whole cannot be voted
upon.
6) One Indian was to be appointed to the viceroys executive
council. Satyendra Sinha was the 1st to be appointed in 1909.
Evaluation of the reform :
- Afforded no answer to Indian political problem. Morley made it clear
that colonial self govt. (as demanded by the Congress) was not suitable
fr india.
- He was against introduction of parliamentary or responsible govt.
1911

- It was decided to annul the partition of Bengal in 1911. It was also

decided to shift the capital to delhi as a sop to the muslim.
- Bihar and Orissa taken out of Bengal and Assam was made a separate
province.

1914

Komagata Maru Incident:- Komagata Maru, the ship, bouned with

370 passengers including sikh and Punjabi muslims would-be
immigrants, from Singapore to Vancouver. They were turned back by
the Canadian government after two months .The ship finally
anchored at Calcutta in september 1914. The inmates refused to board
the Punjab bound train. In ensuing with the police at Budge Budge near
Calcutta 22 persons died.

1915

The Berlin Committee of Indian Independence was established by

Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutta and Hardayal in
Europe with the help of German foreign office under Zimmerman
Plan

Home Rule League

Movement (1916)

- Based on Irish Home Rule Leagues.

- It was the response to the first world war in a less charged bt effective
way. Annie Besant and Tilak were the pioneers of this movement.
Factors leading to this movement
1) Section of nationalists felt that pressure was required to attain
concessions from govt.

2) Moderates were disillusioned with Morley-Minto Reforms

3) People were feeling the burden of wartime miseries due to high
taxation, price rise & were ready to participate in any aggressive
movement of protest.
4) The World War I exposed the myth of white superiority.
5) Tilak was ready to take leadership after his release in June 1914.
He assured the govt. of his loyalty & to Moderates a reform of
the administration & not overthrow of govt.
6) Annie Besant decided to enlarge her activities on the lines of the
Irish Home Rule Leagues.
Tilak and Besant parted their ways :
1) Tilaks league: set up in April 1916 nd restricted to
Maharashtra (excluding Bombay), Karnataka , Central Provinces
and Berar. Had 6 branches following demands :
(a) Swarajya (b) Formation of linguistic states & (c) Education
in the vernacular medium.
2) Besants League: set up in September 1916 in Madras and
covered rest of India(including Bombay).
George Arundale was the organizing secretary.

1916

- Govt. came down with heavy repression, specially in Madras

where students were prohibited from attending political
meetings.
- But repression only served to harden the attitude of the
agitators.

Govt. attitude.

Lucknow session of
Indian national
congress-1916

Readmission of extremist to congress.

Factors that caused reunion :
1)
2)
3)
4)

Lucknow pact
betwn congress and
Muslim League

Old controversies became meaningless.

Both realized split had caused political inactivity.
Annie besant and Tilak made various effort for reunion.
Death of two moderates (Gopal Krishna Gokhale & Feroze Shah
Mehta) that led moderate opposition, facilitated reunion.

Reasons for shift in leagues position:

1) Britain's refusal to help turkey (ruled by khalifa) had infuriated
muslims.
2) Annulment of partition of Bengal in 1911 annoyed those

muslims who supported the partition.

3) Refusal of british govt. to setup Aligarh university.
4) Younger league members were turning towards bolder
nationalist politics, trying to outgrow limited political outlook of
Aligarh school.
5) Young muslims infuriated wth repression during war.
Congress agreed separate electorate demand of the muslims :
Joint demand
1) Govt. should declare it would confer self government on Indians
at an early date.
2) L.C to be further expanded with more power & elected majority.
3) Half the members of viceroys executive council to be Indians.
Acceptance of principle of separate electorate by congress.which was a
major landmark in the evolution of two-nation theory
Though leaders came together, mass unity was nt considered.

Impact

Montagues
Statement August
1917

- Govt. policy of an increasing participation of Indians in every

branch of administration and gradual development of self
governing institutions with a view to the progressive realization of
responsible govt. in india as an integral part of British empire.
Indian objection :
1) No time frame was given.
2) Govt. alone was to decide the nature and timing of dvance twrds
responsible govt. and Indians were resentful that the british
would decide what was good and bad for the Indians.

Montague
Chemlsford
Reforms and
Government of
India Act 1919

1) Provincial government - Introduction of diarchy:

Executive :
1) Dyarchy i.e rule of two- exucutive councillors and popular
ministers introduced. Governer to be executive head of
province.
Subjects divided in two list(i) reserved list including law n order, finance, land revenue,

irrigation etc. Administered by guv thru his executive council of

bureaucrats.
(ii) transferred list including education, health, local
governmt, industry, agriculture, excise etc. Administered by
ministers nominated from among the elected members of L.C.
2) Ministers responsible to legislation had to resign if noconfidence motion was passed against them by legislature.
while executive councilors were not to b responsible to
legislature.
3) In case of failure of constitutional machinery in the province
the governer could take over administration of transferred
subjects.
4) Secretary of State & Governer General could interfere in
respect of reserved subjects while in respect to the
transferred subjects, scope of their interference was
restricted.
Legislature :
1) Provincial L.C were further expanded 70% members to
b elected
2) System of communal and class electorates further
consolidated..
3) Women also given right to vote
4) L.C could initiate legislation bt wd governers assent
governer cld veto bills nd issue ordinances
5) L.C cld reject budget bt governer cld restore it.
6) Legislators enjoyed freedom of speech

2) Central government
Executive
1) Governer general to b chief authority.
2) Two list fr administration central and provincial.
3) In viceroys council of 8 members, 3 to b Indian.
4) Governer general retained full control over the reserved
subjects in the provinces .
5) Governer general cld restore cuts in grants, certify bills
rejected by central legislature nd issue ordinances,,,
Legislature
1) Bicameral arrangement was introduced; lower house
or central legislative assembly consists of 144
members(41 nominated nd 103 elected 52 general, 30
muslims , 2 sikhs, 20 special) and the upper house or
council of state would have 60 members(26 nominated
and 34 elected 20 general, 10 muslims, 3 european and

1 sikh)
2) The council of state had tenure of 5 years and had only
male members while central legislative assembly had a
tenure of 3 years (vice versa is the today's scenario in a
nutshell).
3) Legislators cld ask questions & supplementaries, pass
adjournment motions and vote a part of the budget, bt
75% of the budget was stl nt votable..
4) Some Indians found their way into important committees
incldng finance.
1) Franchise was limited
2) At centre legislature had no control over the governer
general and his executive council
3) Division of subjects nt satisfactory
4) Allocation of seats fr central legislature to provinces was
based on importance of provinces not equity.
5) At level of provinces division of subjects and parallel
administration of two parts was irrational nd unworkable.
6) Provincial ministers had no contrl over finances and other
bureaucrats, leading to constant friction b/w the two.
Secretary of state was to b paid from the british exchequer.

Declared Reforms to b disappointing, unsatisfactory and demamded fr

effective self government instead.

Drawbacks

Important change

Congress reaction
Rowlatt act, march
1919

It authorized the government to imprison any person without trial &

conviction in a court of law, thus enabling the government to suspend
the right to haebus corpus which had been the foundation of civil
liberties in Britain.

Gandhi in India
During 1917 nd 1918 Champaran Satyagraha 1st CDM (1917)
- Regarding the problems of indigo planters. European planters frcing
Indian peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 of the total land (Tinkathia
System). Peasants were to be forced to sell produce at rates fixed by
Europeans.
Ahmadabad mill strike 1st Hunger Strike (1918)
- Gandhi undertook fast unto death to strengthen the strike. Demand of
ths strike was 35 % increase in wages.
Kheda Satyagraha 1st Non-Cooperation (1918)
- A/c to revenue code, if the yield was les than 1/4th the normal produce
the farmers were etitled to remission, but the authorities refused to grant
remission. Gandhi supported their cause and asked to withhold
revenue.
Satyagraha against
Rowlatt Act- 1st
mass strike.

- Observance of a nationwide hartal (stike) accompanied by fasting

and prayer, civil disobedience against specific laws , courting arrest and
imprisonment.
Radical change in the situation :

1) masses found a direction

2) from now onwards peasants, artisans, the urban poor were to
play an increasingly important part in the struggle.
3) Orientation of the movmnt turned to the masses permanently
Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre, April 13,
1919

General dyer responsible fr this massacre. Rabindra Nath Tagore

renounced Knighthood, Gandhi withdrew the movement on april
18,1919 .

Khilafat & NonCooperation

Movement

At a special session in Calcutta the Congress approved NonCooperation program till the Punjab (Jalianwala Bagh massacre)and
Khilafat wrongs were removed and swaraj was established.

September 1920

Program included.
1) Boycott of govt. school and colleges
2) boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice thru
panchayats.
3) boycott of legislative councils
4) boycott of foreign cloth and use of khadi instead. Also practc of
hand spinning to b done.
5) renunciation of govt honours and titles. 2nd phase included mass
Civil Disobedience including resignation from govt. services
nd non-payment of taxes.

October 1924

August 1925

HRA (Hindustan Republican Association) was formed in Punjab-UPBihar region

Kakori Robbery(8 down train with railway cash looted)

December 1928

Lahore:- Saunders murder by Bhagat, Azad and Rajguru in response to

the death of Lala Lajpat Rai due to lathi blows received during an antiSimon Commission procession.

April 1929

Bomb in Central assembly by Batukeshwar Dutta nd Bhagat singh

April 1930

Chittagong Army raid by Surya Sen.

Simon commission
Nov 1927

It was an all white , 7-member Indian statutory commission, who was to

recommend to the govt. whether India was ready to further
constitutional reforms and on what lines.

Response of Indians

Was immediate and unanimous.were angry due to the exclusion of

Indians from the commission.countrywide hartal, mass rallies held.

Civil disobedience
movement
1930-34

Gandhis eleven demands:

1)
2)
3)
4)

reduce expenditure on army and civil services by 50%

introduce total prohibition
carry our reforms in CID
change arms act allwing popular control of issue of firearms
licences
5) release political prisoners
6) accept postal reservation bill
7) reduce rupee sterling exchange ratio
8) introduce textile production
9) reserve coastal shipping for Indians
10) reduce land revenue by 50%
11) abolish salt tax and governments monopoly.

As no response from govt., Gandhi decided to launch civil disobedience

movement (CDM), with salt as the central formula for CDM.
Dandi march (1930)

Dandi march-(March 12 6 april, 1930) :

Gandhi informed Viceroy of hs plan of action.
Actions to b taken :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

First round table

conference

wherever possible CDM of salt should be started.

foreign liquor and cloth shops to be picketed.
refuse to pay tax if we have requisite strength.
lawyers give up practice.
public can boycott law courts by refraining frm litigation.
govt. servants can resign from posts.
all these for one condition truth and non-violence as means
to attain swaraj shld b faithfully adhered to.

Nov 1930-Jan 1931

Congress and most leaders boycotted; Muslim League, hindu

mahasabha, liberals and princes attended it.

Gandhi Irwin pact

Irwin on behalf of govt. agreed on.

05 March 1931

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

immediate release of political prisoners..

remission of all fines not yet collected
return of all land not sold to third party
lenient treatment to those govt. servants who had resigned
right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consumption
right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing
withdrawal of emergency ordinances

Viceroy turned down two of Gandhis demand

1) public enquiry into police exceses
2) commutation of bhagat singh and his comrades' death sentence
to life sentence
Gandhi on behalf of congress agreed on
1) suspend civil disobedience movement
2) to participte in the next round table conference on the
constitutional question n around three lynch pins of
federation, Indian responsibility, reservation and safeguards
that may b necessary in indias interest
Difference between
civil disobedience
movement and noncooperation
movement

2nd RTC & 2nd

Civil Disobedience
Movement
Sept 1931- Dec 1931

Non-Cooporation Movement

Civil Disobedience Movement

1) demand for only swaraj

Complete independence

2) only non-coperation with

foreign rule

Involved violation of law

3) Boycott of govt. school

and colleges
boycott of law courts and
dispensation of justice
thru panchayats

Decline in forms of protest as in

non-coperation such as lawyers
giving up practice, students
giving up schools or colleges

4) Strong muslim
participation

Muslim participation no where

near non cooperation movement

5) Major labour upsurge

No major labour upsurge

coincided with the movement

6) Not much peasant or

business groups
participated

Massive participation of peasants

and business groups compensated
fr decline of other features

7) No. of imprisoned were

less

No. of imprisoned were 3 times

this time

8) Congress nt
organizationally stronger

Congress more stronger

organisationally

Conference failed due to the following :

1) Right wing in Britain strongly objected to British govt.
negotiating wth the congress on an equal basis; instead
demanded strong govt. in india.
2) Majority of RTC delegates were loyalist, reactionary, communal,

conservative.
3) Session got deadlocked on the question of minoritiesseparate
electorate demand fr minorities, Christians, anglo Indians
4) Princes were also nt interested much after the possibility of
congress govt at the centre
Session ended wth the following announcement by MacDonald
1) Two muslim majority province- Sindh and NWFP
2) Setting of Indian consultative committee
3) Three expert committees- finance, franchise , states
4) Prospect of unilateral communal award if Indians failed to
agree
Govt. failed to concede the basic Indian demand, Gandhi
returned and resumed CDM.
Communal award
16 Aug 1932
Congress stand
Poona pact
24 Sept 1932

Govt. of india act,

1935

3rd RTCNov 1932-Dec 1932

Declared depressed class also to be minorities and entitled them

separate electorate.
Decided neither to accept nor to reject....
It was signed by Pt Madan Mohan Malviya and some Hindu
leaders and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and some Dalit leaders.
- The pact abandoned separate electorate for depressed clas,
but the seats reserved for depressed classes were increased
from 71 to 147 in provincial legislature and 18 % of the total
central legislature
Poona Pact accepted by govt. as an amendment to communal
award.
3rd round table conference without participation of congress
led to the formulation of Govt. of india act, 1935
1) An all india federation comprise of all british Indian provinces,
all chief commissioners provinces and Indian states.two
conditions to b satisfied for the above formation i.e i) states with
allotment of 52 seats in proposed council of states shld agree in
the above federation ii) aggregrate population of states in the
above category shld b 50% of the total population of all Indian
states..since conditions nt fulfilled.federation never came
up..
2) Federal level:
Executive
Governer general pivot of the entire constitution
Subjects divided between reserved and transferred
subjects.
Reserved Subjects foreign affairs, defence, tribal
areas, ecclesiastical affairs- to b exclusively admnstrd by
governer general on the advice of executive councilors;

Executive councilors not responsible to the central

legislature.
Transferred Subjects - included all other subjects
administered by governor general on the advice of
ministers elected by the legislature. Ministers were
responsible to federal legislature and had to resign on
losing confidence of the body.
Governer general could act on his individual
judgement for the security and tranquility of india

Legislature

Bicameral legislature was to have an upper house (Council of States)

and lower house (Federal Assembly). Council of states to have 260
members partly elected from british Indian provinces and partly(40 %)
nominated by princes. Federal Assembly to be of 375 members, partly
elected from british Indian provinces and partly (1/3) nominated by the
princes.

Election of Council of States was direct and Federal

Assembly indirect (Opp. to today's scenario).
Council of States- Permanent body with 1/3 members retiring
every third year; Duration of Assembly- 5 years.
Three list of legislation purposes were to be federal, provincial
and concurrent.
Members of Federal Assembly could move a vote of noconfidence against ministers. Council of States couldn't vote a
no-confidence.
System of religion based and class based electorates further
extended.
80% budget was not votable.
Governor general had residuary powers. He could
a) restore cuts in grants. b) certify bills rejected by the
legislature. c) issue ordinances. d) exercise his veto
Provincial Autonomy

Dyarchy was abolished and Provincial autonomy was

established in place of it.
Provinces granted autonomy and separate legal identity.
Provinces freed from "superintendence direction" of the
Secretary of State and Governor General and had direct
authority from the crown.
Were given financial powers and resources; Could borrow
money on their own security.

Executive

Separate electorate based on communal award were

to be made operational.
All members were to b directly elected. Franchise was
extended; Women got right on the same basis as men.
Ministers were to administer all provincial subjects in a
council of ministers headed by a premier
Ministers made answerable to and removable by the
adverse vote of legislature.
Provincial legislature could legislate on subjects in
provincial and concurrent list.
40% of budget stl not votable
Governor could
a)refuse assent to bill
b) promulgate ordinances
c) enact governers acts
Evaluation of the
Act

August Offer by
Lord Linlithgow on
8 Aug 1940

Evaluation

Numerous safeguards and special responsibilities of

governor-general worked as brakes in the proper
functioning of the act.
In provinces, governor still had extensive powers.
Act enfranchised 14% of british Indian population
Extension of communal award led to partition of
india.
Act provided a rigid constitution with no possibility of
internal growth. Right of Amendment was reserved with
british parliament.

Viceroy announced the following :

Dominion status as the objective of india.
Expansion of viceroys executive council
Setting up of Constituent Assembly after the war where
mainly Indians would decide the constitution a/c to their
economic, social & political conceptions.
No future constitution to be adopted without the consent of
minorities, i.e. Veto Power was granted to Muslim League or
other minorities.
- Inherent right of Indians to frame their constitution was
recognised and demad for constituent assembly was conceded.
Executive council enlarged to give Indians a majority of 8 out 12 for the
first time. But whites remained in charge of defence, finance and home.
Also a national defence council was set up with purely advisory

functions.
Cripps Mission,
march 1942

- Led by Stafford Cripps with constitutional proposals to seek Indian

support for the 2nd World War.

Reasons why Cripps

Mission sent

Main proposal of the

Mission

Because of reverses suffered by British in South-east Asia,

Japanese threat to invade india seemed real and support of india
bcme crucial.
Pressure from allies (U.S, USSR, China) to ssek Indian
cooperation.
Indian nationalist had agreed to support the allied cause if
substantial power was transferred immediately and complete
independence given after the war.
An Indian union with Dominion status would be set up. It
would be free to decide its relation with commonwealth and free
to participate in the United Nations and other international
bodies.

After the end of war, Constituent Assembly would be convened

where Indians would frame a new constitutionmembers to b
partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional
representation and partly nominated by princes.
British govt. would accept the new constitution on two
conditions.
1) any province nt willing to join the union could have a
separate constitution and form a separate union.
2) new constitution making body and the british govt. would
negotiate a treaty to effect the transfer of power and to
safeguard racial and religious minorities
In the meantime, defence of india would remain in british hands
and governor general power would remain intact
Congress objected to :
1) offer of dominion status instead of provision for complete
independence.
2) representation of states by nominees and not by elected
representatives
3) right to provinces to secede as this went against the principle of
national unity
4) absence of any plan for immediate transfer of power.
Muslim league :

1) criticized the idea of single union

Why Cripps Mission
failed

2) did not like the machinery for the creation of constituent assembly
and the procedure to decide on the accession of provinces to the union
3) thought that the proposals denied to the Muslims the right to selfdetermination and the creation of Pakistan.

Quit India
Movement, 1942

After Cripps departure Gandhi framed a resolution calling for british

withdrawal and a non-violent non-cooperation movement against any

Japanese invasion.
Steps of this movement :

demand an immediate end of British rule in india.

declare commitment of free india to defend itself against all
types of fascism and imperialism.
form a provisional govt. of india after British withdrawal.
sanction a CDM against British rule.
Gandhi was named the leader of the movement.

Gandhi's instructions to different sections :

Govt. servants :- donot quit job but declare allegiance to

congress.
Soldiers :- donot leave army but do not fire on patriots.
Students :- if confident leave studies.
Peasants :- if zaminders anti govt. pay mutually agreed rent. If
zaminders pro-govt. do not pay rent.
Princes :- support the masses and accept sovereingnty of your
people.
Princely states people :- support the ruler only if he is an anti
govt and declare yorselves to b a part of Indian nation.
Follow the mantra Do or die
Main points :

Rajagopalchari
Formula

Muslim league to endorse congress demand for independence.

League to cooperate with congress in forming provisional govt
at centre.
After the end of the war entire population of muslim majority
areas in north west and north east india to decide by plebiscite
whether or not to form a separate sovereign state
In case of acceptance of partition agreement to b made jointly
for safeguarding defence, commerce, communications etc
Above terms to be operational only if England transferred full
powers to india.

Jinnah's Objections

He wanted congress to accept two nation theory. Also opposed the idea
of common centre.

Desai-Liaqat pact

Congress & League came with the draft proposal for the formation of
interim govt consisting of :
1) An equal no. of persons nominated by the congress and the

muslim league in the central legislature.

2) 20% reserved seats for minorities.
# No settlement could be reached b/w Congress and League.
Wavell planJune 1945

Lord Wavell was permitted to start negotiation with Indian leaders after
the war in Europe came to end.

Why govt so keen

for solution now?

Main proposals of
the Wavell Plan

General election in England scheduled for mid 1945,

conservatives wanted to be seen as sincere on reachng a
solution.
Pressure from allies to seek further Indian cooperation in the
war.
Govt. wanted to divert Indian energies into channels more
profitable for the British.

Except governor general and commander-in chief , all members

of the executive council were to be Indians.
Hindus and muslims were to have equal representation.
Reconstructed council was to function as an interim govt. within
the framework of the 1935 act (not responsible to central
assembly).
Governor general was to exercise veto power on the advice of
the ministers.
Representatives of diifrent parties were to submit a joint list to
the viceroy for nominations to the executive council.
Possibilities were to be kept open for negotiations on a new
constitution once the war was finally won.

# League wanted all muslim members to be league nominees, bcz feared

that since the aims of other minorities depressed classes , Sikhs,
christians, were the same as those of the congress, this would reduce the
league to a 1/3rd majority.

Muslim league stand

# Objected to the plan as an attempt to reduce the congress to the
status of a purely caste hindu party and insisted on its right to include
members of all communities among its members.
# Wavell announced a breakdown of talks thus giving the league a

Congress stand

virtual veto that strengthened the leagues position.

Wavells mistake
Cabinet mission

Why British
withdrawal seemed
imminent now ?

Atlee govt announced in feb 1946 that it would send a high powered
mission of 3 british cabinets members to find out ways and means for a
negotiated, peaceful transfer power to india.

Success of nationalist forces in the struggle for hegemony

Long war had caused weariness and worries. Only depleted war
weary bureaucracy battered by 1942 events remained
British strategy of conciliation and repression had its limitation
and contradictions1) After cripps mission failed, there was little left to offer for
conciliation.
2) When non violent resistence was repressed with force, the
naked force behind the govt. stood exposed.
3) Efforts to woo the congress dismayed the loyalists.

Main points of
Cabinet Mission
Plan

Congress raj proved to b a big morale booster for deeper

penetration of nationalism.
Demand of leniency for INA prisonrs frm withn the army.
Entirely official rule to repress a mass movement seemed
impossible.
Govt realized settlement was necessary for good future of
Indo-British relations.

Rejection of demand for full fledged Pakistan bcz :

1) Pakistan so formed would include a large non-muslim
population-38% in the north west and 48% in the north
east.
2) Very principle of communal self determination would claim
separation of hindu-majority western Bengal and sikh nd
hindu dominated ambala and Jullundur divisions of Punjab.
3) Deep seated regional ties would b disturbed if Bengal
Punjab were partitioned
4) Partition would entail economic and administrative
problems.
5) Division of armed forces would be dangerous.
Grouping of existing provincial assemblies into 3 sections1) Section A- madras, Bombay, central provinces, united

provinces, bihar, Orissa (hindu majority provinces).

2) Section B- north west frontier province nd sindh (muslim
majority).
3) Section C- Bengal and assam (muslim majority).

Three tier executive and legislature at provincial section and

union levels.
Constitutional assembly to be elected by provincial
assemblies by proportional representation.389 member
body with provincial assemblies sending 292, chief
commissioners provinces sending 4 and princely states sending
93
In constituent assembly, members of the three sections, A,B,C
were to seat separately to decide the constitution for provinces.
Then the whole assembly shall sit together to formulate the
union constitution. Common centre would control defence,
communication and external affairs.
Communal questions to be decided by simple majority of both
communities present and voting.
Provinces were to have full autonomy and residual powers.
Princely states no longer to be under paramountcy. Would b
free to enter into an arrangement with successor govts. or
Brtish govt.
After first general election a province free to come out of a
group and after 10 years, a province free to call for
reconsideration of the group or the union constitution
Meanwhile an interim govt. to b formed from constituent
assembly.

Congress :
1) Provinces need not wait till the first general election to come out
of group. Should have an option of not joining any group in the
first place.
2) Compulsory groupings contradicts the opt-repeated insistence on
provincial autonomy.
3) Absence of provision for elected members from the princely
staes in the constituent assembly was not acceptable.
Muslim League :
1) Grouping should b compulsory with sections B nd C developing
into solid entities for future Pakistan.
# League accepted the plan on june 6 and congress accepted on 24th

june, 1946.

Objections

Main Points :

Atlees statement,
feb,1947

A deadline of june 30,1948 was fixed for transfer of power

even if the Indian politicians had nt agreed by that time on
constitution.
British would relinquish power either to some form of central
govt. or in some areas to the existing provincial govt. if the
constituent assembly was nt fully representative.
British powers and obligations vis--vis the princely sates would
lapse with transfer of powers, but these would not be transferred
to any successor govt. in british india.
Mountbatten would replace Wavell as the viceroy.
Important points of the plan :

Mountbatten plan,
June 3, 1947

Punjab and Bengal legislative assemblies would meet in two

groups, hindus nd muslims , to vote for partition. If a simple
majority of either group voted for partition then these provinces
would be partitioned.
In case of partition, two dominions and two constituent
assemblies would be created.
Sindh would take its own decision.
Referendum in NWFP and sylhet district of Bengal wld decide
the fate of these areas
Since the congress had conceded a unified india, all their

points would be met1) Independence for princely states ruled out, they
would either join india or Pakistan.
2) Independence for Bengal ruled out.
3) Accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled out.
Freedom would come on August 15,1947.
Boundary commission would b set up if partition was to be
effected.

1) It would ensure peaceful and quick transfer of power.

2) It was more important for the congress to assume authority to
check the explosive situation.
3) It would allow for some much needed continuity in bureaucracy
and army.

Why Congress
accepted dominion
status
On july 18th, 1947, British parliament ratified the Mountbatten Plan as
the Independence of India Act, 1947.
Act provided the following :
Indian
Independence Act,
1947

1) Creation of two independent dominions of india nd Pakistan

w.e.f august 15,1947
2) Each dominion was to have a governor-general to be responsibl
for effective operation.
3) Constituent assembly of each new dominion was to exercise
the powers of legislature of that dominion.
4) Existing legislative assembly and the council of states were to b
automatically dissolved.
5) Till the new constitution was adopted both the dominion was to
act in accordance with Govt. of India Act, 1935.
6) As per provisions of Govt. of India Act 1947, India got its
freedom 15th august ,1947 with Lord Mountbatten as its
governor general and Pakistan got its freedom on 14th August
with Jinnah as its first governor general.

INDIAN

NATIONAL

CONGRESS

S. DAT PLA
NO E
CE
.

PRESID
ED BY

AIMS &
REMAR
OBJECTIVE KS
S

1)

DEC.
1885

Bombay

W.c bannerjee

1)found a democratic
nationalist movement
2)educate people
3)develop n propagate
anti-colonial nationalist
ideology
4)common economic
and political program
5)promote n nurture
indian nationhood
6)promote friendly
relations among
nationalist political
workers from different
parts of the country.

2)

1905

Benaras

Gokhale

3)

1906

Calcutta

4)

1916

Lucknow

Dadabhai
naoroji
Ambika charan
majumder

FIRST
SESSION OF
CONGRESS

1) Condemn the
partition of
bengal
2) Support the anti
partition and
swadeshi
movement of
bengal
1) Self government
or swaraj

Swaraj was
mentioned for
first time

1) Readmission of
extremists to
congress
2) Lucknow pact
between
congress and
muslim league

Joint demands:1) Government

should declare
that it would
confer self govt.
on Indians at
anearly date.

2) legislative
councils should
be further
expanded with
an elected
majority and
more power
given to them.

3) Half the
members of
viceroys council
should be
Indians.

5)

AUG
1918

Bombay

Hasan imam

Declared montague
chelmsford reform
disappointing and
demanded effective self
government

Special session

6)

SEP
1920

Calcutta

Annie besant

Congress approved a
non coperation
programme till punjab
and khilafat wrongs
were removed and
swaraj was established

Special session

7)

DEC
1920

Nagpur

8)

1921

Ahmedab
ad

1) Programmes of
non-cooperation
was endorsed
2) 15 congress
working
committee were
made
C.r das (while in
jail) acting
president hakim
ajmal khan

Congress appinted
gandhi as the sole
authority to start civil
disobedience movement

CONSTITUITIONAL BODIES

NAME OF
THE
BODY

ART.

COMPOSITION

APPOINT
MENT

TERM

REMOV
AL

MAIN
FUNCTION

REMARKS

ELECTIO
N
COMMIS
SION

324

1 - Chief election
commissioner(CEC
) and other election
commissioner(EC)
as the president
may fix

By
president

(Determin
ed by the
president)

CEC
Cannot
be
removed
except in
same
manner n
on same
ground
as a
Judge of
Supreme
Court by
special
majority
of both
houses

Election to the
parliament,
state
legislatures,
office of the
president and
vice president

Election to
panchayats
and
municipaliti
es conduted
by state
election
commission
er,

By the
president
in the
manner
given in
the
constituti
on. But
the
president
has to
refer the
matter to
supreme
court for
enquiry
and
advise is
binding
on the
president

Appointment
s to all india
services , etc

6 years or
untill 65
age
whichever
is earlier

2 - Presently 3
election
commissioners(incl
uding CEC)

UPSC

315323
part
XIV

1) chairman nd
other members
(constitution not
mentioned the
strength),
2) - usually 9 to 11
members including
chairman,
3) - qualification
not mentioned
except that one-half
members should be
persons who have
held govt. office for
atleast 10 years.

By
president

6 years or
65 age
whichever
is earlier.
Resignatio
n to the
president

Advices
president/G
overnors on
the
disqualificat
ion of
MPs /
MLAs

Chairman
not eligible
for further
employmen
t, member
of upsc not
for other
employmen
t except
chairman
of upsc or
spsc.

Recommen
dations are
not binding
on the
governmen
t.

SPSC

315323

Same as above

By
Governor

6 years or
62 age
whichever
is earlier

By the
President
as above

Refer book

Eligible for
appointment
as UPSC or
SPSC
member or
chairman or
chairman for
any other
spsc, but no
other
employment
under GOI

Recommendat
ions to
president of
india on the
follwng

Recommend
ations are
only
advisory nt
binding,

Chairman
of JSPSC
are
appointed
by
president

FINANC
E
COMMIS
SION(qua
si judicial
body)

280

Chairman and four

other member

1 judge of a high
court or qualified to
b appointed as one
2 specialized
knowledge of
finance and
accounts of govt.
3 who has wide
experience in
financial matters
and administration
4 who has specil
knowledgeof
economics

Constitute
d by
President
every five
year or
any earlier
time as n
when
required

Five years

1 net
proceeds of
tax btwn
centre and
state

2 grants in
aids by centre
to states

3 measures
to augment
consolidated
fund of state
to supplement
panchayats
and

municipalities

4 matter
referred to it
by president

NATION
AL
COMMIS
SION
FOR SCs

338,
part
XVI
(65th
const
itutio
nl
amen
dmen
t act)

A chairperson, a
vice chairperson
and three other
members

Appointed
by
president

Determine
d by the
president

All works
related to SCs

Is vested
with power
to regulate
its own
procedure,

While
inquiring
into matter
has all the
power of
civil court

Also
required to c
into OBCs
and Anglo
Indians

NATION
AL
COMMIS
SION
FOR STs

338A

Same as above

Same
aas
abov
e

The Ministry of
Social Justice and
empowerment coordinates all
activities relating to

Same as
above

Same as
above.
Under the
rules they
hold
office for
three

All works
related to STs

Same as
above
accept dt of
OBCs and
Anglo
Indians

the SCs
SPECIAL
OFFICE
R FOR
LINGUIS
TIC
MINORI
TIES

350B,

CAG

148

Part
XVII

A special officer
for linguistic
minorities,
Commissioner has
its Hqtrs at
Belgaum(Karnatak
a), Chennai(Tamil
Nadu),
Kolkata(West
Bengal), Each
headed by Asst.
Commissioner.
Commissioer at
hqtrs assisted by
Dy. Comm. And
Asst. Comm.

years
Appointed
by
President,

Commissi
oner falls
under
Union
Minority
Affirs
Minister

Appointed
by the
President,

Not
eligible
for reappointme
nt, salary
equal to
judge of
supreme
court,

Attorney
general of
india

76

Highest law officer

of india,

By
president,

He is not a govt,
servant,not a full
time counsel for
govt.

Must b a
citizen of
india and
must hv
bn a judge
of some
high court
fr 5 years

Therefore not
barred from private

All functions
related to
linguistic
minorities

6 years or
65 age ,
whichever
is earlier,

Resign by
givng
resignatio
n to the
president

Holds
office
during the
pleasure
of the
president,

resign by
givng
resignatio
n to

Removed
by
president
as a
judge of
supreme
court by
special
majority
of both
the
houses

Constitut
ion desnt
contain
procedur
e for his
removal

1 guardian
of public
purse and
controls
entire
financial
system-both
centre and
state level
2 no
minister can
represent in
parliament

Assisted by
solicitor
general and
additional
solicitor
general in his
works

1 has right
of audience
in all courts
n india

2 right to
speak and
take part in
proceedings
of both
house, but

legal practice.

Advocate
general of
state

165

Highest law officer

of state

or an
advocate
of some
high court
for ten
years

president
when
govt.
Resigns as
he s
appointed
on their
advice

By
governor,

During the
pleasure
of the
governor

Shld b
citizen of
india,

Mst hv
held
judicial
office for
10 yrs or
bn an
advocate
for high
court fr 10
yrs

Resigns to
governor
when
govt.
Resigned
or
replaced

cant vote.

3 he is not
a member of
cabinet ,
thrfre
separate law
minister to
look after
legal matters
at govt level

Same as
above

Right to
speak nd
take part in
both houses
of state
legislatures
or any
committee
of state
legislature
bt cant vote