Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Host
This document will walk through installing and configuring an ESXi host. It will explore various types of
installations, from Single server to a more robust environment that will allow for manual failover.
VMware offers a free solution for creating a virtual server environment that can help to lower costs and create
hardware agnostic systems that can be easily migrated to newer systems or between systems that may require
maintenance. The free solution does not include advanced features such as cloning or High-Availability or
VMotion (migration of live guest between host systems).
Terms:
Hypervisor Base software that loads an operating system that presents the systems hardware to multiple
instances of installed operating systems called guests.
Host the Virtual Server that is running the hypervisor
Guest the operating systems running on the Virtual Server; Also known as Virtual Machines
Datastores Storage that is used to store the virtual machine files
VMotion Migrate powered on virtual systems between Host servers
SVMotion Migrate live virtual machines between storage devices
High-Availability Automates the migration of a guest virtual machines to a new host in the case of a host
failure
Cloning Creating a copy of a virtual machine
Linked-Clone Creating a copy of a virtual machine that shares a single virtual Hard Drive
VMDK Virtual Machine Disk: the HDD for a virtual machine
VMX Virtual Machine file that stores the settings for the virtual machine in VMware
OVF Open Virtual Format; Industry standard for virtual machine files so they can be migrated into different
virtualization environments
I/O Input/Output, this is typically referenced with the disk subsystem and the amount of data that is being
transferred for a virtual machine
1 to 1 creating a host that is used for only creating one virtual machine
Hardware Agnostic Abstracts the physical hardware for a virtual machine so that is can be easily migrated to
different systems with different hardware, thus allowing the system to migrate without needing to reload or
update the system drivers
vSwith Virtual network switch managed by the ESX server
vDS Virtual Distributed Switch managed by Virtual Center to store the switch settings and push to the hosts
P2V Convert a Physical machine to a virtual machine using a converter such as VMware Converter (free)
vSphere vCenter Centralized management console for ESX servers. Requires licensing to use and manages
all advanced features
ESXi can be installed on a single server to start; this is the most common for organizations that want to start
with a small environment and move into a larger environment. There is also valid reason for large I/O systems
to be placed in a 1 to 1 environment due to heavy disk usage that does not work well across the network.
Jim Long MOREnet 221 N. Stadium Blvd., Suite 201, Columbia, Mo. 65203 Oct 2012
The below diagram will allow for minimal manual failover if a host system were to fail.
This Diagram hardens the environment against host and storage outages but it still requires manual
failover procedures.
Better Network:
Getting Started:
Now that we have looked at some simple virtual designs and had a look at some common terms lets get started
looking at the hardware/software requirements and our installation.
I have below the minimum hardware requirements that will be needed to deploy our first ESXi server.
Although we can use the minimum requirements we also need to make sure that we can meet the requirements
of any guest Operating Systems that we are going to install on our host servers.
What does ESXi need to run its OS?
5.2Gb disk space installed
1 Gb RAM
ESXi support per virtual Machine (Licensed):
32 vCPU
1 Tb Ram
2 Tb Disk minus 512mb
10 Virtual Network connections
ESXi Free Maximums:
32Gb RAM
CPU sockets not limited
NO SNMP support
Management limitations
Hardware Requirements:
64-Bit x86 CPU with minimum of 2 cores
2Gb of RAM (Minimum)
HDD: SAS, SATA, SCSI, iSCSI, FCoE or supported USB drive
1 or more Gb network ports
Minimum System Requirements:
http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?language=en_US&cmd=displayKC&externalId=100366
1
To check if your system is capable of running ESXi check the compatibility guide:
http://www.vmware.com/resources/compatibility/search.php?lp=default
Ok, now that we have all that out of the way, lets take a look at installing and configuring our ESXi Host. We
will need to download the software and get a free license. To do this we need to start here:
https://my.vmware.com/web/vmware/evalcenter?p=free-esxi5&lp=default
On the VMware site we will need to setup an account and register for our free license and get the software
downloaded,
Once you have setup your account you will need to check your email and activate your account.
You can now download the ESXi installer:
VMware ESXi 5.1 (CD ISO) Installable
2012-09-10 | 5.1.0 | 301M | Binary (.iso)
ESXi 5.1 Installable(CD ISO) Boot your server with this CD image in order to install or upgrade to ESXi 5.1. NOTE: VMware ESXi 5.1
require 64-bit capable servers for installation and execution. Please refer to the VMware Compatibility Guide for a list of qualified server
hardware.
You now have your software downloading you can get your license that is listed on the same page above the
download section:
VMware vSphere Hypervisor 5 License H402M-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX
Burn your downloaded ISO image to a CD and lets go to the server and get busy installing!
Turn on the server and insert the CD. If needed please choose the CD-ROM drive as a boot option.
The loading process will take several minutes and change screens
Next Screen:
EULA:
Choose your install disk if you have more than 1 and then press enter to continue
Select Keyboard layout
It is possible that you will encounter errors or warnings; review these warnings, check the compatibility guide to
ensure your hardware meets the requirements
Here is an Example Warning:
If your hardware meets the requirement, then you will see no warning and will continue to the Confirm Install
screen.
Confirm Install:
Installation Complete!
Press Enter
Configuration Screen:
Menu Items:
Configure Password: Set/Reset the root password
Configure Lockdown Mode: This is grayed out in the free version and unavailable
Configure Management Network:
Select available network adapters to be used for the management network
Configure VLAN (Optional)
IP Configuration Set IPv4 network address for this server
IPv6 Configuration Set IPv6 for this server (if necessary)
DNS Configuration Set the internal DNS address that this server will use to resolve DNS
Custom DNS Suffix Enter the custom DNS suffix that this server will use
Restart Management Network restarts all management network components on the server (will cause server to
lose access to management network temporarily)
Test Management Network tests the management network to ensure connectivity
Network Restore Options
Restore Network Settings Automatically resets the network settings back to default
Restore Standard Switch (not available in free version) Switches the network from vDS to
local vSwitch
Restore vDS (not available on Free version) restores the vDS settings from the vCenter Server
Configure Keyboard Configure keyboard layout
Troubleshoot Options Enable SSH, ESXi Shell and management agents
Enable ESXi Shell Access to server command line
Enable SSH Enable remote access to server command line
Specify ESXi shell and SSH timeouts how long the console can be inactive
Restart Management Agents Management Agents allow for programs to manage this remote server
View System Logs
Syslog
VMKernel
Config
Management Agent (hostd)
VirtualCenter Agent (vpxa)
VMware ESXi Observation Log (vobd)
View Support Information
Serial Number
License Key
Reset the Configuration Resets all settings back to default
From the Management interface on the server there is only ONE screen that we will need to configure and that
is the Configure Management Network. This screen is where we give the server its IP address and settings to
use so that we can access it with the vSphere client.
Select Configure management Network
Press <Enter>
Select IP Configuration
Press <Enter>
You should always use a static IP address in a Private Management Network for your ESX server so that it will
not change and cause issues connecting with your management client.
Use the Arrow keys to move the selection to Set Static IP
Press the <space> bar to select
Use the Arrow keys to move to each field and enter the appropriate settings
Your settings will now be visible on the Configure Management Network screen
Click <ESC>
This will take you back to the Previous Scree
You will be prompted to Confirm your Network Changes
Press Y to continue
Click <ESC> until you get back to the first screen; you should now see your settings and how to access this
server for additional configuration.
We will now open a web Browser so that we can continue our setup. You will encounter a certificate error as
these servers are using a self-signed certificate. HTTP://IP-ADDRESS/
Click Continue to this website, depending on your browser
We will use the vSphere Client to continue managing this server. Click on the Download Link:
Click on Run or you can Save the file and start the install manually
Install the vSphere client
Select Language
Click OK
Welcome
Click Next
End-User Patent Agreement
Click Next
License Agreement Read and Agree to terms
Click Next
Choose Destination Folder
Click Next
Install the Program
Click Install
Installation Complete
Click Finish
Click Login
Security Warning
This warning will appear until you enter your Licensing information. You can take the opportunity to check out
the features available in the Evaluation if you would like. Once you add your Free key the functionality will be
reduced and advanced features will be removed.
Click Ok to Continue
Here is our first look at our server:
Before we configure the rest of the settings lets take a look at the Interface.
There are 9 Tabs across the top of the right pane and we will start here.
Getting Started
This tab can be removed by pressing the [X] in the top left corner
This tab explains what a Host is and what types of virtual machines can be installed
There is a Basic Tasks Area that will allow you to do some basic tasks such as:
Deploy from the VA Marketplace this allows you to download pre-built virtual machines from the
VMware Virtual Appliance Marketplace. There are lots of FREE virtual machines as well as virtual appliances
from vendors that require a license in order to run the software.
Create a new virtual machine Use this to deploy your own virtual machines using the software that
you already own.
There is also a section to Explore Further This section provides you with links to VMwares site so that you
can learn more about the vSphere software and can also evaluate the software.
Summary
The Summary Tab shows us the information about our HOST system.
General - Information about the system as well as the license information
Resources This shows us the resources that are currently being used on the Host server
Fault Tolerance (Feature Not Available in Free Version) this would show how the fault tolerance
settings are defined for this server
Commands This is the list of commands that we can use for this virtual host
Host Management (Feature Not Available in Free Version) You can manage this host through the
VMware vCenter application
Virtual Machines
This screen will show you the list of installed virtual machines on this host. It will also provide you with some
very important information about your Virtual Machines.
Some of the Available Information:
Name name of Virtual Machine
State Is the machine powered on, off or in standby
Provisioned Space How much HDD space was provisioned
Used Space How much HDD Space is being used
Host CPU-MHz how much of the host CPU is being used by the virtual machine
Host Mem-MB How much of the hosts memory is being used by the virtual machine
Guest Memory-% - The percentage of memory being used by the guest
Guest OS What is the guest Operating system that is running
VM Version What is the VMware Hardware version that is running
IP Address What is the IP address of the virtual machine
Add and remove these as needed to suite the information that you want/need at a given time
Resource Allocation
VMware allows you to create resource pools these pools allow you to allocate a specific amount of resources to
a single machine or a set of machines. You can use this tab to watch how the resources are allocated to the
various virtual machines that you are running.
Performance
The performance tab allows you to show detailed Charts of how the host machine is performing with relation to
the CPU, Memory and Network resources that are available.
You can use the Switch to: dropdown box to change what resources are being shown in the chart
These charts can be printed, refreshed, saved to disk and you can even have the chart pop-out and create its
own window so you can watch while you are continuing to work on other issues. Just check out the icons on
the top left corner of the chart screen.
The Chart Options - link will allow you to highly customize your charts for the information that you need
to see.
Configuration
This is one of the most important tabs and contains all the configuration information and settings for your ESXi
server.
This will give us information and allow us to setup the different settings that will need to be configured to make
our ESX server operational and ready to install guests.
The sections on the left are broken into two Groups:
Hardware Gives us information about the hardware and also allows us to configure hardware aspects
such as Storage and Networking
Software This section has all the software settings that we can use to configure the software settings
for our virtual server
Lets take a look at each section.
Hardware:
Health Status This section shows the general health of the server
Processors This section shows us the processor Model, Speed, number of sockets and number of cores in our
server
Memory This section shows us the total amount of memory in the system, how much is reserved as system
memory and how much is available to the virtual machines
Storage This section displays the available datastores that can be accessed by this system. You would also
add new datastores to your system from this screens. They can be USB, NFS, iSCSI etc.
Networking This screen allows you to setup the networking, map physical network adapters to virtual
switches as well as adding additional virtual switches as needed.
Storage Adapters Configure additional storage adapters such as software iSCSI Adapter and FCoE Adapters
Network Adapters Shows the current state of the network adapters if they are connected and if they are
mapped to a virtual switch. It also shows the Mac address and the observable networks that they are connected
to.
Advanced Settings Direct I/O Configuration, if the Host machine supports direct I/O then you can map
specific devices to be used by a specific host. This is done on this screen and is a per host/VM basis.
Power Management manage system Power Management Settings
Software:
Licensed Features This section is where you assign the license to your host, you can also see what features are
available to you depending on the license level that you are using.
Time Configuration Configure your NTP client to keep the hosts date/time up to date
DNS and Routing Configure your hostname, DNS server, search domains and the default gateway
Authentication Services Configure how authenticated access to this machine should be configured. Use the
local database or Authenticate from Active Directory
Virtual machine Startup/Shutdown If this machine is powered off what is the order that virtual machines
should be powered back on and what delay should there be between systems that are starting. When shutting
down the host how should it handle the shutdown of virtual machines.
Virtual machine Swapfile Location Virtual machines use swap files, where should these files be stored.
Security Profile Manage the host services and define what services should be running. Manage the Host
firewall and what ports and services are available.
Host Cache Configuration Allows you to configure SSD datastores as host cache
System Resource Allocation Adjust this area for more control over the allocations for this host
Agent VM settings Manage VM Agents that are installed on the host
Advanced settings This area includes many advanced settings and should not be changed unless you have
thoroughly researched the settings.
Events
This tab allows you to view the local system events.
Permissions
This tab allows you to set permissions for users/groups. This screen allows you to add users to specific roles
from Administrator to Read-Only roles. You can use the pre-defined roles that are available:
No Access
Read-Only
Administrator
Configure License
We will start by adding our free license into the server, we can do that when we first log into the server or we
can do that by going to the Configuration Tab.
Click Configuration Tab
Click Licensed Features
Click Edit
Click Enter Key
Click Ok
Click ok
Click Add
Click Ok
Click Ok
The NTP service will now reboot
Click Ok one last time to return to the main configuration screen
You should now see that your time server is running and configured
You can setup multiple time servers, you should make sure you have a backup time server in case your primary
is busy or becomes unavailable.
To configure the settings for this page we will click the Properties link in the top Right corner
Click Ok
If you have IPv6 Enabled on the server but not on your network or if you did not configure your gateway you
will get this error:
Click Yes to continue and you can disable IPv6 back in the network settings.
Storage
Lets take a look at our available storage. You should always have local storage available after loading your
ESXi server and this is fine for a standalone install of a single server, however as you grow you will want to
setup external storage.
Click Configuration Tab
Click Storage
Here you will see the local storage that is installed on this server
Click the Add Storage Link at the top right of the page
Disk/LUN This tab will allow you to connect to Fibre Channel, FCoE, Local Disks or iSCSI mounts
iSCSI mount will require that you have either an iSCSI HBA or enable the software initiator, this can be
done from the Storage Adapters Selection in the Configuration Tab
Click Configuration
Click Storage Adapters
This screen will show you the installed controllers that you have in your system; you can add the iSCSI
software initiator from this screen by clicking the Add link in the top Right corner
You will see a warning message stating you are now adding the iSCSI software Adapter
Click OK to continue
In the lower section under Tasks you will see that it is being added
Once this completes you will see that you now have the iSCSI adapter available
You can now use your iSCSI adapter to connect to an iSCSI target server for storage
Click iSCSI Adapter you just created
Click Properties in the top of the lower frame in the Right Corner
This window will allow you to configure your iSCSI target settings. We will add our server to the Dynamic
Discovery tab
Click Add
Click Close
You will see a warning box
We can configure the iSCSI target for our storage back in the Storage settings on the Configuration tab
Click Next
On this screen we should now see our iSCSI target/s; Select the Target
Click Next
File System Version: This will prepare and format the disk for use
Current Disk Layout You will now be presented with the current disk layout
Click Next
Enter the Datastore Name
Click Next
Format the disk
We will choose the entire disk. You can partition/format the disk as needed
Click Next
Click Finish
Your iSCSI disk is now ready to use
Click Next
Enter the appropriate information for your file server
Click Next
13. Choose File or Folder if you have made multiple ISOs then you can upload the entire folder
Once the transfer completes you can use the image to install virtual machines.
4. Click Next
5. Enter Name
6. Click Next
7. Choose Datastore
8. Click next
9. Choose the OS type
d. Click Open
e. Click the ISO folder
f. Select the Appropriate Image for the Install
g. Click Ok
25. Click Ok
26. Virtual Machine is created and ready to load.
30. Follow onscreen instructions to load system just like a physical machine
Congratulations!!! You now have a fully configured ESXi server with virtual machines running!
Disable IPv6
If you are not using IPv6 on your network or it is not needed for the management of the ESXi server then we
will want to disable this setting. This will not affect the Virtual Machines ability to use IPv6; it is only for the
Management Console
Click Configuration Tab
Click Networking
Locate the Management Network typically vSwitch0
Click Properties
Click Ok
Click Close
In this document we will configure our network so that we have 2 virtual switches, one for management and
the other will be for our virtual machines. As you can see the host is configured right out of the gate to have the
network setup and if we only have one network card we would leave the configuration as it is. Since we have
more than one network card available in this server lets make some changes so that you can see how this is
done.
Lets start by modifying the existing vSwitch0 settings; we will do that by clicking on the Properties link
directly above the vSwitch. This will open up the properties for that vSwitch.
From this screen we will remove the VM Network, we do this by clicking on the VM Network to highlight and
then we will click remove. We will also add an additional network card so that we can have some failover
available in case we have an outage.
We will do this by clicking on the Network Adapters
Click Next
Click Finish
You will now show that both adapters are available and ready to be used
Click Close
We can now see that our Management/Storage Adapters are setup and ready to be used.
We are now ready to setup the Virtual Machine Network. This will be done from the same screen by clicking
the Add Networking link.
Click Add Networking
Networking wizard will open and we will see that we have two choices
Virtual Machine Create a network to handle your Virtual machine traffic
VMKernel This interface manages the Management, Storage and Advanced VMware functions
Network Access
From this screen we will define which network cards will be used for the Virtual Machine Network. I have
chosen vmnic1 and vmnic2
You will see a preview at the bottom of the wizard so that you can see how these network cards will be
configured.
Click Next
Connection Settings
This screen has two additional options:
Network Label Name the Network so that it is the same on every ESX host
VLAN ID (Optional) ESXi supports 802.1q trunking so that multiple logical VLANs can be trunked to the
server and these are defined in this setting.
Click Next
Summary
Make sure that all settings are correct
Click Finish
We have completed setting up our network with redundant connections.
*** Notes about Storage and what was used for this document
NFS storage server was setup using Ubuntu 12.04 server
http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server
Setting Up Ubuntu for NFS
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SettingUpNFSHowTo
iSCSI Server was setup using a Windows 2003 R2 Server (Live demo was setup on Windows 2008 R2)
I installed the Starwind iSCSI SAN Free Edition
http://www.starwindsoftware.com/downloads-free
You will also need to install the Microsoft iSCSI Initiator for 2003
http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=18986
SQL Server
2 processors
2048 mb RAM (depends on size of databases)
8 gig HDD OS drive
15 gig additional storage to install SQL server and maintain databases