STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS

The term stoichiometry is derived from two Greek words, 'stoicheon' which means element and 'metron' which
means measure. Stoichiometry essentially deals with the study of quantitative relationship among elements in a
compound or in a chemical reaction. Stoichiometry hence is divided into two types.

(i) Composition stoichiometry:

This deals with the mass relationship among elements in a particular compound. For example, water(H2O) contains
the elements H and O in the mass ratio 2:16 = 1:8 and methane(CH4) contains C and H in the ratio 12:4 =3:1 and
so on. The law of definite or fixed proportion is the basis of this stoichiometry i.e there is a fixed ratio of masses
among elements in a compound.
PERCENT COMPOSITION, EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
The percentage by mass of each element present in a compound can be found out and compared. Take the
simplest case of H2O. What is the percentage of H and O present in H2O? If in every 18gm(M.M) of H2O,
there are 16gms of O and 2gm of H, For 100gms of H2O, there is (16/18)X100=88.89gms of O and
(2/18)X100=11.11gms of H. So % of O = 88.89% and that of H=11.11%. Mass of an element present in
100gms of the compound gives the percentage composition of that element.
SAQ 1: Calculate the percent by mass of O in Ca(ClO3)2.
SAQ 2: Find the percent of nitrogen in
(i)NH4NO3 and (ii)(NH4)2SO4 and indicate which is a better
nitrogenous fertilizer?
SAQ 3: Calculate the percent composition of K2Cr2O7. (K=39, Cr=52, O=16)
SAQ 4: What is the percent by mass of Cu in CuO? From this, find mass of CuO that will be required to
produce 100kg of Cu? (Cu=63.5, O=16)
SAQ 5: A sample impure Cu2O contain 66.6% Copper. What is percentage of pure Cu2O in the sample?
EMPIRICAL FORMULA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA:
Empirical formula of a compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms which are present in a
molecule. For example glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 but its empirical formula will be obtained
by dividing all the coefficients by the highest common factor(HCF) 6. Hence its empirical formula is CH2O.
Molecular Formula, on the other hand, represents actual number of atoms of each kind present in a molecule.
Empirical formula is related to the molecular formula of a compound as follows.
(Where n is a whole number)
Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula)n
SAQ 6: The molecular formula of a compound is C7H14, find its empirical formula.
SAQ 7: The molecular formula of a compound is C4H8O2. What is its empirical formula?
Empirical formula Mass:
The mass(relative)obtained from the empirical formula is called empirical formula mass. For example, the
empirical formula mass of CH2O is (12+2+16)=30, but the molecular mass is mass obtained from the
molecular formula. The molecular mass of C6H12O6= 72+12+96=180. So if you know the molecular mass of
a compound and its empirical formula mass, you can easily find the molecular formula. Look to this example.
Example: The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O and its molecular mass is 180, find the
molecular formula.
Solution: The empirical formula mass = 12+2+16=30
We know that Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula)n:(Where n is a whole number)
So molecular mass = n empirical formula mass
n = molecular mass/empirical formula mass = 180/30 =6
So molecular formula = (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6
Determination of Empirical Formula:
The empirical formula of a compound can be calculated from the percent composition of the compound. This
is just the opposite of finding percentage composition from the molecular formula of a compound discussed
before. The difference is that here we cannot find the molecular formula. In stead we shall get the empirical
formula which may be same or different from the actual molecular formula. This is because both empirical
formula and molecular formula have the same percent composition of elements. For example, the empirical
formula CH2 and the molecular formula C3H6 have the same % of C and H by mass.

Example:
Find the empirical formula of a compound which contains 60% O and 40% S by mass.
If its molecular mass is 80, what is its molecular formula.
Solution:
Let us take 100gms of the compound. This amount contains 60gms of O and 40gms of S.
Let us calculate how many gm. atoms(mole of atoms) of each element present in these amounts and what
is their ratio. This is obtained by dividing the mass of the element by the atomic mass of the element. The
ratio of gm atoms is same as ratio of the atoms present in the formula , hence it will give the empirical
formula.
In this case,
the no. of gm. atoms of O= 60/16=3.75
the no. of gm. atoms of S= 40/32= 1.25
So the ratio of gm. atoms and hence atoms of O and S present in the formula =3.75:1.25
But you know that in the formula(empirical or molecular) there are whole number of atoms of the elements.
So we have to convert it into simplest whole number ratio. This is done by dividing each value by the lowest
of the values. In this case the lowest is 1.25.
So whole number ratio = 3.75/1.25 : 1.25/1.25 = 3 : 1
Hence the empirical formula = O3S or SO3 : So its empirical formula mass=32+48=80
n= Molecular mass/empirical formula mass = 80/80=1
So Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula)n,
(same as its empirical formula).
So Molecular Formula =(SO3)1=SO3
STEPS FOR FINDING EMPIRICAL FORMULA:
(i)
First the percent composition data of the elements are divided by the respective atomic masses to
get ratio of atoms present in the formula
(ii)
Make this ratio the simplest whole number ratio by dividing all the values by the lowest of the values.
If this does not give the whole number ratio, multiply 2, 3 etc.to get the simplest whole number ratio.
For example, if it comes 1:1.5:2.5 , you multiply throughout by 2 to make the ratio 2:3:5. If the ratio is
1.33 : 2, then multiply by 3 to get the whole number ratio i.e 4:6 and similarly if the ratio is 1.25 :1, then multipy
by 4 to get the whole number ratio i.e 5:4.
(iii)
Then empirical formula is written by placing these whole numbers as coefficients of the respective
elements.
(iv)
Empirical formula mass is then found out. Then divide the molecular mass by the empirical formula
mass to find the value of n. Usually the division does not give a whole number value to 'n'. Round it off to
its nearest whole number to get the value of 'n'.
(v)
Multiply 'n' in all the coefficients of the empirical formula to get the molecular formula.
To determine the empirical formula, it is better to calculate in tabular form. The previous example of SO3
is given in the following table for better understanding. SO3 contains 60% S and 40% O by mass.
___________________________________________________________
Element
%
At.
Relative number
Simple whole Empirical
Mass of atoms
no. of atoms Formula
___________________________________________________________
O
60
16
60/16=3.75
3.75/1.25=3
SO 3
S
40
32
40/32=1.25
1.25/1.25=1
___________________________________________________________
Example:
A compound gave on analysis the following percent composition: K=26.57%,
Cr=35.36%, O=38.07%.Derive the empirical formula.
Solution: Let us take the help of the table for easy calculation.
___________________________________________________________
Element
%
At. Mass
Relative no.
Simple Whole
Empirical
of atoms
No. of atoms
Formula
___________________________________________________________
K
26.57
39
26.57/39=0.68 0.68/0.68=1X2= 2
Cr
35.36
52
35.36/52=0.68 0.68/0.68=1X2= 2
K 2Cr 2O 7
O
38.07
16
38.07/16=2.379 2.379/0.68=3.5X2=7
___________________________________________________________
Remember that fractional values like 3.95 or 3.99 which is close to a whole number is rounded off to the
nearest whole number(4). But if it is 1.5, 1.33 or 2.25 etc. you cannot convert it to the nearest whole number.
In that case you have to multiply a suitable minimum factor to make it a whole number.

SAQ 8: Find the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon that on analysis gave the following percent composition:
C=85.63%,
H=14.37%. If the molecular mass of the compound is 56, what is its molecular formula.
SAQ 9: An oxide of nitrogen contains 30.4% nitrogen. What is its empirical formula?
SAQ 10:Determine the simplest formula of a compound that has Cr=26.52%, S=24.52% and O=48.96%.
Could you suggested the formula in proper order i.e in terms of acid and basic radicals with proper valences?

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1.
A compound contains 21.6% sodium, 33.3% chlorine and 45.1% oxygen. Derive its empirical formula.
2.
Calculate the empirical formula of a compound formed when 7.3g of iron powder reacts completly
with 6.30gm of powder sulphur.
3.
A compound has the following percent composition: C=40%, H=6.66%, O=53.34%. Its molecular
mass is 60. Derive its molecular formula.
4.
A compound consisting of 82.66% carbon and 17.34% hydrogen and has a vapour density 29.05.
Determine its molecular formula.

(ii) Reaction Stoichiometry

This deals with the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products in a chemical reaction. The law
of conservation of mass is the basis of this stoichiometry. Matter can neither be created nor destroyed i.e the
total mass of the reactants should be equal to the total mass of the products in a chemical reaction.
We know that chemical equations are used to describe chemical reactions.Balancing of an equation is done
only to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
2H2 + O2
2 H2O
2 2
32
2 18
In the above reaction represented by a balanced equation, the total mass of the reactants is 36gm(2 g moles of
H2 and one g. mole of O2) and the total mass of the product is also 36g(2 g moles of H2O)
Example: Calculate the mass of oxygen required to completely react with 24g of hydrogen gas.
Solution: 4g of H2 completely reacts with 32g of O2.
So 24g of H2 will completely react with (32/4) 24 = 192g of O2
Example: Calculate the mass of water formed when 8g of oxygen completely reacts with excess of hydrogen.
How much of H2 is required for the reaction?
Solution: 32g of O2 on complete reaction produces 36g of water
So, 8g of O2 will produce (36/32) 8 = 9 g of water(answer)
Again, 32g of oxygen requires 4g of hydrogen gas
So, 8g of oxygen will require (4/32) 8 = 1 g of hydrogen gas(answer)
That is why we have taken excess of hydrogen gas out of which 1g will be used to completely react with 8g of
oxygen gas and the rest of the hydrogen gas will remain unreacted. If we would have taken limited quantity of
hydrogen(say less than 1 g), then all the other reactant(oxygen in this case) would not have reacted completely.
CONCLUSION: If the mass of any species i.e either any one of the reactants or any one of the products is
given, the mass of any other species in the reactant or product side can be calculated from the balanced
chemical equation.This is called stoichiometric calculations.
So to study stoichiometric calculations two things are essential.
(i)To predict the products correctly.
(ii)To balance the equation correctly.
If any one of the above two becomes wrong, the stoichiometric calculation also goes wrong.
We shall study reaction stoichiometry in two parts.
(1)Stoichiometric calculations involving masses or gaseous volumes of the reactants and products
(2)Stoichiometric calculations involving the concentrations of solutions like molarity, normality etc. for
the reactants

STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS INVOLVING THE MASSES AND

GASEOUS VOLUMES OF THE REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS
For simplifying this study it is divided into three types.
(i)Mass-mass relationship
(ii)Mass-volume relationship
(iii)Gas analysis(Volume-volume relationship)
Mass-mass relationship is the original basis of stoichiometry. The other two are applicable for reactions involving
gases. Since mass of a gas is related to its volume at a particular temperature and pressure, we can directly
study the relationship between mass of one species with the volume of the other species(gaseous) without using
the mass of the latter. This is called mass-volume relatioship. Similary we can relate the volume of one gaseous
species with the volume of another gaseous species instead of using their masses. This is called volume-volume
relationship.

Mass-mass relationship
Working steps:
(i)Predict products and balance the equation correctly. For balancing redox reaction, follow ON method or
other methods of your choice.
(ii)Write the molecular masses for molecular substances and atomic masses for atomic substances below the
respective reactants and products which are involved in stoichiometric calculation. Multiply the coefficients
from the balanced equation with the respective molecular masses or atomic masses.
(iii)Then proceed with chemical arithmetic. Look to this example.
Example: Find out the mass of KClO3 that would produce 8 g of oxygen gas.
Solution:
2KClO3
2KCl + 3O2
2(39+35.5+48)
3 32g
=2 122.5g
In this case, the species involved in the calculation are KClO3 and O2. The mass of the latter is given while the
mass of the former is to be calclated . Since the mass of the product is given, it is to be written in the LHS while
doing calculation by unitary method.
3 32g of oxygen is produced by 2 122.5g of KClO3
So, 8 g of oxygen is produced by (2122.5)/(332) 8 = 20.416g (answer)
(Note that we had to use passive voice while constructing the sentence, since the product is written in the LHS).
Example: Calculate the mass of chlorine gas obtained by the reaction of 8.7g of pure MnO2 with excess of
dilute hydrochloric acid. Also calculate the mass of HCl consumed in the reaction.
MnO2 + 4HCl
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
(55+32) 4(1+35.5)
235.5
From the balanced equation, we know that one mole of MnO2 reacts with 4 moles of HCl to give one mole of
Cl2, one mole of MnCl2 and 2 moles of H2O.
(i)87g of MnO2(1 mole) produces 71 gm of chlorine
So, 8.7 g of MnO2 produces (71/87) 8.7 = 7.1 gm of chlorine
(ii)Again, 87 gm of MnO2 reacts wit 4 36.5 gm of HCl
So 8.7 gm of MnO2 reacts with [(436.5)/87] 8.7 = 14.6 gm of HCl
Alternative Method:
We can use the mass of Cl2 produced obtained in (i) to get mass of HCl required.
2 35.5 gm of Cl2 is produced by 4 36.5 gm of HCl
7.1 gm of Cl2 is produced by 14.6 gm of HCl
Hence we can use any data(either reactant or product) to find out the mass of any other reactant or product.
SAQ 1: Calculate the mass of CO2 obtained by completely burning 30gms of ethane with excess oxygen?
Also calculate the mass of H2O produced during the reaction.
SAQ 2: Calculate the number of moles and mass in gm of CaCl2 needed to react with excess of silver nitrate
to produce 6.6g of AgCl?(Ag=108, Ca=40)
SAQ 3: Calculate the mass of CaO which will completely react with 6.92g of HCl?

SAQ 4: Calculate the mass of BaCO3 produced when excess CO2 is bubbled through a solution containing
0.205mole of Ba(OH)2. (Ba = 137)
SAQ 5: What mass of sodium bicarbonate on strong heating will produce 1.5 mole of CO2?

Mass-Volume Relationship
In this case we shall have to establish a relationship between the mass of one species(reactant or product)
with the volume of another species(reactant or product). Here we shall make use of gram molar volume
of gases at NTP equal to 22.4 litres i.e one mole of any gas at NTP will have a volume equal to 22.4 litres.
Example: What volume of O2 gas be evolved at NTP when 2gms of KClO3 is strongly heated?

2 KClO 3
2(39+35.5+48)

2 KCl + 3 O 2
3X22.4

From the balanced equation, we know that 2 moles of KClO3 produces 3 moles of O2 gas i.e 322.4 litres
of O2 gas at NTP. So can we not find the volume of O2 that will be produced by 2gms of KClO3 from these?
So for mass-volume relationship, you have to write the molecular mass with the coefficient multiplied with
it below the species whose mass data is given or asked for and the molar volume (22.4litres) multiplied with
its coefficient, below the species whose volume data is given or asked for. The rest of the procedure is same
as mass-mass relationship explained earlier. In the above example,
2(39+35.5+48)=2 122.5 gms of KClO3 produce 322.4 litres of O2 gas at NTP
So 2 gms of KClO3 must produce 0.5485l =548.5ml of O2at NTP.
Example : What mass of sodium nitrate on heating will produce 12 litres of O2 gas at NTP?
Solution: We know that NaNO3 on heating produces NaNO2 and O2. Let us first write the balanced equation
and the molecular mass and molar volume of the involved species i.e NaNO3 in LHS and O2 in RHS.

2 NaNO 3
2(23+14+48)

2NaNO 2 + O 2
22.4 l

22.4 litres of O2 is produced by 2 85gms of NaNO3

So 12 litres of O2 will be produced by = 91.07gms of NaNO3.
SAQ 6: What volume of chlorine gas at NTP will be produced when 8.7gms of MnO2 reacts with excess
conc. HCl?
(Mn=55, O=16, Cl=35.5)
SAQ 7: What mass of sodium bicarbonate on reacting with excess dil. HCl will give 5.6 litres of CO2 gas
at NTP?
SAQ 8: What volume of NO2 and what volume of O2 be evolved at NTP when 10 gms of lead nitrate is
strongly heated?(Pb=207, N=14)
SAQ 9: What mass of ammonium dichromate on strong heating will produce 11.2 litres of nitrogen gas at
NTP?(N=14, Cr=52, O=16)
Procedure when volume of gas is given/asked at temperature and pressure other than NTP:
(i)
When volume data is given at temperature and pressure other than NTP, first you convert the given
volume to NTP conditions by applying the combined gas equation(P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2.Then establish the
mass-volume relationship in the same way as done previously.
(ii)
When volume data is asked in the temperature and pressure other than NTP, then the conversion of
volume from NTP conditions to the required conditions is done at the end.
Example :
What mass of calcium carbonate on heating will produce 250ml of CO2 gas at 270C and
800mm of Hg pressure?
Solution: Since volume of the gas has been given at a particular temperature and pressure, our first job is
to convert it to NTP conditions.

800mm X 250ml 760mm X V2

=

(273+27)A
273 A

V2 = 239.47ml

Then we write the balanced chemical reaction.

CaCO3
CaO
+
CO 2
(40+12+48)
22400ml
22400ml of CO2 is evolved at NTP from 100gm of CaCO3
So 239.47ml of CO2 is evolved at NTP from (100/22400) 239.47 = 1.069gm(answer)

Example: What volume of hydrogen gas will be evolved at 4500C and 700mm pressure by treating
5gms of superheated iron with sufficient steam.
Solution: Since in this case the volume of hydrogen is asked, we shall carry out the volume conversion at
the end. First write down the balanced equation.
Fe3O4
+
4H2
3Fe
+
4H2O
3 56 gm
4 22400 ml
356gms of iron produces 422400ml of hydrogen gas at NPT.
So 5gms of iron will produce (422400)/(356)5= 2666.67ml of H2 at NTP.
But we want to know the volume at some other conditions. So we shall convert now from the NTP conditions
to the given condition by using the combined gas equation.

760mm X 2666.67ml 700mm X V 2

=
273A
(273+ 450) A

V2 = 7667.6ml

So the volume of hydrogen collected at 4500C and 700mm pressure is 7667.7ml.

SUCCESSIVE REACTIONS
If the product of one reaction is used as a reactant in the second reaction and you are asked to establish
the relationship between the reactant of first reaction with product of second reaction, you can do so very
easily by writing the balanced chemical reactions for both. The following example will make it more clear.
Example:
What mass of potassium chlorate on heating gives just sufficient oxygen gas to completely
burn 8gms of sulphur?
Solution: Let us write the first reaction
2KCl +
3O2
2KClO3
2(39+35.5+48)
332
The oxygen evolved in the first reaction is used to burn sulphur in the second reaction.
SO2
S +
O2
32
32
Since the reactant of first reaction has been asked for, we start to solve this problem from the second reaction
and know how much of oxygen is necessary to completely burn 8gms of sulphur.
2nd reaction:
32gms of sulphur needs 32gms of oxygen gas for complete burning.
So 8gms of sulphur will need 8gms of oxygen gas
Now let us make use of the amount of oxygen (8gms) in the first reaction and know how much KClO3 on
heating will give 8gms of oxgyen.
1st reaction:
332gms of O2 gas is produced by 2(39+35.5+48)=2122.5gms of KClO3
So 8gms of O2 gas will be produced by (2122.5)/(332)8=20.416gms of KClO3.
Hence 20.416gms of KClO3 on heating will give enough oxygen gas(8gms) to burn 8gms of sulphur completely
to SO2.
SAQ 10: What mass of ammonium sulphate is required which on reacting with excess of alkali will produce
enough ammonia which can reduce 2.5 gm of cupric oxide completely to metallic copper.(Cu=63.5)
(Hint: (NH4)2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + NH3 + H2O

CuO + NH3 N2 + Cu + H2O

SAQ 11: 4 gm of CaCO3 was strongly heated and the residue obtained was mixed with excess of

ammonium chloride and heated. Calculate the volume of ammonia produced at 270C and 800mm pressure.
SAQ 12: Calculate the mass of KMnO4 required to produce enough chlorine(by reacting with conc. HCl)
which will completely react with 10gm of pure NaOH(hot and concentrated) to produce NaCl and NaClO3.

LIMITING REACTANT CONCEPT

When the amounts of two reactants used in a reaction are known there can be two possibilities
(i)
The two reactants might be consumed wholly and there would be no excess reactant left after the
reaction is over. This is the case when exact stoichiometric proportions of reactants are taken.
(ii)
If one reactant is completely exhausted and the other reactant remains in excess after the end the
reaction.
If in such a case, you are asked to calculate the amount of product formed, then how you proceed? First
you have to check on trial and error basis if both reactants are exhausted (type i) or one reactant is exhausted

(type ii). If it belongs to type (i), then you can take any one of the reactant data and calculate the amount
of the product. However if the reaction belongs to type (ii), you have to use the limiting reactant i.e the
reactant which has been exhausted completely to find the amount of the product. If you take the other
reactant which has been taken in excess for calculating the product, then you will get a wrong answer,
because the excess amount of the reactant won't react as there is no equivalent amount of the other reactant.
Example:
6 g of carbon was burned with 20 g of oxgyen gas, how much of CO2 gas will be
formed? What volume of the gas will be formed at NTP.
Solution:
CO2
C + O2
12g
32g
44g ( or 22.4 l)
Let us take the carbon amount:
12gm of carbon requires 32 gms of oxygen for complete burning.
So 6gms of carbon must require 16gms of oxgyen for complete burning.
But 20gms of oxygen gas has been taken. So oxygen gas will remain in excess(4gms) after the end of the
reaction. So carbon is the limiting reactant and we have to use the mass of carbon to find the amount of
product(not the mass of oxygen).
12gms of of carbon produce 44gms of CO2 gas,
So 6gms of carbon must produce (44/12)6 =22gms of CO2 gas.
Again 12gms of carbon produces 22.4 litres of CO2 gas at NTP.
So 6gms of carbon must produce 11.2 litres of CO2 at NTP .(You can also convert mass of CO2
directly into volume)
Example :
A mixture of 100 g H2 and 100 g O2 is ignited so that water is formed according to
2H2O. How much water is formed?
the reaction, 2H2+O2
Solution:
Let us first take hydrogen data to check whether it is limiting reactant or excess reactant.
+
O2
2H2O
2H2
22
32
2X18
4 gms of H2 needs 32 gms of O2 for complete reaction.
So 100gms of H2 must need (32/4)100 =800gms of O2.
But we have only 100gms of O2 in the reaction. So all H2 cannot be used and therefore O2 is the limiting
reactant and H2 will remains in excess after the reaction. Note that you can know which one is the limiting
reactant and which remains in excess by selecting any reactant data and then by finding the amount of the
other reactant needed for it from the balanced equation. So now let us take the oxgyen data(limiting reactant)
to find the amount of water formed.
32gms of O2 produce 36gms of H2O
So 100gms of O2 must produce (36/32)100= 112.5gms.
SAQ 13: Calculate the mass of NaCl produced by the reaction of 5.3 gm of Na2CO3 with 5.3 gm of pure
HCl.
SAQ 14: Find the mass of barium sulphate formed when 0.1 mole of barium chloride reacts with 0.05 mole
of sodium phosphate. (Ba=137, P=31, O=16, Cl=35.5)

PROBLEMS BASED ON PURITY OF SAMPLE:

In this case the mass of an impure sample which reacts with another reactant is given and the product amount
is also given, you are asked to find the percentage of purity of the original impure sample. What you will
do in this case is to find the mass of the reactant that would produce the given quantity of the product from
the balanced equation. In such case you will not use the mass data of the impure sample because that
amount contains impurity which does not react. After finding the mass of pure sample from stoichiometric
analysis, then find the percentage of purity.
percentage of purity = (mass of pure sample)/(mass of impure sample)100.
Example:
4gms of an impure sample of calcium carbonate (containing sand as impurity) is treated
with an excess of hydrochloric acid. 0.88g of CO2 is produced. What is the percentage of pure CaCO3
in the original sample?
Solution:
The impure sample taken may be lime stone, marble, chalk etc. which are the minerals containing CaCO3.
The impure sample contains sand as impurity. Our interest is to find the mass of pure CaCO3 present in the
sample. Note that when the sample will react with acid, only CaCO3 reacts but not the impurity, according

to the equation.
2HCl
CaCl2
+ CO2
+ H2O
CaCO3 +
(40+12+48)
44
44gms of CO2 is produced by (40+12+48)100gms of CaCO3
0.88gm of CO2 must be produced by (100/44)0.88= 2gm of CaCO3
So the amount of pure CaCO3 present in 4gm of impure sample is 2gms.
So percentage of purity = (2/4) 100= 50
SAQ 15: Calculate the amount of lime(CaO) that can be prepared by heating 200kg of limestone that is 95%
pure CaCO3?
SAQ 16: 1.0 gm sample of impure zinc on treatment with excess dil. H2SO4 produced 250 mL of hydrogen
ver water at 200C and 780 mm pressure. Calculate the percentage of purity in the sample. (aqueous tension
(68.5)
at 200C = 15 mm of Hg) Zn = 65.5
SAQ 17: A silver coin weighing 7.0 gm was completely dissolvoed in conc. HNO3 and then excess of HCl
solution was added. The white precipitate formed was dried and weighed to be 9.0 gm. Calculate the
percentage of silver present in the coin.(Ag=108)
(96.7)
SAQ 18: 35.0 gm of an impure sample of potassium dichromate on complete reaction with excess of H2S
deposited 9.6 gm of sulphur in the acidic medium. Calculate the % of purity in the sample. (Cr=52, K=39,
S=32, O=16)
(84)
BASED ON COMPOSITION OF A MIXTURE CONTAINING ONE REACTIVE SPECIES:
This is similar to the problems based on purity discussed before. One of the components of the mixture is
reactive while the other remains inert.
Example: 10 gm of a mixture of KCl and KNO3 was dissolved in water and treated with excess of AgNO3
to produce a white precipitate weighing 14.35 g. Determine the composition of the mixture.(Ag=108, K=39)
Solution:
Out of the two components present in the mixture, KCl takes part in the reaction with AgNO3 while
KNO3 remains as such without any change. The mass of KCl can be calculated by the help of the mass
of AgCl formed.
KNO3 + AgCl
KCl + AgNO3
(39 + 35.5)
(108+ 35.5)
74.5
143.5
143.5 gm of AgCl is produced by 74.5 gm of KCl
So, 14.35 gm of AgCl is produced by (74.5/143.5) 14.35 = 7.45 gm
Since the mass of the mixture is 10gm, mass of KNO3 = 10-7.45 = 2.55 gm
So percentage of KNO3 = (2.55/10) 100 = 25.5% and percentage of KCl = 74.5%
SAQ 19: A 3.0 gm of sample of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 lose 0.45 gm when heated strongly until constant
mas is attained. What is the percentage composition of the original mixture.
(NaHCO3= 40.64%)
COMPOSITION OF A MIXTURE CONTAINING TWO REACTIVE SPECIES:
In this case both the components in the mixture are reactive. In such case we have to solve by algebraic
method taking the mass of one as x gm and the other as total mass minus x gm.
Example: A mixture of NaCl and KCl weighing 3.0 gm was dissolved in water and treated with excess of
AgNO3 solution. The white precipitate obtained was filtered and dried to give a constant mass of 6.3 gm.
Find the % of KCl in the mixture.
Solution:
In this case both NaCl and KCl react with AgNO3 solution.
Let the mass of NaCl = x gm and hence mass of KCl = (3-x) gm
NaNO3 + AgCl
NaCl + AgNO3
(23 + 35.5)
(108+35.5)
=58.5
=143.5
58.5 gm of NaCl produces 143.5 gm of AgCl
So, x gm of NaCl will produce (143.5/58.5) x gm of AgCl
KCl +
AgNO3
KNO3 + AgCl
(39+35.5)
143.5
= 74.5
74.5 gm of KCl proudces 143.5 gm of AgCl

So, (3-x) gm of KCl will produce [143.5/74.5) (3-x) gm of AgCl

Total mass of AgCl = 6.3 = (143.5/58.5) x + [143.5/74.5) (3-x)
On solving we get x = 1 gm(mass of NaCl)
So, mass of KCl = 3-1 = 2 gm, hence its percentage= (2/3) X 100 = 66.67%
SAQ 20: 1.0 gm of an alloy of Al and Mg when heated with excess of HCl forms aluminium chloride and
magnesium chloride and hydrogen. The evolved hydrogen collected over mercury at 00C has a volume of 1.2
litres at 0.92 atm. pressure. Calculate the composition of the alloy.
(Al = 55%)
(IIT 1978)
SAQ 21: A solid mixture(5.0 gm) consisting of lead nitrate and sodium nitrate was heated strongly to constant
mass. If the loss in mass is 28%, find the amount of lead nitrate and sodium nitrate in the mixture.
(IIT 1990)
[Pb(NO3)2 = 3.33 gm]

GAS ANALYSIS:

(GAY LUSSAC'S LAW)

1. Volume-Volume Relationship:
We know from Gay Lussac's Law of combining gaseous volumes that when gaseous reactants form gaseous
products they do so in simple ratio with respect to their volumes, provided the reaction is carried out at
constant temperature and pressure. The ratio of their volumes is equal to the ratio of the stoichiometric
coefficients in the balanced equation. Look to this example.
Example :
5 litre of hydrogen gas was allowed to react completely with 5 litres of chlorine gas at
the same temperature and pressure, how many litres of hydrogen chloride gas will be obtained at that
temperature and pressure?
Solution:
Write the balanced equation
2 HCl(g)
H2(g) + Cl2(g)
1 mole of H2 reacts with 1 mole of Cl2 to give 2 moles of HCl gas. Therefore
22.4litres of H2 gas reacts with 22.4 litres of Cl2 to give 222.4 litres of HCl at NTP
1 litre of H2 reacts with 1 litre of Cl2 to give 2 litres of HCl at the same temperature and pressure.
In general,
1 volume of H2 reacts with 1 volume of Cl2 to produce 2 volumes of HCl gas at the same temperature
and pressure. The ratio of the volumes of reactants and products is simple i.e 1:1:2. This is Gay Lussac's
Law. One can find this ratio by looking to the coefficients in the balanced equation. But one thing you must
not forget that this law holds good for the gaseous reactants and gaseous products and not the product which
liquifies on cooling like H2O. This will be made more clear later.
In the above example, 5 litres of H2 reacts with 5 litres of Cl2 to give 10 litres of HCl gas.
Example :
What maximum volume of HCl gas will be obtained if 5 litres of H2 is allowed to react
with 10litres of Cl2 gas at the same temperature and pressure? Which reactant gas remains unreacted
at the end and by what volume? What is the total volume of the mixture after the reaction?
2 HCl
Solution:
H2 + Cl2
From Gay Lussac's law we know that
1 volume of H2 will reacts with 1 volume of chlorine to produce 2 volumes of HCl gas (at the same
temperature and pressure conditions)
Therefore 5 litres of H2 needs only 5 litres of Cl2. But you are given 10litres of Cl2 out of which only 5 litres
will be used and remaining 5 litres of Cl2 will be left excess. So H2 is the limiting reactant and we shall use
that to find the volume of HCl gas formed.
5 litres of H2 will react with 5 litres of Cl2 to produce 10 litres of HCl gas.
The total volume of gaseous product along with excess gaseous reactant after the end of the reaction =
volume of HCl gas + volume of excess Cl2 not used in the reaction.
Total volume = 10 litre of HCl gas + 5 litres of unreacted Cl2 gas=15 litres.
Example :
10 litres of CO were allowed to burn with excess of oxygen gas to produce CO2 gas.
What volume of CO2 gas will be obtained at the same temperature and pressure? What volume of O2
gas needed for the purpose at the same conditions?
Solution:
The balanced equation for the reaction is
2CO 2
2CO +
O2
2 litres
1 litre
2 litres (at same temperature and pressure)
2 litres of CO will produce 2 litres of CO2
So 10 litres of CO must produce 10 litres of CO2.
Again 2 litres of CO require 1 litre of O2
So 10 litres of CO must require 5 litres of O2.

SAQ 22:
24 litres of N2 gas was allowed to react with excess of H2 gas at a particular temperature
and pressure. What volume of NH3 gas at the same conditions would be formed if all the N2 is made to
react? What volume of H2 gas is required for the purpose.(48L, 72L)
SAQ 23:
500ml of O2 gas was converted to O3 gas at the same temperature and pressure and a 50ml
reduction in volume was observed at the end of the reaction. What is the volume of O3 gas formed? Find
the volume of the unreacted O2 gas and the volume of the mixture (ozonised oxygen). (100, 350, 450 mL)
SAQ 24:
20 litres of H2 gas was allowed to mix with 15 litres of O2 gas in a vessel operated at
constant pressure (1atm) and temperature(1000C) conditions. An electric spark was formed inside the mixture
where H2O vapour is produced with a pop sound. Find out the volume of water vapour that would be formed
and which gas would remain in excess? What is the total volume of the resulting mixture? (20, 25 L)
SAQ 25:
10 litres of O2 gas was allowed to react with excess of sulphur. What volume of SO2 gas
will be formed at the same temperature and pressure?
SAQ 26:
Calculate the volume of CO2 gas and water vapour evolved by completely burning 3 litres
of CH4 gas at a particular temperature and pressure. (10 L)

PERCENTAGE OF GASEOUS MIXTURE:

Example:
1 litre of a mixture of CO and CO 2 is passed through a tube containing red hot
charcoal. The volume now becomes 1.6 litres. The volumes are measured under the same conditions
of temperature and pressure. Find the composition of the original mixture.
Solution:
Out of the two gases present in the mixture, it is only CO2 which will react with charcoal(C)
to be reduced to CO and the original CO present in the mixture will remain as such.
C(s)
2CO(g)
CO2(g) +
1 litre
2 litres
Let us assume that out of 1 litre of the mixture, the volume of CO is x litre and CO2 is (1-x) litre.
From the balanced equation we know that
1 litre of CO2 produces 2 litres of CO.
So (1-x) litres of CO2 must produce 2(1-x) litres of CO.
So the total volume after the reaction = volume of original CO + the volume of CO formed from CO2 by
its reaction with C = x + 2(1-x)
The initial volume before the reaction was 1 litre and the volume after the reaction is x + 2(1-x).
In the question, it is given that the final volume is 1.6 litres.
x + 2(1-x) = 1.6 x + 2 -2x =1.6, x = 0.4litre(volume of CO).
So the volume of CO2 in the original mixture was 1-0.4= 0.6 litre.
So the percentage of CO = (0.4/1.0)X100= 40%
So the percentage of CO2 = 100-40= 60%

EUDIOMETRY
The composition of a mixture of gases is determined by this method. The mixture of gases along with O2
gas is taken in a eudiometer tube which is a long and narrow glass tube closed at one end. The tube
containing the mixture of gases is inverted over a mercury trough so as to keep always at same pressure
condition(1 atm. pressure). The reaction among the gases is allowed to take place by creating electric spark
inside the eudiometer tube. Reaction among gases takes place with an explosive sound (pop sound). Suppose
we have a mixture of CH4, CO and O2 gases. CH4 reacts with O2 to give CO2 and H2O while CO reacts
with O2 to give CO2. After the reaction the gaseous mixture is allowed to cool so that any H2O formed in
the reaction is condensed to liquid. Thus the volume of the mixture is reduced because H2O vapour present
in the mixture is removed and liquid water formed has negligible volume compared to volume of gas and does
not contribute to gaseous volume any more. Then the eudiometer tube is transferred carefully to a jar
containing an alkali like caustic soda or caustic potash or lime water [Ca(OH)2]. The tube is shaken well to
absorb all CO2 gas present in the mixture. The volume is further reduced. The volume reduced at this stage
is equal to the volume of CO2 present in the mixture. The mixture is then treated with alkaline pyrogallol
to absorb any excess (unreacted) O2 gas that might be present in the mixture. Again the volume decreases
and this decrease is equal to the volume of O2 present in the mixture. In this way the gases are selectively
removed with specific reagents one after the other and volume reduction is measured at each step. Then
using the balanced equation and Gay Lussac's law, we can find the composition of the original mixture. Read
the following example mindfully.

10

(a) Composition of a gas mixture:

Example:
20ml of a mixture of CO and C2H2(acetylene) are mixed with 30ml of O2 and exploded
in a eudiometer tube. After cooling the residual gas occupied 34ml. After treatment with caustic potash,
the residual oxygen gas occupied 8ml. Calculate the percentage composition of the original mixture.
Solution: Let us write two separate combustion reactions, one for CO and the other for C2H2 reacting with
O 2.
2CO2(g)
(i)
2CO(g) +
O2(g)
2ml
1ml
2 ml
5O2(g)
4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(ii)
2C2H2(g) +
2 ml
5 ml
4ml
(zero)
Let us assume that out of 20ml of mixture, the volume of CO = x ml, and so the volume of C2H2=(20-x)ml
Equation (i)
2ml of CO produces 2 ml of CO2 gas
So x mol of CO will produce x ml of CO2 gas.
Again 2 ml of CO requires 1 ml of O2
So
x ml of CO will require x/2 ml of O2
Equation (ii)
2 ml of C2H2 produces 4 ml of CO2 gas
(20-x)ml of C2H2 will produce 2(20-x) ml of CO2.
Again 2ml of C2H2 requires 5 ml of O2 gas
So (20-x) of C2H2 will require (5/2) X (20-x)ml of O2 gas.
Total CO2 formed = x + 2(20 -x)
The volume of oxygen consumed by both reactions=
x/2 + (5/2) (20-x)=(100-4x)/2
So the volume of oxygen left after the reaction = 30 - (100-4x)/2
According to the question, the volume of unreacted oxgyen is 8ml.
So 30-(100-4x)/2 = 8, x = 14ml(volume of CO in the original mixture)
So the volume of C2H2 = 20-14=6ml.
Alternative method: We can also solve this problem by taking the volume of CO2. Note that after the reaction,
the total volume was 34ml (which contain CO2 and unreacted O2, not water which is in the liquid state)
the
and after absorbing the mixture by caustic postash the volume reduced to 8ml(for O2 only). So
volume of CO2= 34-8 = 26ml
The total volume of CO2 is x +2(20-x)
So x + 2(20-x) = 26, x =14ml(volume of CO) and hence volume of C2H2 = 20-14 = 6ml.
Alternative method: We can also solve this problem by finding the total volume of the mixture after the
reaction which is given to be 34ml.
Total volume after the reaction = volume of CO2 formed from both reactions + the volume of unreacted O2
=
x + 2(20-x) + [30-(100-4x)/2]
(since H2O is converted to liquid state, its volume is negligible and hence has been taken as zero)
But it is given that the volume after the end of the reaction is 34ml.
So
x + 2(20-x) + [30-(100-4x)/2] = 34, x = 14ml(volume of CO)
So the volume of C2H2= 20-14= 6ml.
So you found that you can solve this problem in many ways and you can use the most economical way to
get the result quickly. In the above example the first two ways are easier than the last method. Is'nt it?
Example :
10ml of a mixture of CH 4 ,C 2H 4 and CO 2 were exploded with excess of air. After
explosion and cooling, there was a contraction of 17ml and after treatment with aq. KOH there was
further reduction of 14ml. Find the composition of the original mixture.
Solution: CH4 and C2H4 only react with O2 to produce CO2 and H2O. The CO2 present in the original mixture
remains as such.
Let the volume of CH4= x ml, volume of C2H4= y ml, So volume of CO2 = 10-x-y
Now let us write two combustion reactions.
CO2(g) +
2H2O(l)
(i)
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
1 ml
2ml
1 ml
(zero)
2CO2(g) +
2H2O(l)
(ii)
C2H4(g) + 3O2
1ml
3ml
2ml
(zero)
Equation (i):
1 ml of CH4 produces 1 ml of CO2
x ml of CH4 will produce x ml of CO2

11

1 ml
x ml
Equation (ii):
1 ml
y ml
1 ml
y ml

of CH4 requires 2ml of O2 gas,

of CH4 will require 2x ml of O2 gas.
of
of
of
of

C2H4 produces 2ml of CO2

C2H4 will produce 2y ml CO2.
C2H4 requires 3ml of O2
C2H4 will require 3y ml of O2.

So total CO2 formed during the reaction= (x + 2y)

The total CO2 present in the mixture = (x+2y) + (10-x-y)
Since the volume contraction by treatment with KOH is 14ml, the total volume of CO2 present after the
reaction is 14ml.
So (x+2y) + (10-x-y) = 14ml, y = 4ml(volume of C2H4)
Now let us find the total volume of mixture after the reaction= x+2y +(10-x-y)
This is same as the volume of total CO2 present since the volume of water formed in the liquid state is taken
to be zero.
The volume of the mixture before the reaction = volume of mixture + O2 consumed
= 10 + 2x + 3y
Note that if there is any unreacted O2 in the mixture, that would be cancelled while finding the difference.
Hence the difference between volumes of the reactant and product mixtures
=volume contraction = 17ml
(10+2x+3y) - (x+2y +10-x-y) = 17,
2x+2y =17
Substituting the value of y, we get, 2x + 24=17, x = 4.5ml(volume of CH4)
So the volume of CO2 present in the original mixture =10 - 4- 4.5=1.5ml
So volume of CH4 = 4.5ml, C2H4 = 4ml and CO2 = 1.5ml in the original mixture.
SAQ 27: What will be volume of the products in each case of the following.
(i)When 40ml of H2 gas is allowed to react with equal volume of Cl2 gas (80 mL)
(ii)When 200ml of O2 is allowed to react with equal volume of CO gas. (300 mL)
SAQ 28: 10ml of a mixture of ethylene(C2H4) and acetylene(C2H2) require 29ml of O2 gas for complete reaction at
the same temperature and pressure. Determine the composition of the mixture. (8, 2 mL)
(b)Determination of molecular formula of an unknown gas
We can find the molecular mass of an unknown gas by eudiometry. Go through the following example.
Example: 100 mL of an unknown gas is mixed with 140 mL of oxygen in a gas burette and subjected to
electric spark. The residual volume was 190 mL and after absorbing the mixture by caustic potash, the
residual volume was 90 mL. Find the molecular mass of the unknown gas.
Soultion:
The voume of CO2 formed = 190 - 90 = 100 mL
The volume of oxygen consumed = 140 - 90 = 50 mL
Hence 100 mL of the gas has reacted with 50 mL of O2 gas to give 100 mL of CO2
Applying Avogadro's law we have
2 molecules of the unknown gas reacted with 1 molecule of O2 to give 2 moclecules of CO2
So, 1 molecule of the unknown gas reacted with molecule of O2 to give 1 molecule of CO2
Since molecule of O2 contains 1 O atom and 1 molecule of CO2 contains 1 C atom, the unknown gas
is CO.
Alternative method:
Let the formula of the unknown gas is CxOy (here we presumed that it is compound of C and O only)
C xO y +
(2x - y)/2 O2

x CO2
1 mL
(2x-y)/2 mL
x mL
100 mL
(2x-y)/2 X 100 mL
100x mL
Since the volume of CO2 is 100 mL (determined before)
100x = 100 x =1
Since the volume of O2 consumed is 50 mL(determined before)
(2x-y)/2 100 = 50 y = 1
Hence the formula of the unknwon gas is CO.
(Note that if you presume the gas to be a hydrocarbon having formula CxHy, then while solving for x you
shall get -ve value, which is absurd. Only presuming it be CxOy you will get +ve value for both x and y.

12

Example 2: 10 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon is mixed with 100 mL of O2 in an eudiometer tube at 250C

and 1 atmosphere pressure. The mixture is exploded by an electric spark. The residual gas occupied 95 mL.
On passing the mixture through KOH solution contraction of volume occurred by 20 mL. The residual gas
was completely absorbed by pyrogallol. Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
( 2x + y/2) O2
x CO2 + y/2 H2O (l)
Solution:
C xH y +
1 mL
(2x + y/2) mL
x mL
zero
Volume of CO2 formed = volume contraction by KOH = 20 mL
Volume of residual gas after explosion at room temp. = volume of CO2 + volume of excess O2 = 95 mL
Hence volume of excess O2 = 95 - 20 = 75 mL (totally absorbed by pyrogallol)
Total volume of O2 used = 100 mL. Hence volume of O2 consumed = 100 - 75 = 25 mL
From the above equation:
1 mL of CxHy produces x mL of CO2 gas
10 mL of CxHy produces 10x mL of CO2
Hence 10x = 20, x = 2
Again
1 mL of CxHy requires 1/2(2x +y/2) mL of O2 gas
So 10 mL of the gas requires 10 1/2(2x + y/2) mL of O2
Hence 10 1/2(2x +y/2) = 25
Substituting the value of x in the above equation we get, y= 2
Hence the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon is C2H2(acetylene)
SAQ 29: 0.9 g of a solid organic compound having molecular mass 90 containing C, H and O was heated
with oxygen corresponding to volume of 224 mL at NTP. After combustion the total volume of the gas was
560 mL at NTP. On treatment with KOH, the volume decreased to 112 mL. Determine the molecular formula
of the compound.

RESPONSE TO SAQs
(Percent Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formula)
SAQ 1:
M.M of Ca(ClO3)2 = 40+ 2(35.5 + 48)= 207
207gms of Ca(ClO3)2 contains 616=96gms of Oxygen
So 100 gms of Ca(ClO3)2 contains (96/207) 100=46.37gms
Hence the percent by mass of O = 46.37%
SAQ 2: (i)
M.M of NH4NO3 = 28 + 4+48= 80
80gms of NH4NO3 contains 28gms of Nitrogen
100gms of NH4NO3 contains (28/80) 100 = 35gms.
So the percent of N in NH4NO3 = 35%
(ii)
M.M of (NH4)2SO4 = 218 + 32+ 64= 132
132gms of (NH4)2SO4 contains 28gms of Nitrogen
100gms of (NH4)2SO4 contains (28/132) 100 = 21.21gms
So the percent of N in (NH4)2SO4 = 21.21%.
Comparing the % of N in both the cases, we find that NH4NO3 is a better grade nitrogenous
fertilizer as it has greater percentage of nitrogen.
SAQ 3:
M.M of K2Cr2O7 = 239+ 252 + 716= 294
If only percent composition is asked in the question, you are required to find the percent by mass of each
element present in the compound.
K:
294gms of K2Cr2O7 contains 239gms of K
100gms of K2Cr2O7 contains (239)/294 100 = 26.53gms
Cr:
294gms of K2Cr2O7 contains 252gms of Cr
100gms of K2Cr2O7 contains (252)/294 100 = 35.37gms
O:
294gms of K2Cr2O7 contains 716=112 gms of O
100gms of K2Cr2O7 contains (112/294) X 100 = 38.1gms.
So percent of K=26.53%, Cr=35.37% and O=38.1%
SAQ 4:
The M.M of CuO= 63.5 + 16=79.5
79.5gms of CuO contains 63.5 gms of Cu
100gms of CuO contains (63.5/79.5) 100 = 79.87gms

13

So the percent of Cu = 79.87%

79.87gms of Cu can be produced by 100gms of CuO
100kg i.e100000gms of Cu can be produced by 125203.455gm=125.203kg.
SAQ 5:
Let us take 100gms of impure Cu2O. This contains 66.6 gms of Cu.
But let us see how much of Cu2O can contain 66.6gms of Cu from its molecular mass.
The M.M of Cu2O= 263.5 + 16 = 143;
127(=263.5)gms of Cu is present in 143gms of Cu2O
So 66.6gms of Cu must be present (143/127)66.6=74.99gms of Cu2O.
So 100gm of impure Cu2O contains only 74.99gms of pure Cu2O and the rest impurity.
So the percent of purity = 74.99%.
SAQ 6:
Dividing the coefficients by 7, we get the empirical formula CH2.
SAQ 7:
Dividing the coefficients by 2, we get the empirical formula C2H4O.
SAQ 8:
___________________________________________________________
Element
%
At. Mass
Relative no.
Simple Whole Empirical
of atoms
No. of atoms Formula
___________________________________________________________
C
85.63 12
85.63/12=7.135
7.135/7.135=1 CH 2
H
14.37 1
14.37/1=14.37
14.37/7.135
=2
___________________________________________________________
Empirical formula= CH2 and empirical formula mass= 12+2=14
Molecular Mass = 56; But we know that Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula)n
n= Molecular Mass/Empirical Formula mass = 56/14=4
So Molecular Formula =(CH2)4= C4H8.
SAQ 9:
___________________________________________________________
Element
%
At. Mass
Relative no.
Simple Whole Empirical
of atoms
No. of atoms Formula
___________________________________________________________
N
30.4
14
30.4/14= 2.17 2.17/2.17=1
NO 2
O
69.6
16
69.6/16=4.35 4.35/2.17=2
___________________________________________________________
SAQ 10:
___________________________________________________________
Element
%
At. Mass
Relative no.
Simple Whole
Empirical
of atoms
No. of atoms
Formula
__________________________________________________________
Cr
26.52
52
26.52/52=0.51 0.51/0.51=12=2
S
24.52
32
24.52/32=0.766 0.766/0.51=1.52=3 Cr2S3O12
O
48.96
16
48.96/16=3.06 3.06/0.51=62=12
__________________________________________________________
It seems that the compound is a sulphate of chromium as 3(SO4) give S3O12. So arranging them in proper
order it is Cr2(SO4)3. From this formula it is evident that it is also the molecular formula. Anyway, we cannot
officially find the molecular formula without the molecular mass data.

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1.
__________________________________________________________
Element
%
At. Mass
Relative no.
Simple Whole Empirical
of atoms
No. of atoms Formula
__________________________________________________________
Na
21.6
23
21.6/23=0.939
0.939/0.938=1
Cl
33.3
35.5
33.3/35.5=0.938
0.938/0.938=1 NaClO3
O
45.1
16
45.1/16=2.819
2.819/0.938=3

14

__________________________________________________________
It appears that the empirical formula is also the molecular formula as it is the familiar compound sodium
chlorate.
2.
Total mass of the compound = 7.3+6.3 = 13.6gm
So % of Fe=(7.3/13.6) 100 =53.68 , % of S= (6.3/13.6) 100 =46.32
After finding the % composition, we shall do in the same way as before.
___________________________________________________________
Element
%
At. Mass
Relative no.
Simple Whole Empirical
of atoms
No. of atoms Formula
___________________________________________________________
Fe
53.68
56
53.68/56=0.958
0.958/0.958=12=2 Fe2S3
S
46.32
32
46.32/32=1.447
1.447/0.958=1.52=3
___________________________________________________________
Hence the empirical formula is Fe2S3.
3.
___________________________________________________________
Element
%
At. Mass
Relative no.
Simple Whole Empirical
of atoms
No. of atoms Formula
___________________________________________________________
C
40
12
40/12=3.33
3.33/3.33=1
H
6.66
1
6.66/1=6.66
6.66/3.33=2
CH 2O
O
53.34 16
53.34/16=3.33
3.33/3.33=1
___________________________________________________________
Empirical formula mass = 12+2+16=30; Molecular Mass(given)=60
So n=60/30=2 and therefore Molecular Formula=(CH2O)2= C2H4O2.
4.
______________________________________________________
El.
%
At. Mass
Relative no.
Simple Whole Empirical
of atoms
No. of atoms Formula
______________________________________________________
C2H5
C
82.66
12
82.66/12=6.88 6.88/6.88=12=2
H
17.34
1
17.34/1=17.34 17.34/6.88=2.52=5
______________________________________________________
Since its vapour density(V.D)=29.05, its Molecular Mass=229.05=58.1
Empirical formula mass= 24+5=29, So n = 58.1/29=2.0034 = 2
So molecular formula = (C2H5)2= C4H10.

RESPONSE TO SAQs
(Stoichiometric Calculations)
SAQ 1: The involved species are C2H6, O2 and H2O.

2 C2H6

7 O2

2(24+6)

4 CO2

4(12+32)

+ 6 H2O
6(2+16)

2X30gms of C2H6 on complete burning produces 444gms of CO2 gas

So 30gms of C2H6 produces (444)/(230) 30= 88gms of CO2

Again 230gms of ethane produces 6 18 gms of H2O

So 30gms of ethane will produce 54gms of H2O.
SAQ 2: Here the mass of AgCl is given and we are to find the mass of CaCl2.

CaCl2 + 2 AgNO 3

(40+ 2X35.5)

2 AgCl

Ca(NO3)2

2X(108+35.5)

2(108+35.5) gm of AgCl is produced by (40 + 235.5)gms of CaCl2.

6.6gms of AgCl must be produced by 2.55gms of CaCl2(do the calculation for yourself).
The number of moles of CaCl2 = 2.55/ 111 = 0.0229 mole.
SAQ 3:
Here the mass of HCl is given and we have to find the mass of CaO.

CaO

2 HCl

(40+16) 2X(1+35.5)

CaCl2

H2O

15

2(1+35.5)gms of HCl requires (40+16) gms of CaO

So 6.92gms of HCl will require 5. 308gms of CaO.
SAQ 4:
Here number of mole of Ba(OH)2 reacted is given.

Ba(OH)2

1 mole

SAQ 5:

BaCO 3

CO 2

Na2CO3

2 NaHCO3

CO2 +
1 mole

H2O

1 mole of CO2 is produced by 2X(23+1+12+48)gms of NaHCO3

So 1.5moles of CO2 will be produced by 252gms of NaHCO3.
Here the mass of MnO2 is given and we are to find the volume of Cl2.

MnO 2 + 4 HCl

MnCl2

(55+32)

SAQ 7:

H2O

1 mole of Ba(OH)2 produces (137+12+48) gms of BaCO3

0.205mole of Ba(OH)2 will produce 40.385 gms of BaCO3.
Here the moles of product formed is given.
2X(23+1+12+48)

SAQ 6:

(137+12+48)

Cl2 +2H2O
22.4 l

(55+32)gms of MnO2 produces 22.4 litres of Cl2 at NTP

So 8.7gms of MnO2 will produce 2.24 litres of Cl2 at NTP.
The volume of CO2 formed is given and we are to find the mass of NaHCO3

NaHCO3

(23+1+12+48)

NaCl + CO2 + H2O

HCl

22.4 l

22.4 litres of CO2 at NTP is produced by (23+1+12+48)gms of NaHCO3

5.6 litres of CO2 at NTP will be produced by 21 gms of NaHCO3.
SAQ 8:
Here you have to find both the volumes of NO2 and O2.

2 Pb(NO3)2
2X[207 + 2X(14+48)]

2 PbO + 4 NO 2

4 X 22.4 l

O2
22.4 l

2 X 331 gms of Pb(NO3)2 produces 4 X 22.4 litres of NO2 at NTP

10gms of Pb(NO3)2 will produce 1.353 litres of NO2 gas.
2 X 331gms of Pb(NO3)2 produces 22.4 litres of O2 gas at NTP.
So 10gms of Pb(NO3)2 will produce 0.3383litre = 338.3 ml of O2 gas.
SAQ 9:
Here you have to find the mass of ammonium dichromate.

(NH4)2Cr2O7
2X(14+4) + 2X52+112

N2

Cr2O3 + 4 H2O

22.4 l

22.4 litres of N2 at NTP are produced by 252 gms of (NH4)2Cr2O7

11.2 litres of N2 at NTP are produced by 126 gms of (NH4)2Cr2O7
SAQ 10:
2nd reaction:
3 CuO
+
2 NH3 3 Cu + N2 + 3 H2O
3 (63.5+16)g
2 17 g
3 79.5 g of CuO reacts with 2 17 g of NH3
So 2.5 g of CuO reacts with 0.356 g of NH3
1st reaction:
(NH 4)2SO 4
+
2NaOH 2NH3 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O
[2(14+4) +32+64]g
2X17g
=132 g
2X 17g of NH3 is produced by 132 g of NH4)2SO4
So, 0.356 g of NH3 is produced by 1.38 g of ammonium sulphate
SAQ 11:
CaCO 3

CaO
+
CO 2
(40+12+48)g
(20+16)g
100g of CaCO3 produces 56g of CaO
4 g of CaCO3 produces 2.24 g of CaO
CaO + 2 NH4Cl CaCl2 + 2 NH3
+
H 2O
56g
2 X 22.4 L(NTP)

16

56 g of CaO produces 2 X 22.4 L of NH3 gas at NTP

2.24 g of CaO produces 1.792 L of NH3 at NTP
Using the combined gas equation, we can find the volume at the given conditions:
The requied volume = 1.87 L
SAQ 12:
2nd reaction
6 NaOH NaClO3 + 5 NaCl + 3 H2O
3 Cl2 +
3 71 g
6 40 g
640 g of NaOH requires 3 71 g of Cl2
10 g of NaOH requires 8.875 g of Cl2
1st reaction:
Balance by partial equation method or NO method
2KMnO4 + 16 HCl

2 KCl + 2 MnCl2 + 5 Cl2 + 8 H2O

2(39+55+64)g
571g
5 71 g of Cl2 is produced by 2 158 g of KMnO4
So, 8.875g of Cl2 is produced by 7.9 g of KMnO4
SAQ 13:
Na2CO3 +
2 HCl
2 NaCl
+ CO2 + H2O
106g
2 36.5g
2 58.5 g
First we have to find the limiting reactant.
106 g of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 36.5 g of HCl
So, 5.3 g of Na2CO3 reacts with 3.65 g of HCl
Since we have 5.3 g of HCl, the limting reactant is Na2CO3
106g of Na2CO3 produces 2 58.5 g of NaCl
So, 5.3 g of Na2CO3 produces 5.85g of NaCl
SAQ 14:
3 BaCl2 +
2 Na3PO4

Ba 3(PO 4) 2
+ 6 NaCl
3 moles
2 moles
3137+2(31+64)g
Let us first find the limiting reactant.
3 moles of BaCl2 reacts with 2 moles of Na3PO4
so, 0.1 mole of BaCl2 reacts with 0.0667 mole of Na3PO4
But we have 0.05 mole of Na3PO4, hence all BaCl2 cannot be exhausted. So the limiting reactant is Na3PO4.
2 moles of Na3PO4 produces 601 g of Ba3(PO4)2
So, 0.05 mole of Na3PO4 produces 15.025 g of Ba3(PO4)2
SAQ 15:
Mass of pure CaCO3 = 95% of 200kg = (95/100) 200 = 190kg.
CaCO 3

CaO +
CO2
(40+12+48)
(40+16)
100gm of CaCO3 produces 56gms of CaO(lime).
190,000gms of CaCO3 will produce (56/100) 190,000 =106,400gm =106.4kg of CaO.
SAQ 16:
Zn + H 2SO 4

ZnSO4
+
H2
65.5g
22400mL at NTP
By using combined gas equation, the volume at the given conditions is converted to NTP.
The NTP volume = 234.46 mL
22400 mL of H2 is produced by 65.5g Zn at NTP
So, 234.46 mL of H2 is produced by 0.685 g of Zn
So % of purity = (0.685/1) 100 = 68.5%
SAQ 17:
Ag
+ 2 HNO3
AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O
1 mole=108g
1 mole
AgNO3 + HCl

AgCl
+
HNO 3
1 mole
1mole =(108+35.5)g
In problems involving successive reactions, we can solve easily by mole method in stead of by mass method
by establishing mole relationship between the two involved molecules, one from the first reaction and the other
from the second reaction.
1 mole of Ag(one gm. atomic mass) must produce 1 mole of AgCl as in one mole of AgCl there is one gm.
atomic mass of Ag. So we can bypass the the product of the first reaction(AgNO3) i,.e ignore the reaction
sequence through which AgCl has been prepared.
143.5 g of AgCl is produced by 108 g of Ag
So, 9 g of AgCl is produced by 6.77 g of Ag
So % of purity = (6.77/7) 100 = 96.7%

17

SAQ 18:
Balance the equation by partial equation or ON method.
K2Cr2O7 + 4 H2SO4 + 3 H2S K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3S + 7 H2O
(239+252+112)g
332g
96g of S is deposited by 294 g of K2Cr2O7
9.6 g of S is deposited by 29.4 g of K2Cr2O7
So % of purity = (29.4/35) 100 = 84%
SAQ 19:
2 NaHCO3
Na2CO3 +
H2O + CO2
2(23+1+12+48)g
18g
44g
(18+44)g of volatiles are lost by 2 84 g of NaHCO3
0.45 g of volatiles are lost by 1.219 g of NaHCO3 (Note that Na2CO3 is stable to heat)
So, % of NaHCO3 = (1.219/3)100 = 40.64%, hence % of Na2CO3= 59.36%
SAQ 20:
2Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2
227g
322.4 L(at NTP)
Mg + 2 HCl
MgCl2 +
H2
24g
22.4 L (at NTP)
First the volume at the given conditions is converted to volume at NTP by using combined gas equation.
NTP volume = 1.1 L
Let the mass of Al = x g and hence mass of Mg= (1-x)g
54g of Al produces 3 22.4 L of H2 at NTP
So, x g of Al produces 1.244 x L of H2 at NTP
24g of Mg produces 22.4 L of H2 at NTP
So, (1-x) g of Mg produces 0.933(1-x) L of H2 at NTP
Hence,
1.244x + 0.933(1-x) = 1.1 (total volume of H 2 at NTP)
Solving the above equation, we get, x=0.55 g. So % of Al= 55% hence % of Mg= 45%
PbO + 2 NO2 +
O2
SAQ 21:
Pb(NO 3) 2
[207+2(14+48)]g
246g
16g
NaNO 3
NaNO2 +
O2
(23+14+48)g
16g
Let the mass of Pb(NO3)2 = x g and NaNO3 = (5-x) g
331 g of Pb(NO3)2 produces (92+16)g of volatiles(gases)
x g of Pb(NO3)2 produces 0.326 x g of volatiles
85 g of NaNO3 produces 16g of volatiles
(5-x)g of NaNO3 produces 0.188(5-x) g of volatiles
Hence, 0.326x + 0.188(5-x) = (28/100) 5
On solving the above equation we get, x=3.33 g and NaNO3 = 1.67g
SAQ 22:
N2
+
3H2

2NH 3
1vol.
3vol.
2vol.
1litre of N2 produces 2 litres of NH3( at the same temperature and pressure)
24litres of N2 must produce 48litres of NH3.
Again 1 litre of N2 requires 3 litres of H2 gas
So
24 litres of N2 will require 72 litres of H2 gas.
SAQ 23:
3O2

2O3
3 vol.
2 vol.
3 ml of O2 reacts to form 2 ml of O3 at the same temperature and pressure. So there
is a decrease of volume of 1 ml.
For the decrease in volume by 1 ml, the volume of ozone(O3) formed = 2ml
Hence for the decrease in volume by 50ml, the volume of O3 formed = 100ml.
If 2 volumes of O3 = 100ml, then what is 3 volumes? It is 150ml.
So 150ml of O2 reacted to form 100ml of O3 in the volume ratio 3:2.
The volume of O2(unreacted) remaining= 500 - 150 = 350ml
So the total volume after the reaction = 350(O2) + 100ml(O3) = 450 ml.
Alternative Method If 3 mL of O2 produces by 2 mL of O3, then x mL of O2 will produce 2x/3 mL of O3.
So volume after reaction = 500 - x +2x/3;
Then volume reduction = [500 - (500 -x + 2x/3)] =50, x
=150 mL(volume O2 used up). So volume of unreacted O2 = 500-150=350 and volume of O3=2x/3=100mL,
So the total volume = 350 + 100 = 450 mL

18

2H2(g) +
O2(g)

2H2O(g)
2 vol.
1 vol.
2 vol.
2 litres of H2 reacts with 1 litre of O2 to form 2 litres of water vapour
So 20 litres of H2 will react with 10 litre of O2 to form 20 litres of water vapour
Since 15 litres of O2 gas has been taken, 5 litres of it will remain in excess.
Total volume =20 litres(water vapour) + 5 litres (excess O2) = 25 litres.
SAQ 25:
S(s)
+
O2(g)
SO2(g)
1 vol.
1 vol.
10 litres of O2 will produce 10 litres of SO2. Note that S is in the solid state and therefore its volume
has not been written.
2O2(g)

CO2(g) +
2H2O(g)
SAQ 26:
CH4(g) +
1 vol.
2 vol.
1 vol.
2 vol.
3 litre of CH4 produces 3 litre of CO2 and 6 litres of water vapour
SAQ 27:(i)
H2(g) +
Cl2(g)
2HCl(ga)
40 ml of H2 will react with 40ml of Cl2 to form 80ml of HCl gas
(ii)
2CO(g) +
O2(g)
2CO2(g)
200ml of CO will react with 100ml of O2 to produce 200ml of CO2 gas. Here 100ml(200100) of O2 gas will remain unreacted.
SAQ 28:
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
(i)
2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
(ii)
Hence the volume of C2H2 = (10-x) ml
Let the volume of C2H4 = x ml;
Eqn.(i) 1 ml of C2H4 requires 3mls of O2.
So x ml of C2H4 must require 3x ml of O2.
Eqn.(ii) 2ml of C2H2 requires 5 ml of O2.
So (10-x) ml of C2H2 must require (5/2)(10-x) ml of O2.
Total volume of O2 needed = 3x + (5/2) (10-x) = 29 (according to question)
x = 8 ml (volume of C2H4); Hence the volume of C2H2 = 10-8 = 2ml.
SAQ 29 :
CxHyOz
+ 1/2(2x+y/2-z) O2
x CO2 +
y/2H2O(l)
1 mole
1/2(2x+y/2-z)22400mL
x 22400mL
zero
SAQ 24:

After combustion, the mixture contains CO2 + unreacted O2 = 560 mL

Volume after absorption by KOH = 112 mL = volume of unreacted O2
So voume of CO2 = 560 - 112 = 448 mL
So volume of O2 consumed = 224 - 112 = 112 mL
90g of the hydrocarbon produces 22400 x mL of CO2 at NTP
So, 0.9 g of the hydrocarbon produces 224x mL of CO2 at NTP
Hence 224x = 448
x=2
(1)
Again 90g of the hydrocarbon consumes 22400/2 ( 2x+y/2-z) mL of O2
So, 0.9g of hydrocarbon consumes 112(2x+y/2-z) mL of O2
112(2x+y/2-z) = 112
(2)
From the molecular mass of CxHyOz, we get the equation
12x + y + 16z = 90
(3)
Solving simultaneously equations 1,2 and 3, we get,
z=4 and y =2
Hence the molecular formula of the compound is C2H2O4 (oxalic acid)

19

PRACTICE QUESTION
1.
200Kg of rock salt(NaCl) which contains 95% NaCl is allowed to react with excess of H2SO4. How
much sodium sulphate will be formed?
(230.5Kg)
2.
What volume of H2 gas be evolved at NTP when 2g of superheated iron is allowed to completely
react with excess of superheated steam? Also find the the mass of the product residue? (Fe = 55.8)
(1.070L, 2.764g of
Fe 3O 4)
3.
What volume of oxygen be evolved at NTP when 2.94g of K2Cr2O7 completely reacts with with
(672mL)
excess of hydrogen peroxide in presence of dil. H2SO4?(K=39, Cr=52)
4.
How many grams and litres of CO2 formed at NTP when 1g of sucrose(C12H22O11)is completely
burnt in excess of air?
(1.54g and 785.96mL)
5.
Calculate the mass of CO2 and water that will be produced by completely burning 1.5g of an organic
(3.4g and 1.3965g)
compound having molecular formula C3H6O?
6.
When a mixture of ammonia and oxygen is passed over platinum maintained at 8000C, how much
of water will be formed from 0.5g of ammonia? Assume complete reaction.
(0.794g)
(Hint: NH3 + O2 ----Pt----> NO + H2O)
7.
50mg of an impure sample of aluminium gave on treatment with excess dil. HCl, 50 mL of moist
(73.3)
hydrogen at 270C and 760mm presure. Calculate the percentage of purity in the sample.
8.
1.1g of a mixture of KClO3 and KCl gave on ignition 0.85g of residue. Find the composition of the
mixture.
(KClO3=58%, KCl= 42%)
9.
1.5g of a mixture of BaCO3 and CaCO3 was heated in a platinum crucible to a constant mass. The
mass of the residue was 1.05g. Calclulate the percentage of each metal carbonate present in the
mixture.(Ba=137, Ca=40)
(BaCO3=64.6%, CaCO3=35.4%)
10.
What mass of potassium chloride will be formed by passing 10L of Cl2 gas at 200C and 780mm
pressure into hot conc. KOH solution.
(53g)
KCl + KClO3 + H2O)
(Hint: Cl2 + KOH
11.
2.4g of a sample of sodium bicarbonate when strongly heated gives 300 mL of CO2 measured at 230C
and 780 mm pressure. Calculate percentage of purity of the sample.
(88.7)
12.
What volume of oxygen gas at NTP is necessary for complete combustion of 10 litres of butane(C4H10)
(59.15L)
measured at 270C and 760mm pressure?
13.
Calculate the volume of air containing 21% by volume of oxygen at NTP required to convert 400mL
(952.38mL)
of SO2 into SO3 under same conditions.
14.
A portable hydrogen generator utilises the reaction of hydrolysis of CaH2. How many litres of H2 gas
(53.33L)
at NTP can be produced by 50g of CaH2?
15.
1.2g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 on complete ignition produced 42mL of CO2 measured at
270C and 780mm pressure. Calculate the percentage composition of the mixture.(CaCO3=92%, MgCO3=8%)
16.
50mL of solution containing 0.25g of an impure sample of H2O2 reacts completely with 0.3g of
KMnO4 in presence of sulphuric acid. (i)Calculate the volume of dry oxygen gas evolved at 270C and 810mm
(109.6mL, 64.4%)
pressure. (ii)Find the percentage of purity of H2O2 solution.
17.
How many grams of CaCO3 should be heated to get enough CO2 which can convert 0.2 mole of
(20g)
Na2CO3 into NaHCO3?
18.
What mass each of magnesium and dilute H2SO4 are required to give hydrogen just sufficient to
reduce 6.5g of zinc oxide?(Zn=65, Mg=24)
(Mg=1.92g, H2SO4=7.84g)
19.
How much KCl is produced by the reaction of 1.5Kg of potassium and 2Kg of chlorine gas?
(Hint: First find out which is the limiting reactant)
(2.86Kg)
20.
32g of sulphur was burnt in the presence of 4g of oxygen in a closed vessel at certain temperature
and pressure. What mass of SO2 will be formed? What is the volume of the resulting gas at NTP?
(Hint: First find out which is the limiting reactant)
(8g, 2.8L)
21.
5g of a natural gas consisting of methane(CH4) and ethylene(C2H4) was burnt in excess of O2
producing 14.5g of CO2 and some water as products. Find the mass percentage of ethylene in the natural
gas.
(38.4%)
22.
A sample of gaseous hydrocarbon occupying 1.12L at NTP when completely burnt in oxygen produced
1120mL of CO2 and 1.8g of water. Calculate the mass of the hydrocarbon and the volume of O2(at NTP)
required for its burning. Also find the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
(0.8g, 2.24L, CH4)
23.
A gaseous hydrocarbon is exploded with oxygen. The volume of O2 needed for complete combustion
and CO2 formed is in the ratio 7:4. Find the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
(C 2H 6)

20

24.
50mL of a mixture of nitrous oxide(N2O) and nitric oxide(NO) was exploded with excess of hydrogen.
If 30mL of N2 was formed, calculate the percentage composition(mole %) of the mixture.
(N2O=20%, NO=80%)
25.
When 500mL of hydrocarbon were exploded with excess of oxygen, 2500 mL of CO2 and 3L of
water vapour formed at NTP. Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. (IIT 74) (C 5H 12)
LEVEL-II
1.
How many Kg of H2SO4 can by prepared from 3 Kg of cuprite(Cu2S)? (Cu=63.5, S=32)(1.84Kg)
2.
A certain mass of iron pyrite(FeS2) was roasted with excess of oxygen to produce SO2 gas. SO2
reacted with excess of O2 and presume that all SO2 is completely converted to SO3 gas at 5000C and 200
atm. pressure in presence of V2O5 catalyst. From SO3 4.4 g of pure H2SO4 was produced by an indirect
method. Find the mass of iron pyrite originally taken.(Fe=56, S=32)
(2.69g)
3.
3.4g of pure H2O2 on decomposition gives enough oxygen at 1000C and 760mm pressure which
oxidise excess of NH3 at that temperature. to N2 and H2O. Calculate the volume of N2 produced.(1.02L)
4.
20 mL of a solution of KCl containing some NaCl as impurity on evaporation gave 2g of the residue.
It was again made soluble in water and treated with excess AgNO3 solution. The white precipitate of AgCl
was filtered and dried to give 4.27g. Find how much of NaCl was present in the 20 mL of the above solution.
(Ag=108, K=39, Na=23, Cl=35.5)
(0.8g)
5.
250 mg of a commercial sample of mercuric oxide on decomposition liberates enough oxygen for
complete combstion of 40 mL of CO at 2000C and 760mm pressure. Caculate the percentage of purity of
the mercuric oxide sample (Hg=200, O=16)
(88.4%)
6.
An alloy of zinc and copper weighing 1g when treated with excess of dil. H2SO4 gave 224 mL of
(44%)
dry hydrogen at 270C and 720 mm pressure. What is the % by mass of copper in the alloy?
7.
10g of impure sample of Na2CO3 is dissolved in water and reacted with a solution of excess CaCl2.
The resulting precipipite after filtration and drying was found to react completely with 5.6g of pure HCl.
Calculate % of purity of Na2CO3. Assume that CaCl2 bring about precipitation of Na2CO3 only. (81.3%)
8.
Calculate the volume of CO2 evolved at 1000C and 700 mm pressure that can be obtained by heating
2 kg of limestone which is 90% pure.
(598.1 L)
9.
2.1 g of miixture of KNO3 and NaNO3 was heated to constant weight and found to have lost 0.373g.
(35.71)
What is the % of KNO3 in the mixture.
10.
What would be the volume at STP of each of the products formed by burning 10g of carbon disulfide.
The gaseous mixture produces a burning sulfur smell. What amount caustic soda would be necessary to
produce the acidic salt of the whole of the above products?)
(CO2=2.947L, SO2=5.894 L, acidic salt = 15.78g)
11.
1.1g of solder(a lead-tin alloy) was heated in a current of dry chlorine till the metals were completely
converted to their chlorides PbCl2 nd SnCl4. If the mass increased by 52%, find the percentage composition
of solder.
(Pb=207, Sn=119)
(Pb=79%, Sn=20.9%) (13)
12.
98 L of air at 270C and 760mm pressure were bubbled through baryta solution and yield 0.35 g of
BaCO3 precipitate. What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the air.(baryta=Ba(OH)2) Ba=137 (0.339 mm)
13.
A mixture of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 weighing 1g was treated with excess of baryta solution to form
(50%)
2.1 g of BaCO3. Find the % of NaHCO3 in the original mixture.
14.
Ignition of MnO2 converts quantitatively to Mn3O4. A sample of pyrolusite is of the following composition.
MnO2 80%, SiO2 and other inert constituents 15% and rest being water. The sample is ignited in air to
constant weight. What is the percentage of Mn in the ignited sample?(Mn=55)
(59.36)
15.
One litre of an acidified solution of KMnO4 containing 15.8 g of KMnO4 is decolorized by passing
sufficient amount of SO2. If the SO2 is produced by roasting of iron pyrite(FeS2) what will the amount of
(15g)
pyrite required to produce necessary amount of SO2? (K=39, Mn=55, Fe=56, S=32)
16.
2.5 g of a mixture of CaCO3, MgCO3 and NaHCO3 suffered a loss of 1.16g on heating. The residue
on treatment with excess HCl gave 117.3 mL of CO2 at NTP. Calculate teh mass of each component.
(CaCO3=0.12g, MgCO3=1.5g, NaHCO3=0.88g)
17.
In the analysis of a 0.5g of feldspar, a mixture of the chlorides of sodium and potassium is obtained
which is 0.118g. Subsequent treatment of the mixed chloride with AgNO3 gives 0.2451g of AgCl. What the
(Na2O =3.6%, K2O=10.59%)
% of Na2O and K2O in feldspar? (Ag=108, Cl=35.5, K=39)
18.
A flash bulb used for taking photograph in bar light contains 30mL of O2 at pressure of 780mm and
270C. Suppose the metal wire flashed is pure aluminium which is oxidised to aluminium oxide in the process
of flashing. Calculate the minimum mass of aluminium wire that is to be used for the maximum efficiency.
(0.045g)

21

19.
500mL of O2 at NTP were passed through an ozoniser when the resulting volume was 444 mL at
NTP. This quantity of ozonised oxygen is passed through excess of KI solution. Calculate the mass of I2
liberated.
(I=127)
(1.27g)
20.
Caclulate the mass of phosphorous obtained by strongly heating 1g of calcium phosphate with excess
of silica and coke in an electric furnace in the absence of air. Also find out the volume of the gas evolved
at NTP?
(Ca=40, P=31) (0.2g, 0.3612L)
21.
What mass of P4O6 and P4O10 will be produced by the combustion of 2g of P4 in 2g of oxygen gas
(P4O6=1.995g, P4O10 = 2.005g)
leaving no unfinished reactant(neither P4 nor O2)?
22.
0.5 g of a mixture of K2CO3 and Li2CO3 produced 32.5 mL of CO2 at NTP. Find out the composition
of the mixture. (Li=7)
(Li2CO3=0.107g, K2CO3=0.393g)
23.
A mixture contains NaCl and an unknown chloride MCl. (i)1g of this is dissolved in water. Excess
of acidified AgNO3 solution is added to it. 2.567g of a white dry precipitate is obtained. (ii) 1g of the original
mixture is heated to 3000C. Some vapours came out which are absorbed in acidifed AgNO3, 1.341g of a white
precipitate is obtained. Find the molecular mass of the unknown chloride. (IIT 1980)
(53.5)
24.
10mL of a gaseous organic compound containing C, H and O only was mixed with 100 mL of O2
and exploded under conditions which allowed the water formed to condense. The volume of the gas after
explosion was 90 mL. On treatment with potash solution a further contraction in volume of 20mL was
observed. Given that the vapour density of the compound is 23, deduce the molecular formula. All volume
measurements were done under same conditions)
(IIT 1977)
(C2H6O)

Solution to Practice Questions(Level II)

Cu2S

H 2SO 4
1 mole
1 mole
Cu2S is converted to H2SO4 in a series of reactions. But for establishing a relationship between the starting
material and final product, we should look to the number of atoms(or moles)of one element undergoing
change. In this case, Cu2S contains one S atom and so also H2SO4 contains one S atom.
So 1 mole of Cu2S must produce 1 mole of H2SO4
2.
FeS 2

2H 2SO4
1mole
2 moles
In FeS2, there are two S atoms and in H2SO4 there is one S atom. On balancing for S atoms, we find that
one mole of FeS2 will produce 2 moles of H2SO4. We are least concerned about the sequence of reactions
by which the final product is obtained.
3.
Repeated calculation method:
O2
H2O2 H2O +
34g
11.2L(at NTP)
3.4g
1.12L
2 N2 +
6 H2 O
4NH3 + 3O2
422.4L
222.4L(NTP)
1.12L
0.746L
Converting this volume from the NTP conditions to the given condition, we get V=1.02L
Alternative method(One step calculation)
In stead of calculating for each step, we can add up all the step equations and establish a relationship between
the starting reactants with the final products. Although the overall reaction resulted from the addition of the
steps, may not really occur, it is used for stoichiometric calculation.
1.

2 H2O2

2 H2O + O 2

4 NH3 + 3 O 2

2 N2 + 6H 2O
2 N 2 + 12 H 2O

6 H2O 2 + 4 N H3
3 H2O 2 + 2 N H3

N2

X3

6 H 2O

334g
22.4L
3.4g
0.746L
Converting this volume at NTP to the given conditions we get the volume=1.02L
4.
We have 2g of (KCl+NaCl) mixture. Let KCl = xg and NaCl = (2-x)g

AgCl +
KNO3
KCl
+
AgNO 3

22

(39+35.5)g
(108+35.5)g
NaCl +
AgNO 3

AgCl +
NaNO 3
58.5g
(108+35.5)g
Find the mass of AgCl produced by x g of KCl and (2-x)g of NaCl by using the above two equations. Then
add the two to be equal to 4.27g. Then solve for x.
5.
Hg +

HgO
CO +

1
2

O2

HgO + C O
(200+16)

1
2

O2

CO2
Hg + C O2

22400mL

First convert the volume from the given conditions to NTP conditions.
NTP volume= 23 mL
22400mL of CO reacts with 216g of HgO at NTP
23 mL of CO reacts with 0.221g of HgO
So percentage of purity = (0.221/0.25)100 = 88.4%
Note that we solved this problem by additon method.You could have as well solved by repeated calculation
method, i.e first finding the volume of O2 required from the 2nd rection and then the mass of HgO required
from the 1st reaction.
6.
Zn + H2SO4(dil) ZnSO4 + H2
Cu cannot displace H2 from dil. H2SO4.First find volume at NTP and solve from the above equation.what
mass of zince is required.
7.

Na2CO3 + CaCl2
CaCO 3 + 2HCl
Na2CO3 + 2HCl
106g

CaCO 3 + 2N aCl
CaCl2 + C O2 + H 2O
2 NaCl + CO2 + H 2O

2X36.5g

136.5g of HCl reacts with 106g of Na2CO3

5.6g of HCl reacts with 8.13g of Na2CO3.
% of purity = 81.3%
CaO +
CO2
8.
CaCO3
100g
22.4L(NTP)
90% of 2Kg = 1.8Kg = 1800g
100g of CaCO3 gives 22.4L at NTP
1800g of CaCO3 gives 403.2L at NTP
Then covert this volume from NTP to the given conditions(598.1L).
KNO2 + O2
9.
KNO3
NaNO3
NaNO2 + O2
Let KNO3 = x g, NaNO3 = (2.1 - x)g
Then find the total mass of O2 lost in two separate equations. Add them to 0.373g and solve for x.
10.
CS2
+
3 O2
CO2
+
2 SO2
(12+64)g
22.4L
222.4L(NTP)
NaOH +
CO2
NaHCO3(acidic salt)
40g
22.4L
NaHSO3 (acidic salt)
NaOH +
SO2
40g
22.4L
Find the total mass of NaOH required.
11.
Pb + Cl2 PbCl2
207g
(207+71)g
Sn + 2Cl2 SnCl4
119g
(119+435.5)g
Total mass after the reaction = 1.1 + 0.52X1.1 = 1.672g
Let Pb = x g and Sn = (1.1 - x)g
Find the mass of PbCl2 and SnCl4 from the above reactions, and add them to 1.672. Then solve for x.

23

CO2
BaCO 3
+
H 2O
22.4L
(137+12+48)g
197g of BaCO3 is produced by 22.4L of CO2 at NTP
0.35g of BaCO3 is produced by 0.03979L of CO2 at NTP
Then convert this volume from NTP conditions to the required conditions.(V=0.0437L)
So volume fraction = mole fraction = (0.0437/98) = 0.00044
So partial pressure of CO2 = 0.000446 760 = 0.339 mm of Hg
BaCO3 + NaOH + H2O
13.
NaHCO3 + Ba(OH)2
84g
197g
Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2
BaCO3 + 2NaOH
106g
197g
Let NaHCO3 = x g, Na2CO3 = (1-x)g. Find the mass of BaCO3 formed from both the reactions separately
and add them to 2.1. Then solve for x.
14.
3MnO2 Mn3O4 + O2
387g
229g
Let us take 100g of pyrolusite. MnO2=80g, SiO2=15g and H2O = 5g
On ignition MnO2 changes to Mn3O4 and H2O evaporates.
387g of MnO2 produces 229g of Mn3O4
80g of MnO2 produces 70.19g of Mn3O4
229g of Mn3O4 contains 355g of Mn
70.19g of Mn3O4 contains 50.57g of Mn
Total residue after ignition = 70.19(Mn3O4) + 15(SiO2) = 85.19g
So % of Mn in the ignited sample = (50.57/85.19) 100 = 59.36%
15.
Balance the two equations independently by partial equation method or ON method and then add the
two to get a composite equation.
12.

Ba(OH)2 +

4 FeS2 + 11 O 2

2 Fe2O3 + 8S O2 X 5

2 KMnO4 + 2H 2O +5 SO2
K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H 2SO4
10 Fe2O 3 + 8K 2SO 4 + 16MnSO 4 + 16H 2SO 4
20 FeS2 + 55O 2 + 16K MnO 4 + 16H 2O

16.

20(56+64)g
16158g
16158g of KMnO4 requires 20120g of FeS2
15.8g of KMnO4 requires 15g of FeS2
CaCO 3
CaO +
CO 2
100g
56g
44g
MgCO3 MgO +
CO 2
84g
40g
44g

2 NaHCO 3
2 X 84g

Na2CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2O
106g

18g

44g

Let CaCO3 = x g, MgCO3= yg and NaHCO3 = (2.5-x-y)g

(44/100)x + (40/84)y + (62/168)(2.5-x-y) = 1.16
(1)
In the second reaction, only Na2CO3 from the residue reacts with HCl to produce CO2 gas.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
106g
22400mL(NTP)
(22400/106)(2.5-x-y) =117.3
(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously we get the results.
17.
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
58.5g
143.5g
KCl + AgNO3 AgCl + KNO3
74.5g
143.5g
Let NaCl = x g and KCl = (0.118 -x)g
(143.5/58.5) x + (143.5/74.5) (0.118-x) = 0.2451,

24

Hence x= 0.034g(NaCl) and KCl = 0.084g

Na2O
2NaCl
62g
258.5g
258.5g of NaCl is produced by 62g of Na2O
0.034g of NaCl is produced by 0.018g of Na2O
K2O
2KCl
94g
274.5
274.5g of KCl is produced by 94g of K2O
0.084g of KCl is produced by 0.053g of K2O
So % of Na2O in the original feldspar = (0.018/0.5)100 = 3.6%
% of K2O = (0.053/0.5)100 = 10.59%
18.
2Al + 3/2 O2 Al2O 3
227g 3/222400mL
First the given volume is converted to NTP condition. NTP volume=28.018mL
3/2 22400 mL of O2 is produced by 54g of Al
28.018mL of O2 is produced by 0.045g of Al
19.
3 O2

2 O3
3mL
2mL
The volume reduction = 500 - 444 = 56 mL
For a volume reduction of 1 mL the volume of O3 formed = 2mL
Hence for a volume reduction of 56mL the volume of O3 formed = 112mL
2KI + O3 + H2O 2KOH + O2 + I2
22400mL
2127g
22400mL of ozone produces 2127g of iodine
112mL of ozone produces 1.27g of iodine
Note that O2 does not react with KI.
Alternative method:

2 O3
3 O2
3mL
2mL
Let x mL of O2 is converted to O3
3mL of O2 forms 2 mL of O3,
So x mL of O2 will form (2/3)x mL of O3
Total volume after the reaction = (2/3)x + (500-x) = 444 x=168mL
So the volume of O3 = (2/3)x = 112mL
The subsequent calculation is same as the previous method.
6 SiO2 + 10C
P4 + 6 CaSiO3 + 10CO
20.
2 Ca3(PO4)2 +
2[340 +2(31+64)]g
431g
1022.4L
From this we can find out the mass of P4 and volume of CO formed at NTP.
21.
In this case no reactant remains in excess after the reaction. So this is not a problem involving limiting
reactant that we have solved before.
+
3O2
P4 O 6
P4
431g
332g
(331+96)g
P4
+
5O2

P4O10
431g
532g
(431 + 160)g
Let P4 used in the first reaction = x g and so P4 used in the 2nd reaction = (2-x)g
1st reaction:
124g of P4 consumes 96g of O2
x g of P4 consumes (96/124) x g of O2
2nd reaction: 124g of P4 consumes 160g of O2
(2-x)g of P4 consumes (160/124)(2-x)g of O2
According to the data
(96/124) x + (160/124)(2-x) = 2
x = 1.125g (P4 used in 1st reaction), (2-x) = 0.875g(P4 used in the 2nd reaction)
1st eaction:
124g of P4 produces 220g of P4O6
So 1.125g of P4 produces 1.995g of P4O6
2nd reaction: 124g of P4 produces 284g of P4O10
0.875g of P4 produces 2.005g of P4O10

25

Note that the total mass of products = 1.995 + 2.005 = 4g (law of conservation of mass)
Alternative method:
Let all 2g of P4 is converted to P4O6. Let us calculate the amount of O2 needed and amount of P4O6 formed
in the first step.
124g of P4 requires 96g of O2
2g of P4 requires 1.548g of O2
Hence the amount of O2 left out in this reaction = 2-1.548 = 0.452g
This amount will be used to convert a part of P4O6 to P4O10
124g of P4 forms 220g of P4O6
2g of P4 forms 3.548g of P4O6
P4O6 + 2O2
P4O10
232 g of O2 requires 220g of P4O6
0.452g of O2 requires 1.553g of P4O6
So the amount of P4O6 left = 3.548-1.553=1.995g
64g of O2 forms 284g of P4O10
0.452g of O2 will form 2.005g of P4O10
22.
Li2CO3
Li2O +
CO 2
74g
22400mL(NTP)
Note that K2CO3 in the mixture does not decompose.So from the above reaction we can find the mass of
Li2CO3 present in the mixture. The mass of K2CO3 can be found out.
23.
NaCl + AgNO3
AgCl + NaNO3
58.5g
143.5g
MCl + AgNO3
AgCl + MNO3
yg
143.5g
1st experiment: Let NaCl = x g, and so MCl = (1-x)g
(143.5/58.5) x + (143.5/y) (1-x) = 2.567
(1)
2nd experiment:

MCl
1mole(yg)

gas

AgNO3

AgCl
1mole

y g of MCl produces 143.5g of AgCl

(1-x)g of MCl produces (143.5/y)(1-x) g of AgCl
According to the data; (143.5/y)(1-x) = 1.341
(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2), we get x and y. y= 53.5. So the MCl is NH4Cl
which on heating gives NH3 and HCl.
24.
CxHyOz + (2x+y/2 -z) O2
x CO2 + y/2 H2O(l)
1mL
1/2(2x+y/2-z)mL
x mL
zero
Volume of CO2 = 20mL
1mL of hydrocarbon gives x mL of CO2
10mL of hydrocarbon gives 10x mL of CO2.
10x =20 x = 2
(1)
1mL of hydrocarbon comsumes (x + y/4 -z/2) mL of O2
10mL of hydrocarbon consumes 10(x+y/4-z/2)mL of O2
Volume after explosion = CO2 + excess O2
10x + [ 100 - 10(x +y/4 -z/2)] = 90
(2)
Molecular mass = 223 =46
12x + y + 16z = 46
(3)
Solving these three equations simultaneously we get, y=6 and z =1
So the molecular formula = C2H6O

26

SUPPLIMENTARY PRACTICE QUESTIONS(UNSOLVED)

1.
Chlorophyl, the green colouring matter of plants responsible for photosynthesis, contains 2.68% of
magnesium by mass. Calculate the number of magnesium atoms in 2.0 g of chlorophyll.(1.33 X 1021)
2.
When 10.0g of marble chips(CaCO3) are treated with 50 mL of HCl(d = 1.069 g/mL). the marble
dissolves giving a solution and releasing CO2 gas. The solution weighs 60.4g. How many litres of CO2 gas
are released ? The density of the gas is 1.798 g/L.
(2.4 L)
0
3.
105 mL water at 4 C is saturated with NH3 gas, producing a solution of d = 0.9 g/mL. If the solution
contains 30% NH3 by mass, calculate its volume.
(166.6 mL)
4.
The atomic mass of A and B are 20 and 40. If x g of A contains Y atoms, how many atoms are
present in 2x g of B ?
( y atoms)
5.
Density of a gas relative to air is 1.17. Find the molecualr mass of the gas. [ Mair = 29 g/mol]. (33.9)
6.
Equal masses of mercury and iodine were allowed to react completely to form a mixture of mercurous
and mercuric iodide leaving none of the reactants. Calculate the ratio of masses of Hg2I2 and HgI2 formed.
( 0.532 : 1)
7.
Titanium which is used to make air plane engines and frames, can be obtained from titanium tetrachloride
which in turn is obtained from titanium oxide by the following process :
3 TiO2(s) + 4C(s) + 6Cl2(g) --------> 3 TiCl4(g) + 2CO2(g) + 2CO(g)
A vessel contains 4.15 g of TiO2, 5.67 g of C and 6.78 g of Cl2, suppose the reaction goes to completion
as written, how many grams of TiCl4 can be formed ? (Ti = 48)
(9.063g)
8.
When you see the tip of a match fire, the chemical reaction is likely to be
P4S3 + 8O2 -----> P4O10 + 3SO2
What is the minimum amount of P4S3 that would have to be burned to produce at least 1.0 g of P4O10 and
at least 1.0 g of SO2.
(1.14 g)
9.
The action of bacteria on meat and fish produces a poisonous compound called cadaverine. It is
58.77% C, 13.81%H and 27.42% N. Its molar mass is 102 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula of
cadaverine.
(C 5 H 14N 2)
10.
On combustion analysis, a 0.45 g sample of caproic acid ( contained only C, H and O) gives 0.418
g of H2O and 1.023 g of CO2. What is the empirical formula of caproic acid? If the MM of caproic acid
is 116 amu, what is its MF ?
( C3H6O, C6H12O2)
11.
A sample of pure metal M weighing 1.35g was quantitatively converted to 1.88 g of pure MO.
Calculate atomic mass of M.
(41)
12.
Cu2S and M2S are isomorphous. The % of S in former is 20.14 and in the latter 12.94. Atomic mass
of Cu = 63.57. Calculate the atomic mass of M.
(108.16)
13.
A compound which contains one atom of X and two atoms of Y for each three atoms of Z is made
by mixing 5.00 g of X, 1.15 X 1023 atoms of Y and 0.03 mole of Z atoms. Given that only 4.40 g of compound
results. Calculate atomic mass of Y if the atomic mass of X and Z are 60 and 80 respectively. (70)
14.
A 0.6025 g sample of a chloride salt was dissolved in water and the chloride precipitated by adding
excess of silver nitrate. the precipitate of AgCl was filtered, washed, dried and found to weigh 0.7134 g.
Calcualte the pecentage of chlorine in the sample.
(29.29%)
15.
A 0.4852 g sample of iron ore is dissolved in acid, the iron oxidised to +3 state, and then precipitated
as hydrated oxide, Fe2O3.xH2O. The precipitate is filtered, washed and ignited to Fe2O3 which is found to
weigh 0.2481 g. Calculate the percentage of iron in the sample.
(35.77%)
16.
A mineral consists of an equimolar mixture of the carbonate of two bivalent metals. One metal is
present to the extent of 13.2% by mass. 2.58 g of the mineral on heating lost 1.233 g of CO2. Calculate the
% by mass of the other metal.
(21.68%)
17.
A 10 g sample of a mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl is treated with Na2CO3 to precipitate calcium as
calcium carbonate. This CaCO3 is heated to convert all the calcium to CaO and the final mass of CaO is
1.62 g. Calculate the % by mass of NaCl in the original mixture.
(67.9%)
18.
10 mL of a mixture of CO, CH4 and N2 exploded with excess of oxygen gave a contraction of 6.5
mL. There was a further contraction of 7 mL, when the residual gas treated with KOH. What is the
compostion of the original mixture.
(CO = 5 mL, CH4 = 2 mL)
19.
When 100 mL of a O2 - O3 mixture was passed through turpentine, there as reduction of volume by
20 mL. If 100 mL of such a mixture is heated , what will be the increase in volume ?
(10 mL)
20.
40 mL of a mixture of H2, CH4 and N2 was exploded with 10 mL of O2. On cooling, the gases
occupied 36.5 mL. After treatment with KOH the volume reduced by 3 mL and again on treatment with
alkaline pyrogallol, the volume further decreased by 1.5 mL. Determine the composition of the mixture.
( H2 = 12.5%, CH4 = 7.5%)
21.
5 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon was exploded to 30 mL of O2. The resultant gas, on cooling is found
to measure 25 mL of which 10 mL are absorbed by KOH and the remainder by pyrogallol. Determine the
molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
(C2H 4)

27

SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
(VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS)
MOLARITY AND PERCENT STRENGTH
Concentration or strength of a solution:
When a solution is prepared by dissolving a solute in a solvent, it is always necessary to know how much
of solute is present in how much of the solvent i.e their relative proportions in the mixture(solution). If more
amount of solute is present in a given solution, it is called a concentrated solution and if less amount of solute is
present, it is called the dilute solution. In order to know the concentration or strength of the solution i.e to know
how concentrated or how diluted a solution is, different terms are used. These terms are Molarity, Molality,
Normality and % strength. Note that the volume of a solution should not be confused with gaseous volume. Both
the types of volumes are measured in the same unit i.e mL or cc and L. Gas laws are applicable to gaseous
volume but not to volume of solutions.

Preparation of a solution of desired concentration

An accurately weighed amount of solute(solid or liquid) is taken in a measuring flask of a fixed
volume(capacity). Measuring flasks of various capacities such as 2 litres, 1 litre, 500 ml, 250 ml, 100 ml etc. are
availabe in the laboratory. Each flask has a mark at the upper part of the stem of the flask. The solute is taken in
a measuring flask first and slowly distilled water is added from a wash bottle and the solute is allowed to mix with
the solvent by gentle shaking of the flask. Water is added in small amounts slowly with constant shaking upto the
mark located in the upper part of the flask. Finally the flask is stopperd and is shaken thoroughly. The volume of
solution becomes exactly equal to the capcity of the flask which is written on the flask. Don't add more water so
as to cross the mark on the glass. If you do so then the total volume will be more and cannot be properly recorded.
Note that the volume of the solution is the total volume of solute and solvent. In case of solid solutes, particularly
ionic solutes like NaCl, Na2CO3 etc. the dissolution involves the formation of free ions which occupy the intermolecular
space of the solvent molecules. Hence the volume change that occurs when such a solute dissolves in a solvent
is very small. Hence in such case the volume of the solution is approximately equal to the volume of the solvent.
Of course this is true for dilute solutions prepared from solid solutes. However when a liquid solute such as
H2SO4 is used, the addition of water brings about change in the volume of solution compared to the volume of
solvent. This is because H2SO4 exists in the liquid state and itself possesses a lot of free intermolecular volume
like the solvent molecules. So the volumes of solute and solvent approximately add to give the volume of the
solution.

MOLARITY:
Molar Solution:(1M or M solution)
If one mole of solute is present in 1 litre(1000 mL) of solution, it is called a Molar(1M or M)
solution.
One mole of H2SO4(98 gms) present in 1 litre solution is called 1M H2SO4.Similarly when 40gms(1mole) of
NaOH is used to prepare 1000 cc of solution, it is Molar(M) or 1M solution of NaOH.
____________________________________________________________________________________
SAQ 1: How much of solute in gm. will be required per litre of solution to prepare 1M solution in the following
cases.
(ii)HCl
(iii)KMnO4
(iv)FeSO4
(i)Na2CO3
SAQ 2: The solutions have the following amounts of the solutes per litre of the solution. What are their molarities.
(i)56gms of KOH
(ii)106gms of Na2CO3 (iii)98gms of H2SO4
____________________________________________________________________________________
Molarity:
The number of moles of solute present in 1000 mL(1 litre) of the solution is called the molarity of a
solution.
4gms(0.1 mole) of NaOH present in 1000 cc of the solution is called 0.1M solution or the molarity of the
solution is 0.1M.

28

2gms(0.05mole) of NaOH present in 1000cc of the solution is called 0.05M solution.

80gms(2 moles) of NaOH present in 1000cc of the solution is called 2M solution and so on.
SAQ 3: Find out the molarity of the solutions if the following amounts are dissolved to make 1 litre solution in
each case.
(i)49gm of H2SO4
(ii)3.65gms of HCl
(iii)0.7kg of H2SO4
SAQ 4: A certain bottle of H2SO4 is marked as 2M H2SO4 and another bottle of H2SO4 is marked 0.5M H2SO4.
What do they mean? Which is a diluted solution and which concentrated? How many times the one is more
concentrated than the other.
Let us consider another situation. Supposing you do not have a 1 litre measuring flask with you, in stead
you have a 500 mL flask with you. How can you prepare a 1M solution of H2SO4? This is very simple. If 1
litre(1000cc) of solution requires 98gms of H2SO4 to make 1M solution, 500ml of solution will need half of it i.e 49
gms. So 49gms of H2SO4 taken to make 500 cc solution has a molarity 1M.
SAQ 5: (i)How much of NaOH will be needed to produce a 1M solution by using 250ml measuring
flask?
(ii)How much of H2SO4 will be needed to produce a 1M solution by using 100ml measuring
flask?
Now let us consider still a different situation. Supposing you want to prepare 0.2M solution of NaOH and you
have 500ml measuring flask, how shall you do? This is again very simple.
If 1000ml solution needs 0.2 mole i.e 0.240=8gms of NaOH for making 0.2M solution.
500ml solution will need 8/2 = 4gms of NaOH to make the same 0.2M solution.
So in all these cases you have to find out in an unitary method how much of the solute is required for the given
volume of the solution.
SAQ 6: Calculate the amounts of solute present in each case of the following solutions.
(i)250ml of 0.5M H2SO4
(ii)2litres of 0.1M NaOH
(iii)100ml of 4M Na2CO3
(iv)500ml of 12M HCl
FORMULA METHOD:

Molarity =

number of moles of solute

volume of solution in litre

Number of moles of solute = Volume of solution in litres Molarity

Example: How many moles and what mass of each of the following solutes are required to prepare the
following solutions.
(i)500 ml of 0.8M H2SO4
(ii)100ml of 2M Na2CO3
(iii)2 litres of 0.1 M HCl
(iv)250ml of 10M NaOH
Solution: Unitary Method
(i) 1litre of 0.8M solution of H2SO4 contains 0.8 mole of H2SO4
So 500ml or 0.8l of this solution must contain 0.5 0.8= 0.4 mole
Formula method:
volume of the solution =0.5 L and molarity is 0.8M.
So the number of moles of H2SO4= 0.50.8=0.4
Once you find the number of moles of the solute, it is an easy task to find the mass in gm by multiplying the
number of moles with molecular mass.
mass of 0.4 mole of H2SO4 = 0.498= 39.2gms.
(ii)
Moles of Na2CO3= volume in litre molarity= 0.1 litre 2= 0.2.
Mass= 0.2106 (M.M)= 21.2gms.
(iii)
Moles of HCl = 2 0.1 =0.2, so the mass of HCl= 0.236.5=7.3gms.
(iv)
Volume in litre= 0.25 l , Molarity=10, So number of moles of NaOH= 0.2510=2.5
So the mass of NaOH=2.540=100gms
SAQ 7: Find out the mass of the following solutes required to prepare 2 litres of M/20 solution of
(i)H2SO4
(ii)KBr

29

____________________________________________________________________________________

DETERMINATION OF MOLARITY OF A SOLUTION:

Example: Find the molarity of a H2SO4 solution, 7gms of which is present in 250 cc solution.
Solution: Unitary method:
7gms of H2SO4 = 7/98=1/14 mole
250cc of the solution contains 1/14 mole
1000cc of the solution contain [(1/14)1000]/250 = 4/14= 0.286 mole
So the molarity of the solution= 0.286M
Formula Method
We know the formula that

Molarity = Number of moles

volume in litre
In the above example , we first have to find the number of moles of solute.
7gms of H2SO4 = 7/98=1/14 mole, volume of solution in litre= 0.25 l
So Molarity = 1/14/0.25= 0.286M.(same as obtained by unitary method)
SAQ 8: Find out the molarity of the following solutions.
(i)2gms of NaOH present in 100ml solution
(ii)5.3gms of Na2CO3 present in 2liters of solution
(iii)0.365gm of HCl present in 250ml of solution
MILLIMOLE(MMOL) METHOD:
Note that in stead of solving these problems in terms of moles which often appears as a fraction, it is
more convenient to work in terms of millimoles(mmols). You know that
1 mole=103 mmoles=1000 mmoles

Molarity = Number of moles

volume in litre
Molarity = Number of mmoles
volume in ml or cc
Volume in litre molarity = number of moles
Volume in ml(cc) molarity = number of mmoles
If we express volume of the solution in ml(cc) in stead of litre, we get millimoles(mmoles) in stead of moles.
Example: Find out the molarity of 200 ml solution containing 0.7 gm of H2SO4
Solution: Unitary Method:
200 ml of solution contains 0.7/98 mole of H2SO4
1000ml of solution contains 0.7/98 X1000/200 =5/140=1/28mole
So the molartiy of the solution is 1/28M
Formula method(1):

Molarity = Number of moles

volume in litre

The number of moles= 0.7/98= 1/140,

Hence Molarity= 1/140/0.2= 1/28M
Formula method(2):

volume of the solution=200ml=0.2 litre

Molarity = Number of mmoles

volume in ml or cc

The number of moles= 0.7/98, Hence number of mmoles = 103 no. of moles= 1000 0.7/98=100/14;
volume in ml= 200ml

molarity=

100
= 1/28 M
14 X200

(You can adopt any method you like)

SAQ 9: Find out the number of mmoles of the solute present in the following solutions.
(i)100ml of 0.5M NaOH solution
(ii)3litres of 0.04M H2SO4 solution
(iii)500ml of 3M Na2CO3 solution
SAQ 10: Find out the masses of solute in each case of SAQ 9.
SAQ 11: Find out the number of Na+ ions present in 100ml of M/10 Na2CO3 solution.
SAQ 12: You are given 500ml of 2M solution of H2SO4. You are asked to divide this solution in two bottles, one

30

containing 200ml and the other containing 300ml. What will be molarity of H2SO4 in the first and second bottles?

PERCENT STRENGTH
Like molarity, there is another way to express the concentration of a solution. This is called percent
strength. There are two types of percentages used to find the concentration of a solution. These are
(i)Volume percent(w/v) and
(ii) weight percent(w/w)

(i) Volume Percent(w/v):

The mass of the solute( in gram) present in 100ml of the solution is called percent strength of the
solution by volume. This pecentage is denoted by the symbol w/v i.e weight of the solute(w) and volume of the
solution(v) are considered. Say for example, 2gms of sugar used to prepare 100ml solution is a 2% solution by
volume(w/v). In molarity, we have to find out the number of moles in stead of the mass in grams and moreover the
volume of the solution is taken to be 1000ml to find molarity whereas it is 100ml in percent strength by volume.
Example:
Find the percent strength of a solution containing 49gms of H2SO4 in 10 litres of solution.
Solution:
In 10 litres i.e 10,000 ml of solution, the mass of solute=49gms
So in 100ml of solution, the mass of solute would be (49/10,000) 100=0.49
So percent strength by volume is 0.49% (w/v)
SAQ 13:Find the percent strength of the following solutions by volume.
(i)NaOH solution containing 25gms of NaOH in 500ml solution
(ii)Na2CO3 solution containing 0.005moles of Na2CO3 in 1 litre solution
(iv)H2SO4 solution which has a molarity equal to 0.05M

FINDING PERCENT STRENGTH FROM MOLARITY OF SOLUTION:

Example: Find the percent strength by volume of a NaOH solution whose molarity is 0.01M.
A 0.01M solution means, 1000ml of the solution contains 0.01mole of NaOH i.e 0.0140=0.4gm.
If 1000ml of the solution contains 0.4gm of NaOH
Then 100 ml solution must contain (0.4/1000)100= 0.04gm of NaOH.
So the percent strength of the solution by volume= 0.04%
SAQ 14: Find the percent strength by volume in respect of the following solutions.
(i)3M solution of Na2CO3
(ii)0.5M solution H2SO4
(iii)500ml of 2M KOH
solution.

(ii) Weight(Mass) Percent (w/w)

The mass of the solute in grams that is present in 100gms of the solution is called the weight(mass)
percent of the solution. Note that in this case, for both solute and solvent we consider the mass. Therefore it is
designated as w/w i.e weight/weight method. Let us take an examle. Supposing we took 2gms of sugar and
added with it 98gms of water, so as the make the total mass of the solution 100gms. Note that here we will not
use any measuring flask which measures exact volume of the solution. In this case the percent strength by
weight is 2%(w/w).
Example: 500gms of H2SO4 is mixed with 1kg of water to prepare a solution of H2SO4. Find the percent
strength by weight.
Solution:
Mass of the solute=500gms, Mass of the solvent= 1kg=1000gm.
So the mass of the solution= 500+1000=1500gms.
If 1500gms of the solution contains 500gms of H2SO4
Then 100gms of the solution must contain (500/1500)100=33.33gms
So the percent strength by weight is 33.33%.
SAQ 15: 15gms of pure HNO3 is mixed with 150gms of water to prepare a solution. What is its percent strength
by weight?

FINDING THE WEIGHT PERCENTAGE IF VOLUME OF THE SOLUTION IS KNOWN IN

STEAD OF MASS BY USIND DENISTY OF THE SOLUTION
For finding the weight percentage from the volume of the solution, we need to know the density of the
solution.

31

Example:
Find out the percent strength by weight of a H2SO4 which contains 49gms of H2SO4 in
500ml solution. The density of the solution is 1.32gm/cc
Solution: We know that density of the solution= (mass of the solution)/(volume of the solution)
d=m/v;
Volume of the solution=500ml(data);
so mass= d V =1.32gm/ml 500ml= 660gm.
Mass of the solution is 660gms and out of which 49gms is the mass of solute.
660gms of the solution contains 49gms of H2SO4
So 100gms of the solution must contain (49/660) 100= 7.42gms
So the percent strength by weight is 7.42%(w/w).
SAQ 16:
Find the percent strength by volume and by weight of 18M molar solution of H2SO4. The specific
gravity of the solution is 1.87.
SAQ 17:
A bottle of commercial sulphuric acid has a density 1.787gm/ml. It is levlled as 86% by weight.
Find the molarity of the acid and also the percent strength by volume.

STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATION BASED ON MOLARITY AND STRENGTH OF

SOLUTION
In the previous chapter we have discussed molarity and percentage strength of the solutions. Now
we shall use it in solving stoichiometric problems. Read this example.
Example 1:
How much zinc will completely react with 200ml of 2M H2SO4 solution? Also calculate
the volume of hydrogen gas evolved at 270C and 900mm pressure.(Zn=65)
Solution:
M.M of H2SO4 is 98.
1000ml of a 2M solution contains 2 moles i.e 298gms of H2SO4
So 200ml of such solution must contain (298)/(1000)200= 39.2gms.
Alternative (mmole) method:
Number of mmole of H2SO4 = volume in ml molarity= 2002=400
Mass of H2SO4 = 400 10-3 98 = 39.2gms.
( Note that when mmole is converted to mol, a factor of 10-3 is multiplied)
Now let us write the balanced equation.
ZnSO4 + H2
Zn
+
H2SO4
65 g
98 g
22.4L
98gms of H2SO4 completely reacts with 65gms of zinc
39.2gms of H2SO4 must react with (65/98)39.2= 26gms of Zn.
98 gms of H2SO4 produces 22.4 litres of H2 gas at NTP
So 39.2 gms of H2SO4 must produce (22.4/98)39.2= 8.96 litres of O2 at NTP.
(Note that you can also take the data of zinc found above to calculate the volume of H2)
Now we have to convert the volume from NTP to the given conditions.

760 mm X 8.96 l
=
273A

900mm X V2
(273+27)A

V2 = 8.31 litres.

Example 2:
What volume of 0.3M H2SO4 is required to exactly neutralize 200ml of 0.5M NaOH
solution?
Solution:
Number of mmoles of NaOH= 200 0.5 = 100
Let us write the balanced chemical equation.
Na2SO4
+
H2O
2NaOH
+ H2SO4
2 moles
1 mole
2 mmoles
1 mmole
2 mmoles of NaOH reacts with 1 mmole of H2SO4.
So 100 mmoles of NaOH must react with 50 mmoles of H2SO4.
mmoles = volume in ml Molarity volume = 50/0.3= 166.67 ml.
(You are advised also to solve this problem in terms of mass and check your answer. For that you have to
convert the mmoles of NaOH to its mass and then find out the mass of H2SO4 required from the equation.
Finally the volume of the 0.3M H2SO4 solution required is found out as usual by the unitary method).
SAQ 18: How many ml of 3M HCl solution should be needed to react completely with 16.8gms of NaHCO3?
SAQ 19: What volume of 0.025M HBr solution is required to neutralize 25.0 ml of 0.02M Ba(OH)2 solution?
SAQ 20: Calculate the molarity of a HCl solution if 2.5ml of the solution took 4.5ml of 3M NaOH solution

32

for complete neutralization.

SAQ 21:
What volume of M/10 solution FeSO4 solution will be required to completely react with
1.58gms of KMnO4 in dilute H2SO4 medium?
PROBLEMS BASED ON VOLUME STRENGTH OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION
When we buy hydrogen peroxide from the market, we get them usually in dark coloured bottles which
are labelled as 10 Volumes or 20 Volumes or in general x volumes. In fact these are not pure H2O2,
rather are aqueous solutions.
x Volumes H2O2 solution means if 1 volume of such H2O2 solution(liquid) at NTP is decomposed,
x volumes of O2 gas are evolved. Note that here the two volumes are of different types. One is volume
of the solution(1 volume i.e 1L or 1 mL) and the other is gaseous volumes(i.e x L or x mL).
10 Volumes of H2O2 means, 1 mL of such a solution on decomposition will produce 10 mL of O2
gas at NTP. This is called volume strength of H2O2. Volume strength can be converted to percent strength
by volume or vice versa. Look to the following examples.
Example 1: Calculate the percent strength by volume of a H2O2 solution if its volume strength is 22.4
Volumes.
Solution:
2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
2(2+32)g
22.4L(NTP)
22.4 Volumes solution means 1 mL of such a solution liberates 22.4mL of O2 at NTP.
1mL of the solution liberates 22.4mL of O2 at NTP
So, 100mL of the solution will liberated 2240mL of O2 at NTP
From the balanced equation,
22400mL of O2 is liberated by 234g of H2O2
So, 2240mL of O2 is liberated by 6.8g of H2O2
Hence 100mL of the solution contains 6.8g of H2O2. So the percent strength is 6.8%(w/v).
Example 2: 20mL of a solution of H2O2 labelled 15 volumes just decolorized 100mL of KMnO4 acidified
with dil. H2SO4. Calculate the mass of KMnO4 in the given solution.(K=39, Mn=55)
Solution: 15 volumes means 1mL of the solution liberates 15 mL of O2 gas at NTP.
So 20mL of this solution will liberate 2015 = 300mL of O2 at NTP.
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5 H2O2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
2158
522400mL(NTP)
522400mL of O2 is produced by 2158g of KMnO4
So, 300mL of O2 is produced by 0.846g of KMnO4
Hence the mass of KMnO4 required is 0.846g.
SAQ 22: Which is more concentrated H2O2 solution, 10 volumes or 20 volumes and why?
SAQ 23: Calculate the % strength by volume of a H2O2 solution labelled as 20 volumes
SAQ 24: Find the volume strength on the basis of available oxygen of a H2O2 solution which is 12% by
volume.
SAQ 25: 200 mL of 0.1M BaCl2 was mixed with 100 mL of 0.05M Na3PO4. What mass of barium phosphate
will be formed ? (Ba = 137)

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Find the number of moles of solute present in each case
(i)1 litre of 2M H2SO4
(ii)200ml of 0.02M HNO3
(iii)3.5litres of 17M HCl
(iv)500ml of 0.1M Na2CO3
2. Find the mass of the solute required to prepare the following solutions.
(i)750ml of 5M KOH (ii)2 litres of 1M H2SO4 (iii)200ml of 0.002M HCl
(iv)20ml of 18M H2SO4
3. Find the Molarity of the following solutions.
(i)1gm of NaOH present in 50ml solution.
(ii)2.12gms of Na2CO3 present in 250ml
solution (iii)196gms of H2SO4 present in 2.5litres solution
4. What is the molarity of NaOH in a solution which contains 24.0gms of NaOH dissolved in 300ml solution?
5. What volume of 3M NaOH solution can be prepared with 84.0g NaOH?
6. What volume of 1.71M NaCl solution contains 0.2 mol NaCl?
7. 0.585gm of NaCl is present in 50ml solution. What is the strength of the solution in percent by volume?
8. What is the molarity of a 4% NaOH solution by volume?

33

9. 9.8gms of H2SO4 is present in 25ml solution. The density of the solution is 1.7gm/ml. What is the percent
strength by weight.
10. How many grams of a 5% NaCl solution by weight are necessary to yield 3.2g of NaCl?
11.
To prepare 100gm of 19.7% by weight solution of NaOH, how many g of each of NaOH and H2O are
needed?
12.
What volume of dilute nitric acid of density 1.11g/mL which is 19% HNO3 by weight contains 10g
HNO 3?
13.
How many gm. of conc. hydrochloric acid which is 37.9 % by weight will contain 5.0gms of HCl?
14.
An aqueous solution of HCl contains 28% HCl by weight and has a density of 1.2gm/ml .Find the molarity
of
the solution.
15.
What volume of 96% H2SO4 solution(density 1.83gm/ml)is required to prepare 2.0L of 3M H2SO4 solution?
16.
Calculate the mass of 80% sulphuric acid by weight required to completely react with 25g of CaCO3.(30.62g)
17.
Calculate the (i)mass of MnO2 and (ii)the volume of hydrochloric acid having density 1.2g/mL and
containing 50% HCl by weight needed to produce 2L of chlorine gas at NTP?
(7.76g,
21.7mL)
18.
3.5g of MgCO3 were added to double its mass of H2SO4 solution. After complete reaction, 0.5g of
MgCO3
remained unreacted. Calculate percent strength of H2SO4 by weight and volume of CO2 formed
at 270C and 760mm
pressuire.
(50%)
19.
Calculate the mass of NaCl formed when 50g of Na2CO3 reacted with 100g of 50% HCl by weight. Also
calculate the mass of excess reagent which remained unreacted.
(55.18g, 65.57g of
HCl)
20.
A solution of nitric acid contains 65% HNO3 by weight. What mass of this acid will be necesary to
dissolve
2g of zinc oxide. (Zn =65)
(4.78g)
21.
Most commercial HCl is prepared by heating NaCl with conc. H2SO4. How much of sulphuric acid
containing
90% H2SO4 by weight is needed for the production of 100Kg of conc. HCl containing
42% HCl by weight.
(62.64Kg)
22.
10mL of a solution of H2O2 labelled 20 volumes just decolorizes 50mL of KMnO4 solution acidified
with dil.
H2SO4. Calculate the amount of KMnO4 present in the solution.
(0.564g)
23.
How many mL of water must be added to 250mL of 0.85M HCl to dilute the solution to 0.25M?(600mL)
24.
Calculate the molarity of H3PO4 solution if 25mL of this solution is completely neutralised by 45mL of
0.85 M/10 Ba(OH)2 solution.
(0.022M)
25.
Calculate the molar concentration of each of the ionic species in solution.
(a)250mL of 2M BaCl2 is diluted to 750mL
(b)200mL of 2M H2SO4 is mixed with 100mL of 0.5M NaOH and the mixture diluted to 500mL
(c)50mL of 0.12M Fe(NO3)2 + 100mL of 0.1M FeCl2 + 50mL of 0.26M Mg(NO3)2
(BITS-1990)
26.
What volume of 0.5M K2Cr2O7 solution will react completely with 100mL of M/10 (NH4)2C2O4 solution
in
acidic medium. (Cr =52, K=39)
(6.66mL)
27.
Calculate the pecent of BaO in 35g of a mixutre of CaO and BaO which just reacts with 150mL of 6M
HCl.(Ba=137)
(43.91%)
28.
A solution of density 1.6g/mL is 67% by weight. What will be % strength by weight of solution if it is
diluted
to have density 1.1 g/mL?
(16.24%)

RESPONSE TO SAQs
(Solutions: Molarity)
SAQ 1: In each case we require 1 mole or gm molecular mass of the solute
(i)
M.M of Na2CO3 =106, so we need 106gms per litre
(ii)
M.M of HCl = 36.5, and so we need 36.5 gms per litre
(iii)
M.M of FeSO4 = 56+32+64=152, so we need 152gms per litre
SAQ 2: (i)
1M(one Molar or Molar) since 1 mole of KOH=39+16+1=56(M.M)

34

(ii)
(iii)
SAQ 3: (i)

1M since M.M of Na2CO3 = 46+12+48=106(1 mole)

1M since M.M of H2SO4 =98(1 mole)
98 gms of H2SO4=1 mole, so 49 gms of H2SO4 = 0.5 mole.
Since 0.5mole of it is present in 1 litre solution, the molarity = 0.5M
(ii)
36.5gms of HCl= 1 mole, so 3.65gms of HCl= 1/10=0.1 mole
Since 0.1 mole of HCl is present in 1 litre solution, the molarity=0.1M
(iii)
98gms of H2SO4=1 mole, so 0.7kg i.e 700gms of H2SO4=700/98=7.143moles
Since 7.143moles of H2SO4 is present in 1 litre solution, the molarity=7.143M
SAQ 4: The bottle marked 2M H2SO4 means, there would be 2 moles(2X98=196gms) of H2SO4 per litre of the
solution. However in the bottle marked 0.5M, there would be 0.5mole(0.5X98=49gms)of H2SO4 per litre of
solution. So the second bottle of H2SO4 is more diluted and the first bottle is more concentrated. The first solution
is 4 time more concentrated(49X4=196) than the second solution.
SAQ 5:(i)
1000ml of solution needs 40gms(1mole) of NaOH to prepare 1M solution
So 250ml of solution must need (40/1000)X250=10gms to prepare the same 1M solution
(ii)
1000ml of solution need 98gms(1mole) of H2SO4 to prepare 1M solution
So 100ml of solution will need (98/1000)X100=9.8gms to prepare the same 1M solution.
SAQ 6: (i)
1000ml of 0.5M solution contains 0.5mole i.e 0.5X98=49gms of H2SO4
So 250ml of 0.5M solution must contain (49/1000) X 250= 12.5gms.
(ii)
1000ml of 0.1M NaOH solution contains 0.1mole i.e 0.1X40=4gms of NaOH
So 2litres i.e 2000ml of 0.1M solution must contain (4/1000)X2000= 8gms.
(iii)
1000ml of 4M solution of Na2CO3 contains 4 moles i.e 4X106=424gms
So 100ml of 4M solution must contain (424/1000)X100=42.4gms.
(iv)
1000ml of 12M solution of HCl contains 12moles i.e 12X36.5=438gms of HCl
So 500ml of 12M solution must contain 438/2=219gms.
SAQ 7: Here we shall have to find the mass of the solute. Let us first find the number of moles and then mass by
using the formula method discussed in the examples in the text.
(i)
Number of moles= volume in litre X molarity=2X(1/20)=1/10=0.1
Mass of H2SO4= 0.1X98=9.8gms.
(ii)
Number of moles of KBr= 2X (1/20) = 1/10=0.1 [same as (i)]
Mass of KBr = 0.1X(39+80)=0.1X 119 = 11.9gms.
SAQ 8:(i)
M.M of NaOH=40, 2gms of NaOH=2/40=0.05 mole,
volume = 100ml=0.1 l, So Molarity= 0.05/0.1= 0.5M.
(ii)
Number of moles of Na2CO3 = 5.3/106=0.05; volume=2litres
So Molarity = 0.05/2=0.025M.
(iii)
Number of mole of HCl=0.365/36.5= 0.01;
volume=250ml=0.25 litre
So Molarity= 0.01/0.25=0.04M.
SAQ 9: We know that No. of mmoles = Molarity X Volume in ml(cc)
(i)Number of mmoles= 100X0.5=50
(ii)3000X0.04= 120
(iii)500X3=1500
You found that the number of mmoles is not a fractional value(more than 1).
SAQ 10:
(i)50mmoles of NaOH= 5X 10-3 mole = 0.005mole= 0.005X40=0.2gm.
(ii)120mmole of H2SO4 = 120X10-3mole=0.12 mole = 0.12X98=11.76 gms.
(iii)1500mmoles of Na2CO3= 1500X10-3=1.5mole = 1.5X106= 159gms.
SAQ 11:
The no. of mmoles of Na2CO3 present in the solution=100 X1/10 =10
10 mmoles= 10 X10-3 moles = 0.01mole
1 mole of Na2CO3 contains 2 moles of Na+ ions
So the number Na+ ions present in 2 moles = 2X6.023X1023 =1.2046X1024 ions
0.01 mole of Na2CO3 will contain 0.01 X1.2046X1024 = 1.2046X1022 ions of Na+.
SAQ 12: Since the stock(original) solution is same, the molarity will remain same. Suppose you collect 500ml of
sea water and distribute the same in several containers. Do you think that the salinity of the sea water will be
different in these different vessels? That means the vessel containing less solution will taste less salty and the
vessel containing more solution will taste more salty? The answer is NO. They will all taste same, because the
concentration of the original(stock) solution is same. Remember that the concentration of a solution gives the
quality of the solution i.e how much of solute present per a fixed volume of solution(say 1 litre). Once a solution
of a particular concentration is prepared, its concentration remains the same even if this stock solution is divided

35

into any number of parts.

SAQ 13: (i)
500ml of the solution contains 25gms of NaOH
So 100ml of the solution must contain (25/500)X100=5gms of NaOH
So pecent strength by volume = 5%.
(ii)
M.M of Na2CO3=106, 1 mole= 106gms, so 0.005 moles = 106X0.005= 0.53gm
1 litre i.e 1000ml of solution contains 0.53gm of Na2CO3
So 100ml of the solution must contain (0.53/1000)X100= 0.053gm
So percent strength by volume=0.053%
SAQ 14: (i)
M.M of Na2CO3=106; 3M solution means
1000ml of solution contains 3moles i.e 3X106=318gms of Na2CO3
So100ml of solution must contain (318/1000)X100=31.8gms.
So percent strength by volume= 31.8%
(ii)
0.5M solution means
1000ml of the solution contains 0.5mole i.e 0.5X98= 49gms of H2SO4
So 100 ml of the solution must contain 49/10=4.9gms
So the percent strength by volume is 4.9%
(iii)
Here 500ml solution carries no relevance and it will not be used. We have to consider
only the molarity of the solution. 2M solution means
1000ml of KBr solution contains 2 moles i.e 2X(39+80)= 2X56=238gms
So 100ml of the solution must contain 238/10= 23.8gms of KBr
So the percent strength is 23.8% by volume.
SAQ 15:
The mass of the solution = 15 + 150 = 165gms.
165gms of solution contains 15 gms of HNO3,
100 gms of solution must contain (15/165) X 100 = 9.09 gms
So its percent strength is 9.09%(w/w)
SAQ 16:
Volume %:
18M solution means 1000ml of solution contains 18moles=18X98=1764gms of H2SO4.
1000ml of the solution contains 1764gms of H2SO4.
So 100ml of the solution must contain 1764/10=176.4gms
So percent strength by volume=176.4%
Weight %:
density= m/v; 1.87gm/ml= m/1000ml,
mass= 1000 X 1.87=1870 gms, So mass of 1000ml of solution is 1870gms.
1870gms of the solution contains 18mole i.e 18X98=1764gms of H2SO4
100gms of the solution must contain (1764/1870)X100=94.33gms
So percent strength by weight is 94.33%.
SAQ 17:
Let us consider 100gm of solution. d=mass/volume,
So volume of 100gm solution = 100/1.787= 55.959ml .
As it is 86%solution by weight.
So the mass of solute(H2SO4)in present in 100gms of solution = 86gms.
Molarity:
55.959ml of solution contains 86gms or 86/98moles i.e 0.8775 mole of H2SO4
1000ml of the solution must contain 0.8775X (1000/55.959) = 15.68moles
Hence the molarity of the solution= 15.68M
Percent strength by Volume:
55.959ml of solution contains 86gms of H2SO4
So 100ml of solution must contain (86/55.959)X100= 153.68%(w/v)
SAQ 18:
NaHCO3 + HCl ---------> NaCl + CO2 + H2O
84
84 gms of NaHCO3 = 1 mole 16.8gms = 0.2mole = 0.2 X 1000=200mmole
According the balanced equation, 1 mmole of NaHCO3 will require 1mmole of HCl
So 200mmole of NaHCO3 will require 200 mmole of HCl according to the balanced
equation.
We know that mmoles = volume in ml X Molarity Volume = 200/3=66.67ml.

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SAQ 19:
Ba(OH)2 + 2HBr ---------> BaBr2 + 2H2O
No. of mmoles of Ba(OH)2 = 25 X 0.02= 0.5
According the balanced equation, 1 mmole of Ba(OH)2 will need 2mmoles of HBr.
So 0.5mmole of Ba(OH)2 will need 2 X 0.5= 1mmole of HBr
So the volume of HBr solution = mmole/Molarity = 1/0.025 = 40ml.
SAQ 20:
NaOH + HCl ----------> NaCl + H2O
No. of mmoles of NaOH = 4.5 X 3= 13.5; According to the balanced equation, the number of
mmoles of HCl required = 13.5; So the molarity = mmoles/ml = 13.5/2.5= 5.4M
SAQ 21:
2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4 --------> K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2O
158(39+55+64) gms of KMnO4 = 1 mole;
So 1.58gms= 0.01mole = 10 mmoles
From the balanced equation, 2 mmoles of KMnO4 requires 10 mmoles of FeSO4
So 10 mmoles of KMnO4 will need 50 mmoles of FeSO4
The molarity of FeSO4 = 1/10 M;
So the volume = mmoles/M = 50/1/10=500ml.
SAQ 22: 20 volume solution is more concentrated because 1mL of this solution will evolve 20mL of O2
at NTP while 1mL of 10 volumes solution will evolve 10mL of O2 at NTP.
SAQ 23:
H2O2 H2O + 1/2 O2
34g
11.2L(NTP)
11.2L of O2 is produced by 34g of H2O2
So, 20L of O2 is produced by 60.7g of H2O2
Hence 1L or 1000mL of solution contains 60.7g of H2O2
So, 100mL solution contains 6.07g. So % strength by volume =6.06%(w/v)
SAQ 24:
H2O2 H2O + 1/2 O2
100mL solution contains 12g of H2O2
1000mL(1L) solution contains 120g of H2O2
34g of H2O2 liberates 11.2 L of O2 at NTP
120g of H2O2 liberates 39.5 L of O2 at NTP
Hence 1L solution liberates 39.5L of O2 at NTP. Hence its volume strength is 39.5 volumes.

ANSWER TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1.

(i) No. of Moles = Molarity X Volume in litres = 2X1=2moles

(ii)0.02X0.2= 0.004mole (iii)17X 3.5= 59.5 moles (iv) 0.1X0.5= 0.05 mole
2.
(i)No. of moles= 5 X 0.75= 3.75moles,
Mass = 3.75X(29+16+1) = 172.5gms.
(ii)No. of moles= 1X2=2moles;
Mass = 2X98=196gms.
(iii)No. of moles = 0.002 X 0.2= 0.0004mole;
Mass= 0.0004 X 36.5= 0.0146gm
(iv)No. of moles= 18 X 0.02= 0.36mole, Mass = 0.36 X 98= 35.28gm.
3.
(i) Number of mmoles = 1/40 X1000 = 25mmol; volume in ml= 50ml
We know the formula; Molarity = No. of mmoles/volume in ml = 25/50= 0.5M.
(ii)No. of mmoles= (2.12/106) X 1000 = 20;
volume in ml = 250
So Molarity = 20/250 = 0.08M
(iii)No. of mmoles= (196/98)X1000= 2000;
volume=2500ml;
Molarity=2000/2500=0.8M
Note that you can solve these problems by unitary method also.
4.
mmoles = (24/40) X 1000 = 600; volume =300ml, Molarity=600/300=2M
5.
mmoles= (84/40)X1000 = 2100;
Molarity =3M, Hence Volume =mmoles/Molarity
Volume = 2100/3=700ml = 0.7litre.
6.
No. of mmole = 0.2 X1000= 200;
Molarity=1.71M, volume= 200/1.71=116.95ml
7.
50ml of solution contains 0.585gms, So 100ml must contain 1.17gms. So percent strength
volume is 1.17%
8.
100ml of solution contains 4gms i.e 4/40=0.1 mole of NaOH
So 1000ml of solution must contain 0.1X10=1mole of NaOH, So the molarity=1M

37

b y

9.

10.
11.
12.

13.
14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Let us find the mass of 25ml of solution by using the density data.
m/v=1.7gm/ml m/25 = 1.7 mass=25 X 1.7= 42.5gms
42.5gms of the solution contains 9.8gms of H2SO4
So 100gms of the solution must contain (9.8/42.5)X100= 23.05gms
So the percent strength is 23.05%(w/w)
5gms of pure NaCl is present in 100gms solution.
3gms of pure NaCl must be present in (100/5)X3= 60gms of solution.
The mass of NaOH needed = 19.7gms and mass of water needed=100 - 19.7= 80.3gms.
Let the required volume = x ml, The mass of x ml = 1.11 X x gm
Since it is 19% by weigth, 100gms of solution contains 19gms of HNO3
So 1.11x gms of solution must contain (19/100) X 1.11x gms of HNO3
According to the question; this mass is 10gm. 0.2109x = 10
x = 47.4ml.
37.9gms of pure HCl is present in 100gms of solution
So 5gms of HCl must be present in (100/37.9)X5= 13.19gms of solution
Let us find the mass of 100gms of solution. 100/v=1.2 v = 83.33ml
83.33ml of the solution contains 28gms i.e 28/36.5 i.e 0.767 mole of HCl.
1000ml of the solution must contain (0.767/83.33)X 1000 = 9.2 moles.
Hence the molarity = 9.2M
Let us first find the moles of H2SO4 from the second data.
Moles = 2 X3= 6moles = 6 X 98gms;
(i)
Let the required volume = x mls,
The mass of x mls of solution = 1.83x gms;
If 100gms of solution contains 96gms,
So 1.83x gms of solution must contain (96/100) X 1.83x gm
(ii)
Equating the relations (i) and (ii), we get x= 334.7ml.
CaCO3 +
H2SO4 CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
100g
98g
25g
24.5g
Hence (80/100)x =24.5 x = 30.62g
Cl2 + 2H2O
MnO2 +
4HCl ` MnCl2 +
(55+32)g
4X36.5g
22.4L
22.4L of Cl2 is produced by 87g of MnO2
So, 2L of Cl2 is produced by 7.7g of MnO2
22.4L of Cl2 is produced by 4X36.5g of HCl
2L of Cl2 is produced by 13.03g of HCl
50g of pure acid is present in 100g solution
13.03g of pure acid is present in 2606g solution
d=(26.06/V) = 1.2 V = 21.7mL
CO2 + H2O
MgCO3 + H2SO4 MgSO4 +
84g
98g
22.4L
Mass of H2SO4 solution= 7g; Mass of MgCO3 reacted = 3.5-0.5= 3g
84g of MgCO3 reacts with 98g of H2SO4
So, 3g of MgCO3 will react with 3.5g of H2SO4
7g of H2SO4 solution contains 3.5g of pure H2SO4
100g of H2SO4 solution contains 50g of pure H2SO4
So % strength = 50% by weight(w/w)
Find the volume of CO2 formed from 3g of MgCO3 or 3.5g o H2SO4 from the above equation.
2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Na2CO3 +
2 HCl
106g
2X36.5g
2X58.5g
100g of Na2CO3 reacts with 73g of HCl
So, 50g of Na2CO3 reacts with 34.43g of HCl
Since there is 50g of HCl, the limiting reactant is Na2CO3
106g of Na2CO3 produces 2X58.5g of NaCl

38

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

50g of Na2CO3 produces 55.18g of NaCl

Mass of solvent in the beginning = 100-50=50g; Mass of pure HCl left = 50-34.43 = 15.57g
So the mass of HCl solution left = 50+15.57 = 65.18g
ZnO
+
2HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2O
(65+16)g
2X63g
81g of ZnO reacts with 126g of HNO3
So, 2g of ZnO reacts with 3.11g of HNO3
65g of pure HNO3 is present in 100g solution
3.11g of pure HNO3 is present in 4.78g of solution
2NaCl +
H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
98g
2X36.5g
Mass of pure HCl = 42f%of 100Kg = 42Kg = 4200g
2X36.5g of HCl is produced by 98g of H2SO4
4200g of HCl is produced by 56383.56g = 56.383Kg of H2SO4
90 Kg of pure H2SO4 is present in 100Kg solution
56.383Kg of pure H2SO4 is present in 62.64Kg solution.
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
1mL of H2O2 solution liberates 20mL; Hence 20mL of the solution will liberate 200mL
5X22400mL of O2 is liberated by 2X158g of KMnO4
So, 200mL of O2 is liberated by 0.564g of KMnO4
So, 50mL of KMnO4 solution contains 0.564g of KMnO4.
mmoles of HCl = 250 X 0.85 = 212.5
V X 0.25 = 212.5
V= 850mL (note that the mmoles will remain the same after dilution)
Hence volume of water added = 850-250 = 600mL
2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 Ba3(PO4)2 + 6 H2O
mmoles of Ba(OH)2 = 45 X (0.85/10) = 3.825
3 mmoles of Ba(OH)2 reacts with 2 mmoles of H3PO4
3.825mmoles of Ba(OH)2 reacts with 2.55mmoles of H3PO4
So, molarity of H3PO4 solution = (2.55/25) = 0.022M
(a)mmoles of BaCl2 = 250X2 = 500
So, mmoles of Ba2+ = 500;
mmoles of Cl- = 1000
[Ba2+] = (500/750) = 0.66M; [Cl-] = (1000/750) = 1.33M
(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O
mmoles of H2SO4 = 400;
mmoles of NaOH = 50
50mmoles of NaOH will react with 25 mmoles of H2SO4
Also 50mmoles of NaOH will produce 25 mmoles of Na2SO4
Excess mmoles of H2SO4 = 400-25 = 375
Hence mmoles of H+ = 2X375;
Molarity = 750/500 = 1.5M
mmoles of SO42- = 375+25
Molarity= 400/500 = 0.8M
mmoles of Na+ = 2X25 =50
Molarity = 50/500 = 0.1M
(c) mmoles of Fe(NO3)2 = 50 X 0.12 = 6; mmoles of FeCl2 = 100X0.1= 10
mmoles of Mg(NO3)2 = 50X0.26 = 13
mmoles of Fe2+ = 16; Hence [Fe2+] = 16/200 = 0.08M
mmoles of Cl- = 30;
[Cl-] = 30/200 = 0.15M
mmoles of NO3- = 12 + 26 = 38;
[NO3-] = 38/200 = 0.19M
First balance the equation by partial equation or ON method.
K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 3 (NH4)2C2O4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3 (NH4)2SO4 + 6CO2 + 7H2O
mmoles of (NH4)2C2O4 = 100 X 1/10 = 10
3 mmoles of (NH4)2C2O4 reacts with 1 mmole of K2Cr2O7
So, 10mmoles of (NH4)2C2O4 reacts with 3.333 mmoles K2Cr2O7
The molarity of solution = 0.5M, Hence the volume of the solution = 3.333/0.5 = 6.666 mL
BaO +
2HCl BaCl2 + H2O
(137+16)g
2X36.5g
CaO +
2HCl CaCl2 + H2O

39

28.

(40+16)g
2X36.5g
Let the mass of BaO = x g and hence CaO = (35-x)g
153g of BaO reacts with 73g of HCl
x g of BaO reacts with 0.477x g of HCl
56g of CaO reacts with 73g of HCl
(35-x) g of CaO reacts with 1.3(35-x)g of HCl
mmoles of HCl = 150X6 = 900;
Hence mass of HCl = 900 X 10-3 X 36.5 = 32.85g
0.477 x + 1.3(35-x) = 32.85 x = 15.37g(BaO), % of BaO = 43.91%
1mL contains 1.6g solution;
Hence 1000mL contains 1600g
100g solution contains 67g pure solute; Hence 1600g solution contains 1072g of pure solute
Let us add x mL of water. Hence volume after dilution = (1000 +x)mL
Mass of the solution = (1600+x) g;
Hence the density = (1600+x)/(1000+x) = 1.1
x = 5000mL = 5000g of water
So the total mass of solution = 1600 + 5000 = 6600 g
6600g of solution contains 1072g of solute
100g of solution contains 16.24g of solute.
Hence percent strength by weight = 16.24%(w/w)

40