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CHUYN :
TR:
h
V= B.h
B : die
n tch a
y
vi
u cao
h: chie
b
a
a
a
V= Bh
B : die
n tch a
y
u cao
h: chie
vi
3. T S TH TCH T
DIN:
Cho khi t din SABC v A, B,
C l cc im ty ln lt
thuc SA, SB, SC ta c:
S
C'
A'
B'
C
VSABC
VSA 'B'C '
SA SB SC
SA ' SB' SC'
II/ Bi tp:
A'
B'
C'
LOI 1:
1) Dng 1:
TH TCH LNG TR
A'
B'
3a
C
a 2
A
a
Li gii:
Ta c
VABC vung cn ti A nn AB = AC = a
ABC A'B'C' l lng tr ng AA ' AB
VAA 'B AA '2 A 'B2 AB2 8a2
AA ' 2a 2
Vy V = B.h = SABC .AA' = a3 2
AB
ABCD
l
hnh
vung
4a
2
5a
2
9a
C
D
Suy ra B = SABCD =
4
Vy V = B.h = SABCD.AA' = 9a3
A
B
V d 3: y ca lng tr ng tam gic ABC.ABC l tam gic u cnh
a = 4 v bit din tch tam gic ABC bng 8. Tnh th tch khi lng tr.
Li gii:
Gi I l trung im BC .Ta c
V ABC u nn
C'
A'
B'
AI
C
I
B
AB 3
2 3 & AI BC
2
A 'I BC(dl3 )
2S
1
SA'BC BC.A 'I A 'I A'BC 4
2
BC
AA ' (ABC) AA ' AI .
VA 'AI AA ' A 'I 2 AI 2 2
Vy : VABC.ABC = SABC .AA'= 8 3
D'
A'
D'
D'
A'
B'
D
A'
Gii
C'
Theo bi, ta c
C C' AA' = BB' = CC' = DD' = 12 cm
nn ABCD l hnh vung c
AB = 44 cm - 24 cm = 20 cm
v chiu cao hp h = 12 cm
B B'
Vy th tch hp l
V = SABCD.h = 4800cm3
B'
C'
D'
B'
A'
D
A
60
2)Dng 2:
Li gii:
Ta c tam gic ABD u nn : BD = a
a2 3
v SABCD = 2SABD =
2
a 3
a 3
2
VDD'B DD' BD'2 BD 2 a 2
a3 6
Vy V = SABCD.DD' =
2
Theo bi BD' = AC = 2
A'
B'
A
60o
B
Li gii:
Ta c A 'A (ABC) A 'A AB& AB l
hnh chiu ca A'B trn y ABC .
ABA ' 60o
Vy gc[A 'B,(ABC)]
VABA ' AA ' AB.tan 600 a 3
1
a2
SABC = BA.BC
2
2
a3 3
Vy V = SABC.AA' =
2
B'
Gii
C'
B'
D'
60
o
30
o
3) Dng 3:
a2 3
4
a2 3
2
VABB' vung tiB BB' ABtan30o a 3
3a3
Vy V B.h SABCD.BB'
2
SABCD 2SABD
ABC =
A
C
2
2
o
60
a3 3
Vy V = SABC.AA' =
B
2
V d 2: y ca lng tr ng tam gic ABC.ABC l tam gic u . Mt
(ABC) to vi y mt gc 300 v din tch tam gic ABC bng 8.
Tnh th tch khi lng tr.
Gii: VABC u AI BC m AA' (ABC)
C'
A'
nn A'I BC (l 3 ).
'IA = 30o
Vy gc[(A'BC);)ABC)] = A
2x 3
x 3 .Ta c
2
2 AI 2 x 3
A' AI : A' I AI : cos 30 0
2x
3
3
Gi s BI = x AI
B'
30o
3
x
3
Vy VABC.ABC = CI.AI.AA = x3 3
M SABC = BI.AI = x.2x = 8 x 2
Do VABC.ABC = 8 3
AA = AI.tan 300 = x 3.
C'
A'
B'
60 0
O
B
Gi O l tm ca ABCD . Ta c
ABCD l hnh vung nn OC BD
CC' (ABCD) nn OC' BD (l 3 ). Vy
gc[(BDC');(ABCD)] = COC'
= 60o
Ta c V = B.h = SABCD.CC'
ABCD l hnh vung nn SABCD = a2
VOCC' vung nn CC' = OC.tan60o = a 6
2
3
a 6
Vy V =
2
D'
A'
C'
B'
2a
o
60
A
o
30
4) Dng 4:
V d 1: Cho lng tr xin tam gic ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic
u cnh a , bit cnh bn l a 3 v hp vi y ABC mt gc 60o .
Tnh th tch lng tr.
A'
C'
B'
A
a
o
60
H
Li gii:
Ta c C'H (ABC) CH l hnh chiu ca
CC' trn (ABC)
C'CH 60o
Vy gc[CC',(ABC)]
3a
VCHC' C'H CC'.sin 600
2
2
a 3
3a 3 3
SABC =
.Vy V = SABC.C'H =
4
8
V d 2: Cho lng tr xin tam gic ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic
u cnh a . Hnh chiu ca A' xung (ABC) l tm O ng trn ngoi tip
tam gic ABC bit AA' hp vi y ABC mt gc 60 .
1) Chng minh rng BB'C'C l hnh ch nht.
2) Tnh th tch lng tr .
Li gii:
C'
1) Ta c A 'O (ABC) OA l hnh chiu
ca AA' trn (ABC)
' 60o
Vy gc[AA ',(ABC)] OAA
Ta c BB'CC' l hnh bnh hnh ( v mt
B'
bn ca lng tr)
AO BC ti trung im H ca BC nn
BC A 'H (l 3 )
BC (AA 'H) BC AA ' m AA'//BB'
60o
A
nn BC BB' .Vy BB'CC' l hnh ch nht.
2
2a 3 a 3
C
2) VABC u nn AO AH
O
3
3 2
3
a
H
VAOA ' A 'O AO t an60o a
a3 3
B
Vy V = SABC.A'O =
4
V d 3: Cho hnh hp ABCD.ABCD c y l hnh ch nht vi
AB = 3 AD = 7 .Hai mt bn (ABBA) v (ADDA) ln lt to vi y
nhng gc 450 v 600. . Tnh th tch khi hp nu bit cnh bn bng 1.
A'
D'
C'
'NH 60o
A 'MH 45o,A
A'
t AH = x . Khi
2x
AN = x : sin 600 =
3
B'
D
C
N
A
H
M
Li gii:
K AH ( ABCD ) ,HM AB, HN AD
A' M AB, A' N AD (l 3 )
3 4x 2
AN = AA' A' N
HM
3
M HM = x.cot 450 = x
2
3 4x 2
3
Ngha l x =
x
3
7
Vy VABCD.ABCD = AB.AD.x
3
= 3. 7.
3
7
LOI 2:
1) Dng 1:
(ASC) (SBC)
a_
C
/
/
1
1 a2 3
a3 3
Do V SSBC .AC
a
3
3 4
12
\
S
A
60o
Li gii:
1) SA (ABC) SA AB &SA AC
m BC AB BC SB ( l 3 ).
Vy cc mt bn chp l tam gic vung.
2) Ta c SA (ABC) AB l hnh chiu
ca SB trn (ABC).
Vy gc[SB,(ABC)] =
SAB 60o .
a
VABC vung cn nn BA = BC =
2
2
1
a
SABC = BA.BC
2
4
a 6
VSAB SA AB.tan60o
2
2
1
1a a 6 a3 6
Vy V SABC .SA
3
34 2
24
A
60 o
a
M
B
Vy gc[(SCD),(ABCD)] = SDA
= 60o .
VSAD vung nn SA = AD.tan60o = a 3
1
1
a3 3
Vy V SABCD .SA a2a 3
3
3
3
2) Ta dng AH SD ,v CD (SAD) (do (1) )
nn CD AH AH (SCD)
Vy AH l khong cch t A n (SCD).
1
1
1
1 1
4
VSAD
S
H
60 o
2) Dng 2 :
A
B
H
a
Li gii:
1) Gi H l trung im ca AB.
VSAB u SH AB
m (SAB) (ABCD) SH (ABCD)
Vy H l chn ng cao ca khi chp.
2) Ta c tam gic SAB u nn SA = a 3
2
3
1
a 3
suy ra V SABCD .SH
3
6
V d 2: Cho t din ABCD c ABC l tam gic u ,BCD l tam gic vung
cn ti D , (ABC) (BCD) v AD hp vi (BCD) mt gc 60o .
Tnh th tch t din ABCD.
Li gii:
A
Gi H l trung im ca BC.
Ta c tam gic ABC u nn AH (BCD) , m
(ABC) (BCD) AH (BCD) .
a
Ta c AH HD AH = AD.tan60o = a 3
a 3
& HD = AD.cot60o =
B
3
60 o
D
H
VBCD BC = 2HD = 2a 3 suy ra
3
C
1
11
a3 3
V = SBCD .AH . BC.HD.AH
3
32
9
V d 3: Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B, c
BC = a. Mt bn SAC vung gc vi y, cc mt bn cn li u to vi mt
y mt gc 450.
a) Chng minh rng chn ng cao khi chp trng vi trung im cnh AC.
b) Tnh th tch khi chp SABC.
S
Li gii:
a) K SH BC v mp(SAC) mp(ABC) nn SH
mp(ABC).
Gi I, J l hnh chiu ca H trn AB v BC
45o
SI AB, SJ BC, theo gi thit
SIH SJH
Ta c: SHI SHJ HI HJ nn BH l
H
A
45
C ng phn gic ca VABC suy ra H l trung
im ca AC.
I
J
3
a
1
a
b) HI = HJ = SH = VSABC= S ABC .SH
B
2
3
12
3) Dng 3 :
Khi chp u
V d 1: Cho chp tam gic u SABC cnh y bng a v cnh bn bng 2a.
Chng minh rng chn ng cao k t S ca hnh chp l tm ca tam gic
u ABC.Tnh th tch chp u SABC .
Li gii:
Dng SO (ABC) Ta c SA = SB = SC suy
ra OA = OB = OC
Vy O l tm ca tam gic u ABC.
Ta c tam gic ABC u nn
2
2a 3 a 3
AO = AH
3
3 2
3
11a2
VSAO SO2 SA 2 OA 2
3
a 11
1
a3 11
SO
.Vy V SABC .SO
3
12
3
S
2a
A
a
H
B
Li gii:
Dng SO (ABCD)
Ta c SA = SB = SC = SD nn
OA = OB = OC = OD ABCD l
hnh thoi c ng trn gnoi tip
nn ABCD l hnh vung .
Ta c SA2 + SB2 = AB2 +BC2 = AC2
a 2
2
3
V 1 S ABCD .SO 1 a 2 a 2 a 2
3
3
2
6
nn VASC vung ti S OS
O
A
Vy V
a3 2
6
C
O
I
H
a
Li gii:
a) Gi O l tm ca ABC DO ( ABC )
1
V S ABC .DO
3
a2 3
2
a 3
, OC CI
S ABC
3
3
4
a 6
DOC vung c : DO DC 2 OC 2
3
1 a 2 3 a 6 a3 2
V
.
3 4
3
12
b) K MH// DO, khong cch t M n
mp(ABC) l MH
1
a 6
MH DO
2
6
1
1 a 2 3 a 6 a3 2
VMABC S ABC .MH
.
3
3 4
6
24
Vy V
a3 2
24
Bi tp tng t:
Bi 1: Cho hnh chp u SABC c cnh bn bng a hp vi y ABC mt gc
3a3
o
60 . Tnh th tch hnh chp.
s: V
16
Bi 2: Cho hnh chp tam gic u SABC c cnh bn a, gc y ca mt bn
l 45o.
a
1) Tnh di chiu cao SH ca chp SABC .
s: SH =
3
a3
2) Tnh th tch hnh chp SABC.
s: V
6
Bi 3: Cho hnh chp tam gic u SABC c cnh y a v mt bn hp vi y
a3 3
o
mt gc 60 . Tnh th tch hnh chp SABC.
s: V
24
Bi 4 : Cho chp tam gic u c ng cao h hp vi mt mt bn mt gc 30o .
h3 3
Tnh th tch hnh chp.
s: V
3
Bi 5 : Cho hnh chp tam gic u c ng cao h v mt bn c gc nh
h3 3
bng 60o. Tnh th tch hnh chp.
s: V
8
o
Bi 6 : Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD c cnh y a v ASB 60 .
a2 3
1) Tnh tng din tch cc mt bn ca hnh chp u.
s: S
3
3
a 2
2) Tnh th tch hnh chp.
s: V
6
1
S ABC .SA v SA a
3
+ ABC cn c : AC a 2 AB a
1
1 1
a3
S ABC a 2 Vy: VSABC . a 2 .a
2
3 2
6
b) Gi I l trung im BC.
SG 2
G l trng tm,ta c :
SI 3
a)Ta c: VS . ABC
N
C
A
M
I
B
// BC MN// BC SM SN SG 2
SB
VSAMN SM SN 4
VSABC
SB SC 9
4
2a 3
Vy: VSAMN VSABC
9
27
SC
SI
AC
,
AB
CD
AB ( ACD )
b)Tac:
AB EC
Ta c:
E
B
DB EC EC ( ABD)
VDCEF DE DF
.
(*)
VDABC DA DB
DE DC 2
a2
1
DA DA2 2a 2 2
DF DC 2
a2
1
Tng t:
DB DB 2 DC 2 CB 2 3
T(*)
3
VDCEF 1
.Vy VDCEF 1 VABCD a
VDABC 6
6
36
M D
A
O
SN
SAND
VSBMN SM SN 1 1 1
1
1
.
. VSBMN VSBCD VSABCD
VSBCD
SC SD 2 2 4
4
8
3
M VSABMN = VSANB + VSBMN = VSABCD .
8
5
Suy ra VABMN.ABCD = VSABCD
8
VSABMN
3
Do : V
5
ABMN . ABCD
+ VSOA c : SO AO.tan 60
I
C
F
O
1
S ABCD .SO vi S ABCD a 2
3
Vy : VS . ABCD
a 6
2
a3 6
Ta c :
SC 2
SAC c trng tm I, EF // BD nn:
VSAMF SM SF 1
SI SF 2
VSACD SC SD 3
SO SD 3
VSAMF
1
1
a3 6
VSACD VSACD
3
6
36
VS . AEMF
a3 6 a3 6
2
36
18
Li gii:
a) Ta c: VS . ABCD
D'
b) Ta c BC ( SAB ) BC AB '
& SB AB ' Suy ra: AB ' ( SBC )
nn AB' SC .Tng t AD' SC.
Vy SC (AB'D')
c) Tnh VS . A B 'C ' D '
B'
C'
.
(*)
VSABC SB SC
SC ' 1
SAC vung cn nn
SC
2
SB ' SA2
2a 2
2a 2 2
Ta c:
2 2
SB SB
SA AB 2 3a 2 3
VSAB ' C '
1
T (*)
VSABC
3
A
O
C
1
a3 2
S ABCD .SA
3
3
1 a 3 2 a3 2
.
3 3
9
2a 3 2
a)Ta c V
1
S ABCD .SA
3
2
2
+ S ABCD (2a) 4a
+ SAC c : SA AC tan C 2a 6
60o
D
2a
1 2
8a 3 6
V 4a .2a 6
3
3
b) K MH / / SA MH ( DBC )
1
1
Ta c: MH SA , S BCD S ABCD
2
2
3
1
2a 6
VMBCD V
4
3
SJH
60O
SEH SFH
SAH SFH SJH nn HE =HF = HJ = r
( r l bn knh ng trn ngai tip ABC )
Ta c SABC = p ( p a )( p b)( p c)
J
A
C vi p = a b c 9a Nn SABC = 9.4.3.2 a 2
60
2
H
S 2 6a
E
F
Mt khc SABC = p.r r
p
3
B
Tam gic vung SHE:
2 6a
SH = r.tan 600 =
. 32 2 a
3
1
2
3
Vy VSABC = 6 6 a .2 2 a 8 3 a .
3
V d 3: Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.ABCD c AB a 3 , AD = a,
AA = a, O l giao im ca AC v BD.
a) Tnh th tch khi hp ch nht, khi chp OABCD
b) Tnh th tch khi OBBC.
S
B
O
M
C
B'
A'
C'
D'
Li gii:
a) Gi th tch khi hp ch nht l V.
Ta c : V AB. AD.AA ' a 3.a 2 a 3 3
ABD c : DB AB 2 AD 2 2a
* Khi OABCD c y v ng cao
1
a3 3
ging khi hp nn: VOA ' B 'C ' D ' V
3
3
b) M l trung im BC OM ( BB ' C ')
1
1 a 2 a 3 a3 3
VO BB 'C ' S BB 'C ' .OM . .
3
3 2 2
12
c) Gi CH l ng cao nh C ca t
3VOBB 'C '
din OBBC. Ta c : C ' H
SOBB '
ABD c : DB AB 2 AD 2 2a
SOBB '
1 2
a C ' H 2a 3
2
Li gii:
Hnh lp phng c chia thnh: khi
ACBD v bn khi CBDC, BBAC,
DACD, ABAD.
+Cc khi CBDC, BBAC, DACD,
ABAD c din tch y v chiu cao
bng nhau nn c cng th tch.
1 1
3 2
2
Khi CBDC c V1 . a .a
A'
B'
1 3
a
6
1
6
1 3
a
3
D'
a
A
I
Li gii:
a) Khi AB BC:Gi I l trung im AB,
VA ' B ' BC
F
C
1
1 a2 a 3 a3 3
S A ' B ' B .CI
.
3
3 2 2
12
A'
AA nn VA 'CEF
J
C'
SCEF
1
SCEF . A ' A
3
1
a2 3
a3 3
VA 'CEF
S ABC
48
4
16
VA ' B ' CF
1
1
a2
SCFB' . A ' J SCFB' SCBB '
3
2
4
VA ' B ' CF
1 a 2 a 3 a3 3
3 4 2
24
+ Vy : VCA'B'FE
a3 3
16