Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

Mt S NG DNG CA BT NG THC C SI
NG DNG 1: Chng minh bt ng thc
Bi ton s 1. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
1 1 1
a b c 9.
a b c
*Phn tch:
V tri cha a, b, c > 0 v cc nghch o ca chng.
V vy ta ngh n vic dng bt ng thc Csi.
Li gii:
Cch 1: p dng bt ng thc Csi cho cc b s a, b, c
1 1 1
, ,
a b c
ta c:
v

a b c 3 3 abc
1 1 1
1
33
a b c
abc
Nhn tng v ca hai bt ng thc trn ta c:
1 1 1
a b c 9
(pcm).
a b c
Cch 2:
1 1 1
b a
c a
b c
a b c 3 3 2 2 2 9
a c
a b c
a b
c b

Du "=" xy ra a b c
Bi ton s 1.1 Chng minh cc bt ng thc:
a.

a b c
3 (a, b, c > 0)
b c a

b. a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
Bi ton s 1.2 Chng minh rng:
Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

a.

x2 2

2 x R

x 1
p dng BT Csi cho 2 s x2 +1 v 1.
x 8
6 x > 1.
b.
x 1
p dng BT Csi cho 2 s x - 1 v 9.
2

c. a b ab 1 4ab a, b 0

p dng BT Csi ta c
a b 2 ab
ab 1 2 ab

Nhn tng v ca 2 BT trn ta suy c pcm.

Bi ton s 1.3 Chng minh rng:
a. a b b c c a 8abc a, b, c 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
b. a 1 b b 1 c c 1 a 6abc

p dng BT Csi cho 6 s a 2 , a 2b 2 , b 2 , b2c 2 , c 2 , c 2 a 2 .

Bi ton s 1.4
a. n s dng a1, a2, ..., an. Chng minh rng:
n
1 1
1
L
a1 a2
an

n a1a2 ...an

b.Nu a1, a2,...., an dng v a1a2...an = 1 th a1+ a2

+...+ an n
p dng BT Csi cho n s dng trn)
Bi ton s 2. Chng minh bt ng Netbit
a
b
c
3

bc ac ab 2

a, b, c > 0.

Gii.
t x= b + c, y = a + c, z = a +b
Khi x, y, z > 0 v
a

yzx
x z y
x yz
,b
,c
2
2
2

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

Ta c:
a
b
c
1 y z x x z y x y z

bc a c a b 2
2
2
2
1 x y x z y z
1
3
3 2 2 2 3 .
2 y x z x z x
2
2
Du "=" xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z.
Cch khc:
a
b
c
1 x y z x y z x y z

6
b c a c a b 2
x
y
z

1 1 1
1
1
3
x y z 6 9 6
2
2
2
x y z

Khai thc bi ton:

Bng cch tng t, ta c th chng minh c cc bt
ng thc sau: vi a, b, c dng ta c:
2
2
2
9

bc ca ab abc
a2
b2
c2
abc
2.

bc ca ab
2

1.

Bi ton s 2.2. Cho x, y > 0. Chng minh rng

1 1
4

x y x y

(1)
Phn tch:
Do x, y > 0 nn BT (1) c th suy ra t BT Csi hoc
xt hiu.
Gii
Cch 1: S dng BT Csic cho 2 s dng x, y:
x y 2 xy
x y 4 xy
x y
4

xy
x y
1 1
4

x y x y
2

Cch 2. Xt hiu ca 2 v:
Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

1 1 1
x

4
y x y x x y 4 xy
x y 0
0
0
x y
xy x y
xy x y
2

(2)

Do x > 0, y > 0 nn BT (2) lun ng.

Vy (1) lun ng. (pcm)
Khai thc bi ton:
Ta thy BT trn c lin quan n vic cng mu nn c
th s dng chng minh BT sau:
Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic, chng
minh rng:
1
1
1
1 1 1

2
p a p b pc
a b c

trong

abc
2

Bi tp tng t:
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:
a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 b2 c2 a2 c2

3
ab
cb
ac
abc

Bi 2. Cho a, b, c, d l cc s dng. Chng minh rng:

a4
b4
c4
d2
abcd

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
a b a b b c b c c d c d d a d a

Bi 3. Cho

0 a , b, c 1

. Chng minh rng:

a 2 b 2 c 2 1 a 2b b 2 c c 2 a

Bi 4. Cho a > 0, b > 0, c > 0. Chng minh:

a
b
c
1 1 1

2
bc ac ab
a b c

Bi 5. Cho x, y, z > 0. Chng minh rng:

x2
yz

x
yz
4

Bi 6. Cho a, b > 0. Chng minh rng:

a
b
a b
b
a

Bi 7. Cho x, y > 0. Chng minh rng:

x3
2x y

3
x 2 xy y 2

Bi 8. Cho x, y 0. Chng minh rng:

x4 y4

x6 y6

y2 x2

Bi 9. Cho a, b > 0. Chng minh rng:

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

2 ab
a b

4 ab

p dng bt ng thc
BT trong tam gic

Csi chng minh

Bi ton s 3. Cho a, b, c l di cnh ca mt tam

gic.
Chng minh rng:

a
b
c

3.
bc a ac b abc

Gii:
Cch 1.
t x = b + c a; y = a + c - b; z = a + b c.
Khi x, y, z > 0 v

x y
xz
yz
,b
,c
.
2
2
2

V tri:
a
b
c
1 x y yz zx

b c a a c b a b c 2
z
x
y

1 x y x z y z
1

2 2 2 3
2 y x z x z y
2

Du bng xy ra
x y
y x 2

x z
2 x y z a b c.
z x
y z
z y 2

Cch 2.
Nhn xt: Do a, b, c, l di 3 cnh ca tam gic nn ta
c:
a + b - c > 0; a + c b > 0; b + c - a > 0
p dng BT Csi cho cc cp s dng:
a bcacb
a
2
a c b b c a c

a b c a c b

b c a (a b c ) b

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

Nhn thy cc v ca BT trn l cc s dng v 3 BT
ny cng chiu, nhn tng v ca chng ta c:
a b c a c b b c a abc.

Ta c:
a
b
c
abc

33
b c a a c b a b c
bc a a c b a bc
33

abc
3
abc

Bi tp 3.1. Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic

ABC, a b c.
Chng minh rng: a b c

9bc. (*)

Gii
V a b a b c b b c 2b c .
chng minh (*) ta cn chng minh: 2b c
Tht vy:
2

2b c 2

9bc. (1)

9bc

4b 4bc c 2 9bc
2

4b 2 4bc c 2 bc
2b c bc
2

Ta c:

0 2b c 2b b b
2
2b c bc (pcm)
0 2b c 2c c c
Bi tp 3.2. Chng minh rng
a
3

b c
2

b
3

c a
2

c
3

a b
2

2.3 4

(*)

Trong a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic.

Gii
Ta c
b3 c3

1
b c 2
4

Tht vy:

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

1 4 b 3 c 3 b 3 c 3 3b 2 c 3bc 2
b 3 c 3 b 2 c bc 2 0
b 2 b c c 2 b c 0
b c b 2 c 2 0
b c b c 0
2

Lun ng suy ra (1) ng

1
a c 2
4
1
2
a3 b3 a b
4

Tng t:

a3 c3

Do :
a
3

b c
2

b
c a
2

c
a b
2

a
b
c

(3)
bc ac ab

3 4

M:

a
b
c
2a
2b
2c

c
a

c
a

b
2
(
b

c
)
2
(
a

c
)
2
(
a
b)

2a
2b
2c
(4)

2
bac abc abc

Do:

ab c

bc a
ac b

T (3) v (4) suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Cc bi tp khc:
Bi tp 3.3 Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic v
c chu vi l 2. Chng minh rng: a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc < 2.
Bi tp 3.4 Cho a, b, c l 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic. Chng
minh rng:
a 2 b c a b 2 a c b c 2 a b c 3abc

Bi tp 3.5 Gi s a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic.

Chng minh rng:

1
1
1 abc
3 3 3
6
b
c
abc
a

a 3 b 3 c

Bi tp 3.6 Gi s a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic.

1 1 1 3 a b b c c a

9
a b c
abc

Chng minh rng a b c

Bi tp 3.7. Cho a, b, c, d > 0 v a + b + c + d = 1

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

Chng minh rng:
abc bcd bd a cd a 2 3

NG DNG 2: ng dng bt ng thc Csi

tm cc tr
* Vi a 0, b 0 ta c a b 2 ab , du = xy ra a = b
* Vi n s khng m: a1 , a2 , , an ta c:
a1 a2 ... an n n a1a2 ...an

Du = xy ra a1 = = an
* T BT trn ta suy ra:
+ Nu a.b = k (const) th min(a + b) = 2 k a = b
+ Nu a + b = k (const) th max(a.b) =

k2
4

a = b

* M rng i vi n s khng m:
+ Nu a1.a2an = k (const) th min(a1 + a2 + + an) =
nn k
a1 = a 2 = = a n

+ Nu a1 + a2 + + an = k (const) th max(a1.a2an) =
k

n

a1 = a 2 = = a n

V d: Cho x > 0, y > 0 tho mn:

Tm GTNN ca A =

x y

Bi lm:

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

1 1 1

x y 2

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

V x > 0, y > 0 nn

Ta c:

1
1
> 0,
> 0,
y
x

1 1 Cs 1 1 1
.

x y 2 x y

x > 0,

y>0.

1
1

xy 4

xy 4
x

y 2

y 2 44

Vy min A = 4 x = y = 4
Nhn xt: Trong v d trn ta s dng BT Csi theo
2 chiu ngc nhau:
+ Dng
c

ab

ab
2

dng iu kin tng

xy 4

+ Dng a b 2 ab lm gim tng

qu

1 1 1
t
x y 2

x y dng kt

xy 4

Khng phi lc no ta cng c th dng trc tip BT

Csi i vi cc s trong bi. Ta c mt s bin php

bin i mt biu thc c th vn dng BT Csi
ri tm cc tr ca n:
* Cch 1: tm cc tr ca mt biu thc ta tm
cc tr ca bnh phng biu thc .
V d: Tm GTNN ca A = 3x 5 7 3 x
Bi gii
iu kin:

5
7
x
3
3

Ta c: A2 = ( 3x 5 ) + ( 7 3x ) + 2 3x 5 7 3x
A2

( 3x 5 + 7 3x ) + 2 = 4

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

Du = xy ra 3x 5 = 7 3x x = 2
Vy max A2 = 4 max A = 2 x = 2
Ta thy A c cho di dng tng ca 2 cn thc. Hai
biu thc ly cn c tng khng i (bng 2). V vy,
nu bnh phng A s xut hin hng t l 2 ln tch ca
2 cn thc. n y c th vn dng BT Csi
2 ab a b

* Cch 2: Nhn v chia biu thc vi cng mt s

khc 0
V d: Tm GTLN ca A =

x 9
5x

Bi gii:
iu kin: x
A

9. Ta c:

x9

5x

1 x9
x9
x 99
3
.3

1
2 3
3

3

5x
5x
10 x
30

Du = xy ra
Vy max A =

x 9
3 x 18
3

1
x 18
30

Trong cch gii trn, x 9 c biu din thnh

x 9
.3
3

khi vn dng BT Csi tch ny tr thnh na tng:

x 9
1
3 x c dng kx c th rt gn cho x mu. ( s 3
3
3

c tm bng cch ly

9 , s 9 c trong bi)

* Cch 3: Bin i biu thc cho thnh tng

ca cc biu thc sao cho tch ca chng l mt
hng s.
Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

V d 1: ( Tch mt hng t thnh tng ca nhiu hng
t bng nhau)
3x 4 16
Cho x > 0, tm GTNN ca A =
x3

Bi gii
16
16
16
3x 4 16
4 x.x.x.
A=
=
3
x

4
x3
x3
x3
x3

4.2 = 8 ( du = xy ra x

16
x2)
x3

Vy min A = 8 khi x = 2
V d 2: (Tch mt hng t cha bin thnh tng ca
mt hng s vi mt hng t cha bin sao cho hng t
ny l nghch o ca mt hng t khc c trong biu
thc cho)
9x
2

Cho 0 < x < 2, tm GTNN ca A =

2 x x
Bi gii

9x
2 x
9x 2 x

1 2
.
1 2 9 1 7
2 x
x
2 x x

Du = xy ra

9x
2 x
1

x
2 x
x
2

1
Vy min A = 7 x

Trong cch gii trn ta tch

Hng t

2
2 x
1 .
thnh tng
x
x

2 x
x
nghch o vi
nn khi vn dng BT
2 x
x

Csi ta c tch ca chng l mt hng s.

* Cch 4: Thm mt hng t vo biu thc cho
Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

V d: Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn: x + y + z = 2
x2
y2
z2

Tm GTNN ca P =
yz zx x y

Bi gii
V x, y, z > 0 ta c:
x2
yz
p dng BT Csi i vi 2 s dng
v
ta c:
4
yz

x2
yz
x2 y z
x

2
.
2. x (1) . Tng t ta c:
yz
4
yz 4
2
y2
x z

y (2)
xz
4
z2
x y

z (3)
x y
4

Cng (1) + (2) + (3) ta c:

x2
y2
z2
x yx

x yz

z
z

x
x

y
2

x y z
P x xy z
1
2
2
Du = xy ra x y z
3
2
Vy min P = 1 x y z
3

yz
x2
Nhn xt: Ta thm
vo hng t th nht
c
4
yz
trong bi, khi vn dng BT Csi c th kh c
(y + z). Cng nh vy i vi 2 hng t cn li ca bi.
Du ng thc xy ra ng thi trong (1), (2), (3)
xyz

2
3

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

Nu ta ln lt thm (y + z), (x + z), (x + y) vo
x2
y2
z2
;
;
th ta cng kh c (y + z), (x + z), (x +
yz xz x y

y) nhng iu quan trng l khng tm c cc gi tr

ca x, y, z du ca cc ng thc ng thi xy ra,
do khng tm c GTNN ca P.
p dng cc cch trn cng vi vic s dng BT Csi
ta c cc v d khc nh sau:
VD 1: Cho a, b, c > 0 tho mn: a + b + c = 1
1

1 1
Tm GTLN ca P = 1 1 1
a
b
c

1
1
3
3
3
abc
Do c th khai trin P ri c lng theo BT Csi
Bi gii
1 1 1 1
1
1
1

Cch 1: P 1
a b c ab bc ac abc
p dng BT Csi cho 3 s dng ta c:
1
a b c 3 3 abc 1 3 3 abc abc 3
3
(1)
1
3

3 27
abc
Mt khc:
3
Phn tch: a, b, c > 0 abc

1
1 1
1
3
33
3 27
ab ac bc
abc
1 1 1
1
33
32
a b c
abc

(2)

(1) + (2) ta c: P 1 32 27 27 64 . Vy min P = 64

Cch 2:
Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

a 1 b 1 c 1
1
.
.

. a 1 b 1 c 1
a
b
c
abc
1
P
a a b c b a b c c a b c
abc
43 4 4 4 4
P
a b c 43 64
abc
P

Tng qut: cho S = a + b + c

1

1 1
tm GTLN ca P = 1 1 1
a
b
c

VD 2: Tm GTLN ca B =

y2
y

x 1

Bi gii
1.( x 1) 1 x 1 1
x 1

x
x
x
2
2. y 2 2 y 2
y2
1
2

y
y
y
4
2 2

max B =

x 1 1 x 2
1
2 2 2

2
2 4
4

y4

VD 3: Cho 2 s dng x, y c x + y = 1
1
1

Tm GTNN ca B = 1 2 1 2
x
y

Bi gii
2
1
1

Ta c: B = 1 2 1 2 = 1 +
xy
x
y

1 x y

CS

4 xy xy 8 B 9

Vy min B = 9 x y

1
2
1

VD 4: Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn: 1 x 1 y 1 z 2

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

Tm GTNN ca P = xyz
Bi gii
Ta c:

1
1
1
y
z

2
1

1 x
1 y
1 z
1 y 1 z

Tng t:

1
2
1 y

zx
1 x 1 z

1
2
1 z

xy
1 x 1 y

Vy max P =

P xyz

yz
1 y 1 z

1
8

1
1
x yz
8
2

VD 5: Cho M = 3x2 2x + 3y2 2y + 6 |x| + 1

Tnh gi tr ca M bit x, y l 2 s tho mn x.y = 1
v biu thc
|x + y| t GTNN.
Bi gii:
CS

Ta c: x y 2 4 xy 4 x y 2
xy 1
Min |x + y| = 2 khi x = y, khi
x y 2
Khi x = y = 1 hoc x = y = - 1
+ Khi x = y = 1 th M = 9
+ Khi x = y = - 1 th M = 17
VD 6:
Cho cc s thc khng m a1, , a5 tho mn: a1 +
+ a5 =1
Tm GTLN ca A = a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4a5
Bi gii
Ta c: A = a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4a5 (a1 + a3 + a5)(a2 +
a4)
Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
2

a1 a3 a5 a2 a4

1
a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
2
1
A
4
1

1
1
a1 a2
a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
2
Vy max A =
2
4
a3 a4 a5 0

VD 7: Cho a, b > 0. Tm GTNN ca A =

x a x b
x

(x

> 0)

x a x b
A
x

Bi gii
x 2 ax bx ab
ab

ab x
x
x

A a b 2 ab min A a b 2 ab .
ab
x ab
Du = xy ra x
x
2
1
vi 0 < x < 1
VD 8: Tm GTNN ca hm y =
1 x x

Bi gii
2
1
2 2x 2x 1 x x

Ta c: y = 1 x x
( 0 < x < 1)
1 x
x

2x 1 x
2x 1 x

3 2
.
3 2 2
1 x
x
1 x x
2x 1 x

x 2 1
Du = xy ra
1 x
x

= 3

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

VD 9: Cho a, b > 0 cho trc.
Cc s x, y > 0 thay i sao cho

a b
1
x y

Tm x, y S = x + y t GTNN. Tm min S theo

a, b.
Bi gii
a b
a b
bx y
1 S x y a b
y x
Ta c: x y
x y
S ab 2

bx ay
.
a b 2 ab
y x

min S a b 2 ab

ay bx

x
y

x a ab
a b
1
x y
y b ab

4 x 4 16 x 3 56 x 2 80 x 356
VD 10: Tm GTNN ca P =
x2 2x 5
Bi gii

4 x 4 16 x 3 56 x 2 80 x 356
Ta c: P =
x2 2 x 5
CS
256
2
64
= 4 x 2 x 5 2
x 2x 5
Suy ra min P = 64 x = 1 hoc x = - 3

Bi tp tng t
BT 1: Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x. y = 1. Tm GTLN ca A =
x
y
2
2
x y
x y4
4

BT 2: Tm GTLN ca cc biu thc sau:

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

A x 1 x2
B

yz x 1 xz y 2 xy z 3
xyz

x2 1
; x 0
x2
8
D 2
3x 2
x2 1
E 2
x 1
x2 x 1
F 2
; x 0
x x 1
x2 x 1
G 2
x 2x 1
x
H
; x 0
2
x 2000
C

BT 3: Cho a, b, c > 0 tho mn

1
1
1

2 . Tm
1 a 1 b 1 c

GTLN ca biu thc Q = abc.

BT 4: Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x + y = 1. Tm GTNN ca
biu thc

P = 1 1
x
y

BT 5: Tm GTNN ca cc biu thc sau:

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

x2 4x 4
A
; x 0
x
x2
B
; x 1
x 1
x2 x 2
C
x2 x 1
1

D 1 x 1 ; x 0
x

x2

E x 1
2 ; x 1
x 1
2

x
5
; x 0,1
1 x x
x
2
G
; x 1
2 x 1
F

BT 6: Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x 2 y 2 4 . Tm GTNN ca

biu thc

1
1

E = x y
y
x

BT 7: Tm GTLN v GTNN ca A =
BT 8: Tm GTLN ca A =

3 x 6 x ; 3 x 6

x, y 1

x 1 y 1 bit x y 2

BT 9: Cho a, b > 0 tho mn a. b = 216

Tm GTNN ca S = 6a + 4b
1
BT 10: Cho a, b > 0 tho mn a 1 .
b
a b
Tm GTNN ca A =
b a
a3
BT 11: Cho a, b > 0 tho mn
.
ab

Tm GTNN ca S = a 2 b 2
Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

BT 12: Cho x, y, z 0 tho mn xy + yz + zx = 100.
Tm GTNN ca A = xyz
BT 13: Vi gi tr no ca a th tch xy nhn GTLN nu x,
x a2

y, a l cc s thc tho mn 1

4
y a 4

x8 a
BT 14: Tm GTNN ca A =
bit a > 0, x > 0
x
BT 15: Vi gi tr no ca s dng a th biu thc D t
GTNN ?
A = a1000 a 900 a 90 a 5

1995
a

BT 16: Tm GTNN ca C = x100 10 x10 2004

x 2 xy y 2
; x 0, y 0
BT 17: Tm GTLN ca E = 2
x xy y 2

BT 18: Tm GTLN ca tch x1 x2 ...xn ; n 2

1
2
2
2
Bit xi ; i 1, n v x1 x2 ... xn 1
n

BT 19: Tm GTLN ca B =

x 1995

; x 0

BT 20: Tm GTNN ca N = x x 2 y x y bit rng x, y > 0

BT 21: Tm GTLN ca H = x 1 x 2 vi 1 x 1
BT 22: Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
P=

x
y
z

1 x 1 y 1 z
1 y z 1 x z 1 x y

Vi mi x, y, z bin i nhng lun tho mn

0 x, y, z 1

BT 23: Tm GTNN ca f x, y x

1
x, y 0
;
xy x y
x y

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng

Mt s ng dng ca bt ng thc Csi.

BT 24: Tm GTLN ca
BT 25: Tm GTLN ca

x2 2
x2 1

x 8
vi x > 1
x 1

Nguyn Th Ht SVCSP Hi Dng