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Mi trng l g?
"Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v yu t vt cht nhn to quan h mt thit vi nhau,
bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng ti i sng, sn xut, s tn ti, pht trin ca con ngi v
thin nhin." (Theo iu 1, Lut Bo v Mi trng ca Vit Nam).
Mi trng sng ca con ngi theo chc nng c chia thnh cc loi:
Mi trng theo ngha rng l tt c cc nhn t t nhin v x hi cn thit cho s sinh sng, sn
xut ca con ngi, nh ti nguyn thin nhin, khng kh, t, nc, nh sng, cnh quan, quan h
x hi...
Mi trng theo ngha hp khng xt ti ti nguyn thin nhin, m ch bao gm cc nhn t t
nhin v x hi trc tip lin quan ti cht lng cuc sng con ngi. V d: mi trng ca hc
sinh gm nh trng vi thy gio, bn b, ni quy ca trng, lp hc, sn chi, phng th
nghim, vn trng, t chc x hi nh on, i vi cc iu l hay gia nh, h tc, lng xm
vi nhng quy nh khng thnh vn, ch truyn ming nhng vn c cng nhn, thi hnh v cc
c quan hnh chnh cc cp vi lut php, ngh nh, thng t, quy nh.
Tm li, mi trng l tt c nhng g c xung quanh ta, cho ta c s sng v pht trin.
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Mi trng l ni cha ng cc cht ph thi do con ngi to ra trong cuc sng v hot
ng sn xut ca mnh.
Mi trng l ni gim nh cc tc ng c hi ca thin nhin ti con ngi v sinh vt trn
tri t.
Mi trng l ni lu tr v cung cp thng tin cho con ngi.
Con ngi lun cn mt khong khng gian dnh cho nh , sn xut lng thc v ti to mi
trng. Con ngi c th gia tng khng gian sng cn thit cho mnh bng vic khai thc v
chuyn i chc nng s dng ca cc loi khng gian khc nh khai hoang, ph rng, ci to cc
vng t v nc mi. Vic khai thc qu mc khng gian v cc dng ti nguyn thin nhin c
th lm cho cht lng khng gian sng mt i kh nng t phc hi.
Cung cp s ghi chp v lu tr lch s a cht, lch s tin ho ca vt cht v sinh vt, lch
s xut hin v pht trin vn ho ca loi ngi.
Cung cp cc ch th khng gian v tm thi mang tnh cht bo ng sm cc nguy him i
vi con ngi v sinh vt sng trn tri t nh cc phn ng sinh l ca c th sng trc
khi xy ra cc tai bin thin nhin v hin tng thin nhin c bit nh bo, ng t, v.v.
Lu tr v cung cp cho con ngi s a dng cc ngun gien, cc loi ng thc vt, cc h
sinh thi t nhin v nhn to, cc v p v cnh quan c gi tr thm m, tn gio v vn
ho khc.
Phi lm g bo v mi trng?
bo v mi trng, Lut Bo v Mi trng ca Vit Nam nghim cm cc hnh vi sau y:
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Nhp khu cng ngh, thit b khng p ng tiu chun mi trng, nhp khu, xut khu
cht thi;
S dng cc phng php, phng tin, cng c hu dit hng lot trong khai thc, nh bt
cc ngun ng vt, thc vt.
Khoa hc mi trng l g?
"Khoa hc mi trng l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu mi quan h v tng tc qua li gia con
ngi v mi trng xung quanh nhm mc ch bo v mi trng sng ca con ngi trn tri
t".
Mi trng l i tng nghin cu ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc nh sinh hc, a hc, ho hc,
v.v... Tuy nhin, cc ngnh khoa hc ch quan tm n mt phn hoc mt thnh phn ca mi
trng theo ngha hp m khng c mt ngnh khoa hc no ang c hin nay iu kin nghin
cu v gii quyt mi nhim v ca cng tc bo v mi trng l qun l v bo v cht lng
cc thnh phn mi trng sng ca con ngi v sinh vt trn tri t.
Nh vy, c th xem khoa hc mi trng l mt ngnh khoa hc c lp, c xy dng trn c
s tch hp cc kin thc ca cc ngnh khoa hc c cho mt i tng chung l mi trng
sng bao quanh con ngi vi phng php v ni dung nghin cu c th.
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t x hi thng qua vic lm suy thoi ngun ti nguyn ang l i tng ca hot ng pht trin
hoc gy ra thm ho, thin tai i vi cc hot ng kinh t x hi trong khu vc.
cc quc gia c trnh pht trin kinh t khc nhau c cc xu hng gy nhim mi trng
khc nhau. V d:
Mu thun gia mi trng v pht trin trn dn n s xut hin cc quan nim hoc cc l
thuyt khc nhau v pht trin:
L thuyt nh ch pht trin l lm cho s tng trng kinh t bng (0) hoc mang gi tr (-)
bo v ti nguyn thin nhin ca tri t.
Mt s nh khoa hc khc li xut ly bo v ngn chn s nghin cu, khai thc ti
nguyn thin nhin.
Nm 1992 cc nh mi trng a ra quan nim pht trin bn vng, l pht trin
trong mc duy tr cht lng mi trng, gi cn bng gia mi trng v pht trin.
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nhim khng kh (bi, SO2, CO2 v.v...) vt tiu chun cho php ti cc th, khu cng
nghip.
Hiu ng nh knh ang gia tng lm bin i kh hu ton cu.
Tng ozon b ph hu.
Sa mc ho t ai do nhiu nguyn nhn nh bc mu, mn ho, phn ho, kh hn.
Ngun nc b nhim.
nhim bin xy ra vi mc ngy cng tng.
Rng ang suy gim v s lng v suy thoi v cht lng
S chng loi ng thc vt b tiu dit ang gia tng.
Rc thi, cht thi ang gia tng v s lng v mc c hi.
Sn xut sch hn l g?
"Sn xut sch hn l ci tin lin tc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, sn phm v dch v
gim s dng ti nguyn thin nhin, phng nga ti ngun nhim khng kh, nc v t, v
gim pht sinh cht thi ti ngun, gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng"
i vi qu trnh sn xut: Sn xut sch hn bao gm tit kim nguyn vt liu, nng
lng, loi tr cc nguyn liu c, gim lng v c ca cc dng thi trc khi i ra
khi qu trnh sn xut.
i vi sn phm: Sn xut sch hn lm gim nh hng trong ton b vng i ca sn
phm t khu ch bin nguyn liu n khu thi b cui cng.
S c mi trng l g?
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nhim mi trng l g?
Theo Lut Bo v Mi trng ca Vit Nam:
" nhim mi trng l s lm thay i tnh cht ca mi trng, vi phm Tiu chun mi
trng".
Trn th gii, nhim mi trng c hiu l vic chuyn cc cht thi hoc nng lng vo mi
trng n mc c kh nng gy hi n sc kho con ngi, n s pht trin sinh vt hoc lm
suy gim cht lng mi trng. Cc tc nhn nhim bao gm cc cht thi dng kh (kh thi),
lng (nc thi), rn (cht thi rn) cha ho cht hoc tc nhn vt l, sinh hc v cc dng nng
lng nh nhit , bc x.
Tuy nhin, mi trng ch c coi l b nhim nu trong hm lng, nng hoc cng
cc tc nhn trn t n mc c kh nng tc ng xu n con ngi, sinh vt v vt liu.
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ISO 14000 l g?
Nm 1993, T chc Tiu chun quc t (ISO) bt u xy dng mt b cc tiu chun quc t v
Qun l mi trng gi l ISO 14000. B tiu chun ny gm 3 nhm chnh:
Tt c cc doanh nghip.
Cc khu vc nh dch v, ngn hng, bo him, khch sn, xut nhp khu, bun bn, phn
phi, lu kho, vn ti hng ho, khai thc.
Cc c quan nh trng hc, cc c quan chnh ph v cc t hp qun s.
Cho n nay, rt nhiu nc trn th gii p dng cc tiu chun trong b ISO 14000.
nh gi tc ng mi trng l g?
"nh gi tc ng mi trng l qu trnh phn tch, nh gi, d bo nh hng n mi
trng ca cc d n quy hoch, pht trin kinh t - x hi, ca cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh,
cng trnh kinh t, khoa hc k thut, y t, vn ho, x hi, an ninh, quc phng v cc cng trnh
khc, xut cc gii php thch hp v bo v mi trng".
Hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi y c loi mang tnh kinh t - x hi ca quc gia, ca mt
a phng ln, hoc mt ngnh kinh t vn ha quan trng (lut l, chnh sch quc gia, nhng
chng trnh quc gia v pht trin kinh t - x hi, k hoch quc gia di hn), c loi mang tnh
kinh t - x hi vi m nh n xy dng cng trnh xy dng c bn, quy hoch pht trin, s
s dng mt dng hoc nhiu dng ti nguyn thin nhin ti mt a phng nh. Tuy nhin, mt
hot ng c ngha vi m i vi cp quc gia, nhng c th c ngha v m i vi x nghip.
Hot ng vi m nhng c t chc mt cch ph bin trn a bn rng c khi li mang ngha
v m.
Tc ng n mi trng c th tt hoc xu, c li hoc c hi nhng vic nh gi tc ng mi
trng s gip nhng nh ra quyt nh ch ng la chn nhng phng n kh thi v ti u v
kinh t v k thut trong bt c mt k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi no.
Kinh t mi trng l g?
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An ninh mi trng l g?
"An ninh mi trng l trng thi m mt h thng mi trng c kh nng m bo iu kin
sng an ton cho con ngi trong h thng ".
Mt h thng mi trng b mt an ninh c th do cc nguyn nhn t nhin (thin tai) hoc do cc
hot ng ca con ngi (khai thc cn kit ti nguyn thin nhin, thi cht c vo mi trng
gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng, suy gim a dng sinh hc,...) hoc phi hp tc ng ca c
hai nguyn nhn trn. Trng thi an ninh ca ring phn h sinh thi t nhin c gi l an ninh
sinh thi, do an ninh sinh thi l mt kha cnh ca an ninh mi trng.
Cung cp cc nh gi v din bin cht lng mi trng trn quy m quc gia, phc v
vic xy dng bo co hin trng mi trng.
Cung cp cc nh gi v din bin cht lng mi trng ca tng vng trng im c
quan trc phc v cc yu cu tc thi ca cc cp qun l nh nc v bo v mi
trng.
Cnh bo kp thi cc din bin bt thng hay cc nguy c nhim, suy thoi mi trng.
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Xy dng c s d liu v cht lng mi trng phc v vic lu tr, cung cp v trao i
thng tin trong phm vi quc gia v quc t.
Sc p mi trng l g?
Trc khi thc hin mt d n pht trin, ngi ta thng phi ch n sc p mi trng. "Sc
p mi trng l nhng kh khn, tr ngi do mi trng (t nhin, kinh t, x hi) tc ng ln
d n pht trin".
Sc p mi trng l yu t nm ngoi ca d n v hon ton khng c mong i xy ra khi
trin khai d n. C th phn loi sc p mi trng thnh hai loi nh sau:
Nh vy, c th nhn thy s phn loi sc p mi trng ph thuc hon ton vo nng lc, quy
m ca d n. Mt yu t mi trng c th l sc p mi trng "nm ngoi" kh nng khc phc
ca d n ny nhng li "nm trong" trong kh nng khc phc ca d n khc c nng lc v quy
m ln hn. Phn loi nh vy s thun li hn trong vic nh gi nhanh tnh kh thi ca d n v
gip cho vic tm kim cc gii php hn ch, khc phc cc sc p mi trng mt cch hiu qu
nht.
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trng nh hp. Bi vy, chng ta khng nhng cn phng nga nhim cng nghip m cn cn
phng nga c th gy nhim, nh hng trc tip ti sc kho chng ta.
nh hng ti nhu cu v cht lng nc: Du lch l ngnh cng nghip tiu th nc
nhiu, thm ch tiu hao ngun nc sinh hot hn c nhu cu nc sinh hot ca a
phng.
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Nc thi: Nu nh khng c h thng thu gom nc thi cho khch sn, nh hng th nc
thi s ngm xung bn nc ngm hoc cc thu vc ln cn (sng, h, bin), lm lan
truyn nhiu loi dch bnh nh giun sn, ng rut, bnh ngoi da, bnh mt hoc lm
nhim cc thu vc gy hi cho cnh quan v nui trng thy sn.
Rc thi: Vt rc thi ba bi l vn chung ca mi khu du lch. y l nguyn nhn gy
mt cnh quan, mt v sinh, nh hng n sc kho cng ng v ny sinh xung t x hi.
nhim khng kh: Tuy c coi l ngnh "cng nghip khng khi", nhng du lch c th
gy nhim kh thng qua pht x kh thi ng c xe my v tu thuyn, c bit l cc
trng im v trc giao thng chnh, gy hi cho cy ci, ng vt hoang di v cc cng
trnh xy dng bng vi v b tng.
Nng lng: Tiu th nng lng trong khu du lch thng khng hiu qu v lng ph.
nhim ting n: Ting n t cc phng tin giao thng v du khch c th gy phin h
cho c dn a phng v cc du khch khc k c ng vt hoang di.
nhim phong cnh: nhim phong cnh c th c gy ra do khch sn nh hng c
kin trc xu x th kch, vt liu p lt khng ph hp, b tr cc dch v thiu khoa hc, s
dng qu nhiu phng tin qung co nht l cc phng tin xu x, dy in, ct in trn
lan, bo dng km i vi cc cng trnh xy dng v cnh quan. Pht trin du lch hn
n, pha tp, ln xn l mt trong nhng hot ng gy suy thoi mi trng t hi nht.
Lm nhiu lon sinh thi: Vic pht trin hot ng du lch thiu kim sot c th tc ng
ln t (xi mn, trt l), lm bin ng cc ni c tr, e do cc loi ng thc vt hoang
di (ting n, sn bt, cung ng tht th rng, th nhi bng, cn trng...). Xy dng ng
giao thng v khu cm tri gy cn tr ng vt hoang di di chuyn tm mi, kt i hoc
sinh sn, ph hoi rn san h do khai thc mu vt, c cnh hoc neo u tu thuyn...
Du lch bn vng l g?
"Du lch bn vng l vic p ng cc nhu cu hin ti ca du khch v vng dng du lch m vn
bo m nhng kh nng p ng nhu cu cho cc th h tng lai".
Du lch bn vng i hi phi qun l tt c cc dng ti nguyn theo cch no chng ta c
th p ng cc nhu cu kinh t, x hi v thm m trong khi vn duy tr c bn sc vn ho, cc
qu trnh sinh thi c bn, a dng sinh hc v cc h m bo s sng.
Mc tiu ca Du lch bn vng l:
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Kh quyn c my lp?
Kh quyn tri t c cu trc phn lp vi cc tng c trng t di ln trn nh sau: Tng i
lu, tng bnh lu, tng trung gian, tng in ly.
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Trong tng i lu, thnh phn cc cht kh ch yu tng i n nh, nhng nng CO2 v hi
nc dao ng mnh. Lng hi nc thay i theo thi tit kh hu, t 4% th tch vo ma nng
m ti 0,4 % khi ma kh lnh. Trong khng kh tng i lu thng c mt lng nht nh kh
SO2 v bi.
Trong tng bnh lu lun tn ti mt qu trnh hnh thnh v ph hu kh ozon, dn ti vic xut
hin mt lp ozon mng vi chiu dy trong iu kin mt khng kh bnh thng khong vi
chc xngtimet. Lp kh ny c tc dng ngn cc tia t ngoi chiu xung b mt tri t. Hin
nay, do hot ng ca con ngi, lp kh ozon c xu hng mng dn, c th e do ti s sng
ca con ngi v sinh vt trn tri t.
Hiu ng nh knh l g?
Nhit b mt tri t c to nn do s cn bng gia nng lng mt tri n b mt tri t
v nng lng bc x ca tri t vo khong khng gian gia cc hnh tinh. Nng lng mt tri
ch yu l cc tia sng ngn d dng xuyn qua ca s kh quyn. Trong khi , bc x ca tri t
vi nhit b mt trung bnh +16oC l sng di c nng lng thp, d dng b kh quyn gi li.
Cc tc nhn gy ra s hp th bc x sng di trong kh quyn l kh CO2, bi, hi nc, kh
mtan, kh CFC v.v...
"Kt qu ca s ca s trao i khng cn bng v nng lng gia tri t vi khng gian xung
quanh, dn n s gia tng nhit ca kh quyn tri t. Hin tng ny din ra theo c ch
tng t nh nh knh trng cy v c gi l Hiu ng nh knh".
S gia tng tiu th nhin liu ho thch ca loi ngi ang lm cho nng kh CO2 ca kh
quyn tng ln. S gia tng kh CO2 v cc kh nh knh khc trong kh quyn tri t lm nhit
tri t tng ln. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh khoa hc, khi nng CO2 trong kh quyn tng gp
i, th nhit b mt tri t tng ln khong 3oC. Cc s liu nghin cu cho thy nhit tri
t tng 0,5oC trong khong thi gian t 1885 n 1940 do thay i ca nng CO2 trong kh
quyn t 0,027% n 0,035%. D bo, nu khng c bin php khc phc hiu ng nh knh, nhit
tri t s tng ln 1,5 - 4,5oC vo nm 2050.
Vai tr gy nn hiu ng nh knh ca cc cht kh c xp theo th t sau: CO2 => CFC => CH4
=> O3 =>NO2. S gia tng nhit tri t do hiu ng nh knh c tc ng mnh m ti nhiu
mt ca mi trng tri t.
Nhit tri t tng s lm tan bng v dng cao mc nc bin. Nh vy, nhiu vng sn
xut lng thc tr ph, cc khu ng dn c, cc ng bng ln, nhiu o thp s b chm
di nc bin.
S nng ln ca tri t lm thay i iu kin sng bnh thng ca cc sinh vt trn tri
t. Mt s loi sinh vt thch nghi vi iu kin mi s thun li pht trin. Trong khi
nhiu loi b thu hp v din tch hoc b tiu dit.
Kh hu tri t s b bin i su sc, cc i kh hu c xu hng thay i. Ton b iu
kin sng ca tt c cc quc gia b xo ng. Hot ng sn xut nng nghip, lm nghip,
thu hi sn b nh hng nghim trng.
Nhiu loi bnh tt mi i vi con ngi xut hin, cc loi dch bnh lan trn, sc kho
ca con ngi b suy gim.
Bin i kh hu l g?
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Cc quc gia trn th gii hp ti New York ngy 9/5/1992 v thng qua Cng c Khung
v Bin i kh hu ca Lin Hp Quc. Cng c ny t ra mc tiu n nh cc nng kh
quyn mc c th ngn nga c s can thip ca con ngi i vi h thng kh hu. Mc
phi t nm trong mt khung thi gian cc h sinh thi thch nghi mt cch t nhin vi s
thay i kh hu, bo m vic sn xut lng thc khng b e do v to kh nng cho s pht
trin kinh t tin trin mt cch bn vng.
Ni la: Ni la phun ra nhng nham thch nng v nhiu khi bi giu sunfua, mtan v
nhng loi kh khc. Khng kh cha bi lan to i rt xa v n c phun ln rt cao.
Chy rng: Cc m chy rng v ng c bi cc qu trnh t nhin xy ra do sm chp, c
st gia thm thc vt kh nh tre, c. Cc m chy ny thng lan truyn rng, pht thi
nhiu bi v kh.
Bo bi gy nn do gi mnh v bo, ma bo mn t sa mc, t trng v gi thi tung ln
thnh bi. Nc bin bc hi v cng vi sng bin tung bt mang theo bi mui lan truyn
vo khng kh.
Cc qu trnh phn hu, thi ra xc ng, thc vt t nhin cng pht thi nhiu cht kh,
cc phn ng ho hc gia nhng kh t nhin hnh thnh cc kh sunfua, nitrit, cc loi
mui v.v... Cc loi bi, kh ny u gy nhim khng kh.
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nhin liu ho thch v hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng. Ngun nhim cng nghip do
hai qu trnh sn xut gy ra:
Cc ngnh cng nghip ch yu gy nhim khng kh bao gm: nhit in; vt liu xy dng;
ho cht v phn bn; dt v giy; luyn kim; thc phm; Cc x nghip c kh; Cc nh my
thuc ngnh cng nghip nh; Giao thng vn ti; bn cnh phi k n sinh hot ca con
ngi.
Cc loi oxit nh: nit oxit (NO, NO2), nit ioxit (NO2), SO2, CO, H2S v cc loi kh
halogen (clo, brom, it).
Cc hp cht flo.
Cc cht tng hp (te, benzen).
Cc cht l lng (bi rn, bi lng, bi vi sinh vt), nitrat, sunfat, cc phn t cacbon, sol
kh, mui, khi, sng m, phn hoa.
Cc loi bi nng, bi t, , bi kim loi nh ng, ch, st, km, niken, thic, caimi...
Kh quang ho nh ozn, FAN, FB2N, NOX, anehyt, etylen...
Cht thi phng x.
Nhit .
Ting n.
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nh cao v khng b phn hu. Khi CFC t ti thng tng kh quyn chng s c cc tia cc
tm phn hu. Tc phn hu CFC s rt nhanh nu tng zn b tn thng v cc bc x cc
tm ti c nhng tng kh quyn thp hn.
6. Mtan (CH4): Mtan l mt loi kh gy hiu ng nh knh. N c sinh ra t cc qu trnh
sinh hc, nh s men ho ng rut ca ng vt c guc, cu v nhng ng vt khc, s phn
gii k kh t ngp nc, rung la, chy rng v t nhin liu ho thch. CH4 thc y s
xy ho hi nc tng bnh lu. S gia tng hi nc gy hiu ng nh knh mnh hn nhiu so
vi hiu ng trc tip ca CH4. Hin nay hng nm kh quyn thu nhn khong t 400 n
765x1012g CH4.
Tng Ozon l g?
Kh Ozon gm 3 nguyn t oxy (03). Tng bnh lu nm trn tng i lu vi ranh gii trn dao
ng trong khong cao 50 km. cao khong 25 km trong tng bnh lu tn ti mt lp
khng kh giu kh Ozon (O3) thng c gi l tng Ozon. Hm lng kh Ozon trong khng
kh rt thp, chim mt phn triu, ch cao 25 - 30 km, kh Ozon mi m c hn (chim t
l 1/100.000 trong kh quyn). Ngi ta gi tng kh quyn cao ny l tng Ozon.
Nu tng Ozon b thng, mt lng ln tia t ngoi s chiu thng xung Tri t. Con ngi sng
trn Tri t s mc bnh ung th da, thc vt khng chu ni nhiu tia t ngoi chiu vo s b
mt dn kh nng min dch, cc sinh vt di bin b tn thng v cht dn. Bi vy cc nc
trn th gii u rt lo s trc hin tng thng tng Ozon.
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cho cc nc ang pht trin. C nh vy, vic ngng sn xut freon mi tr thnh hin thc.
Mun t c yu cu thit thc ny, khng ch ring mt vi nc m c th gii u phi c
gng th mi c th bo v c tng ozon ca Tri t.
Ma axit l g?
Ma axit c pht hin ra u tin nm 1948 ti Thu in. Nguyn nhn l v con ngi t
nhiu than , du m. Trong than v du m thng cha mt lng lu hunh, cn trong
khng kh li rt nhiu kh nit. Trong qu trnh t c th sinh ra cc kh Sunfua ioxit (SO2),
Nit ioxit (NO2). Cc kh ny ho tan vi hi nc trong khng kh to thnh cc ht axit
sunfuaric (H2SO4), axit nitric (HNO3). Khi tri ma, cc ht axit ny tan ln vo nc ma, lm
pH ca nc ma gim. Nu nc ma c pH di 5,6 c gi l ma axit. Do c chua
kh ln, nc ma c th ho tan c mt s bi kim loi v xit kim loi c trong khng kh
nh xit ch,... lm cho nc ma tr nn c hn i vi cy ci, vt nui v con ngi.
Ma axit nh hng xu ti cc thu vc (ao, h). Cc dng chy do ma axit vo h, ao s
lm pH ca h, ao gim i nhanh chng, cc sinh vt trong h, ao suy yu hoc cht hon ton.
H, ao tr thnh cc thu vc cht.
Ma axit nh hng xu ti t do nc ma ngm xung t lm tng chua ca t, ho tan
cc nguyn t trong t cn thit cho cy nh canxi (Ca), Magi (Mg),... lm suy thoi t, cy ci
km pht trin. L cy gp ma axit s b "chy" lm chm, mm s cht kh, lm cho kh nng
quang hp ca cy gim, cho nng sut thp.
Ma axit cn ph hu cc vt liu lm bng kim loi nh st, ng, km,... lm gim tui th cc
cng trnh xy dng.
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ph xe my, t thng xuyn i li, nghin vn t ct v cun bi bay ln. Khng kh kh nng,
lm cho bi l lng nhiu v lu hn. B mt thnh ph khng bng phng, nhiu nh cao thp
khc nhau, cng d to cc vng gi xoy, cun bi bay ln.
Th t: Trong thnh ph, ng c t, xe my, cc hot ng sn xut, bun bn, gii tr to ra
nhiu ting n. Thnh ph li khng c nhiu cc di cy xanh cn ting n, m ch c nhiu nh
xy, b tng, lm cho sng m di i, di li, hn n v kh chu hn.
Th nm: Khng kh thnh ph, nht l nhng vng cng nghip v giao thng pht trin, thng
c cha rt nhiu kh c hi nh xit ca lu hunh, nit, cacbon, ch... Cc cht ny c tc ng
xu ti sc kho con ngi v mi trng gy nn cc bnh pht sinh t nhim khng kh.
Tm li, khng kh thnh ph thng b nhim nng n hn nhiu so vi khng kh nng thn, do
khng c li cho tm l v sc kho con ngi. Nhiu quc gia trn th gii v ang u t
nhiu cng sc v tin ca cho vic nghin cu tm ra nhng gii php khc phc hin trng
nhim mi trng nng n ti cc thnh ph ln. Tuy nhin vn vn cha th gii quyt ngay
c. Nhng ngi ang sng trong cc thnh ph, th ng dn cn hiu r nhng nhc im
ca mi trng ni y, t c bin php bo v v tham gia vo s nghip bo v mi trng
chung ca c cng ng.
Mi mt loi t pht sinh trn mi loi , trong iu kin thi tit v kh hu tng t nhau u
c cng mt kiu cu trc phu din v dy.
Thnh phn khong ca t bao gm ba loi chnh l khong v c, khong hu c v cht hu c.
Khong v c l cc mnh khong vt hoc v vn v ang b phn hu thnh cc khong
vt th sinh. Cht hu c l xc cht ca ng thc vt v ang b phn hu bi qun th vi sinh
vt trong t. Khong hu c ch yu l mui humat do cht hu c sau khi phn hu to thnh.
Ngoi cc loi trn, nc, khng kh, cc sinh vt v keo st tc ng tng h vi nhau to thnh
mt h thng tng tc cc vng tun hon ca cc nguyn t dinh dng nit, phtpho, v.v...
Cc nguyn t ho hc trong t tn ti di dng hp cht v c, hu c c hm lng bin ng
v ph thuc vo qu trnh hnh thnh t. Thnh phn ho hc ca t v m giai on u
ca qu trnh hnh thnh t c quan h cht ch vi nhau. V sau, thnh phn ho hc ca t ph
thuc nhiu vo s pht trin ca t, cc qu trnh ho, l, sinh hc trong t v tc ng ca con
ngi.
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Vi sinh vt t c nhim v phn gii xc ng, thc vt, tch lu cht dinh dng t mi trng
xung quanh. ng vt t gm giun t, tiu tc, nhuyn th v ng vt c xng tham gia tch
cc vo qu trnh phn hu xc ng thc vt, o xi t, to iu kin cho khng kh, nc v vi
sinh vt thc hin qu trnh phn hu cht hu c, gip cho thc vt bc cao d dng ly c cht
dinh dng t t.
Ti nguyn t l g?
t l mt dng ti nguyn vt liu ca con ngi. t c hai ngha: t ai l ni , xy dng c
s h tng ca con ngi v th nhng l mt bng sn xut nng lm nghip.
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ph nhiu ca t l g?
" ph nhiu ca t hay cn gi l kh nng sn xut ca t l tng hp cc iu kin, cc yu
t m bo cho cy trng sinh trng v pht trin tt".
Nhng iu kin l:
Th no l nhim mi trng t?
" nhim mi trng t c xem l tt c cc hin tng lm nhim bn mi trng t bi cc
cht nhim".
Ngi ta c th phn loi t b nhim theo cc ngun gc pht sinh hoc theo cc tc nhn gy
nhim. Nu theo ngun gc pht sinh c:
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Tng cng s dng cc cht ho hc trong nng, lm nghip nh phn bn, thuc tr su,
thuc dit c.
S dng cc cht tng cng sinh trng c li cho vic thu hoch.
S dng cng c v k thut hin i.
M rng mng li ti tiu.
Cht thi xy dng nh gch, ngi, thu tinh, ng nha, dy cp, b tng,... trong t rt kh
b phn hu.
Cht thi kim loi, c bit l cc kim loi nng nh Ch, Km, ng, Ni ken, Cadimi...
thng c nhiu cc khu khai thc m, cc khu cng nghip. Cc kim loi ny tch lu
trong t v thm nhp vo c th theo chui thc n v nc ung, nh hng nghim
trng ti sc kho.
Cc cht thi kh v phng x pht ra ch yu t cc nh my nhit in, cc khu vc khai
thc than, cc khu vc nh my in nguyn t, c kh nng tch lu cao trong cc loi t
giu khong st v cht mn.
Cc cht thi gy nhim t mc ln l cc cht ty ra, phn bn, thuc bo v thc
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vt, thuc nhum, mu v, cng nghip sn xut pin, thuc da, cng nghip sn xut ho
cht. Nhiu loi cht hu c n t nc cng, rnh thnh ph, nc thi cng nghip c
s dng lm ngun nc ti trong sn xut cng l tc nhn gy nhim t.
Hoang mc ho l g?
"Hoang mc ho l qu trnh suy thoi t do nhng thay i v kh hu v do tc ng ca con
ngi".
Hoang mc ho c bit tc ng mnh i vi cc vng t kh hn m v mt sinh thi b suy
yu. Hoang mc ho gy ra s suy gim v sn xut lng thc, s ngho i. Hin nay c ti 70%
tng s cc vng t kh hn ca th gii (3,6 t hecta) b nh hng do suy thoi.
ngn chn nn hoang mc ho, vic s dng t, bao gm c vn trng trt v chn th, phi
c tin hnh mt cch ng n v mt mi trng, c th chp nhn c v mt x hi v c
tnh kh thi. Mt trong nhng cng c chng hoang mc ho l vic trng cy ci v cc loi thc
vt khc c th gi nc v duy tr c cht lng t. u tranh vi hoang mc ho, cc
Chnh ph phi:
Thc hin cc k hoch quc gia s dng t bn vng v qun l lu bn ti nguyn nc.
y nhanh cc chng trnh trng cy theo hng trng nhng loi cy pht trin nhanh, cc
cy a phng c sc chu hn tt v cc loi thc vt khc.
To iu kin gip lm gim nhu cu ci t thng qua cc chng trnh s dng cc loi
nng lng c hiu qu v nng lng thay th.
Nhng ngi sng nng thn cn c hun luyn v vic bo v t v nc, khai thc
nc, nng lm kt hp v ti tiu thu li quy m nh. Cn phi c chng trnh quc gia
chng hoang mc ho nhm nng cao nhn thc cho cng chng v cc bin php gii quyt
vn ny.
Ngho i l mt nhn t chnh y mnh tc ca s suy thoi v hoang mc ho. Cn
phi ci to li cc vng t b suy thoi v hng dn cho dn v cc li sinh sng thay
th, h tr cho nhn dn xy dng cc doanh nghip nh s dng cc ngun lc a phng.
Ngoi ra, cn thit lp mt h thng quc t ng ph khn cp cc hn hn vi trang b y
v lng thc thc phm, y t, giao thng vn ti, ti chnh...
t ngp nc l g?
Theo Cng c RAMSAR th "t ngp nc bao gm: nhng vng m ly, m ly than bn,
nhng vc nc bt k l t nhin hay nhn to, nhng vng ngp nc tm thi hay thng
xuyn, nhng vc nc ng hay chy, l nc ngt, nc l hay nc mn, k c nhng vc nc
bin c su khng qu 6m khi triu thp".
D rng hay hp, vai tr ca cc vng t ngp nc hu nh u ging nhau, l cung cp cho
con ngi nhin liu, thc n, l ni gii tr, l ni lu tr cc ngun gen qu him. t ngp nc
l nhng h sinh thi c nng sut cao, cung cp cho con ngi gn 2/3 sn lng nh bt c, l
ni cung cp la go nui sng gn 3 t ngi. t ngp nc cng ng mt vai tr quan trng
trong s sng cn ca cc loi chim.
bo tn cc vng t ngp nc, nm 1971, Cng c RAMSAR ra i (Iran). y l cng
c quc t v bo tn sm nht th gii, nhiu thnh qu quan trng v vic bo tn cc vng t
ngp nc c ghi nhn. RAMSAR bt buc 92 nc thnh vin ca mnh phn khu v bo v
cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t v thc y vic "s dng hp l" cc vng ny.
Mi y, gn 800 khu c a vo danh sch bo tn.
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Mt s hin tng t nhin khc nh sng bin, thay i dng chy ca cc dng sng cng to
nn s trt l t.
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Con ngi ngy cng khai thc v s dng nhiu hn ti nguyn nc. Lng nc ngm
khai thc trn th gii nm 1990 gp 30 ln nm 1960 dn n nguy c suy gim tr lng
nc sch, gy ra cc thay i ln v cn bng nc.
Ngun nc ang b nhim bi cc hot ng ca con ngi. nhim nc mt, nc
ngm, nc bin bi cc tc nhn nh NO3, P, thuc tr su v ho cht, kim loi nng, cc
cht hu c, cc vi sinh vt gy bnh v.v. Do vy, vn m bo ngun nc sch cho dn
c cc vng trn th gii ang l nhim v hng u ca cc t chc mi trng th gii.
Trong khong t nm 1980 - 1990, th gii chi cho chng trnh cung cp nc sch
khong 300 t USD, m bo cung cp cho 79% dn c th, 41% dn c nng thn.
Cc tc nhn gy nhim nc c th chia ra lm nhiu loi: Kim loi nng (As, Pb, Cr, Sb, cd,
Hg, Mo, Al, Cu, Zn, Fe, Al, Mn...), anion (CN-, F-, NO3, Cl-, SO4), mt s ho cht c (thuc tr
su, thuc dit c, Dioxin), cc sinh vt gy bnh (vi khun, k sinh trng).
Kim loi nng tch lu theo chui thc n trong c th con ngi khi t liu lng nht nh
s gy bnh. Mt s kim loi c kh nng gy ung th nh Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni.
Mt s anion c c tnh cao in hnh l xyanua (CN-). Ng c sn l do sn cha nhiu
ion gc xyanua. Ion (F-) khi c nng cao gy c, nhng nng thp lm hng men
rng. Nitrat (NO-3) c th chuyn thnh (NO-2) kch ng bnh methoglobin v hnh thnh
hp cht nitrozamen c kh nng to thnh bnh ung th. Cc ion (Cl-) v (SO2-4) khng c
nhng nng cao gy bnh ung th. Cc nhm hp cht phenon hoc ancaloit c vi
ngi v gia sc.
Cc thuc tr su c kh nng tch lu chui thc n gy c. Mt s loi clo hu c nh
2,4D gy ung th.
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An, Ho Bnh) hoc l qut cc tnh Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Ngh An v.v... Nguyn nhn
ch yu l nn cht ph rng.
Tnh trng cn kit ngun nc ngm, nhim nc ngm, mn ho cc thu knh nc
ngm ang xy ra cc th ln v cc tnh ng bng. Nc ngm cc khu dn c tp
trung ang b nhim bi nc thi khng x l. Cc thu knh nc ngm ng bng Nam
b ang b mn ho do khai thc qu mc.
nhim nc mt (sng, h, t ngp nc) do cc ngun thi cng nghip v ho cht
nng nghip. Mc ph dng cc h ni a gia tng. Mt s vng ca sng ang b
nhim du, kim loi nng, thuc tr su.
gii quyt cc vn mi trng trn cn phi c k hoch nghin cu tng th v quy hoch
s dng ti nguyn nc mt cch hp l. Trong , cn quan tm ng mc cc vn x l
nc thi, quy hoch cc cng trnh thu in, thu nng mt cch hp l, bo v v pht trin ti
nguyn rng.
nhim nc l g ?
Hin chng chu u v nc nh ngha:
" nhim nc l s bin i ni chung do con ngi i vi cht lng nc, lm nhim bn
nc v gy nguy him cho con ngi, cho cng nghip, nng nghip, nui c, ngh ngi, gii tr,
cho ng vt nui v cc loi hoang d".
Theo bn cht cc tc nhn gy nhim, ngi ta phn ra cc loi nhim nc: nhim v c,
hu c, nhim ho cht, nhim sinh hc, nhim bi cc tc nhn vt l.
cng, dn in ca nc l g?
cng ca nc c xc nh bng phng php chun hoc tnh ton theo hm lng Ca,
Mg trong nc:
cng (mg CaCO3/lit) = 2,497 Ca (mg/l) + 4,118 Mg (mg/l)
pH l g?
Nc tinh khit iu kin bnh thng s b phn ly theo phng trnh phn ng:
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Trong mi trng nc, khi qu trnh oxy ho sinh hc xy ra th cc vi sinh vt s dng oxy ho
tan, v vy xc nh tng lng oxy ho tan cn thit cho qu trnh phn hu sinh hc l php o
quan trng nh gi nh hng ca mt dng thi i vi ngun nc. BOD c ngha biu th
lng cc cht thi hu c trong nc c th b phn hu bng cc vi sinh vt.
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand - nhu cu oxy ha hc) l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho cc
hp cht ho hc trong nc bao gm c v c v hu c. Nh vy, COD l lng oxy cn oxy
ho ton b cc cht ho hc trong nc, trong khi BOD l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho mt
phn cc hp cht hu c d phn hu bi vi sinh vt.
Ton b lng oxy s dng cho cc phn ng trn c ly t oxy ho tan trong nc (DO). Do
vy nhu cu oxy ho hc v oxy sinh hc cao s lm gim nng DO ca nc, c hi cho sinh
vt nc v h sinh thi nc ni chung. Nc thi hu c, nc thi sinh hot v nc thi ho
cht l cc tc nhn to ra cc gi tr BOD v COD cao ca mi trng nc.
S ph dng l g?
Ph dng l hin tng thng gp trong cc h th, cc sng v knh dn nc thi. Biu
hin ph dng ca cc h th l nng cht dinh dng N, P cao, t l P/N cao do s tch lu
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Nc ngm l g?
"Nc ngm l mt dng nc di t, tch tr trong cc lp t trm tch b ri nh cn,
sn, ct bt kt, trong cc khe nt, hang caxt di b mt tri t, c th khai thc cho cc hot
ng sng ca con ngi".
Theo su phn b, c th chia nc ngm thnh nc ngm tng mt v nc ngm tng su.
c im chung ca nc ngm l kh nng di chuyn nhanh trong cc lp t xp, to thnh dng
chy ngm theo a hnh. Nc ngm tng mt thng khng c lp ngn cch vi a hnh b mt.
Do vy, thnh phn v mc nc bin i nhiu, ph thuc vo trng thi ca nc mt. Loi nc
ngm tng mt rt d b nhim. Nc ngm tng su thng nm trong lp t xp c ngn
cch bn trn v pha di bi cc lp khng thm nc. Theo khng gian phn b, mt lp nc
ngm tng su thng c ba vng chc nng:
Khong cch gia vng thu nhn v vng khai thc nc thng kh xa, t vi chc n vi trm
km. Cc l khoan nc vng khai thc thng c p lc. y l loi nc ngm c cht lng tt
v lu lng n nh. Trong cc khu vc pht trin cacbonat thng tn ti loi nc ngm
caxt di chuyn theo cc khe nt caxt. Trong cc di cn ct vng ven bin thng c cc thu
knh nc ngt nm trn mc nc bin.
Cc tc nhn t nhin nh nhim mn, nhim phn, hm lng Fe, Mn v mt s kim loi
khc.
Cc tc nhn nhn to nh nng kim loi nng cao, hm lng NO-3, NO-2, NH4+, PO4
v.v... vt tiu chun cho php, nhim bi vi sinh vt.
Suy thoi tr lng nc ngm biu hin bi gim cng sut khai thc, h thp mc nc
ngm, ln t.
Ngy nay, tnh trng nhim v suy thoi nc ngm ang ph bin cc khu vc th v cc
thnh ph ln trn th gii. hn ch tc ng nhim v suy thoi nc ngm cn phi tin
hnh ng b cc cng tc iu tra, thm d tr lng v cht lng ngun nc ngm, x l nc
thi v chng nhim cc ngun nc mt, quan trc thng xuyn tr lng v cht lng nc
ngm.
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Nc ung th no l sch ?
Quan nim v mc sch ca nc ung thay i theo tng thi k, tu thuc vo nhn thc,
phong tc, tp qun v mc pht trin kinh t, khoa hc k thut ca cc cng ng.
Tuy vy, c th ni "Nc ung sch l nc khng c mu, mi v khc thng gy kh chu cho
ngi ung, khng c cc cht tan v khng tan c hi cho con ngi, khng c cc vi khun gy
bnh v khng gy tc ng xu cho sc kho ngi s dng trc mt cng nh lu di".
Trong nc sng h thng c nhiu cht l lng, mt s cht khong ho tan v cc vi sinh vt
gy bnh cho con ngi. Nc ly t cc ging khi v ging khoan thng trong v t vi khun
gy bnh hn, nhng li nhiu mui khong ho tan hn, c bit l st. Do vy, trc khi s dng
cho sinh hot, cc loi nc ny cn c x l loi b cht l lng v st. Thng thng cc
lng qu, nc ly t sng h v phi nh phn, lng hoc lc qua mt lp si, ct dy trc
khi dng. cc th, khi c iu kin, ngi ta kh trng tiu dit vi trng gy bnh trong
nc v cung cp nc ti ngi dng qua h thng ng dn kn. Tu thuc vo phng php
x l v kh trng, nc c th t trong sch ti mc ung c. Tuy nhin mc kh trng
cng cao th chi ph sn xut cng ln, lm gi thnh nc tng ln. Do , khng phi u ngi
ta cng kh trng nc my ti mc c th ung ngay c.
Ngi ta ch to c nhng mng lc c bit, c tc dng ch cho nc i qua v gi li ton
b cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cng nh cc cht tan trong nc. Nc sau khi lc tinh khit, trong
sch nh nc ct. Tuy nhin, nc ny cng nh nc ct, khng hon ton c li cho sc kho
con ngi, mc d chng khng cha cc vi trng gy bnh, nhng chng c th khng c cc
loi mui khong ho tan cn thit cho c th con ngi. Ngoi ra, my lc nc li t tin, r
rng l dng my lc nc ung va tn km, va khng c li.
un si l bin php tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh n gin v hiu qu nht. Tuy nhin, trong khi
un cn phi cho nc si mt lc, nht l khi un nc trn cc vng ni cao. Bnh ng nc
un si ngui, chai hp nc ngt ung d phi c y kn trnh cn trng,
Nc ma c sch khng?
Nc ma, trong dn gian cn gi l nc khng r, c nhiu ngi coi l nc sch. Mt s
ngi dn thch ung nc ma khng un si v nhiu l: n cha t cc loi mui khong ho
tan, cha t st lm cho nc khng tanh... Ngi ta cn cho rng nc ma, nc tuyt tan khng
c thnh phn nc nng, nn rt c li cho sc kho con ngi.
Tuy nhin nc ma hon ton khng sch nh ngi ta tng, nht l trong thi i ngy nay.
Bi v khng kh nhiu vng ang b nhim nghim trng. mi ht ma khi ri t trn cao xung
ra sch mt vi kilmet khng kh. Do trong nc ma cng c th c rt nhiu vi trng
gy bnh, nhiu cht ho tan c hi, v d nh axit nitric, axit sunfuaric... Hn na nc ma
thng c hng t mi nh, l ni tch lu rt nhiu cht bn. V th khng nn ung nc ma
cha un si.
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Cc loi nc ng chai, nc gii kht cng khng hon ton ng tin tng, bi khng phi tt
c cc c s sn xut v bn cc loi nc u dng nc un si, nc tit trng, nht l
cc h sn xut c th. Cc hng bn nc gii kht ngoi va h thng khng tun th y cc
quy nh v v sinh thc phm, hay dng cc loi nc ng chai khng m bo cht lng, ch
bn hng nhiu khi rt bn, ngay cnh cng rnh, ng rc... hi thi v nhiu rui, mui, cc chn
khng sch, d gy bnh ng rut cho ngi ung.
c bit nguy him l cc loi nc gii kht ch bin ti ch, nh nc ma p, do my mc v
mi trng sn xut khng m bo v sinh. Mt s loi nc khong c c tnh cha bnh v
ch c dng theo ch nh ca bc s.
Gia tng nng ca cc cht nhim trong nc bin nh du, kim loi nng, cc ho cht
c hi.
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Gia tng nng cc cht nhim tch t trong trm tch bin vng ven b.
Suy thoi cc h sinh thi bin nh h sinh thi san h, h sinh thi rng ngp mn, c bin
v.v...
Suy gim tr lng cc loi sinh vt bin v gim tnh a dng sinh hc bin.
Xut hin cc hin tng nh thu triu , tch t cc cht nhim trong cc thc phm ly
t bin.
Cng c Lut bin nm 1982 ch ra 5 ngun gy nhim bin: Cc hot ng trn t lin,
thm d v khai thc ti nguyn trn thm lc a v y i dng, thi cc cht c hi ra bin,
vn chuyn hng ho trn bin v nhim khng kh.
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thi ra qua cc dng sng v cc khu cng nghip ven bin, khong 1 triu tn do ra khoang cha
ca cc tu ch du v du bn ca cc tu thuyn khc thi ra. Hng ngy, con ngi cn khng
ngng ra bin mt khi lng ln cc cht thi cng nghip nh kim loi nng, thuc tr su,
nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot, cht thi th rn v cc cht thi phng x, v.v... Bin tr
thnh mt thng rc khng l khng y. Bin rng mnh mng v su thm, c th lm trong
sch rt nhiu cht nhim do con ngi vo. Nhng nu con ngi khng ngng vo bin
cc loi cht thi vi khi lng rt ln v lin tc nh vy th bin d rng ln n my cng
khng th chu ni.
Trong thp k 70, vng bin i Ty Dng v bin Bc c hng chc vn chim bin v v
s c bin cht v nhim du. Con ra bin ln nht th gii nng hn 900 kg tm thy b bin
x Gan b tc rut cht v mt chic ti nilon kh 15x22cm. Cc kim loi nng ra bin s tch t
trong c th sinh vt bin. Khi con ngi n nhng con c c kim loi nng s b nhim c. Cht
thi phng x ra bin cn ng lo ngi hn. Cc cht phng x ny trc tip tham gia vo qu
trnh hot ng thay i s sng ca sinh vt hi dng, qua xm nhp vo c th con ngi,
lm tng nguy c b bnh ung th.
Tm li, loi ngi coi bin c l thng rc th rt cuc nhng rc ri s quay li gy tai ho
cho con ngi. Chng ta cn bit rng, kh nng t lm sch cc cht nhim ca bin l c hn,
bi vy con ngi cn phi x l trc khi ra bin cc cht nc thi, kh thi, rc ri...
Khng nn v tit kim cng ca m ba ra bin, hu qu s cn ln hn nhiu.
Thit hi kinh t c tnh ln n hng trm t ng. Hn na, hng nm khong 200 triu tn du
th ca cc nc vn chuyn thng qua vng c quyn kinh t ca Vit Nam n Nht Bn v
Hn Quc, ang to nguy c khng nh v s c trn du.
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sau s tng gp i.
nhim nng bin i khi cng mang li li ch nht nh. V d v ma ng nhit nc bin
tng ln gip cho mt s loi c b rt cng. Nhng xt cho cng th li t hi nhiu. V vy ni
chung vn nn tm cch ngn chn hin tng ny. c nhng xut dng ng dn di x nc
lm ngui my ra vng bin xa b, hoc ht nc lnh y bin lm ngui my. Nhng
phng n ny c hiu qu hay khng cn ch thc t tr li.
El-Nino l g?
El-Nino ban u l tn ca dng hi lu chy theo hng nam ngoi khi b bin Pru v cuao
dn n s nng ln ca b mt nc pha ng Thi Bnh Dng xch o dc ngoi khi b bin
Pru v cuao vn thng l lnh. Hng nm, vo ma Ging sinh, dng hi lu m chy v pha
nam dc b bin cuao thay th cho nc lnh y v ng dn a phng gi hin tng ny
l El-Nino (Cha Hi ng).
Ngy nay, El-Nino c dng ch hin tng nng ln khc thng ca nc bin v vnh ai
xch o rng ln di gn 10.000km, t b bin Nam M n qun o Macsan, Marud khu
vc gia Thi Bnh Dng. El-Nino thng gn vi mt qu trnh ln ca kh quyn - i dng
l dao ng Nam bn cu v c gi chung l ENSO. Hin tng El-Nino thng lp li vi chu
k t 8 n 11 nm, chu k ngn hn l 2 n 3 nm. Gia cc thi k nng ln bt thng ca
nc bin khu vc trn, i khi cn xy ra hin tng ngc li, nc bin lnh i - Anti- ElNino, hay cn gi l La-Nina.
Khi xut hin, El-Nino gy ra nhng thin tai nng n nh ma ln, bo, l vng ny, hn hn,
chy rng vng khc, lm thit hi ln v ngi, thm ho v kinh t - x hi v c bit l
nhng thit hi khng th khc phc v mi trng.
Trong khong 100 nm tr li y, nhng ln El-Nino xut hin gy thit hi ln l cc nm 18771878, 1888; i El-Nino (La-Nina) 1973-1975 v c bit l "El-Nino th k 1982-1983" gy tng
thit hi cho ton th gii l 13 t la.
Theo thng k ca Ngn hng Th gii, thit hi do El-Nino 1997-1998 gy cho Innxia,
Malaysia, Singapo v o Thi Bnh Dng ln ti 20 t la.
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Bng l g ?
Bng l mt thnh phn quan trng ca thu quyn, tp trung ch yu hai cc tri t. Khi
lng bng trn tri t chim ti 75% tng lng nc ngt v gn 2% khi lng thu quyn.
Bng tp trung nhiu nht chu Nam cc vi chiu dy hng km v tui a cht hng vn nm.
mt s vng ni cao v cc o gn hai cc, tn ti nhng khi bng c quy m nh. Khi lng
bng trn tri t thay i theo thi gian, ph thuc vo nhit trung bnh ca tri t.
Vo thi k bng h, lng bng cc cc tng ln, ngc li vi thi k tan bng, khi nhit
tri t tng ln. Cc nghin cu khoa hc cho bit, 16 - 18 nghn nm trc, tn ti mt thi k
bng h ln, mc nc bin thp hn hin nay 120m. Sau thi k trn l thi k m dn, mc nc
bin tng ln do tan bng hai cc. Trong bn nghn nm gn y, tc dng ln ca nc bin
l 8 cm/ 100 nm. B mt bng hai cc c tc ng phn x nh sng mt tri chiu xung tri
t.
Trong nhng nm gn y, s gia tng ca nhit kh quyn ton cu (khong 0,3 - 0,6 oC trong
100 nm qua) bi hiu ng nh knh ang lm cho tc tan bng hai cc v mc nc bin tng
ln. Vi tc tng ny, vo cui th k 21, s tan bng vng cc v ni cao s lm cho mc
nc bin dng cao t 65 - 100 cm. Mc nc bin dng cao do tan bng c th gy ra cc hin
tng:
Sinh quyn l g?
Sinh quyn chnh l lp v sng ca tri t, mt h thng ng v cng phc tp vi s lng ln
cc yu t ngu nhin v nhiu qu trnh mang c im xc sut. Trong thnh phn ca sinh
quyn c tng i lu ca kh quyn, ton b thu quyn, mt phn ca thch quyn cho ti cc
lp nhit 100oC. Nh vy, sinh quyn l ton b th gii sinh vt cng vi cc yu t ca mi
trng bao quanh chng trn tri t, bao gm c cc hot ng ca sinh vt , ang v s tn ti
trn v tri t.
Trong s hnh thnh sinh quyn, c s tham gia tch cc ca cc yu t bn ngoi nh nng lng
mt tri, s nng ln v h xung ca v tri t, cc qu trnh to ni, bng h v.v... Cc c ch
xc nh tnh thng nht v s ton vn ca sinh quyn l s di truyn v tin ho ca th gii sinh
vt, vng tun hon sinh a ho ca cc nguyn t ho hc, vng tun hon nc t nhin. Sinh
quyn tn ti trn tri t trong mi cn bng ng vi cc h t nhin khc.
Sinh khi l g?
"Sinh khi l tng trng lng ca sinh vt sng trong sinh quyn hoc s lng sinh vt sng trn
mt n v din tch, th tch vng".
Khi lng sinh khi trong sinh quyn c tnh l n.1014 - 2.1016 tn. Trong , ring cc i
dng hin c 1,1. 109 tn sinh khi thc vt v 2,89. 1010 tn sinh khi ng vt. Phn ch yu
ca sinh khi tp trung trn lc a vi u th nghing v pha sinh khi thc vt.
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H sinh thi l g?
"H sinh thi l h thng cc qun th sinh vt sng chung v pht trin trong mt mi trng
nht nh, quan h tng tc vi nhau v vi mi trng ".
Theo ln, h sinh thi c th chia thnh h sinh thi nh (b nui c), h sinh thi va (mt thm
rng, mt h cha nc), h sinh thi ln (i dng). Tp hp tt c cc h sinh thi trn b mt
tri t thnh mt h sinh thi khng l sinh thi quyn (sinh quyn). H sinh thi bao gm hai
thnh phn: V sinh (nc, khng kh,...) v sinh vt. Gia hai thnh phn trn lun lun c s trao
i cht, nng lng v thng tin.
Sinh vt trong h sinh thi c chia lm ba loi:
Sinh vt sn xut thng thng l to hoc thc vt, c chc nng tng hp cht hu c t
vt cht v sinh di tc ng ca nh sng mt tri.
Sinh vt tiu th gm cc loi ng vt nhiu bc khc nhau. Bc 1 l ng vt n thc vt.
Bc 2 l ng vt n tht,...
Sinh vt phn hu gm cc vi khun, nm phn b khp mi ni, c chc nng chnh l
phn hu xc cht sinh vt, chuyn chng thnh cc thnh phn dinh dng cho thc vt.
Trong h sinh thi lin tc xy ra qu trnh tng hp v phn hu vt cht hu c v nng lng.
Vng tun hon vt cht trong h sinh thi l vng kn, cn vng tun hon nng lng l vng h.
Nh vy, nng lng mt tri c sinh vt sn xut tip nhn s di chuyn ti sinh vt tiu th cc
bc cao hn. Trong qu trnh , nng lng b pht tn v thu nh v kch thc. Tri li, cc
nguyn t ho hc tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp cht hu c sau mt chu trnh tun hon s tr
li trng thi ban u trong mi trng.
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Trong mt h sinh thi, vt cht lun chuyn t thnh phn ny sang thnh phn khc. y l mt
chu trnh tng i khp kn. Trong iu kin bnh thng, tng quan gia cc thnh phn ca h
sinh thi t nhin l cn bng.
V d: Trong mt h sinh thi rng, thc vt ly dinh dng t t tng hp thnh cht hu c.
Cht hu c ny mt phn nui dng pht trin cy, mt phn nui ng vt n thc vt
trong rng, mt phn ri rng, tr li mu cho t. ng vt n thc vt pht trin va tiu
th ht phn thc n thin nhin dnh cho n. Phn, xc ng vt v l rng, cnh ri trn mt t
c vi sinh vt phn hu ht tr li cho t cht dinh dng nui cy. Do vy t rng lun
mu m, giu cht hu c, nhiu vi sinh vt v cn trng, cy rng a dng v ti tt, ng vt
phong ph. chnh l cn bng sinh thi.
Cn bng sinh thi khng phi l mt trng thi tnh ca h. Khi c mt tc nhn no ca mi
trng bn ngoi, tc ng ti bt k mt thnh phn no ca h, n s bin i. S bin i ca
mt thnh phn trong h s ko theo s bin i ca cc thnh phn k tip, dn n s bin i c
h. Sau mt thi gian, h s thit lp c mt cn bng mi, khc vi tnh trng cn bng trc
khi b tc ng. Bng cch h bin i m vn cn bng. Trong qu trnh ny ng vt n c v
vi sinh vt ng vai tr ch o i vi vic kim sot s pht trin ca thc vt.
Kh nng thit lp trng thi cn bng mi ca h l c hn. Nu mt thnh phn no ca h b
tc ng qu mnh, n s khng khi phc li c, ko theo s suy thoi ca cc thnh phn k
tip, lm cho ton h mt cn bng, suy thoi. H sinh thi cng a dng, nhiu thnh phn th
trng thi cn bng ca h cng n nh. V vy, cc h sinh thi t nhin bn vng c c im l
c rt nhiu loi, mi loi l thc n cho nhiu loi khc nhau. V d nh: trn cc cnh ng c,
chut thng xuyn b rn, ch si, co, chim ng, c mo... sn bt. Bnh thng s lng chim,
trn, th, chut cn bng vi nhau. Khi con ngi tm bt rn v chim th chut mt k th, th l
chng c dp sinh si ny n.
Cn bng sinh thi l trng thi n nh t nhin ca h sinh thi, hng ti s thch nghi cao nht
vi iu kin sng. Cn bng sinh thi c to ra bi chnh bn thn h v ch tn ti c khi cc
iu kin tn ti v pht trin ca tng thnh phn trong h c m bo v tng i n nh.
Con ngi cn phi hiu r cc h sinh thi v cn nhc k trc khi tc ng ln mt thnh phn
no ca h, khng gy suy thoi, mt cn bng cho h sinh thi.
a dng sinh hc l g?
"a dng sinh hc l s phong ph v ngun gen, v ging, loi sinh vt v h sinh thi trong t
nhin".
a dng sinh hc c xem xt theo 3 mc :
a dng sinh hc cp loi bao gm ton b cc sinh vt sng trn tri t, t vi khun n
cc loi thc, ng vt v cc loi nm.
cp qun th a dng sinh hc bao gm s khc bit v gen gia cc loi, khc bit v gen
gia cc qun th sng cch ly nhau v a l cng nh khc bit gia cc c th cng chung
sng trong mt qun th.
a dng sinh hc cn bao gm c s khc bit gia cc qun x m trong cc loi sinh
sng v cc h sinh thi, ni m cc loi cng nh cc qun x sinh vt tn ti v c s khc
bit ca cc mi tng tc gia chng vi nhau.
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S tuyt chng l g?
"Mt loi b coi l tuyt chng khi khng cn mt c th no ca loi cn sng st ti bt k ni
no trn th gii".
Nu nh mt s c th ca loi cn st li ch nh vo s kim sot, chm sc, nui dng ca con
ngi, th loi ny c gi l b tuyt chng trong thin nhin hoang d. Nhiu loi b tuyt
chng trong thin nhin hoang d nhng vn sng bnh thng trong iu kin nui nht. Do
hnh thnh hai khi nim: Tuyt chng trn phm vi ton cu v tuyt chng cc b. Mt s nh
sinh hc s dng thut ng loi b tuyt chng v phng din sinh thi hc, iu c ngha l s
lng loi cn li t n ni tc ng ca chng khng c cht ngha no i vi cc loi khc
trong qun x. V d, loi h hin nay b tuyt chng v phng din sinh thi hc, c ngha l s
h hin cn trong thin nhin rt t, tc ng ca chng n qun th ng vt mi l khng ng
k.
Khi qun th ca loi c s lng c th di mc bo ng, nhiu kh nng loi s b tuyt chng.
i vi mt s qun th trong t nhin, mt vi c th vn cn c th sng st dai dng vi nm,
vi chc nm, c th vn sinh sn nhng s phn cui cng vn l s tuyt chng (nu khng c s
can thip ca cng ngh sinh hc). bo tn mt loi no trc ht phi tm c nguyn
nhn ch yu dn n s tuyt chng, phi xc nh c con ngi lm g nh hng n s n
nh qun th ca loi v lm cho loi b tuyt chng.
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Trn tri t c khong 1 triu loi cn trng, trong s , ch c 500 loi chuyn ph hoi la mu
v cy n qu. Ti M, mi nm su b ph hu ti 33% tng gi tr sn phm nng nghip (tng
ng trn 14 t la). Trung Quc mi nm su b gy tn tht 10% sn lng lng thc, 33%
sn lng rau xanh v 40% sn lng cc tri cy cc loi. Cn trng cn l vt trung gian truyn
bnh ng lo ngi. V d nh trn mnh con gin sng trong nh, ngi ta tm thy 14 loi vi
khun gy cc bnh hen, vim mi, phi, vim kt mc mt, vim d dy, rut non,...
Nhng cng c rt nhiu loi cn trng c ch cho con ngi. Chng tiu dit cc loi cn trng c
hi, bo v nng sn. Chng c gi l cc loi thin ch c sn trong t nhin. Nghi l cc k
th ca su hi, nh chng, cy trng c bo v. Trung Quc thng k c 700 loi thin
ch, trong c 200 loi thng gp.
Cc loi cn trng c ch tiu dit su hi bng hai cch: bt mi v k sinh. Cn trng c tnh bt
mi nh b ra, chun c, b nga... c th n trng, su non ca nhiu loi su c hi. Mt con
b ra chm c th n trn 130 con rp mui mi ngy. Cc loi ong kn, ong mt ... thuc loi
ong k sinh. Ong mt trng vo trng su hi, ong kn trng vo c th su non v cc
loi ngi, bm, ong non sau khi n ra s n lun trng v su hi.
Con ngi t lu pht hin ra kh nng qu bu ca cc loi thin ch ny v tm cch gy
ging, nui dng, bo v chng. S dng cn trng dit su hi c li rt ln, bi v: Th
nht, n tiu dit c chn lc cc loi su hi. Th hai, n gp phn hn ch s dng thuc tr su
ho hc, do gim c nhim mi trng v khng nh hng xu ti cc loi cn trng c
li. Tuy nhin, mi loi cn trng c ch ch tiu dit c mt vi loi su hi nht nh. Do
cn phi c nhng hiu bit su sc v cc loi cn trng th vic s dng phng php thin ch
dit tr su hi mi t kt qu tt.
Mt s loi cn trng c kh nng lm sch mi trng, nh con b hung xu x chuyn n phn.
Nc c, khi nhp b v cu v nui phi nhp km nhng con b hung nh vy t Trung
Quc dn phn b, cu.
Mt s cn trng c tc dng ci to t nh giun, d... Giun t n hn n nhiu th t, ct, xc
ng, thc vt. Cc thc n ny c nghin nt v c phn hu mt phn bi cc dch tiu ho
trong rut giun. Mt phn cht dinh dng c giun hp th. Phn cn li s thi ra ngoi di
dng cc vin t - vin phn. Cc con giun cn lin tc o xi t, do chng gip cho t
lun c ti xp, va d dng cho cy pht trin, va gi c nc lm t lun m.
Tm li, trong s cc cn trng ang sng trn tri t c rt nhiu loi c ch, gip dit tr cn
trng c hi, ci to t, bo v mi trng v to cn bng sinh thi. Con ngi phi bit bo v
chng, to iu kin cho chng pht trin v pht huy c tc dng tch cc mc cao nht.
Bo tn cc qun x sinh vt l g?
Bo tn cc qun x sinh vt nguyn vn l cch bo tn c hiu qu nht ton b tnh a dng
sinh hc. C ba cch bo tn:
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tng nng cacbonic v khai thc cc sn phm t nhin c gi tr, v ngc li, c nhng ni
b ci bin ln vn cn st li nhng qun x sinh vt nguyn bn.
Tnh a dng sinh hc c th cn hin hu trong mt s cnh rng nhit i c cht chn,
nhng vng i dng v bin b nh bt qu mc. Khi mt khu bo tn c thnh lp cn phi
c s ha hp gia vic bo tn a dng sinh hc v chc nng ca cc h sinh thi vi vic tha
mn cc nhu cu trc mt cng nh lu di ca cng ng dn c a phng v ca Chnh ph
i vi cc ngun ti nguyn .
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Quan h trung lp: Quan h ca cc loi sinh vt sng bn cnh nhau nhng loi ny
khng lm li hoc gy hi cho loi kia. V d: chim v ng vt n c.
Quan h li mt bn: Hai loi sinh vt sng chung trn mt a bn, mt loi li dng iu
kin do loi kia em li nhng khng gy hi cho loi th hai. V d: Vi khun c nh m,
vi khun sng trong ng rut ng vt li dng thc n v mi trng sng ca c th
ng vt nhng khng gy hi hoc t gy hi cho vt ch.
Quan h k sinh: L quan h ca loi sinh vt sng da vo c th sinh vt ch vi vt ch
c th gy hi v git cht vt ch: giun, sn trong c th ng vt v con ngi.
Quan h th d - con mi: L quan h gia mt loi l th n tht v loi kia l con mi
nh gia s t, h, bo v cc loi ng vt n c.
Quan h cng sinh: L quan h ca hai loi sinh vt sng da vo nhau, loi ny em li
li ch cho loi kia v ngc li. V d: To v a y, to cung cp thc n cho a y, cn a
y to ra mi trng c tr cho to.
Quan h cnh tranh: L quan h gia hai hay nhiu loi cnh tranh vi nhau v ngun thc
n v khng gian sng c th dn ti vic loi ny tiu dit loi kia. V d: quan h gia th
v vt nui chu c trong cuc cnh tranh ginh cc ng c.
Quan h gia nhiu loi: Trong thc t cc loi sinh vt c th thay i quan h theo thi
gian. V d: quan h gia chut v rn trong mt qun o Thi bnh dng trong mt nm
c th thay i: Ma ng - chut bt rn, chut l th n tht; Ma h - rn bt chut, rn l
th n tht.
Trong cc quan h trn 2 loi quan h gi vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr cn bng sinh thi
t nhin l quan h th d - con mi v quan h k sinh. Quan h th d - con mi gip cho qun
th con mi duy tr tnh chng chu cao vi thin nhin, khng pht trin bng n v s lng c
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th. Quan h k sinh gip cho vic dit tr su bnh v cc loi c hi i vi con ngi gi cho
s lng su bnh nm trong gii hn nht nh.
Chuyn t rng thnh t nng nghip lm mt i nhiu loi ng, thc vt qu him, tng
xi mn t, thay i kh nng iu ho nc v bin i kh hu v.v...
Ci to m ly thnh t canh tc lm mt i cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng i
vi mi trng sng ca nhiu loi sinh vt v con ngi.
Chuyn t rng, t nng nghip thnh cc khu cng nghip, khu th, to nn s mt cn
bng sinh thi khu vc v nhim cc b.
Gy nhim mi trng nhiu dng hot ng kinh t x hi khc nhau.
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Sinh hc bo tn l g?
"Sinh hc bo tn l mt khoa hc a ngnh c xy dng nhm hn ch cc mi e da i vi
a dng sinh hc".
Sinh hc bo tn nhm hai mc tiu:
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Ti nguyn thin nhin c chia thnh hai loi: ti nguyn ti to v ti nguyn khng ti to.
Ti nguyn con ngi (ti nguyn x hi) l mt dng ti nguyn ti to c bit, th hin bi sc
lao ng chn tay v tr c, kh nng t chc v ch x hi, tp qun, tn ngng ca cc cng
ng ngi.
S pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc k thut ang lm thay i gi tr ca nhiu loi ti nguyn.
Nhiu ti nguyn cn kit tr nn qu him; nhiu loi ti nguyn gi tr cao trc y nay tr
thnh ph bin, gi r do tm c phng php ch bin hiu qu hn, hoc c thay th bng
loi khc. Vai tr v gi tr ca ti nguyn thng tin, vn ho lch s ang tng ln.
Mt hecta rng hng nm to nn sinh khi khong 300 - 500 kg, 16 tn oxy (rng thng 30 tn,
rng trng 3 - 10 tn). Mi ngi mt nm cn 4.000kg O2 tng ng vi lng oxy do 1.000 3.000 m2 cy xanh to ra trong nm. Nhit khng kh rng thng thp hn nhit t trng
khong 3 - 5oC. Rng bo v v ngn chn gi bo. H s dng chy mt trn t c che ph
35% ln hn t c che ph 75% hai ln. Lng t xi mn ca rng bng 10% lng t xi
mn t vng t khng c rng. Rng l ngun gen v tn ca con ngi, l ni c tr ca cc
loi ng thc vt qu him. V vy, t l t c rng che ph ca mi quc gia l mt ch tiu
nh gi cht lng mi trng quan trng. Din tch t c rng ca mt quc gia ti u phi t
45% tng din tch.
Ti nguyn rng trn tri t ngy cng b thu hp v din tch v tr lng.
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Tc mt rng hng nm trn th gii l 20 triu ha, trong rng nhit i b mt l ln nht,
nm 1990 chu Phi v M La Tinh cn 75% din tch rng nhit i, chu cn 40%. Theo d
bo n nm 2010 rng nhit i ch cn 20 - 25% mt s nc chu Phi, chu M La Tinh v
ng Nam . Rng n i khng gim v din tch nhng cht lng v tr lng g b suy gim
ng k do nhim khng kh. Theo tnh ton gi tr kinh t rng chu u gim 30 t USD/nm.
Ti nguyn khong sn l g?
"Ti nguyn khong sn l tch t vt cht di dng hp cht hoc n cht trong v tri t, m
iu kin hin ti con ngi c kh nng ly ra cc nguyn t c ch hoc s dng trc tip
chng trong i sng hng ngy".
Ti nguyn khong sn thng tp trung trong mt khu vc gi l m khong sn. Ti nguyn
khong sn c ngha rt quan trng trong s pht trin kinh t ca loi ngi v khai thc s dng
ti nguyn khong sn c tc ng mnh m n mi trng sng. Mt mt, ti nguyn khong sn
l ngun vt cht to nn cc dng vt cht c ch v ca ci ca con ngi. Bn cnh , vic
khai thc ti nguyn khong sn thng to ra cc loi nhim nh bi, kim loi nng, cc ho
cht c v hi kh c (SO2, CO, CH4 v.v...).
Ti nguyn khong sn c phn loi theo nhiu cch:
Theo dng tn ti: Rn, kh (kh t, Acgon, He), lng (Hg, du, nc khong).
Theo ngun gc: Ni sinh (sinh ra trong lng tri t), ngoi sinh (sinh ra trn b mt tri
t).
Theo thnh phn ho hc: Khong sn kim loi (kim loi en, kim loi mu, kim loi qu
him), khong sn phi kim (vt liu khong, qu, vt liu xy dng), khong sn chy
(than, du, kh t, chy).
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S dng khong sn gy ra nhim khng kh (SO2, bi, kh c...), nhim nc, cht thi
rn.
Nng lng mt tri to tn ti cc dng chnh: bc x mt tri, nng lng sinh hc (sinh
khi ng thc vt), nng lng chuyn ng ca kh quyn v thu quyn (gi, sng, cc
dng hi lu, thu triu, dng chy sng...), nng lng ho thch (than, du, kh t,
du).
Nng lng lng t gm nhit lng t biu hin cc cc ngun a nhit, ni la v nng
lng phng x tp trung cc nguyn t nh U, Th, Po,...
Khai thc than bng phng php l thin to nn lng t thi ln, nhim bi,
nhim nc, mt rng. Khai thc than bng phng php hm l hin nay lm mt 50% tr
lng, gy ln t, nhim nc, tiu hao g chng l v gy cc tai nn hm l.
Ch bin v sng tuyn than to ra bi v nc thi cha than, kim loi nng.
t than to ra kh SO2, CO2. Theo tnh ton mt nh my nhit in chy than cng sut
1.000 MW hng nm thi ra mi trng 5 triu tn CO2, 18.000 tn N0X, 11.000 - 680.000
tn ph thi rn. Trong thnh phn cht thi rn, bi, nc thi thng cha kim loi nng v
cht phng x c hi.
Khai thc trn thm lc a gy ln t, nhim du i vi t, khng kh, nc. Khai thc
trn bin gy nhim bin (50% lng du nhim trn bin gy ra l do khai thc trn
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bin).
Ch bin du gy nhim du v kim loi nng k c kim loi phng x.
t du kh to ra cc cht thi kh tng t nh t than.
Thu nng c gi l nng lng sch. Tng tr lng th gii 2.214.000 MW, ring Vit Nam
30.970 MW chim 1,4% tng tr lng th gii. Tuy nhin, vic xy dng cc h cha nc ln
to ra cc tc ng mi trng nh ng t kch thch, thay i kh hu thi tit khu vc, mt t
canh tc, to ra lng CH4 do phn hu cht hu c lng h, to ra cc bin i thu vn h lu,
tng mn nc sng, nh hng n s pht trin ca cc qun th c trn sng, tim n tai bin
mi trng.
Nng lng ht nhn l ngun nng lng gii phng trong qu trnh phn hu ht nhn cc
nguyn t U, Th hoc tng hp nhit hch. Theo tnh ton nng lng gii phng ra t 1g U235
tng ng vi nng lng do t 1 tn than . Ngun nng lng ht nhn c u im khng
to nn cc loi kh nh knh nh CO2, bi. Tuy nhin, cc nh my in ht nhn hin nay l
ngun gy nguy him ln v mi trng do cht thi phng x, kh, rn, lng v cc s c nh
my. S c ti nh my in ht nhn Checnobn Lin X l mt v d in hnh.
Cc ngun nng lng khc bao gm cc loi:
Gi, bc x mt tri, thu nng c xp vo loi nng lng sch c cng sut b v thch
hp cho mt s khu vc c tr lng phong ph v xa cc ngun nng lng truyn thng
khc nh cc hi o.
G, ci thch hp cho s dng quy m nh, v nn kinh t cng nghip km pht trin.
a nhit thch hp vi cc vng c ni la v hot ng a cht mnh nh Italia, Ailen,
Kamchatka (Nga).
Qun l mi trng l g?
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"Qun l mi trng l tng hp cc bin php, lut php, chnh sch kinh t, k thut, x hi
thch hp nhm bo v cht lng mi trng sng v pht trin bn vng kinh t x hi quc
gia".
Cc mc tiu ch yu ca cng tc qun l nh nc v mi trng bao gm:
Khc phc v phng chng suy thoi, nhim mi trng pht sinh trong hot ng sng
ca con ngi.
Pht trin bn vng kinh t v x hi quc gia theo 9 nguyn tc ca mt x hi bn vng do
hi ngh Rio-92 xut. Cc kha cnh ca pht trin bn vng bao gm: Pht trin bn vng
kinh t, bo v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, khng to ra nhim v suy thoi cht
lung mi trng sng, nng cao s vn minh v cng bng x hi.
Xy dng cc cng c c hiu lc qun l mi trng quc gia v cc vng lnh th. Cc
cng c trn phi thch hp cho tng ngnh, tng a phng v cng ng dn c.
Hng cng tc qun l mi trng ti mc tiu pht trin bn vng kinh t x hi t nc,
gi cn bng gia pht trin v bo v mi trng.
Kt hp cc mc tiu quc t - quc gia - vng lnh th v cng ng dn c trong vic qun
l mi trng.
Qun l mi trng cn c thc hin bng nhiu bin php v cng c tng hp thch hp.
Phng chng, ngn nga tai bin v suy thoi mi trng cn c u tin hn vic phi x
l, hi phc mi trng nu gy ra nhim mi trng.
Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin cho cc tn tht do nhim mi trng gy ra v cc chi ph
x l, hi phc mi trng b nhim. Ngi s dng cc thnh phn mi trng phi tr
tin cho vic s dng gy ra nhim .
Tnh thng nht ca h thng "T nhin - Con ngi - X hi" i hi vic gii quyt vn mi
trng v thc hin cng tc qun l mi trng phi ton din v h thng. Con ngi nm bt ci
ngun s thng nht , phi a ra cc phng sch thch hp gii quyt cc mu thun ny
sinh trong h thng . V chnh con ngi gp phn quan trng vo vic ph v tt yu khch
quan l s thng nht gia t nhin - con ngi - x hi. S hnh thnh nhng chuyn ngnh khoa
hc nh qun l mi trng, sinh thi nhn vn l s tm kim ca con ngi nhm nm bt v gii
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quyt cc mu thun, tnh thng nht ca h thng "T nhin - Con ngi - X hi".
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Trong phm vi quc gia, vn mi trng c cp trong nhiu b lut, trong Lut Bo v
Mi trng c quc hi nc Vit Nam thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 l vn bn quan trng nht.
Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 175/CP ngy 18/10/1994 v hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v
Mi trng v Ngh nh 26/CP ngy 26/4/1996 v X pht vi phm hnh chnh v bo v mi
trng. B Lut hnh s, hng lot cc thng t, quy nh, quyt nh ca cc ngnh chc nng v
thc hin lut mi trng c ban hnh. Mt s tiu chun mi trng ch yu c son tho
v thng qua. Nhiu kha cnh bo v mi trng c cp trong cc vn bn khc nh Lut
Khong sn, Lut Du kh, Lut Hng hi, Lut Lao ng, Lut t ai, Lut Pht trin v Bo v
rng, Lut Bo v sc kho ca nhn dn, Php lnh v iu, Php lnh v vic bo v ngun
li thu sn, Php lut bo v cc cng trnh giao thng.
Cc vn bn trn cng vi cc vn bn v lut quc t c nh nc Vit Nam ph duyt l c s
quan trng thc hin cng tc qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng.
Ban hnh v t chc vic thc hin cc vn bn php quy v bo v mi trng, ban hnh h
thng tiu chun mi trng.
Xy dng, ch o thc hin chin lc, chnh sch bo v mi trng, k hoch phng
chng, khc phc suy thoi mi trng, nhim mi trng, s c mi trng.
Xy dng, qun l cc cng trnh bo v mi trng, cc cng trnh c lin quan n bo v
mi trng.
T chc, xy dng, qun l h thng quan trc, nh k nh gi hin trng mi trng, d
bo din bin mi trng.
Thm nh cc bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n v cc c s sn xut
kinh doanh.
Cp v thu hi giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng.
Gim st, thanh tra, kim tra vic chp hnh php lut v bo v mi trng, gii quyt cc
khiu ni, t co, tranh chp v bo v mi trng, x l vi phm php lut v bo v mi
trng.
o to cn b v khoa hc v qun l mi trng.
T chc nghin cu, p dng tin b khoa hc k thut trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.
Thit lp quan h quc t trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.
Cng c lut php chnh sch bao gm cc vn bn v lut quc t, lut quc gia, cc vn
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bn khc di lut, cc k hoch v chnh sch mi trng quc gia, cc ngnh kinh t, cc
a phng.
Cc cng c kinh t gm cc loi thu, ph nh vo thu nhp bng tin ca hot ng sn
xut kinh doanh. Cc cng c ny ch p dng c hiu qu trong nn kinh t th trng.
Cc cng c k thut qun l thc hin vai tr kim sot v gim st nh nc v cht lng
v thnh phn mi trng, v s hnh thnh v phn b cht nhim trong mi trng. Cc
cng c k thut qun l c th gm cc nh gi mi trng, minitoring mi trng, x l
cht thi, ti ch v ti s dng cht thi. Cc cng c k thut qun l c th c thc hin
thnh cng trong bt k nn kinh t pht trin nh th no.
Chng ti ang lm g ? C th, liu c phi tun th tt c cc lut, quy nh ca Chnh ph,
hng dn hay khng?
Chng ti c th lm tt hn khng? C th nhng khu vc khng c quy nh, cc hot
ng c th c tng cng gim thiu tc ng mi trng ?
Chng ti c th lm iu vi chi ph r hn khng ?
Chng ti phi lm g na ?
Kim ton mi trng l mt cng c qun l ch c gi tr khi c hnh thnh trong mt h thng
qun l tng th. N khng th ng n c. N l mt cng c gim st tr gip vic ra quyt
nh v gim st qun l.
Thu v ph mi trng.
Giy php cht thi c th mua bn c hay "cota nhim".
K qu mi trng.
Tr cp mi trng.
Nhn sinh thi.
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Ph dch v mi trng l g?
"Ph dch v mi trng l mt dng ph phi tr khi s dng mt s dch v mi trng. Mc ph
tng ng vi chi ph cho dch v mi trng . Bn cnh , ph dch v mi trng cn c mc
ch hn ch vic s dng qu mc cc dch v mi trng".
C hai dng dch v mi trng chnh v theo 2 dng ph dch v mi trng l dch v cung
cp nc sch, x l nc thi v dch v thu gom cht thi rn. i vi mt s nc nng nghip,
dch v cung cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn cng l mt vn cn quan tm
nghin cu c chnh sch p dng ph hp.
a. Ph dch v cung cp nc sch v x l nc thi
Vn cn quan tm l mc ph dch v cung cp nc sch phi c t ra nh th no s
dng nc mt cch tit kim v c hiu qu nht. i tng ca loi hnh dch v ny bao gm
cc h gia nh, cc c s kinh doanh dch v v mt s t cc nh my sn xut cng nghip quy
m nh. Ni dung ca dch v bao gm cung cp nc sch, thu gom v x l nc thi trc khi
thi ra h thng thot nc ca thnh ph.
Tu theo mc th ho khc nhau, ph dch v cung cp nc sch c khc nhau, nhng
thng c quy nh trn mt nguyn tc tng i chung, l: Tng cc ngun ph thu c
phi chi tr cho dch v cung cp nc v x l nc thi (tr chi ph xy dng c bn). Mc
ph c th gm hai thnh phn: Mc c bn cng vi mt khon dch v iu tit chi ph ca
dch v.
Mc ph c bn l khon chi ph c bn cho vic cung cp mt n v nc sch x l lng
nc thi pht sinh khi cc h gia nh s dng mt n v nc sch .
Mc ph dch v c th c hiu l chi ph cho vic m rng mng li cung cp dch v v chi
ph vn hnh cung cp nc sch v x l nc thi. y, ngi ta cn c vo mc tiu th
nc sch c th xy dng cc trm c nh hoc chuyn tip x l nc thi chi ph x l
nc thi l thp nht, trnh tc ng tiu cc n gi dch v cung cp nc sch v x l nc
thi.
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Cota gy nhim l g?
"Cta gy nhim l mt loi giy php x thi cht thi c th chuyn nhng m thng qua ,
nh nc cng nhn quyn cc nh my, x nghip, v.v... c php thi cc cht gy nhim vo
mi trng".
Nh nc xc nh tng lng cht gy nhim ti a c th cho php thi vo mi trng, sau
phn b cho cc ngun thi bng cch pht hnh nhng giy php thi gi l cta gy nhemx v
chnh thc cng nhn quyn c thi mt lng cht gy nhim nht nh vo mi trng trong
mt giai on xc nh cho cc ngun thi.
Khi c mc phn b cta gy nhim ban u, ngi gy nhim c quyn mua v bn cta gy
nhim. H c th linh hot chn la gii php gim thiu mc pht thi cht gy nhim vi chi
ph thp nht: Mua cta gy nhim c php thi cht gy nhim vo mi trng hoc u
t x l nhim t tiu chun cho php. Ngha l nhng ngi gy nhim m chi ph x l
nhim thp hn so vi vic mua cta gy nhim th h s bn li cta gy nhim cho nhng
ngi gy nhim c mc chi ph cho x l nhim cao hn.
Nh vy, s khc nhau v chi ph u t x l nhim s thc y qu trnh chuyn nhng cta
gy nhim. Thng qua chuyn nhng, c ngi bn v ngi mua cta gy nhim u c th
gim c chi ph u t cho mc ch bo v mi trng, m bo c cht lng mi trng.
Hiu th no v k qu mi trng?
K qu mi trng l cng c kinh t p dng cho cc ngnh kinh t d gy ra nhim mi trng.
Ni dung chnh ca k qu mi trng l yu cu cc doanh nghip trc khi u t phi t cc
ti ngn hng mt khon tin no ln m bo cho vic thc hin y cc ngha v v
cng tc bo v mi trng. S tin k qu phi ln hn hoc xp x vi kinh ph cn khc phc
mi trng nu doanh nghip gy ra nhim hoc suy thoi mi trng.
Trong qu trnh thc hin u t v sn xut, nu c s c cc bin php ch ng khc phc,
khng xy ra nhim hoc suy thoi ra mi trng ng nh cam kt, th s tin k qu s
c hon tr li cho doanh nghip. Nu doanh nghip khng thc hin ng cam kt hoc ph
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sn, s tin trn s c rt ra t ti khon ngn hng chi cho cng tc khc phc s c nhim
ng thi vi vic ng ca doanh nghip.
K qu mi trng to ra li ch, i vi nh nc khng phi u t kinh ph khc phc mi
trng t ngn sch, khuyn khch x nghip hot ng bo v mi trng. X nghip s c li ch
do ly li vn khi khng xy ra nhim hoc suy thoi mi trng.
Tr cp mi trng l g?
Tr cp mi trng l cng c kinh t quan trng c s dng rt nhiu nc chu u thuc T
chc Hp tc v pht trin kinh t (OECD). Tr cp mi trng gm cc dng sau:
Chc nng chnh ca tr cp l gip cc ngnh cng nghip, nng nghip v cc ngnh khc
khc phc nhim mi trng trong iu kin, khi tnh trng nhim mi trng qu nng n
hoc kh nng ti chnh ca doanh nghip khng chu ng c i vi vic phi x l nhim
mi trng. Tr cp ny ch l bin php tm thi, nu vn dng khng thch hp hoc ko di c
th dn n phi hiu qu kinh t, v tr cp i ngc vi nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr
tin.
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giy loi c th gim mt khi lng cht thi rn t cc h gia nh hng nm khong t
250kg/ngi xung 100kg/ngi, hoc thm ch thp hn,...
Lng sinh thi l mt m hnh minh ho cho hng pht trin cn phi c trong c cc nc pht
trin cng nh ang pht trin chuyn i c cc xu hng c hi.
S di c l g?
S di c c coi l c trng ca loi ngi. T mt ngun gc lc u l Chu Phi, cc nhm
ngi to i chim c tt c cc vng t ca hnh tinh ny. S di c thng ko theo s ph
bin cc t tng vn ho, tp qun k thut t vng ny sang vng khc. S truyn b canh tc
nng nghip t nhm ngi mi n ti nhm ngi bn a cho php tng nhanh sn lng lng
thc.
Nguyn nhn di c ca cc nhm ln dn s thng l do tha dn s, sc p dn s qu ln, thiu
ti nguyn c bn. V d: s di c ca ngi Chu u n chu M, c, New Zeland. S sai khc
gia cc dn tc v mc thun li, v cng ngh v kinh t cng dn ti di c, ng thi dn
n vic dn tc c nn cng ngh cao n xm lc dn tc c cng ngh thp, hay dn tc km
pht trin b thu ht di c n cc x hi pht trin. V d lung di c ca ngi Rp, ng nam
, Chu Phi... sang cc nc Ty u v Hoa K.
Hng nm, Hoa K cho php nhp c vi chc vn ngi t cc nc khc, khng k ti s lng
nhp c bt hp php gp 2 ln. S di c khng gy nn s gia tng dn s chung ca th gii,
nhng n nh hng n cu trc dn s ca cc nc lin quan v n mt dn s cc khu
vc.
th ho l g?
Mt trong cc khuynh hng nh c lu i ca loi ngi l th ho. Qu trnh th ho ra
i vo lc nn canh tc nng nghip trnh kh cao nh c thu li, thnh lp kho tng
lu tr v phn b lng thc... tc l vo khong 2.000 nm trc cng nguyn. Cc khu vc
th lc u thng mc ln dc b sng thun tin giao thng, ngun nc. S hnh thnh cc
th gia tng mnh m nh cc tin b v cng nghip ca th k trc v hin nay. Cc th l th
trng lao ng rng ln ca dn c c mc sng cao vi iu kin giao thng v dch v thun
li.
S pht trin dn s th qu nhanh cc quc gia, nht l i vi cc nc chm pht trin
gy ra v vn vn kinh t x hi chnh tr v mi trng nh cung cp nh , cung cp nc, v
sinh mi trng, to cng n vic lm, gii quyt giao thng th v.v... Nguyn nhn dn ti s
gia tng dn s th rt a dng gm s gia tng t nhin ca c dn th, s di c hp php v
bt hp php t cc vng nng thn, vic m mang v kinh t, v cng nghip, gio dc trong cc
th v.v...
Hin nay, din tch cc thnh ph trn th gii chim 0,3% din tch tri t v 40% dn s th
gii. Theo s liu d bo ca tiu ban dn s Hi ng X hi v Kinh t th gii, th dn s th
trn th gii t nm 1960 n nm 2000 c th tng gp 3 ln t 3200 triu hay 50% dn s th
gii.
Siu th l g?
Xu th th ho trn ton th gii s dn ti s hnh thnh cc Siu th vi dn s trung bnh
trn 4 triu ngi. Hin nay, trn th gii c 20 siu th vi dn s trn 10 triu ngi, trong
c 11 Chu , 7 Chu M v 2 Chu Phi. Khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng hin nay c
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T nn mi trng l g?
"T nn mi trng l vic con ngi buc phi ri khi ni c tr truyn thng ca mnh tm thi
hay vnh vin do nhng nguyn nhn mi trng gy nguy him cho cuc sng ca h".
Hin nay, trn th gii c 225 ngi th c mt ngi phi t nn mi trng. Nguyn nhn ca t
nn mi trng l s t hp ca mt s yu t sau:
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Tht, c l loi thc phm ng vai tr quan trng bo m lng protein cn thit cho con ngi.
Tr c ra, 9 loi ng vt l tru, b, ln, d, ngng, g, vt, g ty cung cp phn ln protein nui
sng con ngi. B v ln cng li c kh nng tho mn 90% tng lng tht do gia sc em li.
V sa th b m bo 90%, tru khong 5%, cn li l d v cu.
V sao vn lng thc trn th gii li ang trong tnh trng bo ng?
Vn lng thc ang trong tnh trng bo ng trn th gii. Ngi ta thng k, c 10 ngi
th c 1 ngi b i. S ngi i ngy mt tng ln, t nm 1985 tng thm 40 triu.
Ngoi s ngi i kinh nin, thng xuyn c 500 triu ngi thiu n, hu ht tp trung cc
nc ang pht trin. c th nui thm 1 t dn vo nm 2000 v duy tr mc sng hin nay,
phi tng thm 40% sn xut lng thc, nng sut cy trng phi tng 26%.
Th nhng, do vic ph rng, hng nm c chng 25 - 30 t ha t b xi mn. Sa mc chim 36
din tch t ai th gii, ph hu 35 t ha. Ch tnh ring din tch t trng trt, hng nm mt i
khong 5 - 7 triu ha. Ring chu Phi c 4/5 cc nc b nn i v thiu n e do. Khi lng
xut khu lng thc, thc phm trn th gii ti 200 t la/nm.
m bo cuc sng, mi ngi thng c nhu cu ring v lng thc v thc phm xc nh
bng khu phn n hng ngy, ph thuc vo la tui, hot ng ngh nghip, vo kch thc c
th v gii tnh. Nhn chung, lao ng cng nghip nng ngi chu u trong khong 8 gi i
hi khong 2.400 Kcalo i vi nam v 1.600 Kcalo i vi n.
i vi ngi Vit Nam, nhu cu c thp hn mt t: 2.100 kcal v 1.400 Kcal. Trong khu phn
thc n hng ngy khng ch tnh ring lng calo, m cn phi tnh n thnh phn nhng cht
dinh dng cn thit, c bit l protein. Nhu cu ny thay i cng ging nh calo, ng thi
cng phi tnh n cht lng ca ngun protein. Nu thiu protein ng vt trong khu phn thc
n th phi b protein thc vt. Nhng hm lng protein trong thc vt thng rt thp. S thiu
protein trong khu phn thc n cc nc ang pht trin c khi cn nghim trng hn c thiu
calo, nht l i vi ph n c thai, ph n ang nui con v tr em. Trong cun sch "Ci i
trong tng lai" cho bit, trong s 60 triu ngi cht hng nm, th cht do i n l 10 - 20 triu,
s cn li b cht v thiu dinh dng v bnh tt.
Vit Nam, qua s liu iu tra ca Vin dinh dng trong 3 nm 1987, 1988, 1989 23 tnh,
thnh ph trn 1278 h cho thy, ba n ca nhn dn ta cn thiu v s lng, mi t 1950
Kcal/1ngi/1ngy, so vi yu cu l 2.300 Kcal cn thiu 15%. S gia nh di mc 1500 Kcal
c lit vo loi i chim 17%, t 1500 - 1800 Kcal vo loi thiu ln n 23%, cng c hai loi
thiu trn n 40%, s ngi gy n chim 38%, nam gii chim 62% v khong 40% tr em
suy dinh dng. T l thiu vitamin A - mt ch s tng hp v s i ngho nc ta cao gp 8
ln mc quy nh ca T chc Y t th gii.
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Ngnh ho hc v cng nghip ho cht khng ngng pht trin v sn xut ra ht loi thuc su
ny n loi thuc su kia i ph vi cn trng c hi. Nhng ch mt thi gian sau cc cn
trng c hi khng s thuc na. Con ngi buc phi tng liu lng phun thuc v thu c kt
qu nht nh, nhng cng ch ko di c mt thi gian.
Con ngi li tm cch ch ra cc loi thuc su tng hp mi. Tnh n thp k 70, ton th gii
s dng hn 12.000 loi thuc tr su i ph vi cn trng c hi. Nhng trong thc t, con
ngi khng nhng khng tiu dit ht c cn trng c hi m cng ngy chng cng pht trin
hn. n nay, loi ngi mi tnh ng rng, nu ch da vo thuc tr su th khng th tiu dit
ht c cn trng c hi. Bi l trong qu trnh s dng thuc su trn lan, i tng b hi nhiu
nht khng phi l cn trng c hi m l k th ca chng - l cc loi chim c ch. Thc t
cho thy rt nhiu loi chim c ch b cht v thuc tr su, trng ca nhiu loi chim b nhim
thuc tr su khng th n thanh chim non c. Trong khi cc loi su b c hi sinh si ny
n rt nhanh v mau chng nhn thuc. D phun vi liu lng ln, chng vn khng cht m vn
sinh si ny n nh thng. Thuc su cng phun nhiu cng lm nhim khng kh, nc, t v
cy trng. C th ni hin nay trn tri t khng c ni no khng c thuc tr su xm nhp vo
mi trng sng.
ng nhin con ngi vn phi s dng thuc tr su trong phm vi cho php, nhng khng th
ch da vo thuc tr su tiu dit cn trng c hi. Ngy nay, ngi ta p dng cc bin php
tng hp i ph vi cn trng c hi, trong c bin php dng cn trng dit cn trng, dng
vi trng dit cn trng v c bit ch bo v cc loi chim chuyn n cn trng c hi. Ngoi ra
ngi ta cn gy, nhn ging v nhp khu cc loi cn trng c ch tiu dit cn trng c hi.
Ch c nh vy mi c th ngn chn uc nhim mi trng v khng ch mt cch hiu qu
cc loi cn trng c hi.
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Ngy nay, t lnh c mt trong hu ht cc gia nh trn th gii. T lnh em li nhiu tin li
v nim vui cho mi gia nh. Nhng t lnh t trong nh c nh hng th no n sc kho con
ngi?
Mun gii p vn ny, trc tin chng ra cn tm hiu s b nguyn l ca t lnh. Phn y
t lnh c lp mt my nn, khi my nn lm vic, kh freon nng ln di p sut cao, kh freon
b nn nng c a vo b phn lm lnh (tc l nhng ng mu en pha sau t lnh). Do
nhit lnh bn ngoi tc ng, kh freon bin thnh th lng, cht lng ny chy xung qua mt
h thng nhiu dn ng nh (gim p xut v gim nhit), sau chy vo hp bc hi (nm trong
t lnh). y cht lng freon tip thu nhit lng ca khng kh v thc phm trong t lnh v
chuyn sang th kh. Kh freon li c my nn v tun hon theo chu k k trn. Vng tun hon
kh freon chnh l qu trnh lm lnh ca t lnh. V vy khi t lnh lm vic, ta thng nghe thy
ng c my nn pht ra m thanh r r, ting cht lng chy rc rch, nu s vo gin ng mu
en pha sau t lnh s thy rt nng. gin ng ny nhanh to nhit, ta cn t lnh cch xa
tng.
T lnh hot ng v lm lnh c l nh qu trnh tun hon cht lm lnh. Trn th gii hin
c khong gn 100 cht lm lnh, nhng thng c dng nht l cht freon 12 (vit tt l F12).
Freon l tn thng phm ca hp cht hydrocabon halogen cha flo v clo. Kh freon 12 khng
mu, khng mi. Khi nng cht kh ny trong khng kh l 20%, con ngi s khng cm nhn
thy, nu tng ln 80%, con ngi s ngt th v cht. Kh freon 12 khng chy, khng n, tnh
cht ho hc n nh, v vy n c chn lm cht lm lnh cho t lnh. Nhng freon 12 c kh
nng thm thu rt mnh, d lt ra ngoi qua nhng khe h cc nh. Do khng mu, khng mi
nn khi freon 12 lt ra ngoi khng th pht hin c. Khi gp la c nhit trn 400oC, freon
12 s phn gii thnh cht kh phosgen (COCl2). Kh phosgen rt c hi i vi c th con ngi.
Tc hi ln hn ca freon 12 l khi lt ra kh quyn, n s ph v kt cu tng ozon trn kh
quyn, khin tng ozon b long, thm ch b thng, cc tia t ngoi, tia v tr s chiu thng
xung Tri t ph hot iu kin mi trng sinh tn ca loi ngi. V l , cc nh khoa hc
ang nghin cu sn xut cht lm lnh thay cho freon 12, hoc nghin cu ch to loi t lnh
khng dng freon 12 nh t lnh bn dn, t lnh hp th, t lnh in t, v.v. bo v tng
ozon - mi nh ca Tri t khi b ph hoi, cht lm lnh ca t lnh s c thay th, nhng t
lnh vn mi l ngi bn tuyt vi ca chng ta.
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thn trng khi sn xut cc loi thc phm c s dng ho cht c hi.
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Rc c phi l th b i, v gi tr khng?
Rc l sn phm tt yu ca cuc sng. Cng ngy con ngi cng to ra nhiu rc hn, vi nhng
thnh phn phc tp hn.
Rc thi sinh hot th rn thng gm giy, thu tinh, kim loi, nha, vi, thc n cnh cy, xc
ng vt,... Trong , cc cht hu c t nhin nh l, cnh cy, thc n tha, xc cht ng vt,...
l nhng th rt chng phn hu, gy nhim mi trng. Khi b phn hu, chng bc mi kh
chu, pht sinh nhiu vi trng gy bnh thu ht cng trng, rui, nhng, chut, b, to iu kin
cho chng pht trin gy nhim khng kh, nhim nc v truyn bnh sang ngi v gia sc.
Tuy nhin, nu s dng hp l, lng cht hu c ny c th tr thnh nguyn liu rt tt sn
xut phn hu c, kh sinh hc.
Rc thi l giy, ba, nha, thu tinh, kim loi vn l nhng th c th ti ch hoc ti s dng
c. Ti ch tc l dng n lm nguyn liu sn xut ra sn phm mi. Ti s dng tc l thu
hi, ra sch v s dng li. Vic ti ch, ti s dng em li nhiu li ch:
Cc cht thi chy c nh cht hu c, giy, vi, nha,... c th dng lm cht t, ly nhit
cung cp cho si m, sy hng ho. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c th sinh ra nhiu loi kh c
c hi cho sc kho. Nhng phn khng th ti ch, ti s dng, lm phn bn c ca rc thi c
th dng lm vt liu san lp trong xy dng.
Nh vy, rc thi khng hon ton l th b i, v gi tr m vn l con ngi i x vi chng
nh th no.
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Chc nng bin i l ho: pha long, phn hu ho hc nh nh sng mt tri, s tch chit
cc vt thi v c t ca cc thnh phn mi trng.
Chc nng bin i sinh ho: s hp th cc cht d tha, s tun hon ca chu trnh ccbon,
chu trnh nit, phn hu cht thi nh vi khun, vi sinh vt.
Chc nng bin i sinh hc: khong ho cc cht thi hu c, mn ho, v.v...
Chc nng gim nh cc tc ng c hi ca thin nhin ti con ngi v sinh vt trn tri
t.
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Cht thi c hi l g?
Cht thi c hi l cc cht thi c th c sinh ra do cc hot cht cng nghip, thng nghip
v nng nghip. Cc cht thi c hi c th l cc cht rn, cht lng, cht kh hoc cht st.
Trong nh ngha cht thi c hi khng ni n cc cht thi rn sinh hot, nhng tht ra rt kh
phn bit mt cch ton din cht thi cng nghip vi cht thi sinh hot. Cht thi c hi khng
bao gm cht thi phng x v loi cht thi ny c hu ht cc nc phn cch v t chc
qun l ring.
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c hi ca cc cht thi c hi rt khc nhau, c cht gy nguy him cho con ngi nh cc
cht chy c im chy thp, cc cht dit cn trng, cc vt liu clo ho phn hu chm, c cht
gy tc ng nh hn nhng khi lng ca n li l vn ln nh cc cht thi hm m, x,
thch cao pht pht c hoc cc st hydroxyt khc. Nhng cht thi c cha nhng ho cht khng
tng hp c th gy n, bt chy. Tip xc vi axt hoc kim mnh gy bng da. Da hp th mt
s thuc tr su c th gy ng c cp tnh. Nhng thng, hm cha cht thi ho cht nu khng
c x l, ba bi vo ni khng c bo v tt c th gy cc tai nn ng c nghim trng.
C th xc nh 3 nhm cht thi c hi chnh:
Nhm 1 bao gm cc cht thi c hm lng c t cao, d thay i, bn vng hoc tch t sinh
hc. V d:
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cc hot ng ho v ho sinh.
nhim nc b mt:
B mt ngoi ca nc gn ch cht thi c th nhn nhng cht thi c hi t b mt chy.
Hn na, dng chy t - nc ca cc ho cht cng a nhim vo mt nc. Trong iu kin
tip xc khng kh s thc y qu trnh phn hu ho, ho sinh cc hp cht hu c. Qu trnh bay
hi mt nc cng d hn t.
Cc ng nhim khc:
Cc hp cht hu c c th bay hi trong khng kh, gi c th a cht thi c hi vo mi
trng, rau qu trng gn ni cht thi c th hp th nhng c t ca cht thi.
Gio dc mi trng l g?
"Gio dc mi trng l mt qu trnh thng qua cc hot ng gio dc chnh quy v khng
chnh quy nhm gip con ngi c c s hiu bit, k nng v gi tr to iu kin cho h tham
gia vo pht trin mt x hi bn vng v sinh thi".
Mc ch ca Gio dc mi trng nhm vn dng nhng kin thc v k nng vo gn gi, bo
tn, s dng mi trng theo cch thc bn vng cho c th h hin ti v tng lai. N cng bao
hm c vic hc tp cch s dng nhng cng ngh mi nhm tng sn lng v trnh nhng thm
ho mi trng, xo ngho i, tn dng cc c hi v a ra nhng quyt nh khn kho trong s
dng ti nguyn. Hn na, n bao hm c vic t c nhng k nng, c nhng ng lc v cam
kt hnh ng, d vi t cch c nhn hay tp th, gii quyt nhng vn mi trng hin ti
v phng nga nhng vn mi ny sinh.
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"Truyn thng mi trng l mt qu trnh tng tc x hi hai chiu nhm gip cho nhng ngi
c lin quan hiu c cc yu t mi trng then cht, mi quan h ph thuc ln nhau ca
chng v cch tc ng vo cc vn c lin quan mt cch thch hp gii quyt cc vn v
mi trng".
Truyn thng mi trng khng nhm qu nhiu vo vic ph bin thng tin m nhm vo vic
chia s nhn thc v mt phng thc sng bn vng v nhm kh nng gii quyt cc vn mi
trng cho cc nhm ngi trong cng ng x hi.
Mc tiu ca truyn thng mi trng nhm:
Chuyn thng tin ti tng c nhn qua vic tip xc ti nh, ti c quan, gi in thoi, gi
th.
Chuyn thng tin ti tng nhm qua hi tho, tp hun, hun luyn, hp nhm, tham quan,
kho st...
Chuyn thng tin qua cc phng tin truyn thng i chng: bo ch, tivi, radio, pano, p
phch, t ri, phim nh,....
Tip cn truyn thng qua nhng bui biu din lu ng, tham gia hi din, cc chin dch,
tham gia cc l hi, cc ngy k nim...
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Trc tip gn b vi thin nhin, mi trng trong sinh hot hng ngy.
L i tng nhy cm chu nh hng trc tip ca cc cht nhim trong sinh hot, sn
xut.
L i tng nhy cm chu nh hng trc tip ca vic nhim v suy thoi ti nguyn:
nc, khng kh, rng,...
L ngi vt v nht khi gia nh chu tc ng tiu cc ca mi trng.
Ngi m b m do nhim s nh hng ln n i sng gia nh v thai nhi.
L ngi c trch nhim v s hnh thnh thc v tnh cch ca tr em trong quan h vi
mi trng.
L ngi ni tr chnh ca gia nh, va chm lo v cht lng ca tng ba n, va m
bo v sinh thc phm v n np sinh hot hp v sinh ca gia nh.
L mt trong nhng tc nhn gy nhim v suy thoi mi trng.
Ph n ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng gia nh v x hi.
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th gii. Nhng ngi nng dn l ngi qun l nhiu ngun ti nguyn ca Tri t. Tuy nhin,
ngh nng c th d b tn thng trc s khai thc qu mc v qun l khng ng n cc
vng t d b ph v v kh trng trt. Nng dn cn b nh hng bi n nn quc t v gi
hng b gim. H cn b hn ch v ti nguyn v phng tin sn xut.
Ngy nay, ngi ta cng quan tm n tnh bn vng ca cc h thng sn xut nng nghip.
xy dng v trin khai c cc chin lc nng nghip bn vng, cc Chnh ph phi:
Trin khai cc cch v cc cng ngh nng nghip ng n v mi trng nng cao sn
lng cy trng, duy tr c cht lng t, ti quay vng cc cht dinh dng, bo tn
ngun nc v nng lng, kim sot c cc loi cn trng v c di.
Gip nng dn chia s kin thc kinh nghim trong bo v cc ngun ti nguyn, t,
nc v rng, s dng hiu qu ho cht v gim hoc ti s dng cc cht thi nng
nghip.
Khuyn khch cc cng ngh t cung t cp t tiu hao nguyn liu u vo v t nng
lng, bao gm c canh tc bn a.
Tr gip nghin cu v cc thit b nhm s dng ti u sc lao ng ca con ngi v
ng vt.
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Xanh ho nh trng l g?
Xanh ho nh trng l mt trong nhng ni dung quan trng ca cng tc gio dc mi trng
trong h thng gio dc Vit Nam. Vic lm ny nu t kt qu tt n s gp phn ng k trong
cng tc bo v mi trng chung ca nhn loi.
Trong chng trnh V s thay i (Chng trnh 21) ca Hi ngh Thng nh Tri t RiO
nm 1992, phn ni v tr em v thanh nin trong s nghip pht trin bn vng nu:
"Tr em chim ti gn mt na dn s nhiu nc ang pht trin. c cc nc pht trin v
cc nc cng nghip ho, tr em rt d b tn thng do nh hng ca suy thoi mi trng.
Thanh nin chim ti mt phn ba dn s th gii v h cn phi c ting ni trong vic xc nh
tng lai ca mnh. Vai tr tch cc ca h trong vic bo v mi trng v tham gia trong cc
quyt nh v mi trng v pht trin l ht sc quan trng i vi s thnh cng lu di ca
Chng trnh Hnh ng 21".
Thc vy, chng trnh gio dc mi trng quc t bt u t nm 1975 v ngay sau khong
60 quc gia a gio dc mi trng vo cc k hoch ging dy v chng trnh ny b
sung thm sau Hi ngh quc t v gio dc v o to Mtxcva nm 1987. Chng trnh gio
dc mi trng c cc c quan UNEP, UNICEF v UNESCO bo tr cho Thp k th gii v
gio dc mi trng 1990 - 1999.
Xanh ho nh trng phi c hiu y , l Xanh - Sch - p trong nh trng. N phong
ph, a dng nhng rt c th.
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quan n mt lnh vc no , do mt nhm nc tho thun v cng cam kt thc hin, nhm to
ra ting ni chung, s thng nht v hnh ng v s hp tc trong cc nc thnh vin.
Cng c quc t c hiu lc trn vn vi cc nc thnh vin, nhng cng c tc ng rt ln i
vi cc nc trong khu vc cha tham gia cng c.
Hin nay, c khong 300 cng c quc t v bo v mi trng. Vit Nam tham gia cc Cng
c quc t v mi trng sau y (ngy tham gia trong ngoc):
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. Tho thun v mang li cc trung tm thu sn Chu - Thi bnh dng, 1988
(2/2/1989).
2. Cng c Basel v kim sot vic vn chuyn qua bin gii cht thi c hi v vic loi b
chng (13/5/1995).
3. Cng c khung ca Lin Hp Quc v bin i kh hu, 1992 (16/11/1994).
4. Cng c v a dng sinh hc, 1992 (16/11/1994).
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Nguy c mt rng v ti nguyn rng ang e do c nc, v trong thc t tai ho mt rng
v cn kit ti nguyn rng xy ra nhiu vng, mt rng l mt thm ho quc gia.
S suy thoi nhanh ca cht lng t v din tch t canh tc theo u ngi, vic s dng
lng ph ti nguyn t ang tip din.
Ti nguyn bin, c bit l ti nguyn sinh vt bin ven b b suy gim ng k, mi
trng bin bt u b nhim, trc ht do du m.
Ti nguyn khong sn, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn sinh vt, cc h sinh thi v.v... ang
c s dng khng hp l, dn n s cn kit v lm ngho ti nguyn thin nhin.
nhim mi trng, trc ht l mi trng nc, khng kh v t xut hin nhiu
ni, nhiu lc n mc trm trng, nhiu vn v v sinh mi trng phc tp pht sinh
cc khu vc thnh th, nng thn.
Tc hi ca chin tranh, c bit l cc ho cht c hi v ang gy ra nhng hu qu
cc k nghim trng i vi mi trng thin nhin v con ngi Vit Nam.
Vic gia tng qu nhanh dn s c nc, s phn b khng ng u v khng hp l lc
lng lao ng gia cc vng v cc ngnh khai thc ti nguyn l nhng vn phc tp
nht trong quan h dn s v mi trng.
Thiu nhiu c s vt cht - k thut, cn b, lut php gii quyt cc vn mi trng,
trong khi nhu cu s dng hp l ti nguyn khng ngng tng ln, yu cu v ci thin mi
trng v chng nhim mi trng ngy mt ln v phc tp.
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Nm 1991: Chnh ph thng qua "K hoch quc gia v mi trng v pht trin bn vng 19912000".
Nm 1992: "Hi tho quc t v ngho kh v bo v mi trng" do Hi Bo v thin nhin v
mi trng phi hp cng UNEP t chc ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Nm 1993: "Hi tho Ho hc v Bo v mi trng" do Hi Bo v thin nhin v mi trng
Vit Nam v Hi Ho hc Vit Nam phi hp t chc.
Nm 1994: Lut Bo v Mi trng c hiu lc.
Nm 1995: Chnh ph thng qua K hoch quc gia v bo tn a dng sinh hc.
Nm 1996: Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 26/CP ngy 26/4/1996 Quy nh X pht vi phm hnh
chnh v bo v mi trng.
Nm 1997: Quc hi thng qua Ngh quyt v tiu chun cc chng trnh trng im quc gia.
Quc hi nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam Kho X thng qua B Lut hnh s
trong c chng XVII - Cc ti phm v mi trng.
Din n Mi trng ASEAN ln th nht.
B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng xy dng Chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia
2001-2010 v K hoch hnh ng 2001-2005.
Hon thin xy dng 4 n thc hin Ch th 36-CT/TW ca B Chnh tr Ban chp hnh
Trung ng ng v "Tng cng cng tc bo v mi trng trong thi k cng nghip
ho, hin i ho t nc".
Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Chin lc Qun l cht thi rn th v Khu cng nghip
Vit Nam v Quy ch Qun l cht thi nguy hi.
Vit Nam k Tuyn ngn quc t v Sn xut sch hn.
Hi ngh khng chnh thc cp B trng Mi trng ASEAN ln th 5 v Pht ng Nm
Mi trng ASEAN.
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mt trong nhng lut quan trng ca nc ta quy nh v s thng nht qun l bo v mi trng
trong phm vi c nc, ra nhng bin php phng, chng, khc phc suy thoi mi trng,
nhim mi trng. Nhng ni dung qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng, lp quy hoch bo v
mi trng cng nh xy dng tim lc cho hot ng dch v mi trng Trung ng v a
phng.
Lut xc nh nhim v bo v mi trng l s nghip ca ton dn, cc t chc, c nhn phi
chp hnh nghim chnh php lut v bo v mi trng, nhm bo v sc kho mi ngi, m
bo quyn con ngi c sng trong mi trng trong lnh ca t nc cng nh gp phn bo
v mi trng khu vc v trn th gii.
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To iu kin thun li cho cc on thanh tra hoc thanh tra vin bo v mi trng thi
hnh nhim v. C nhim v chp hnh quyt nh ca c quan Nh nc c thm quyn kt
lun nhng vn v mi trng.
C ngha v bi thng thit hi do hnh vi gy tc hi n mi trng lm thit hi cho
ngi khc.
Hot ng sn xut, dch v gy n, rung, mi kh chu, bi, nng v cc hnh thc nhim
khc nh hng ti cc h gia nh xung quanh.
Gy n, rung vt qu tiu chun quy nh.
rc sinh hot, cc cht ph thi, xc ng vt ra va h, ng ph, sng, h, khu vc
cng cng.
Nui ln trong khu vc ni thnh, ni th.
Chn, dt, nui sc vt ni cng cng.
Dng phn ti, hi thi ti rau.
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Theo Quy nh X pht hnh chnh v bo v mi trng c quy nh ti Ngh nh 26/CP, ngy
26/4/1996 ca Chnh ph, cc hnh vi c coi l vi phm hnh chnh v bo v mi trng gm:
Ch tch UBND phng, x, th trn c thm quyn x pht vi phm hnh chnh v
Bo v mi trng n u?
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T chc, c nhn b x pht vi phm hnh chnh v Bo v mi trng hoc ngi i din
hp php ca h c quyn khiu ni i vi Quy nh x pht ca ngi c thm quyn
trong thi hn 10 ngy k t ngy nhn c quyt nh.
Trong thi hn 15 ngy k t khi nhn c khiu ni, ngi c trch nhim phi tr li
bng vn bn cho ngi khiu ni bit. Nu khng ng th ngi khiu ni c quyn khiu
ni tip ln cp trn trc tip trong thi hn 3 ngy k t khi nhn c gii quyt khiu ni.
Trong thi hn 20 ngy k t khi nhn c khiu ni, th trng c quan cp trn c trch
nhim gii quyt v tr li bng vn bn cho ngi khiu na bit v quyt nh gii quyt
l quyt nh cui cng.
Mi cng dn c quyn t co i vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn nhng vi phm hnh
chnh v bo v mi trng ca cc t chc, c nhn khc.
Ngi c thm quyn x pht vi phm hnh chnh v bo v mi trng m vi phm cc quy
nh v x pht hnh chnh, sch nhiu, dung tng, bao che cho ngi vi phm, khng x
pht hoc x pht khng ng thm quyn th tu theo tnh cht, mc vi phm s b x l
k lut hnh chnh hoc truy cu trch nhim hnh s.
Trng hp gy thit hi cho Nh nc, t chc, cng dn th phi bi thng theo quy nh
ca php lut.
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Ti nhp khu cng ngh, my mc, thit b, ph thi hoc cc cht khng m bo
tiu chun bo v mi trng b x pht nh th no?
iu 185 (BLHS). Ti nhp khu cng ngh, my mc, thit b, ph thi hoc cc cht khng
m bo tiu chun bo v mi trng
1. Ngi no nhp khu hoc cho php nhp khu cng ngh, my mc, thit b, cc ch phm
sinh hc, ch phm ho hc khc, cc cht c hi, cht phng x hoc ph thi khng m
bo tiu chun bo v mi trng, b x pht hnh chnh v hnh vi ny m cn vi phm
gy hu qu nghim trng, th b pht tin t mi triu ng n mt trm triu ng, ci
to khng giam gi n ba nm hoc pht t t su thng n ba nm.
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Ti lm ly lan dch bnh nguy him cho ng vt, thc vt b x pht nh th no?
iu 187 (BLHS). Ti lm ly lan dch bnh nguy him cho ng vt, thc vt
1. Ngi no c mt trong cc hnh vi sau y lm ly lan dch bnh nguy him cho ng vt,
thc vt gy hu qu nghim trng hoc b x pht hnh chnh v hnh vi ny m cn vi
phm, th b pht tin t mi triu ng n mt trm triu ng, ci to khng giam gi
n ba nm hoc pht t t su thng n ba nm:
a. a vo hoc mang ra khi khu vc hn ch lu thng ng vt, thc vt, sn phm ng
vt, thc vt hoc vt phm khc b nhim bnh hoc mang mm bnh;
b. a vo hoc cho php a vo Vit Nam ng vt, thc vt, sn phm ng vt, thc vt
thuc i tng kim dch m khng thc hin cc quy nh ca php lut v kim dch;
c. Hnh vi khc lm ly lan dch bnh nguy him cho ng vt, thc vt.
1. Phm ti gy hu qu rt nghim trng hoc c bit nghim trng, th b pht t t hai nm
n by nm.
2. Ngi phm ti cn c th b pht tin t nm triu ng n nm mi triu ng, cm
m nhim chc v, cm hnh ngh hoc lm cng vic nht nh t mt nm n nm nm.
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a. S dng cht c, cht n, cc ho cht khc, dng in hoc cc phng tin, ng c khc
b cm khai thc thu sn hoc lm hu hoi ngun li thu sn;
b. Khai thc thu sn ti khu vc b cm, trong ma sinh sn ca mt s loi hoc vo thi gian
khc m php lut cm;
c. Khai thc cc loi thu sn qu him b cm theo quy nh ca Chnh ph;
d. Ph hoi cc ni c ng ca cc loi thu sn qu him c bo v theo quy nh ca Chnh
ph;
) Vi phm cc quy nh khc v bo v ngun li thu sn.
1. Phm ti gy hu qu rt nghim trng hoc c bit nghim trng, th b pht tin t nm
mi triu ng n hai trm triu ng hoc pht t t hai nm n nm nm.
2. Ngi phm ti cn c th b pht tin t hai triu ng n hai mi triu ng, cm m
nhim chc v, cm hnh ngh hoc lm cng vic nht nh t mt nm n nm nm.
C t chc;
Li dng chc v, quyn hn hoc li dng danh ngha c quan, t chc;
Hu hoi din tch rng rt ln;
Cht ph cc loi thc vt qu him thuc danh mc quy nh ca Chnh ph;
) Gy hu qu rt nghim trng.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Page 94 of 96
C t chc;
Li dng chc v, quyn hn;
S dng cng c hoc phng tin sn bt b cm;
Sn bt trong khu vc b cm hoc trong thi gian b cm;
) Gy hu qu rt nghim trng hoc c bit nghim trng.
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Phm Ngc ng
Mi trng khng kh.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 1997.
Lu c Hi
C s khoa hc mi trng.
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, HQG H Ni, 1998.
Lu c Hi, Nguyn Ngc Sinh
Qun l mi trng cho s pht trin bn vng.
Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2000.
Nguyn nh Ho v n.n.k
Tp bi ging v mi trng (tp I, II)
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, HQG H Ni, 1998.
Phm Ngc H, Hong Xun C
C s kh tng hc.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, 1992.
Phm Ngc H
Tp bi ging C s mi trng kh v nc.
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, H Ni, 1996.
Phm Minh Hun
C s hi dng hc.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, 1992.
L Vn Khoa
Mi trng v nhim.
Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni, 1995.
Mai nh Yn v n.n.k
Con ngi v mi trng.
Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni, 1994.
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B sch 10 vn cu hi ti sao.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, 1994.
B Lut Hnh s ca nc Cng ho, x hi ch ngha Vit Nam,1999.
B T php, 1999.
Cc quy nh php lut v mi trng (tp I, II, III)
Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia, 1995, 1997,1999.
Lut Bo v Mi trng
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, 1994.
Ngh nh 175/CP ngy 18/10/1994 ca Chnh ph v hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng.
Cc Mi trng, 1994.
Ngh nh 26/CP ngy 26/4/1996 ca Chnh ph Quy nh X pht vi phm hnh chnh v bo v
mi trng.
Cc Mi trng, 1996.
[ Gii thiu | Khoa Cng Ngh | Thng tin ni b ]
2003, B mn KTMT & Ti nguyn nc. Lin h cng tc
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