CH 34 PDF

34
Geometric Optics
34
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
Thin Lens
GEOMETRIC OPTICS
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Thin Lens
What is an object?
anything from which light rays radiate
light could be emitted by the

object itself
light could be emitted by another

source and then reflected from the
object

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1. Point Object
no physical extent
2. Extended Object
real object with length, width and height
made up of a very large

number of point objects
Point object P
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What is an image?

Thin Lens
from which outgoing rays diverge
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An image can be:
1. Real image
outgoing rays really do pass through an image point
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Thin Lens
An image can be:
2. Virtual image
outgoing rays don't actually pass through the image point
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Thin Lens
Sign Rules
1. Sign rule for the
object distance s
When the object is on the
same side of the reflecting or
refracting surface as the
incoming light, the object
distance s is positive;
otherwise, it is negative.
s is positive.
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Thin Lens
Sign Rules
image distance s
When the image is on the
same side of the reflecting or
refracting surface as the
outgoing light, the image
distance s' is positive;
otherwise, it is negative.
s is negative.
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Thin Lens
Sign Rules
radius of curvature R
of a spherical surface:
When the center of curvature C is
on the same side as the
outgoing light, the radius of
curvature is positive; otherwise,
it is negative.
For a plane reflecting or refracting

surface, R is infinite.
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Objectives
1. Determine the image location of a point object in front of a
plane refracting surface
2. Given an object in front of a plane mirror:
Calculate the location of the image
Calculate the lateral magnification of the image
Determine whether the image will be real or virtual, and
upright or inverted
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Thin Lens
Plane Mirror: Image of a Point Object
Reflection
Note:
s is negative
image is virtual
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Thin Lens
Plane Mirror: Image of an Extended Object
Reflection
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
The image formed by a plane mirror is always erect (y > 0).

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Thin Lens
Lateral Magnification
Sign Conventions:
If m > 0: image orientation same with that of object

If m < 0: image orientation different from that of object
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
If |m| > 1: magnified

If |m| < 1: reduced
If |m| = 1: same size
If y > 0: image upright
If y < 0: image inverted
If s > 0: image real
If s < 0: image virtual
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Thin Lens
Plane Mirror
Reflection
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
Lateral Magnification
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
Seatwork (0.25 pt):

A bug at about eye level is 5 cm in front of a plane mirror. You
are behind the bug, 20 cm from the mirror. What is the
distance between your eyes and the apparent position of
the bugs image in the mirror?
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Thin Lens
Objectives
1. Given an object in front of a spherical mirror:
upright or inverted
2. Given an object placed in front of a spherical mirror, draw the
principal rays and locate the image
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Thin Lens
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Convex Mirror
Concave Mirror
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Concave Mirror:
Point object
optic axis
Object P
V
C
R>0
Image P
s>0
s> 0
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Thin Lens
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Concave Mirror:
Extended object
Image
Object
y>0
V
C
y < 0
R>0
s>0
s> 0
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Thin Lens
Concave Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f > 0: focal length
R > 0: radius of curvature
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Concave Mirror:
where:
f > 0: focal length
R > 0: radius of curvature
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Concave Mirror:
Graphical Method
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Example:
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Seatwork (0.5 pt):

A mosquito landed 20 cm in front of a concave mirror with
20 cm radius of curvature. How far from the mirror will the
mosquitos image be formed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
40 cm behind the mirror

10 cm behind the mirror
10 cm in front of the mirror
20 cm in front of the mirror
At infinity
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Convex Mirror
Concave Mirror
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Thin Lens
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Convex Mirror:
Point object
Image P
optic axis
V
Object P
R<0
s>0
s< 0
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Thin Lens
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Convex Mirror:
Extended object
Image
Object
y>0
y > 0
V
R<0
s>0
s< 0
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Thin Lens
Convex Mirror:
where:
f < 0: focal length
R < 0: radius of curvature
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Convex Mirror:
where:
f < 0: focal length
R < 0: radius of curvature
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Convex Mirror:
Graphical Method
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Seatwork (0.5 pt):

You hold a large silver spoon a distance of 5.0 cm in front of
your face. The radius of curvature of the spoon is -20.0 cm.
What is the distance between the object and the image and
the nature (real or virtual) of the image?
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Thin Lens
Objectives
1. Given an object in front of a spherical surface or interface
separating two media:
upright or inverted
2. Calculate the apparent depth of an object when observed
across a boundary of changing indices of refraction
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Thin Lens
Image of a Point Object
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Thin Lens
Image of an Extended Object
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Thin Lens
Refracting surface:
Object-Image Relationship and Magnification
Note:
na : index of refraction of material 1
nb : index of refraction of material 2
valid for both concave and

convex refracting surface
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
Seatwork (0.5 pt):
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Thin Lens
A special case:
Plane refracting surface
Radius of Curvature
Material 1 Material 2
Object-Image Relationship
na
nb
Magnification
Plane refracting surface

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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
Seatwork (0.5 pt):
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Thin Lens
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Objectives
1. Differentiate a converging lens from a diverging lens

2. Given an object in front of a lens or series of lenses:
upright or inverted
3. Given an object placed in front of a lens or series of lenses,
draw the principal rays and locate the image
4. Relate the radii of curvature of the lens in air and its index of
refraction to the focal length of the lens
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Thin Lens
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What is a lens?
an optical system with two refracting surfaces
Thin lens
two spherical surfaces close enough together
negligible thickness
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
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Thin Lens
Converging Lens thicker at its center than at its edges
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Thin Lens
Properties of a Converging Lens
f: focal length (f > 0)

F1 :1st focal point
F2 : 2nd focal point
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Thin Lens
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Converging Lens:
Graphical Method and Principal Rays
s>0
f>0
s> 0
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Thin Lens
Converging Lenses:
Object-image relationship and Magnification
where:
f : focal length
s : object distance
s : image distance

f > 0 : converging lens
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Thin Lens
Diverging Lens thicker at its edges than at its center
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Thin Lens
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Properties of a Diverging Lens
f: focal length (f < 0)

F1 :1st focal point
F2 : 2nd focal point
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Thin Lens
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Diverging Lens:
Graphical Method and Principal Rays
f<0
s< 0
s>0
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Thin Lens
Diverging Lenses:
Object-image relationship and Magnification
where:
f : focal length
s : object distance
s : image distance

f < 0 : diverging lens
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
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Diverging lens: f < 0
y'
s = 16 cm
s = -12 cm
|f | = 48 cm |f | = 48 cm
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
Seatwork (0.5+0.5 pt):

For the next two numbers, consider an object placed 20 cm in
front of a thin lens to form an image 10 cm in front of the lens.
1. What is the focal length f of the lens?
2. Describe the image formed by the thin lens.
real or virtual?
upright or inverted
magnified, reduced or same size?
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Thin Lens
Lensmakers equation
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Thin Lens
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Lensmakers equation
where:
f : focal length
n : index of refraction of thin lens
R1 : radius of curvature of 1st surface
R2 : radius of curvature of 2nd surface
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Thin Lens
Example:
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Thin Lens
Seatwork (0.5 pt):

A double-convex lens is made of glass of refractive
index 1.50. The radii of curvature of the surfaces are
10 cm and 20 cm. The focal length of this lens is
A. +4.45 cm
B. +13.3 cm
C. -13.3 cm
D. +40 cm
E. -40 cm
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34

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

light could be emitted by the

light could be emitted by another

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

real object with length, width and height

made up of a very large

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

from which outgoing rays diverge

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

An image can be:

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

An image can be:

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

For a plane reflecting or refracting

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Plane Mirror: Image of a Point Object

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Plane Mirror: Image of an Extended Object

The image formed by a plane mirror is always erect (y > 0).

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

If m > 0: image orientation same with that of object

If |m| > 1: magnified

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Seatwork (0.25 pt):

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Seatwork (0.5 pt):

40 cm behind the mirror

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Seatwork (0.5 pt):

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Image of a Point Object

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Image of an Extended Object

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

valid for both concave and

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Seatwork (0.5 pt):

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface