TCP Ip For Beginner

TCP/IP

.
-1 : ) OSI (
-2 ) TCP/IP ( .

. OSI .

. TCP/IP .
Addressing-3 TCP/IPProtocolSwitch-2 OSIModel-1 :
-4 . TCP/IP
OSI Model OSI Model : ISO .

OSI .
:
-1Physical
-2DataLink
-3Network
-4 Transport
-5Session
-6Presentation
-7 Application
Host Host Host

Node Router
. :
IntermediateNode. Physical
DataLinkNetwork .HostRouter
RouterHost
.Interface
NetworkDataLink .
ISO
Header Data .
Header Header Trailer .
Trailer .
Host Host
Data L7
Header . H6 Data
Header H5
Trailer Header . Data
.
Header Header
. Data Data link
L2
Data Data link .
:Physical layer
Physical Physical Host
Router Router
Host Host .
Data
.
Coaxial Twisted pair
. Data Physical

. Protocol Physical
Physical Data Rate Synchronization Signal Modulation
Data .
Data .
Data Physical .
Modulation Modulation
Data .
.
.
Datalink OSI
: DataDatalinklayer .
Network Data L3 Network Datalink
Datalink Physical
Physical Data .
Datalinklayer Data
. Datalink :
Framing Header Trailer ) H2 ( T2

. Addressing .
Flowcontrol Node Data . Node Node
Node Data Data

.
Flow Node Datalink
Errorcontrol Data
Datalink Data Node Node . Data
Data . Datalink Error
control . .
Accesscontrol Accesscontrol .
Node Data
Data
Data . Access
control Node
Data Node Node .
DatalinkPhysicallayer
Host . A Host B Host
F.E
Data A D A F F . D
Node Bridge
Router Link .
Inter mediate node
.
Data A F . A B A . B
Link A B Physical Data
DataLink A DataLink B
Data A B . B A
Data Data A . B E
Data link Communicate Data

B E .
hopto hop delivery . Data link Node
B E .
Network OSI
:Network
Net work IP Internet protocol TCP\IP
. Network Data Host Host

.
.
Routing Data Host
Host . Addressing
. Router Host
TCP\IP IP Data
.
Data Network Transportlayer Header
Header Data
controlerror . . Data Net
work Data link Data link Physical
Physical
Physical Physical Data link

Datalink Network Network . Transport
Net work Router Data
.
Network Network
A Host B Network Data
Link E
Data E . Node Net work
Node Router .
hop to hop delivery Router Router
Host . Endtodelivery A B A Delivery F
Net work . Net work Data
End system Host Host .
Endtodelivery .
Transport OSI
Trans port TCP TCP\PI .
Data
. flow Error Trans port
Error Flow
Node Router Host Router .
Trans port Data
. Flow control Error
control .
Host
Networklayerhosttohost
delivery IP Net work

Data Endtoendreliable
delivery Data
Flow Data Error .
.

.
Session layer
Session
layer TCP\IP Application

Synchronization .
.

syn .
Data
syn
. Data
syn .
Presentation OSI
Presentation Data Application layer

Data Presentation .
Presentation Data
. Data Data
Data Cooperation Compress . Data
Compress .
Application
.
Filetransfer Email Application Data
Presentation Presentation Session Session
Transport Transport Network - Network Datalink - Datalink Physical

.
.
: TCP\IP
TCP\IP
TCP\IP .
TCP\IP .
TCP\IP . Physical Data link

.
Underlyingnetwork DatalinkPhysical Network IP Internet
Protocol Trams port TCP UDP Transport

TCP\IP .
TCP UDP Session PresentationApplication

. Application TCP\IP
.
Physical
. Physical Mac Address Data
PhysicalAddress .
IP Address :IP Host Router IP Address
.
: Port Address Physical Address IP
Address . Port Address

.
PhysicalUnderlyingNetwork

Physical Datalink .
IP OtherProtocol Network IPAddress IPAddress
Transport TCP PortAddress UDP .

Physical Underline
PhysicalNetwork .
IP Network IPAddress PortAddress UDP - TCO .
Physicaladdresses
48 .
unique
. .
IPAddress
Header Network Header

IP
. IPAddress . IP 32
:
132.24.75.9
PortAddress
A Host Data P Host Data Application

Transport Transport Physical-1 :
Transport Address -3 Network Address-2 . Network
A P Data link Header
PortAddress . P1 .
UnderlyingTechnologies
:
.1 LAN
.2 WAN

. LAN Point to Point WAN
.
WAN Switch
WAN .
): LAN(LocalAreaNetwork
LAN Ethernet CSMA/CD
.
CSMA BUS
BUS BUS .
CSMS/CD Minimumframelength
Transmission rate Collision
Domain . PropagationSpeed
10BASE2 200 .
100Mbps 1000Mbps .
CSMA/CD .
CSMA/CD OSI
OSI Data link layer Physical
layer . Ethernet Data link

Logicallinkcontrol Mediaaccesscontrol Physical .
MAC
LLC . Flow Control .
Ethernetframe
Ethernet .
.
: Preamble Start frame delimiter
Ethernet .
: Startframedelimiter 1 0101011 Preamble .
: Destination address & Source address
MAC .
: LengthPDU
: Data and padding Logical control
.
: CRC
10BASE5
10BASE5 .
: 10BASE5
10Mbps .1
.2 Baseband
.3 500 Repeater .
.4 Repeater 2/5 .
: 10BASE5
.1 Coaxial
.2 ExternalTransceiver
.3
10BASE5
10BASE2 .
:10BASE2
10Mbps .1
.2 Baseband
.3 200 Repeater .
.4 Transceiver BNC
.
.5 Repeater .
:10BASE2
.1 Bus
.2
10BASE5
10BASET .

Twistedpair .
10BASEFL
10BASEFL .
Hub .
10BASE5 External Transceiver Connector
. 10Mbps .
100BASETX .
100Mbps TwistedPair .
200 100 .
100BASEFX .
100Mbps .
FastEthernetimplementation 100BASET4 .
Twisted Pair
.
Connector External transceiver
1000BASESX/LX .
Repeater Hub .
1000BASET .
1000BASE TwistedPair .
TokenRing
Token . )
( Token
Token .
Token A C
. B . D
D C C A
A . Token B B
.
Token .
MAU .
MAU MAU
.
Connectingdevices

100 200 . Device
.
:Repeater .
Segment Repeater LAN
Filtering .
Level
Hub . Hub Level
.
Bridge
Bridge .
Bridge -1 : -2Datalink
Bridge TransparentBridge Bridge

Segment .
Bridge Sourceroutingbridge .
Segment Bridge Segment .
Connectingdevices(Router)
Router Router :

Datalink
Physical
LAN Router WAN .

Router Physical Address
.
IPAddresses ClassfulAddressing
TCP/IP Network IP

.
Network 32 ( IPv4)4 .
n 2 n .
32 TCP/IP 4
4,294,967,296 .
BinaryNotation
01110101100101010001110111101010
32 TCP/IP .
Dotteddecimalnotation .
01110101 1001 0101 00011101 1110 1010

75
95
1DEA
0x75951DEA
HexadecimalNotation .
Dotteddecimal notation Binary

.
Example 1
ChangethefollowingIPaddressfrombinarynotationtodotteddecimalnotation.
10000001000010110000101111101111
Solution
129.11.11.239
. Binary Dotteddecimal
Example 2
ChangethefollowingIPaddressfrombinarynotationtodotteddecimalnotation.
10000001 00001011 0000101111101111
Solution
129.11.11.239
IPAddresses
: Dotteddecimal
Example 3
Findtheerror, ifany,inthefollowingIPaddress:
111.56.045.78
Solution
Therearenoleadingzeroesin
Dotted decimalnotation(045).
Example 3(continued)
Findtheerror, ifany,inthefollowingIPaddress:
75.45.301.14
Solution
Indotteddecimalnotation,
Eachnumberislessthanor
Equalto255 301isoutsidethisrange.
. Hexadecimal Binary
Example 4
ChangethefollowingIPaddressesfrombinarynotationto
hexadecimalnotation.
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
Solution
0X810B0BEFor 810B0BEF16
CLASSFULADDRESSING(1)
. Classful Addressing TCP/IP 32
. E D C B A
.
: A
Example 5
Howcanweprovethatwehave 2,147,483,648addressesinclassA?
Solution
InclassA,only1bitdefinestheclass.
Theremaining31 bitsareavailable
fortheaddress.With31bits,
wecanhave231 or 2,147,483,648addresses.
Binary
:
Example 6
Findtheclassoftheaddress:
00000001 00001011 0000101111101111
Solution
Thefirstbitis0.ThisisaclassAaddress.
Example 6(Continued)
11000001 10000011 0001101111111111
Solution
Thefirst2bitsare 1thethirdbitis 0.
ThisisaclassCaddress.
: Decimal
Example 7
227.12.14.87
Solution
Thefirstbyteis227(between224and239)
theclassisD.
Example 7(Continued)
193.14.56.22
Solution
Thefirstbyteis193(between192and223)
theclassisC.
CLASSFULADDRESSING(2)
Example 8
InExample4weshowedthatclassAhas231(2,147,483,648) addresses.
Howcanweprovethissamefactusingdotteddecimalnotation?
Solution
TheaddressesinclassArangefrom0.0.0.0to
127.255.255.255.Wenotice thatweare
dealingwithbase256numbershere.
Solution(Continued)
Eachbyteinthenotationhasaweight.
Theweightsareasfollows:
2563, 2562, 2561, 2560
Lastaddress: 127 2563+ 255 2562+
255 2561+ 255 2560=2,147,483,647
Firstaddress:= 0
Ifwesubtractthefirstfromthe
lastandadd1,weget2,147,483,648.
Netid A Byte Hostid Byte

Network 128 Network
16,77,216 .
Network
.
B Network 16,384
65,536 .
)CLASSFULADDRESSING(3
C Network 2,097,152 256 .
.
: Classfuladdressing
A B .
C .
D Multicasting .
E Special purposes Block
.
:Networkaddress
Networkaddress .
Network address Block Block
.
: Networkaddress
Example 9
Giventhenetworkaddress17.0.0.0, findtheclass, theblock, andtherange
oftheaddresses.
Solution
TheclassisAbecausethefirstbyteisbetween
0and127. Theblockhasanetidof17.
Theaddressesrangefrom17.0.0.0to
17.255.255.255.
Example 10
Giventhenetworkaddress132.21.0.0,findtheclass, theblock, andthe
rangeoftheaddresses.
Solution
TheclassisBbecausethefirstbyteisbetween
128and191.Theblockhasanettedof
132.21.Theaddressesrangefrom
132.21.0.0to132.21.255.255.
Example 11
Giventhenetworkaddress220.34.76.0,findtheclass, theblock,andthe
rangeoftheaddresses.
Solution
TheclassisCbecausethefirstbyteisbetween
192and223.Theblockhasanettedof220.34.76.
Theaddressesrangefrom220.34.76.0
to220.34.76.255.
AddressMasking
. 32 Mask Hostid Netid
: Mask
: Mast
Example 12
Giventheaddress23.56.7.91andthedefaultclassAmask,findthe
beginningaddress(networkaddress).
Solution
Thedefaultmaskis 255.0.0.0,whichmeans
thatonlythefirstbyteispreserved
andtheother 3bytesaresetto0s.
Thenetworkaddressis23.0.0.0.
Example 13
Giventheaddress132.6.17.85andthedefaultclassBmask,findthe
Solution
Thedefaultmaskis255.255.0.0, whichmeans
thatthefirst2bytesarepreserved
andtheother 2bytesaresetto0s.
Example 14
Giventheaddress201.180.56.5andtheclassCdefaultmask,findthe
Solution
Thedefaultmaskis255.255.255.0,whichmeansthatthefirst3bytesare
preservedandthelastbyteissetto 0.
Wemustnot
applythedefaultmask
ofoneclassto
anaddressbelonging
toanotherclass.
( 1)
Router
IPAddress Network .
Network A
B C
Network.
( 2)

:
Unicast
Multicast
Broadcast
Subnetting/SupernettingandClasslessAddressing

.
:
Subnetting -1
Supernetting-2
Classlessaddressing -3
IP
Level .
:
B Host 65,536
.

Subnetting .
Sub netting Hostid 16

Subnetid Hostid .
Subnetting :
)Subnetmasking (1
Subnetting Mask
Subnet .
: Subnetaddress
Straight1
Shortcut2
: Straight
Binary notation Address Mack and
Subnetaddress .
: Straight
Example 1
Whatisthesubnetworkaddressifthedestinationaddressis200.45.34.56
andthesubnetmaskis255.255.240.0?
Solution
11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000
111111111111111111110000 00000000
11001000001011010010000000000000
Thesubnetworkaddressis200.45.32.0.
: SortCut
255 Mask
.
. Mask
AndOperation Binary Address Mask 0 255
.
: ShortCut
Example 2
Whatisthesubnetworkaddressifthedestinationaddressis19.30.80.5and
themaskis255.255.192.0?
Solution
Subnet Defaultmask
: Subnetmask Defaultmask
. 2 Subnet :
Example 3
Acompanyisgrantedthesiteaddress201.70.64.0(classC). Thecompany
needssixsubnets. Designthesubnets.
Solution
Thenumberof 1sinthedefault
maskis 24(classC).
Solution(Continued)
Thecompanyneedssixsubnets.Thisnumber6isnotapowerof 2.Thenextnumber
thatisapowerof2is8(23).Weneed3more1sinthesubnetmask.Thetotal
numberof1sinthesubnetmaskis 27(24 +3).
Thetotalnumberof0sis 5(3227). Themaskis
Solution(Continued)
11111111111111111111111111100000
or
255.255.255.224
Thenumberofsubnetsis8.
Thenumberofaddressesineachsubnetis25(5isthenumberof 0s)or32.
Subnetmasking (2)
Example 4
Acompanyisgrantedthesiteaddress181.56.0.0(classB).Thecompany
needs1000 subnets.Designthesubnets.
Solution
Thenumberof 1sinthedefaultmaskis 16(classB).
Solution(Continued)
Thecompanyneeds 1000subnets.Thisnumberisnotapowerof2. Thenext
numberthatisapowerof2is1024(210). Weneed10more 1sinthesubnet
mask.
Thetotalnumberof 1sinthesubnetmaskis26(16+ 10).
Thetotalnumberof 0sis6(32 26).
Solution(Continued)
Themask is
11111111111111111111111111000000
or
255.255.255.192.
Thenumberofsubnetsis1024.
Thenumberofaddressesineachsubnetis26(6isthenumberof0s)
or64.
Subnet
Subnet :
CLASSLESSADDRESSING
: InternetAddressing
ClassfulAddressing 1
Variablelengthblocks 2
: Variablelengthblocks Block
. 2
NumberofAddressesinaBlock
Thereisonlyoneconditiononthenumberofaddressesinablockitmustbeapower
of2(2,4,8,. . .).Ahouseholdmaybegivenablockof2addresses.Asmallbusiness
maybegiven16addresses.Alargeorganizationmaybegiven1024addresses.
BeginningAddress
Thebeginningaddressmustbeevenlydivisiblebythenumberofaddresses.For
example,ifablockcontains4addresses,thebeginningaddressmustbedivisibleby
4.Iftheblockhaslessthan256addresses,weneedtocheckonlytherightmostbyte.
Ifithaslessthan65,536addresses,weneedtocheckonlythetworightmostbytes,
andsoon.
Example9
Whichofthefollowingcanbethebeginningaddressofablockthat
contains16addresses?
205.16.37.32
190.16.42.44
17.17.33.80
123.45.24.52
Solution
Theaddress205.16.37.32iseligiblebecause32isdivisibleby16.Theaddress
17.17.33.80iseligiblebecause80isdivisibleby16.
Example10
Whichofthefollowingcanbethebeginningaddressofablockthat
contains1024addresses?
205.16.37.32
190.16.42.0
17.17.32.0
123.45.24.52
Solution
Tobedivisibleby1024,therightmostbyteofanaddressshouldbe0andthesecond
rightmostbytemustbedivisibleby4.Onlytheaddress17.17.32.0meetsthis
condition.
Slashnotation (1)
CIDR Slash notation . Classless addressing Slash notation
Example 11
Asmallorganizationisgivenablockwiththebeginningaddressandthe
prefixlength205.16.37.24/29(inslashnotation).Whatistherangeofthe
block?
Solution
Thebeginningaddressis205.16.37.24.Tofindthelastaddresswekeepthefirst29
bitsandchangethelast3bitsto1s.
Beginning:11001111000100000010010100011000
Ending:11001111000100000010010100011111
Thereareonly8addressesinthisblock.
Example12
WecanfindtherangeofaddressesinExample11byanothermethod.We
canarguethatthelengthofthesuffixis32 29or3.Sothereare23=8
addressesinthisblock.If thefirstaddressis205.16.37.24,thelastaddress
is205.16.37.31(24+7=31).
Classful addressing A.B.C.D/ n
. Slashnotation
either 8(classA), 16(classB),or

24(classC).
Example 13
Whatisthenetworkaddressifoneoftheaddressesis167.199.170.82/27?
Solution
Theprefixlengthis 27, whichmeansthatwemustkeepthefirst27bitsasisand
changetheremainingbits(5)to0s.The 5bitsaffectonlythelastbyte. Thelastbyte
is01010010.Changingthelast5bitsto 0s,weget01000000or64.Thenetwork
addressis 167.199.170.64/27.
Example 14
Anorganizationisgrantedtheblock130.34.12.64/26.Theorganization
needstohavefoursubnets. Whatarethesubnetaddressesandtherangeof
addressesforeachsubnet?
Solution
Thesuffixlengthis6.Thismeansthetotalnumberofaddressesintheblockis64
(26). Ifwecreatefoursubnets,eachsubnetwillhave16addresses.
Solution(Continued)
Letusfirstfindthesubnetprefix(subnetmask).Weneedfoursubnets,whichmeans
weneedtoaddtwomore1stothesiteprefix. Thesubnetprefixisthen/28.
Subnet1:130.34.12.64/28to130.34.12.79/28.
Subnet2: 130.34.12.80/28to130.34.12.95/28.
Subnet3:130.34.12.96/28to130.34.12.111/28.
Subnet4:130.34.12.112/28to130.34.12.127/28.
Slashnotation (2)
Example 15
AnISPisgrantedablockofaddressesstartingwith190.100.0.0/16. The
ISPneedstodistributetheseaddressestothreegroupsofcustomersas
follows:
1.Thefirstgrouphas64customerseachneeds256addresses.
2.Thesecondgrouphas128customerseachneeds128addresses.
3.Thethirdgrouphas128customerseachneeds64addresses.
Designthesubblocksandgivetheslashnotationforeachsubblock.Find
outhowmanyaddressesarestillavailableaftertheseallocations.
Solution
Group1
Forthisgroup,eachcustomerneeds 256addresses.Thismeansthesuffixlengthis8
(28=256).Theprefixlengthisthen32 8 =24.
01:190.100.0.0/24 190.100.0.255/24
02:190.100.1.0/24 190.100.1.255/24
..
64:190.100.63.0/24190.100.63.255/24
Total=64 256=16,384
Solution(Continued)
Group2
(27=128).Theprefixlengthisthen32 7 =25.Theaddressesare:
001: 190.100.64.0/25
190.100.64.127/25
002: 190.100.64.128/25 190.100.64.255/25
003: 190.100.127.128/25 190.100.127.255/25
Total=128 128=16,384
Solution(Continued)
Group3
(26=64).Theprefixlengthisthen32 6=26.
001:190.100.128.0/26 190.100.128.63/26
002:190.100.128.64/26 190.100.128.127/26
128:190.100.159.192/26 190.100.159.255/26
Total = 128 64= 8,192
Solution(Continued)
Numberofgrantedaddresses: 65,536
Numberofallocatedaddresses: 40,960
Numberofavailableaddresses: 24,576
DeliveryandRoutingofIPPackets
:
CONNECTION1
DELIVERY2
ROUTINGMETHODS3
STATICANDDYNAMICROUTING4
ROUTINGTABLEANDMODULE5
CLASSLESSADDRESSING 6
CONNECTIONLESS CONNECTIONORIENTED
Connection Oriented Connection Less
.
: ConnectionOriented
Connection
. .
: ConnectionLess

.
Connection less Connection less .
.
Connection Oriented
ConnectionOriented .
ConnectionOriented .
: Connectionless
.
: Connectionless

.
: ConnectionOriented

Qualityofservice .
DIRECTVERSUSINDIRECTDELIVERY
: Indirect Direct
:DirectDelivery
: IndirectDelivery
ROUTINGMETHODS
: Routing
Networkspecificrouting
Defaultrouting
Host Router
. Networkspecific
STATICVERSUSDYNAMICROUTING
Astaticroutingtable
containsinformationenteredmanually.
Adynamicroutingtable isupdated
periodicallyusingoneofthedynamic
routingprotocolssuchasRIP, OSPF,or
BGP.
ARPandRARP
TCP/IP :
.1 Transport
.2 (IPAddress)
.3 )(MacAddress
ARP Logical Host Physical .

PhysicalAddress RARP Physical .
ARPoperation
ARP RARP Network .
ARP :
ARPPacket
ARP 28 :
EncapsulationofARPpacket
ARP :
FourcasesusingARP
ARP :
Example 1
AhostwithIPaddress130.23.43.20andphysicaladdress
0xB23455102210hasapackettosendtoanotherhostwithIPaddress
130.23.43.25andphysicaladdress0xA46EF45983AB.Thetwohostsare
onthesameEthernetnetwork.ShowtheARPrequestandreplypackets
encapsulatedinEthernetframes.
Solution
showstheARPrequestandreplypackets.NotethattheARPdatafieldinthiscaseis
28bytes,andthattheindividualaddressesdonotfitinthe 4byteboundary.
RARP
RARP :
InternetProtocol(IP)(1)
:
DATAGRAM
FRAGMENTATION
OPTIONS
CHECKSUM
IPPACKAGE
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
: Network IP
IP Packet Datagram IP . Connectionless

. IP . IP
Set
.
)InternetProtocol(IP)(2
Datagram :
ServiceTypeorDifferentiatedServices
: DifferentiatedServices Servicetype
. IP Precedencesubfield
. Header Totallength
EncapsulationofasmalldatagraminanEthernetframe
:
EncapsulationofasmalldatagraminanEthernetframe (2)
: Network Multiplexing
Example 1
AnIPpackethasarrivedwiththefirst 8bitsasshown:
01000010
Thereceiverdiscardsthepacket.Why?
Solution
Thereisanerrorinthispacket.The4leftmostbits(0100)showtheversion,whichis
correct.Thenext 4bits(0010)showtheheaderlength,whichmeans(2 4=8),
whichiswrong.Theminimumnumberofbytesintheheadermustbe 20. Thepacket
hasbeencorruptedintransmission.
InternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP)(1)
:
TYPEOFMESSAGE 1
MESSAGEFORMAT 2
ERRORREPORTING 3
QUERY 4
CHECKSUM 5
ICMPPACKAGE 6
PositionofICMPinthenetworklayer
EncapsulationofICMPpacket
ICMPmessage
GeneralformatofICMPMessages
Errorreportingmessages
ImportantpointsaboutICMPerrormessages:
1.NoICMPerrormessageforadatagram
carringanICMPerrormessage.
2.NoICMPerrormessageforfragmented
Datagramthatisnotthefirstfragment.
havingamulticastaddress.
withaspecialaddresssuchas127.0.0.0
or0.0.0.0.
ICMP
Destinationunreachableformat
Destinationunreachablemessageswith
codes2or3canbecreatedonly
bythedestinationhost.
Otherdestinationunreachable
messagescan
becreatedonlybyrouters.
Thereisnoflowcontrolmechanism
intheIPprotocol.
Sourcequenchformat
Asourcequenchmessageinforms
thesourcethatadatagramhasbeen
discardedduetocongestion
inarouterorthedestinationhost.
Thesourcemustslowdownthesending
ofdatagramsuntilthecongestion
isrelieved.
Onesourcequenchmessageshould
besentforeach
datagramthatisdiscardeddue
tocongestion.
InternetGroupManagementProtocol(IGMP)
IGMP Network TCP/IP .
IGMP Multicasting .
:
GROUPMANAGEMENT
IGMPMESSAGES
IGMPOPERATION
ENCAPSULATION
IGMPPACKAGE
Unicast

Multicast .
IGPM Multicasting .
Multicasting D .
4 Multicast 1110
Unicasting:
Multicasting:
MultipleUnicasting:
IGMPmessageformat
:IGMPmessage
Query 1
Membership 2
Leavereport3
Router IGMP
.
IGMPoperation
Router Multicastrouting .
Multicast IPAddress B ,A C
.
Membershipreport
Membershipreport ,IGMP .
UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)
:
PROCESSTOPROCESSCOMMUNICATION
USERDATAGRAM
CHECKSUM
UDPOPERATION
USEOFUDP
UDPPACKAGE
PositionofUDPintheTCP/IPprotocolsuite
UDPversusIP
Transport Connectionless Connection

Oriented .
IP Connectionless ,
.
UDP Connectionless .
TCP ConnectionOriented .
UDP Overhead TCP .
UDP Flow Error .
TCP/IP :
1
2IP
3
Portnumbers
UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)(2)
: PortNumber
Echo=PortNumber7
Discard=PortNumber9
TFTP=PortNumber69
SNMP=(SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol)=PortNumber161
IPaddressesversusportnumbers
IANAranges
Socketaddresses
USERDATAGRAM
Userdatagramformat
UDPlength=
IPlengthIPheaderslength
CHECKSUM
PseudoheaderaddedtotheUDPdatagram
Checksumcalculationofa
simpleUDPuserdatagram
UDPOPERATION
Encapsulationanddecapsulation
QueuesinUDP
Multiplexinganddemultiplexing
: UDP
Flow Error UDP
TFTP FTP Flow
Error Application ,
.
, SNMP RIP
UDP .
UDPpackage
Controlblocktableatthebeginning
Q
Qu
ueeu
ue N
Nu
um
mb
beer
34
38
P
PoorrtN
Nu
um
mb
beer P
PrroocceesssIID

52,010
2,345
52,011
3,422
52,012
4,652
S
Sttaatte
INUSE
INUSE
FREE
INUSE
FREE
E
Exxaam
mpplle1
The first activity is the arrival of a user

datagram with destination port number
52,012. The input module searches for this
port number and finds it. Queue number 38
hasbeenassignedtothisport,whichmeans
that the port has been previously used. The
input module sends the data to queue 38.
Thecontrolblocktabledoesnotchange.
E
Exxaam
mpplle2
Afterafewseconds,aprocessstarts.Itasks
the operating system for a port number and
is granted port number 52,014. Now the
process sends its ID (4,978) and the port
numbertothecontrolblockmoduletocreate
an entry in the table. The module does not
allocateaqueueatthismomentbecauseno
user datagrams have arrived for this
destination
ModifiedtableafterExample 2
Q
Qu
ueeu
ue N
Nu
um
mb
beer
34
38
P
PoorrtN
Nu
um
mb
beer P
PrroocceesssIID
52,010
2,345
52,011
3,422
52,014
4,978
52,012
4,652
S
Sttaatte
INUSE
INUSE
INUSE
INUSE
FREE
E
Exxaam
mpplle3
Auserdatagramnowarrivesforport52,011.
Theinputmodulechecksthetableandfinds
that no queue has been allocated for this
destination since this is the first time a user
datagram has arrived for this destination.
The module creates a queue and gives it a
number(43).
ModifiedtableafterExample 3
Q
Qu
ueeu
ue N
Nu
um
mb
beer
34
43
38
P
PoorrtN
Nu
um
mb
beer P
PrroocceesssIID
52,010
2,345
52,011
3,422
52,014
4,978
52,012
4,652
S
Sttaatte
INUSE
INUSE
INUSE
INUSE
FREE
E
Exxaam
mpplle4
Afterafewseconds,auserdatagramarrives
forport52,222.Theinputmodulechecksthe
table and cannot find the entry for this
destination. The user datagram is dropped
and a request is made to ICMP to send an
unreachable port message to the source.
Ex
am
mp
pl
le
e5
5
Exa
Afterafewseconds,aprocessneedsto
send a user datagram. It delivers the
data to the output module which adds
the UDP header and sends it.
)TransmissionControlProtocol(TCP
TCP UDP
TCP .
90 TCP 10
UDP .
TCP ConnectionOriented .

.
TCP ConnectionOriented ErrorControl
Flow Control
.
TCPSERVICES
NUMBERINGBYTES
FLOWCONTROL
SILLYWINDOWSYNDROME
ERRORCONTROL
TCPTIMERS
CONGESTIONCONTROL
SEGMENT
OPTIONS
CHECKSUM
CONNECTION
STATETRANSITIONDIAGRAM
TCPOERATION
TCPPACKAGE
PositionofTCPinTCP/IPprotocolsuite
PROCESSTO PROCESSCOMMUNICATION
Portnumbers
: Application
EQO=7
Daytime=13
FTP,Data=20
FTPControl=21
Telnet=23
SMTP=25
TCPSERVICES
Sendingandreceivingbuffers
TCPsegments
TCPsegments
Ex
am
mp
pl
le
e1
1
Exa
ImagineaTCPconnectionistransferring
afileof6000bytes.Thefirstbyteis
numbered10010.Whatarethesequence
numbersforeach
segmentifdataissentinfivesegments
withthefirstfoursegmentscarrying
1,000bytesandthelast
segmentcarrying2,000bytes?
S
Soollu
uttiioon
Thefollowingshowsthesequencenumberfor
eachsegment:
Segment1 10,010 (10,010to11,009)
Segment2 11,010
Segment3
Segment 4
(11,010to12,009)
12,010 (12,010 to 13,009)
13,010
(13,010 to 14,009)
Segment5 14,010
(14,010to16,009)
Thevalueofthesequencenumberfieldin
asegmentdefinesthenumber
ofthefirstdatabyte
containedinthatsegment.
Thevalueoftheacknowledgmentfieldina
segmentdefinesthenumberofthe
nextbyteapartyexpectstoreceives.
Theacknowledgmentnumberiscumulative.
Aslidingwindowisusedtomake
transmissionmore
efficientaswellastocontroltheflowof
datasothatthedestination
doesnotbecomeoverwhelmedwithdata.
TCPsslidingwindowsarebyteoriented.
FLOWCONTROL
Flow Slidingwindow
. ByteOriented TCP
Senderbuffer
Receiverwindow
FLOWCONTROL(2)
Senderbufferandsenderwindow
Slidingthesenderwindow
Expandingthesenderwindow
Shrinkingthesender
window
InTCP,thesenderwindow
sizeistotallycontrolled
bythereceiverwindowvalue.
However,theactualwindowsize
canbesmallerifthereis
congestioninthenetwork.
SomePointsaboutTCPsSlidingWindows:
1.Thesourcedoesnothavetosenda
fullwindowsworthofdata.
2. Thesizeofthewindowcanbeincreased
ordecreasedbythedestination.
3. Thedestinationcansendan
acknowledgmentatanytime.
TCP Congestioncontrol
Flow control
.
ERRORCONTROL
Corruptedsegment
Lostsegment
Lostacknowledgment
TCPTIMERS
: Timer
RestransmisionTimer
PersistentTimer
KeepAliveTimer
TimeWaitedTimer
RestransmisionTimer
Timer

RestransmisionTimer=2 *RTT
RTT=a *PreviousRTT+ (1 a )CurrentRTT
. %90 a
PreviousRTT=250ms
CurrentRTT=70ms
RTT=90%*250+10%*70=232ms
Restransmisiontime =2*232=464ms
CONGESTIONCONTROL
TCP Flowcontrol Errorcontrol
Performance
.
TCP/IP
OpticalMobile Wireless
TCP/IP .

.
)CONGESTIONCONTROL(2
TCP
TCP .
.
TCP .
Congestion .
.
Multiplicativedecrease
:
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Addiriveincrease
Congestionavoidancestrategies
SEGMENT
Controlfield
OPTIONS
Endofoptionoption
Nooperationoption
Maximumsegmentsizeoption
Windowscalefactoroption
Timestampoption
CHECKSUM
CONNECTION
:
Connectionless
ConnectionOriented
ConnectionOriented

.
TCP ConnectionOriented
.
TCP IP Connectionless
Threewayhandshaking
ConnectionOriented :

Fourwayhandshaking
Statetransitiondiagram
Statetransitiondiagram(2)
Clientstates
Clientstates
Serverstates
Encapsulationanddecapsulation
Multiplexinganddemultiplexing
TCPpackage
TCBs
Transmissioncontrolblocks
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253

TCP Ip For Beginner

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TCP/IP

Host Host Host

Physical Data Rate Synchronization Signal Modulation

Framing Header Trailer ) H2 ( T2

Flowcontrol Node Data . Node Node

Node Data Data

Flow Node Datalink

Datalink Data Node Node . Data

Data . Datalink Error

Host . A Host B Host

Data link Communicate Data

. Network Data Host Host

Physical Physical Data link

delivery IP Net work

layer TCP\IP Application

Presentation Data Application layer

Filetransfer Email Application Data

Presentation Presentation Session Session

Transport Transport Network - Network Datalink - Datalink Physical

TCP\IP . Physical Data link

Protocol Trams port TCP UDP Transport

TCP UDP Session PresentationApplication

Address . Port Address

Transport TCP PortAddress UDP .

Header Network Header

A Host Data P Host Data Application

OSI Data link layer Physical

layer . Ethernet Data link

Bridge TransparentBridge Bridge

LAN Router WAN .

01110101 1001 0101 00011101 1110 1010

Dotteddecimal notation Binary

Netid A Byte Hostid Byte

Sub netting Hostid 16

either 8(classA), 16(classB),or

ARP Logical Host Physical .

IP Packet Datagram IP . Connectionless

Transport Connectionless Connection

The first activity is the arrival of a user

12,010 (12,010 to 13,009)

Peer to Peer File Sharing

W $!W ^ WN. 'GWH

'H \ ] NIZ $!/

W5 !/W KX. 'H

K WL $!/ H Public Domain

4L Peer to Peer 3.U

Process Identifier ' (

- WX + t W ) WJ. W+ 6 - W. W. $ W+ N. b. " / ID " h

W+Application Message h Z 0 #$ h Q 5 gGH Reliable S *

] R ( Server < 6 # " @)

') TCP Connection

l Web Server B S'

' , 6 # 2RTT "

V' Ni' Persistent HTTP

HTTP & '!%

6 #)8 B 6 # " # HTTP 6 #)8 . (

" ' # HTTP Version

. j, Request Line 9! S' $ \8

9 ): 6 ` k__ : I e6 # Version HTTP . Status Line I $ % $ \8

Head Get & '!% / 0

)E: General Header Fields

\i5 B e Request Header Fields

General Header Field

0 1 Zone pAuthoritative Name Server !+ h &-Name Server