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CE- 687
SPAR platforms
Semisubmersibles
FPSO
Compliant towers
Comply
Move
Description
Narrow, flexible framed structures supported by piled
foundations
They are connected to the sea floor, allowing them to move
freely with the current, waves and wind.
These structures rely on a restoring buoyancy force to
maintain their stability after lateral movements
These structures avoid resonance by operating at a
frequency well below that of the oceans frequency
Natural period (usually 30 second) is kept above wave
period (14 to 20 seconds) to avoid amplification of wave
loads.
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Deep water?
This definition varied with time & updated
In seventies
> 80 m was considered as deep water
In nineties
> 300 m was considered as deep water
In recent past
Deep water: > 500 m
Ultra deep water: > 1500 m
Super deep water: > 2500 m
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Guyed Towers
Deployed for both drilling and
exploration
Viable in WD 180 m to 600 m
Deck
Truss
Base spud Can (truss reinforces
Rig motions
Deck
Shaft
Buoyancy chamber (1/3rd ht of tower)
Ballast Chamber (1/3rd ht of tower from
sea bed)
Base
Universal joint (provides position
restraint but no restraint to rotation)
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Structural action of AT
Whenever there is a disturbance due to lateral load,
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AT
Design: small fields
Depth: shallow water (<200 m)
Crude oil is moved up the tower and transferred to a
tankers
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Pros:
Low cost
Large restoring moments due to high center of
buoyancy
Risers are protected by tower
Attracts less forces due to compliancy
Natural period TN > T waves
(TN = 40 to 90 s, T =15 s)
Results in lower dynamic amplification factor than that of
fixed offshore structure
Light structure
Fabrication simple
Easy to tow, install and decommission
No base moment due to hinged joint
Foundation design is simple
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Cons
Shallow water only
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TLP mechanics
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Pros
Mobile and reusable
Stable because of minimum vertical motion
Marginal increase in cost with increase in water depth
Cons
High initial cost
High subsea cost
Fatigue of tension legs
Difficult maintainence of subsea systems
Little or no storage
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TLPs
Total 19 TLPs around the world
S.No
Continent
No. Of Platforms
1.
North America
15
2.
Europe
3.
Africa
S.No
No. Of Platforms
1.
250 - 500
2.
501 - 1000
3.
<1500
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25
Deepest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Magnolia
1433
US
2.
Shenzi
1333
US
3.
Marco Polo
1311
US
Shallowest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Oveng TLP
280
Equatorial Guniea
2.
Snorre A
350
Norway
3.
Heidrun
351
Norway
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SNORRE A TLP
Main dimensions
Centre to centre distance between
columns: 76 x 76 m
Column diameter: 25.0 m
Column height: 63.0 m
Pontoon height and width: 11,5 x 11,5 m
Deck-payload: 25,000. Tonnes
Steel-weight hull: 24,000. Tonnes
Pretension in tethers: 25,000 Tonnes
Displacement: 106,500 Tonnes
Platform draft: 37.5 m
Water depth: 310 m
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Tethers onboard
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Tether System
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Magnolia TLP
WD : 1433 m
7900 m 3 of oil
42,00,000 m 3 of gas
to support tethers
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Neptune TLP
WD: 1295 m
2007
50000 B/D
50 MMcf/d of gas
6 tendons are used
Tendons are anchored by six piles
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SPAR Platform
Concept of a large
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40
No. Of Platforms
1.
750 - 1000
2.
1000 - 1500
3.
1500-2000
4.
>2000
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Deepest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Perdido
2377
US
2.
Devils Tower
1710
US
3.
Hom mountain
1653
US
Shallowest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Neptune
588
US
2.
Medusa
762
US
3.
Genesis
790
US
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Perdido Spar
WD: 2377 m
2008
Polyester rope mooring lines
Worlds deepest
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Semi submersibles
Design: exploratary and production
Floating structure
Towed to site
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Semi submersibles
Pros
Mobile with high transit speed (~ 10 kts)
Stable minimal response to wave action
Large deck area
Cons
High initial and operating costs
Limited deck load (low reserve buoyancy)
Structural fatigue
Expensive to move large distances
Limited dry docking facilities available
Difficult to handle mooring system and riser in rough areas
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Semi submersibles
Approx 48 platforms are constructed
About 50 % of semi submersibles are located in Brazil
S.No
Continent
No. of platforms
1.
Europe
16
2.
North America
3.
South America
22
4.
Asia
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Semi submersibles
S.No
Water Depth
No. of Platforms
1.
100 200
11
2.
201 0 500
16
3.
501 1000
4.
1001 2000
10
5.
>2000
Deepest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Atlantis
2156
US
2.
Blind Faith
1980
US
3.
Thunder Horse
1849
US
Shallowest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Janice A
80
UK
2.
P 12
100
Brazil
3.
P 21
112
Brazil
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Submersibles
Submersibles are among the oldest offshore exploratory
rigs
They typically operate in wetlands and swamps, standing in
water depths upto 30 m
Submersibles include postage Barges, bottle types, Arctic
types and inland Barges
A submersible rig floats on the water surface when moved
from one drilling site to another
When it reaches its destination, certain compartments are
flooded to submerge the lower part of the rig to the sea
floor
With the base of the rig in contact with the ocean bottom,
wind, waves and currents have little effect on it.
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Continent
No. Of Platforms
1.
Europe
16
2.
North America
3.
South America
22
4.
Asia
S.No
No. Of Platforms
1.
100 200
11
2.
201 500
16
3.
501 1000
4.
1001 2000
10
5.
>2000
North America
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Deepest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Atlantis
2156
US
2.
Blind Faith
1980
US
3.
Thunder Horse
1849
US
Shallowest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Janice A
80
UK
2.
P-12
100
Brazil
3.
P-21
112
Brazil
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Pros
Mobile with transit speed (~10 Knots)
Stable minimal response to the wave action
Large deck area
Cons
High initial and operating costs
Limited deck load (low reserve buoyancy)
Structural fatigue
Expensive to move large distances
Limited dry-docking facilities available
Difficult to handle mooring systems, land BOP stack
and riser in rough seas
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Blind Faith
Installed in 2001
WD: 1981 m
65000 barrels of crude oil
per day
55 million cubic feet of
natural gas per day
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Types of semisubmersibles
Bottle type
Column Stabilized
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Mooring patterns
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FPSO
FPSO floating, production, storage and offloading
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FPS
FPS floating production system
Universal term to refer to all production facilities that float
FSO
FSO floating, storage and offloading system
Like the FPSO, these are typically converted or newly
built tankers
They differ from FPSO by not incorporating the
processing equipment for production
The liquid are stored for shipment to another location
for processing
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offloading
Offloading transfer of produced hydrocarbons from
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FPSO
An FPSO relies on subsea technology for the
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Hull of FPSO
The hull of FPSO is typically ship shaped
Can be a monohull structure such as a spar or purpose-
Hull of FPSO
One of the major advantages of conversions is the
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Processing FPSO
The main topsides processing system components
consist of
Crude oil, gas, and water seperation
Water injection equipment
Gas compression
Chemical injection
Control systems for the subsea production equipment
Associated piping
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Risers
Risers provides a path for transporting the produced
Power generation
Design basis for power supply focuses on three categories:.
Main power supply (all electrical functions during normal
operation)
Essential power supply (startup of essential services,
shutdown of facilities as needed)
Emergency power supply (life support during a survival at
sea situation)
In addition to the conventional power generation needed
Storage
The FPSOs installed to date have storage capacities
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tanker
Moorings
Buoys
Transfer hoses
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FPSO
Total around 86 FPSO constructed so far
S.No
Continent
No. Of Platforms
1.
North America
2.
South America
14
3.
Africa
29
4.
Europe
20
5.
Asia
10
6.
Australia
10
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No. Of Platforms
1.
<100
17
2.
101 500
32
3.
501 1000
10
4.
1001 2000
22
5.
>2000
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Deepest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Cidade de Angra
2149
Brazil
2.
PSVM FPSO
2000
Angola
3.
1780
Brazil
Shallowest Platforms
S.No
Platform name
Water depth
(m)
Location
1.
Armada Perkasa
13
Nigeria
2.
20
China
3.
31
China
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