Na onal Conference on Recent Trends in power Electronics and Power System-

Reduction Of Conducted EMI In Buck Converter By Proper

Selection Of Firing Scheme Based On Load Conditions.

Mr. M. Citharthan,

Mrs. G.Janaki,

M.E. (Embedded system technologies)

Assistant Professor

Faculty of EEE

Department of EEE

Sri Muthukumaran Institute of

Technology

Sri Muthukumaran Institute of

Chennai

Technology,

600 069.

Chennai 600 069.

Email:gaut.cithu@gmail.com

Email: januu_psg@yahoo.com

Abstract: Switching power converters have

become the dominant architecture of the supplies
used in most of the electronic systems today cause
high levels of electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Effects on EMI emissions reduction are clearly
worthy when selecting the modulation parameters
in a convenient way [1]. In this paper a
comparative analysis has been provided between
two switching schemes based on the load
conditions. SPICE simulations are used to
perform the analysis for reducing EMI sources
and achieving EMC improvements. This analysis
will be more helpful while designing the
switching schemes and will be more effective in
reducing EMI without implementing the
conventional EMI filter.

I.INTRODUCTION
DC-DC power converters are employed in a
variety of applications, including power supplies
for personal computers, office equipments,
spacecraft power systems, laptop computers,
automobiles and telecommunications equipment,
as well as dc motor drives. The input to a dc-dc
converter is an unregulated dc voltage, Vg. The
converter produces a regulated output voltage V,
having a magnitude (and possibly polarity) that
differs from Vg. For example, in a computer offline power supply, the 120 V or 240 V ac utility
voltages is rectified, producing a dc voltage of
approximately 170 V or 340 V, respectively. A
dc-dc converter then reduces the voltage to the
regulated 5 V or 3.3 V required by the processor
ICs.High efficiency is invariably required, since
cooling of inefficient power converters is difficult
and expensive. The ideal dc-dc converter exhibits
100% efficiency; in practice, efficiencies of 70%
to 95% are typically obtained. This is achieved
using switched-mode, or chopper, circuits whose

Index Terms: Buck Converter, Electro Magnetic

Interference
(EMI),
Electro
Magnetic
Compatibility
(EMC),
Line
Impedance
Stabilization Network (LISN), Power Converters,
RPWM.

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Na onal Conference on Recent Trends in power Electronics and Power System-

elements dissipate negligible power. Pulse-width

modulators allow control and regulation of the
total output voltage. This approach is also
employed in applications involving alternating
current, including high efficiency dc-ac power
converters (inverters and power amplifiers), ac-ac
power converters, and some ac-dc power
converters (low-harmonic rectifiers).

the conducted emission in power converters.

Conducted noise can be divided into differentialmode noise and common-mode noise. Conducted
noise is usually suppressed by adding properly
designed filters that reduce the power levels of
various frequency components in a specific
frequency band.
IV.EMC STANDARDS

II.ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

The International Special Committee on Radio

Interference (CISPR) regulates the international
community [2]. CISPR has no regulator authority,
but its standards have been adopted by most
European nations. The proposed paper focuses on
only few of those standards. There are EMI
regulations in each country to meet EMI noise
levels emitted from digital equipment. In the
countries which regulate EMI, equipment which
does not satisfy regulations is not allowed to be
sold.

Designing for electromagnetic compatibility

(EMC) is one of the most difficult challenges for
electronic system designers. Almost all-electronic
equipment is required to meet one or more EMC
standards at the system or product level. One of
the most challenging subsystems when speaking
about EMC is the power supply or in this case the
dc/dc power module. All modern dc/dc converters
are composed of one or more switching stages
containing both pulsed voltages and currents,
which generate a broad noise spectrum resulting
in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). The first
step in designing systems for EMI compliance is
to understand that the different standards and
regulations do not directly apply to the dc/dc
power module but to the overall system. EMI
refers to how different sets of electronic
equipment interact with each other, usually in a
negative manner. The recent advances in
semiconductor devices and large-scale integration
have dramatically reduced the size of electronic
equipment while increasing the probability for
electromagnetic interference between the different
systems and subsystems.

Table 1. EMC standards

III.CONDUCTED EMMISION
Conducted emissions are measured as the
voltage measured common-mode (+Vin to ground
and -Vin to ground) on the power line using a 50ohm / 50(LISN). The proposed project works deals with
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Na onal Conference on Recent Trends in power Electronics and Power SystemQ1

ZTX788B

Another standard that has been considered

would be Harmonics standard IEC 61000-3-2.
This standard assesses and sets the limit for

L1
80H

R4

V1
20 V

R1

D1
1N4007

C1
220F

R3

Q2
R2

Pulse
BC848B

phase. Equipment that draws current >16A and

-312. Harmonics measurement and evaluation
methods for both standards are governed by IEC
61000-4-7.

GND

Figure 1. Buck converter used for analysis

Parameter

Value

Vs

20V

V.BUCK CONVERTER
The step-down dc-dc converter, commonly
known as a buck converter as shown in Fig.1. It
consists of dc input voltage source V1, controlled
switch Q1, diode D1, filter inductor L1, filter
capacitor C1, and load resistance R. The state of
the converter in which the inductor current is
never zero for any period of time is called the
continuous conduction mode (CCM). It can be
seen from the circuit that when the switch S is
commanded to the on state, the diode D is reversebiased. When the switch S is off, the diode
conducts to support an uninterrupted current in the
inductor. The relationship among the input
voltage, output voltage, and the switch duty ratio,
, from the inductor
voltage VL
law, the inductor volt-second product over a
period of steady-state operation is zero.

Rsource
L1

80uH

C1

220uF

Rload

R1
R2

Table 2. Design parameters of Buck Converter

VI. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION and
RANDOMISED PULSE WIDTH
MODULATION.

A drive circuit for the switch also provided

for this converter. The switching pulse for this
converter will be provided through the drive
circuit. The collector of the drive transistor will be
connected to the base of the switching transistor

The most common switching technique is

called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). In PWM
dc dc converters, transistors are operated as
switches. Therefore, the voltage is low when the
current is high and the current is zero when the
voltage is high, yielding low conduction loss and
high efficiency. The pulse width modulator
provides the necessary switching pulses to the
model power converter that has been adopted for
this project. PWM converters are sources of EMI

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Na onal Conference on Recent Trends in power Electronics and Power System-

because of the hard switching action of transistors

and diodes [3, 5].
RPWM technique is one of the most
effective and least-cost solutions: it allows
spreading the power spectrum over a wide
frequency range while significantly reducing its
amplitude and this constitutes a significant EMC
advantage without any additional hardware [4]. In
this paper a randomized PWM scheme also been
introduced to reduce the effective EMI in the
converters. The scheme proposed is fully a digital
based system. It contains few flip flops and DAC
circuit. The output of this circuit will be a
randomized pulse. This RPWM circuit generates
an output pulse of high frequency, depending
upon the input signal frequency. The output
frequency can be varied if the input signal
frequency has been changed.

Figure 2. Comparison for the load resistance 2.5

ohms

VI.PWM vs RPWM
In this paper a comparative analysis has
been provided for the different load resistance.
The Buck converter circuit has been tested with
both PWM and RPWM under different load
through simulation. The comparative graph has
been given for each load resistance values for both
the PWM and RPWM schemes.

Parameters

RPWM

PWM

Vpulse

1.20V

5V(P-P)

Vrms

3.37V

3.4V

SwitchingFrequency 200KHz

Figure 3. Comparison for the load resistance

10ohms

200KHz

Table 3. Switching parameters

Figure 4. Comparison for the load resistance 15
ohms
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Na onal Conference on Recent Trends in power Electronics and Power System-

The peak points of noise level for both the

schemes are also been provided in this paper for
further analysis.

technique will be suitable in controlling the

conducted EMI noise which eliminates the usage
of EMI filter.
REFERENCES

RPWM

61.887

74.882

74.45

PWM

72.82

30.166

51.317

[1].C. R. Paul, Introduction to Electromagnetic

Compatibility. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd ed., 2006,
pp. 49 90.
[2]. EN 55025 Document, Radio disturbance
characteristics for protection of receivers used on
board vehicles, boats, and on devices
Limits
and methods of measurements (2004).

Table 4. Peak points of noise level. (*noise levels

in dBv)

[3]. Gamal M. Dousoky, Masahito Shoyama,

On Factors Affecting EmiPerformance Of Conducted-Noise-Mitigating
Digital Controllers In Dc-Dc Converters An
IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., Vol. 56, No. 7, pp. 1239-1245, July
2010

Figure 5. Analysis of load resistance

noise level (dBv)

PWM for conductive EMI reduction in DC-DC

Engineering B, Volume 2, Issues 5-6, pp. 594-608
[5].K. K. Tse, Henry Shu-Hung Chung,, S. Y. Ron
Hui And H. C. So A Comparative Study of
Carrier-Frequency Modulation Techniques for
Conducted
EMI Suppression
In PWM

VII. CONCLUSION
From the above analysis it can be seen either of
the schemes were optimal under different load
condition. While using the PWM scheme under
low load resistance conditions it is violating the
CISPR limit. It also requires further 20dB
attenuation. At the same side the RPWM scheme
is within the CISPR limits. Similarly under high
load condition the RPWM scheme violates the
CISPR limits whereas the PWM scheme is within
the CISPR limits. Therefore it can be concluded
that under low load resistance conditions the
RPWM scheme could be more effective and under
high load resistance conditions the ordinary PWM

Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, June 2002

[6]. http://www.edaboard.com/forum.php
[7]. http://www.extremecircuits.net/
[8]. Gray and Meyer, Analysis and Design of
Analog Integrated Circuits, Wiley International,
2005.

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Na onal Conference on Recent Trends in power Electronics and Power System-

Implementation Of A New Rectifier Topology In A Hybrid Wind-Solar

Energy System For Motor Load
M.REVATHI
M.E.Power electronics and drives
Sethu institute of technology
Pulloor,kariyapatti
Virudhunagar,Tamilnadu
revathimaha24@gmail.com

K.ALAGU SOUNDARI
Assistant professor, M.E. Power electronics
and drives
Sethu institute of technology
Pulloor, kariyapatti
Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu
soundariharish@yahoo.com

Abstract Environmentally
friendly
solutions are becoming more prominent
than ever as a result of concern regarding
the state of our deteriorating planet. This
paper
presents
a
new
system
configuration of the front-end rectifier
stage for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic
energy system. This configuration allows
the two sources to supply the load
separately or simultaneously depending
on the availability of the energy sources.
The inherent nature of this Cuk-SEPIC
fused converter, additional input filters
are not necessary to filter out high
frequency harmonics. Harmonic content
is detrimental for the generator lifespan,
heating issues, and efficiency. The fused
multiinput rectifier stage also allows
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

Operational analysis of the proposed

system will be discussed in this paper.
Simulation results are given to highlight
the merits of the proposed circuit.
Index Terms- Cuk-Sepic Converter,
Hybrid Wind-Solar Energy System,
MPPT Algorithm.
I.INTRODUCTION
With increasing concern of global
warming and the depletion of fossil fuel
reserves, many are looking at sustainable
energy solutions to preserve the earth for the
future generations. Other than hydro power,
wind and photovoltaic energy holds the most
potential to meet our energy demands.
Alone, wind energy is capable of supplying
large amounts of power but its presence is
highly unpredictable as it can be here one
moment and gone in another. Similarly,
solar energy is present throughout the day
but the solar irradiation levels vary due to
sun intensity and unpredictable shadows cast
by clouds, birds, trees, etc. The common

to be used to extract maximum power

from the wind and sun when it is
available. An adaptive MPPT algorithm
will be used for the wind system and a
standard perturb and observe method
will be used for the PV system.
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