EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

BEAM DESIGN
- Factored axial compressive force on the member, Pu , shall not exceed

Ag f 'c
10

, otherwise it is considered as column.

421.5.1 - PROPORTION SIZE

1.

Ln 4 d

2.

b 0.3 h

3.

b 250 mm

4.

b c 2+2 xmin(c2 , 0.75 c 1)

PLAN VIEW

lesser of C2 or 0.75C1

EQ direction

C2

C2

C1
lesser of C2 or 0.75C1

421.5.2 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

1.4 b w d
f'c
min A s =
bw d
4fy
fy
4

3 reqd

(bawal ang

max 0.025
(Bottom bar requirement is automatically one-half of top bar requirements)
421.5.2.2

A s , bot

1
A
2 s ,top

A s , bot A s ,top

1
A
@ support
4 s , max

421.5.3 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

421.5.3.1-1
Hoods shall be provided in the following regions of frame members:
1. Over a length 2h from the support towards the middle span.
2h

2h

PLASTIC HINGES

2. Lengths 2h on both sides of a section where flexural yielding is likely to occur

in the connection with inelastic lateral displacement of a frame.

2h

2h

2h

2h

PLASTIC HINGES

PLASTIC HINGES

Section 421.5.3.2- STIRRUP SPACING

Stirrup 1 @ 50mm (required)
Minimum spacing shall not exceed:
(

s max
1.
2.
3.
4.

d/4
8db () smallest longitudinal bars
24dh () of hoop bars
300mm

421.5.3.3
Where hoops are required, longitudinal bars on the perimeter shall have
lateral supports conforming to Section 407.11.5.3
421.5.3.4
Where hoops are NOT required, stirrups with seismic hoops at both ends shall
be spaced at a distance not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member.
421.5.3.6
Two pieces of reinforcement is allowed.
421.5.4 SHEAR STRENGTH REQUIREMENT
421.5.4.1- Design Forces
1.

Mpr(L)
EQ direction

Mpr(R)
Ve
Shear diagram

2.

Mpr(R)
EQ direction

Mpr(R)
Ve
Shear diagram

*moments are opposite in signs

*moments resulted due to lateral load EQ
421.5.4.2 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Transverse reinforcement over the lengths identified in Section 421.5.3.1
shall be proportioned to resist shear, assuming V c = 0, when both of the following
conditions occur:
1.

V c 0.5 V u

2.

V c

Use

s min =

Agf '
20

Av f y d
Ve
V c

Sample:
fc = 40 MPa, Gr. 60

300

75

5-25 diam.

6-25 diam.

550

4-20 diam.

5-20 diam.
75

Mpr(R)

Mpr(L)
EQ direction

Mpr(R)
FIGURE 1

EQ direction

Mpr(R)

FIGURE 2

SOLUTION:
For Figure 1:

T =A s (1.25 f y )
T =4 x

x 202 (1.25 x 414)

4

T =650.31 kN

a=

T
0.85 f ' c b

a=

650.31
0.85 x 40 x 300

a=63.756 mm
a
Mpr ( L )=T (d )
2

T =A s (1.25 f y )
T =6 x

x 252 (1.25 x 414)

4

T =1524.16 kN

a=

T
0.85 f ' c b

a=

1524.1
0.85 x 40 x 300

a=149.43 mm
a
Mpr ( R )=T (d )
2

Mpr ( L )=650.31(625

63.756
)
2

Mpr ( R )=1524.1(625

149.43
)
2

Mpr ( L )=385.713 kN m
Mpr ( R )=838.722 kN m

For Figure 2:

T =A s (1.25 f y )
T =5 x

T =A s (1.25 f y )

2
x 25 (1.25 x 414)
4

T =5 x

2
x 20 (1.25 x 414)
4

T =1270.14 kN

T =812.89 kN

a=

T
0.85 f ' c b

a=

a=

1270.14
0.85 x 40 x 300

a=

a=124.52mm

812.89
0.85 x 40 x 300

a=79.695 mm

a
Mpr ( L )=T (d )
2

a
Mpr ( R )=T (d )
2

Mpr ( L )=1270.14( 625

Mpr ( R )=812.89( 625

T
0.85 f ' c b

124.52
)
2

79.695
)
2

Mpr ( L )=714.759 kN m
Mpr ( R )=475.665 kNm

Max ,V e =

w u l M pr ( L )+ M pr (R)
+
2
L

@ x=d , x=2 h

V e =V eR w u d
V e =V eR w u 2 h

COLUMN DESIGN
421.6 SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME SUBJECTED TO BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
421.6.1- Factored axial compressive force P u under any load combination exceeds

Ag f 'c
10

421.6.1.1
The shortest cross-sectional dimension shall not be less than 300 mm

c 1c 2 300 mm

421.6.1.2
The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular
dimension shall not be less than 0.4

c2
c1 0.4

421.6.2- Minimum flexural strength of columns

421.6.2.2

M nc 5 M nb (4211)

M nc=
sum of moments at the faces of that joint corresponding to the nominal flexural
strength of the columns

M nb=

framing into that joint.

sum of moments at the faces of that joint corresponding to the nominal flexural

strength of the beams framing into that joint.

421.6.2.3
If section 421.6.2.2 is not satisfied at a joint, the lateral strength and stiffness of the
columns framing into that joint shall be ignored when determining the calculated strength
and stiffness of the structure. These columns shall conform to section 421.13
421.6.3 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENTS
421.6.3.1

0.01 A g A st 0.06 A g

Ast = area of longitudinal reinforcement

421.6.3.2
Lap splice shall be permitted only within the centre half of the member
length, shall be designed as tension lap splices, and shall be enclosed within
transverse reinforcement conforming to sections 421.6.4.2 and 421.6.4.3
421.6.4 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTS

421.6.4.1
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided over a length L o from each joint
face and on both sides of any section where flexural yielding is likely to occur, as a
result of inelastic lateral displacements of the frame.
Lo shall not be less than the largest of the following:
1. Max (

dx , dz

; max

2. l/6
l=clear span
3. 450mm

421.6.4.2

(c 1 ,c 2 )

1. Min (

dx , dz

2. 6db
3. So;

350h x
)
3

s o=100+(

100 so 150

421.6.4.4 HOOP SPACING (additional)

Circular hoop spacing
1.

s =

0.12 f ' c
eq .1
fy

s =

4 A bt
eq .2
D ch P

*equate eq.1 & eq.2, solve for P, and then compare to s in 421.6.4.3
2.

s =0.45(

Ag
f'
1) c
A ch
f yt

, *equate this to eq.2, solve for P, then compare to

s in 421.6.4.3

407.11.4.3
Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than
25mm.

25 mm s 75 mm

Rectangular hoop

f 'c
A
s bc ) ( g 1)
(
f yt
A ch

1.

A sh=0.3

2.

A sh=0.09

f 'c
( s bc ) ;
f yt

A sh= ( dbt n )
4

*solve for s in both 1 & 2 and then compare versus 421.6.4.3

407.11.5.2
Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:
1. 16 db (longitudinal bar diameters)
2. 48 dbt
3. Least column dimension
*see 421.6.4.3
421.6.4.5
Beyond the length

l o , specified in section 421.6.4.1, the column shall

contain spiral or hoop reinforcement satisfying section 407.10 with center-to-center

spacing ,s, not exceeding the smaller of six times the diameter of the smallest
longitudinal column bars and 150mm, unless a large amount of transverse
reinforcement is required by sections 421.6.3.2 or 421.6.5

s min(6db ,150 mm)

421.6.5 SHEAR STRENGTH REQUIREMENT

S=

Av f y d
Ve
V c

V C =0.17 f ' c b d
A v = A btno . of legs

Ve

Mpr
Mpr

Ve