Performance improvement of EGPRS

For bursty traffic: increase protocol

and signalling overhead

LLC frame delay: Short packet

TBF Throughput

data service tends more interference

than voice
DL PC is not as efficient in EDGE as
is for voice
DTX is not applicable ofr EDGE
RTT (round trip time)

www, FTP, Emails

DNS, WAP
throughput reduction factor
cell reselection delay
end to end performance

from service contennt server to

CN to BSS to MS and back

use TCP
use UDP
when high no of MS terminal
attached
cell change during browsing
1. Data Throughput
2. Latency

upper layer effects

for TCP (e.g. web browsing, FTP
download, )

RTT
uplink TBF establishment take
large part of RTT

web browsing (HTTP 1.1)

PDP context activation

DNS query
TCP connection estab
HTTP request for text/ obj

web browsing

first page

second page

small page

Bursty traffic performance can be

improved by reducing radio round By locating RLC/MAC stack
trip time
as close as BTS

takes .5 to 1s
125 ms
20 ms
connection oriented+ reliable
Not conn oriented +unreliable

mobile net
average internet
ISDN

gap in retransmission

Round trip time

header overhead, TCP
connection establishments and
slow start, cellular event over
TCP layr, application layer
protocol

UL TBF est req is bursty. Earlier,

TBF is released when all buffer
data in RLC is sent. Every new
TBF est need 200 to 300 ms
Large file=> less latency
small packet=> high latency

first web page

pdp context activation delay
DNS query
TCP conn establishment
HTTP signalling transaction

RLC Signalling Overhead:

RLC control block needed
for assigning UL TBF
new feature: Introduce a
timer up to which TBF will be
retained for any new bursty
TBF est Req. Thus latency timer is 1
reduced
to 5 s

Pdp context activation not needed

TCP slow start effect

BDP: GPRS
BDP: EGPRS

More in EGPRS as the

transmission window site
need to be fullfilled: 17 kb
6 kb
17 kb

UL
DL

1920 to 1980
2110 to 2170

FDD

CRC

cyclic redundancy check

detect error

FEC
interleaving

forward error correction

error correction
improves error correction

1:2 Demux

in DL

to get double data rate

maps binary bits to real
value symbols

D/A
Channelization code +
Scrambling code
I/Q modulator
Channelization code
correlation

to separate all channels

to reproduce RF signal
a) same channelization code
input data
channelization code in transmitter
transmitted sequence
channelization code in receiver
received sequence
integrate result
divide by code length

different code length is

used for different data
rate

but output will always be 3.84Mchip/s

Cell search

search cell, determine DL scrambling

code + frame sync of that cell

1
1
1
1

by separating even and odd

input bits in separate
branches ( I-branch & Qbranch)
0 to +1 & 1 to -1

1
-1
-1
-1
1
3
1

Digital/ Analog
Mapping

-1
-1
-1
1

PC

1500 times per second

fast power control

cell breathing

size of cell varies depending on traffic

load

at low load

high load

soft HO

handset connected to multiple cells at

diff base station

softer HO

handset connected to multiple cells at

same base station

inter sys HO (to GSM)

1. due to coverage gap in WCDMA 2.

capacity fulled in WCDMA 3. different
service type needed

inter freq HO (more

than one 5MHZ BW)

HO between WCDMA carriers

much like GSM

Channel type switching

different CH to carrry data to maximize

total traffic throughput

common CH

handset momentarily
adjust power to the BS
which requires lowest
transmit power

dedicated CH
call admission control

WCDMA: a trade off between coverage

and capacity

congestion control (CC)

mobility; congestion

to avoid system overload,

to provide planned
coverage
1. congestion control
activated
2. if CC fails; inter or intrafreq HO
3. HO some sub to GSM
4. discontinue connection

synchronization
rab

handset measures sync offeset

between cells and report to network
radio access bearer

or using GPS
1. conversational/speech

2. conversational 64 kbps
3. CS streaming
4. PS streaming
5. interactive
6. background

7. multi rab

traffic varies

1. transmit and receive data over radio

with basic error protection
2. retransmit if error
3. signalling to control the connection
8 kbps voice to 2 mbps data

cs or ps

user data rate

144 kbps (vehicular/ rural)

384 kbps (urban)

transport layers

chip rate
duplexing
BW
service

DS-CDMA (direct sequence CDMA) to

QPSK
3.84 Mchip/s
FDD& TDD
5 Mhz with 200Khz centre freq raster
multi rate & multi service

scrambling code

8192 SC in DL

coding scheme

frame length

spreading seq

16777216 SC in UL
10 ms frame with 15 TS// channel
coding can be changed in every 10 ms
frame
user data seq is multiplied with
"spreading seq" to spread the user bit
in wide BW

512 primary + 15 * 512

secondary

15 TS= 15* 666ms

64 OVSF sequence: each
64 chip long. Each OVSF
is precisely orthogonal
with all other OVSF codes
CDMA adds each symbol
of information to one
complete OVSF code

spreading factor

SPF=Rchip (spreading sequence chip

rate)/Rbit (baseband data rate)

4 to 512

user net bit rate in one code CH

1 to 936 kbps in DL

up to 3 parallel CH can use by one user

3*936= 2.3 Mbps in DL

data rate is half of DL

in UL

spreading process gain

spreading factor 128= 21 db gain

delay spread

amount of multipath propagation in

radio link environment

coherence BW

minimum freq separation of two carriers

that have significantly uncorelated
fading

RAKE receiver

receives and combines difference

multipath delayed elements of received
signal

while MS moves
maximum capacity
HO GSM (hard)
HO WCDMA (soft)

HO WCDMA (softer)

fast + slow fading + external

interference + shadowing + Other
factors
Eb/No is minimum for all MS for
acceptable call quality
break before make
make before break
MS can be connected to more than 2
BTS during HO as all cell use same
freq
where radio links that are added and
removed belong to same Node-B

GSM (FDMA & TDMA) cannot discriminate between multipath

UMTS (WCDMA)

combines all multipath signal by all

RAKE receivers to get even stronger
signal

DS: Urban (5 microsec)

thus increase received

signal power

less power need

then system make

equalization to mitigate
negative effect of
multipath

HO Zone (WCDMA)

soft or softer HO implies significant cost size of HO zone should be

in capacity
decreased
interference directly limits capacity

pilot pollution

DL capacity

often caused by high

one of biggest interference problem is
elevation sites with big RF
pilot pollution
coverage than normal

During a busy hour an average user

downloads 10 Mbits with 384 kbits/s, 2
Mbits with 144 kbits/s and makes one
60-second voice call. Data has to be
retransmitted 1.1 times because of
network conditions.
Used kbits/s per user per busy hour
downlink only are:
Service Rate
(10000 kbits / 3600 sec) x 1.1*)
(2000 kbits / 3600 sec) x 1.1*)
(60sec x 12.2 kbits/s) / 3600 sec
Total

Average Rate
3.06 kbits/s
0.61 kbits/s
0.20 kbits/s
3.87 kbits/s / user / busy
hour

If a cell capacity is estimated to be 500

kbits/s, each cell can be dimensioned
for about 129 users.
coverage shrinks

link balance 2G
link balance 3G

low traffic-early morning- long coverage

high traffic-evening-cell border shrinks- need even distribution of
border subscriber out of network
traffic between neighbors
UL & DL balanced
Unbalanced. Any one of the links can
change coverage or capacity of the cell

BS will receive same power

level from all handset
good quality from long
distance

good quality from short

distance

cell size extend

cell size shrinks

because at high load

mobile must transmit
additional power to
overcome interference.
As a result maximum
path loss that can be
tolerated within a cell is
decreased and cell
shrinks effectively
no more call will be
allowed when cell noise
rise will reach 6 db (75%
load)

additional HW needed on
network side + Handset
need multiple connection

compressed mode: first 5

ms to send all info of GSM
neighbors and rest 5 ms for
other systems

less info. Less spectrum

efficient

reduce delay as
many sub can
share same
resource

much info to transmit (i.e.

voice, web download)

utilize radio
efficiently

PC and soft HO

7680

maximize net usage with a

defined set net quality
reduce bit rate of non-real
time application
move some subs to less
loaded freq

low delay, strict ordering

480
0.66
to protect quality
of remaining
connections

voice

12.2 kbps CS

1920
960000

moderate delay, strict

ordering

CS

64 kbps cs

watch movie clip

57.6 kbps cs
16/64 max, 8/54
guranteed

moderate delay

web surfing

no delay

file transfer

combination of
conversational speech and
interactive 64/64

2 mbps (stationary/ dense

urban or indoor)

512 primary/ 64 code group

= 8 codes each group

666ms=2560 chips

Faster Symbol rate requires

shorter OVSF codes: 4 chip/
8 chip
that OVSF and
all replica
when short OVSF code is
descendants
selected for data channel
down the tree
with fast symbol rate: why? are blocked and
cannot by
reused by other

variable rate packet

switched. RACH/FACH,
64/64, 64/128, 64/384,
64/HS, 384/HS

More Fast data

channels =
supply of
available OVSF
codes diminish
quickly
chip rate/data rate => QPSK

SPF= 256

30kbps/(15k
symbols/s) =>
3840k/ 15k

solution is to use all

multipath component
using RAKE receiver

DS >> chip
duartion means
WCDMA chip duration: 0.26
high multipath
Microsec
fading (WB freq
selective fading)
GSM BW 0.2 Mhz << 0.32
Mhz coherence BW

less multipath

advantage over GSM

less interference

more capacity

HO zone should be shifted

from high traffic area to low
traffic area
which creates lot of HO
zone i.e lot of MS will be in
HO zone => high transmit
power in the carrier => high
interference

downtilt

Orthogonal OVSF

Two Binary numbers

14
4

First change 0 to 1 and 1 to -1

then multiply term by term
then add row by row result will be
Zero
so this two number is orthogonal

0
0
1
1
1

1
0
-1
1
-1

1
1
-1
-1
1

0
1
1
-1
-1

0
1
1
-1
-1

1
1
-1
-1
1

1
0
-1
1
-1

0
0
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
1

1
1
-1
-1
1

1
1
-1
-1
1

0
0
1
1
1

0110011001100110
0011110011000011

Orthogonal OVSF

Two Binary numbers

First change 0 to 1 and 1 to -1
then multiply term by term
then add row by row result will be
Zero
so this two number is not orthogonal

14
14

0
0
1
1
1
1

1
1
-1
-1
1

1
1
-1
-1
1

0
0
1
1
1

0
1
1
-1
-1

1
1
-1
-1
1

1
0
-1
1
-1

0
0
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
1

1
0
-1
1
-1

1
1
-1
-1
1

0
1
1
-1
-1

0
0
1
1
1

1
1
-1
-1
1

1
1
-1
-1
1

0
0
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
1

1
1
-1
-1
1

1
1
-1
-1
1

0
0
1
1
1

0000000000000000
0000000011111111

00

0000
0011

00000000
00001111 0000111100001111
0000111111110000
0011001100110011
00110011 0011001111001100
00111100
0011110000111100
0011110011000011

0101010101010101
0101010110101010

01

307200 sy/s
1228800 c/s
3840000 c/s

1
1

1
-1

0101
0110

01010101
01011010 0101101001011010
0101101010100101
0110011001100110
01100110 0110011010011001
01101001
0110100101101001
0110100110010110

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
-1
-1

1
-1
-1

1.92

=3.84/2

3.84

http://www.telecomhall.com/what-is-ecio-and-ebno.aspx
http://www.gaussianwaves.com/2008/11/relation-between-ebn0-and-snr-2/
10.165.240.200 (CME)

Search for primary synchronization channels (P-SCHs);

Once such a channel is found, acquire time-slot synchronization from it;
Acquire frame synchronization from the corresponding S-SCH;
Acquire the primary scrambling code from the corresponding CPICH;
Decode system information from the cell to check whether it is a suitable cell for camping (i.e., it contains the
right PLMN code and access to it is allowed).
http://dc204.4shared.com/doc/geXhI8_d/preview.html#5.3.Inter-RAT Handover Problems|outline

roll off factor

hspa
processing gain
KBT

sensitivity

3.84 from 5 Mhz

unlimited user possible (limited by feature)
10 log10(chip rate/service rate)
-108 (thermal noise)
-5 db
-108-(-5)=-103
-103-25 = -128
hamming number

0.22 for UMTS

15 codes shared by any number of user
25
interference margin
higher service, less sensitivity
number of error

Service Type

Eb/No Requirement

PG

UMTS

UMTS

RAB
Type
Conversational/ Speech CS
Conversational/ Speech CS
Streaming
CS
Streaming
PS
Interactive/ Background PS

Speed (kbps)
12.2
64
57.6
16/64 (max)
8/54 (Guaranteed)
64/384 (max)

Multi

CS

12.2 (AMR)

PS

64/64

TABLE II
TRAFFIC CLASSES AND CHANNELS MAPPING
3GPP Trafc Classes Authorised Transport Channel(s)
Conversational DCH
Interactive FACH, DSCH or DCH
Streaming DCH
Background FACH, DSCH or DCH

Radio Bearer
Speech 4.75
Speech 12.2
Data 64
Data 128
Data 144
Data 384
Data 2048
Speech 12.2 + Data 64

SF_DL
256
128
32
16
16
8
8
32

SF_UL
128
64
16
8
8
4
4
16

SF

Symbole rate (ksps)

512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4

7.5
15
30
60
120
240
480
960

Channel bit rate(QPSK) Channel bit rate(16 QAM)

15
30
30
60
60
120
120
240
240
480
480
960
960
1920
1920
3840

SF

Service
AMR speech + emergency
calls
Video Telephony
Streaming
Streaming
Email(bkg), web browsing(int)
etc.
Conversational (CS) +
Interactive (PS)

Channel bit rate(64 QAM)

45
90
180
360
720
1440
2880
5760

3GPP
Release

Categ
ory

Max.
number of

Code rate at
Modulation[note 1]

HS-DSCH
codes

MIMO, MultiCell

Max. data
rate

max. data rate[note

[Mbit/s][note
2]
3]

Release 5

5 16-QAM

0.76

1.2

Release 5

5 16-QAM

0.76

1.2

Release 5

5 16-QAM

0.76

1.8

Release 5

5 16-QAM

0.76

1.8

Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19

5
5
10
10
15
15
5
5
15
15
15
15
15

0.76
0.76
0.75
0.76
0.7
0.97
0.76
0.76
0.82
0.98
0.81
0.97
0.82

3.6
3.6
7.2
7.2
10.1
14
0.9
1.8
17.6
21.1
23.4
28
35.3

Release 7
Release 8
Release 8
Release 8
Release 8

20
21
22
23
24

15
15
15
15
15

0.98
0.81
0.97
0.82
0.98

28
23.4
28
35.3
42.2

Release 9

25

15 16-QAM

0.81

46.7

Release 9

26

15 16-QAM

0.97

55.9

Release 9

27

15 64-QAM

0.82

70.6

Release 9
Release 10

28
29

15 64-QAM
15 64-QAM

0.98
0.98

84.4
63.3

Release 10
Release 10

30
31

15 64-QAM
15 64-QAM

0.98
0.98

126.6
84.4

Release 10
Release 11

32
33

15 64-QAM
15 64-QAM

0.98
0.98

168.8
126.6

16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
QPSK
QPSK
64-QAM
64-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
16-QAM (MIMO)
16-QAM
16-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM

MIMO 2x2
MIMO 2x2
MIMO 2x2
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell
Dual-Cell
Dual-Cell
Dual-Cell
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Triple-Cell
Triple-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Quad-Cell
Quad-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Hexa-Cell

Release 11
Release 11

34
35

15 64-QAM
15 64-QAM

Release 11

36

15 64-QAM

Release 11

37

15 64-QAM

Release 11

38

15 64-QAM

Hexa-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Octa-Cell
Octa-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 4x4
Quad-Cell +
MIMO 4x4

0.98
0.98

253.2
168.8

0.98

337.5

0.98

168.8

0.98

337.5

3GPP TS 25.102 6.2.1 specifies the

following maximum transmit powers per
power class:
Power Class

Nominal Tolerance
maximu
m output
power

+33 dBm

+24 dBm

+21 dBm

+27 dBm

+1 dB /
dB
+1 dB /
dB
+2 dB /
dB
+1 dB /
dB

-3
-3
-2
-3

RRC Reporting events or Handover events are sent from RBS or UE to trigger the different handover procedures in the RNC. The genertion
event 1A: A Primary CPICH enters the reporting range; addition of a radio link.
event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range; removal of a radio link.
event 1C: A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH; replacement of the worst cell in AS.
event 1D: Change of best cell
event 1E: A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
event 1F: A Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold
event 1G: Change of best cell (TDD)
event 1H: Timeslot ISCP below a certain threshold (TDD)
event 1I: Timeslot ISCP above a certain threshold (TDD)
Event 2a: Change of best frequency

Event 2b: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequ
Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold

Event 2d: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold; start compressed mode to measure inter-freq
Event 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certain threshold

Event 2f: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold; stop compressed mode & stop measure interEvent 3a: The estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of the other
Event 3b: The estimated quality of other system is below a certain threshold
Event 3c: The estimated quality of other system is above a certain threshold
Event 3d: Change of best cell in other system
event 4 A: Transport Channel Traffic Volume becomes larger than an absolute threshold
event 4 B: Transport Channel Traffic Volume becomes smaller than an absolute threshold
event 5A: A predefined number of bad CRCs is exceeded
event 6A: The UE Tx power becomes larger than an absolute threshold; start compressed mode
event 6B: The UE Tx power becomes less than an absolute threshold; stop compressed mode
event 6C: The UE Tx power reaches its minimum value
event 6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value
event 6E: The UE RSSI reaches the UE's dynamic receiver range
event 6F: The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a RL included in the active set becomes larger than an absolute threshold
event 6G: The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a RL included in the active set becomes less than an absolute threshold

Event 7a: The UE position changes more than an absolute threshold

Event 7b: SFN-SFN measurement changes more than an absolute threshold
Event 7c: GPS time and SFN time have drifted apart more than an absolute threshold

For details, see 3GPP TS 25.331 - Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification.

UE RRC CELL STATES (UMTS- 3G)

UE RRC CELL STATES (UMTS- 3G)
------------------------------------RRC ( Radio resource control) is also called as packet data transfer state.
=> The RRC handles the Control plane signalling at layer 3 between the UE and the RAN(Radio access networ
RRC allows the a dialog between the RAN and the UE and also between UE and the core network.
RRC connection is a logical connection between the UE and the RAN.
There can only be one RRC connection per UE.
When there is a signalling connection between the UE and the RAN , there is an RRC Connection and
When the UE connection is known in the cell level it is either in
CELL_FACH
CELL_DCH
CELL_PCH state.
The RRC Connection mobility is handled by handover procedures and cell updates.
If the UE leaves the UTRAN connected mode and returns to idle mode, the RRC connection is release
1. IDLE State :
UE doesnt transmit
Transmits only rarely : a) Location area update b) Routing area update . Both of these are extremely infrequen
UE 1) monitors radio environment 2) listen to CPICH of camped cell & ngb cells 3) listen PICH (only pa
Radio. Remains inactive most of the time only wakes up every IDLE_DRX_cycle
RRC connection is lost during this state.. For new data transmission control channel first to activate then t
3. CELL_PCH state:
CELL_PCH
UE has RRC connection but uses seldom
no user data is sent
UE can operate at a very low power consumption
UE informs network whenever it camps to a new cell (more frequent than location area update in idle mode..
To update network, UE swich to CELL_FACH state temporarily
UE listens to same channel as in IDLE state
Radio. Remains inactive most of the time only wakes up every CELL_PCH_DRX cycle
Control channel remains active.so, data transmission is faster with less signaling (than IDLE channel)

If the network wants to make any activity it has to make a paging request on the PCCH logical channel in the kn
The UE initiates a cell update only when its selects a new cell. The Only function in keeping the UE in CELL_PCH
UE moves to another cells. to reduce this function of UE in this state it is moved to URA_PCH when low activity is
WHEN MOBILE IS MOVING FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER CELL IT SHOULD PERFORM HANDOVER THEN MOBILE R
The UE state changes from CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH state when there is an uplink activity from the UE for new

URA_PCH
network update only when change in URA (URA is a large number of cells)
Less cell update transmission (depends on URA REGISTRATION AREA definition and DRX Cycle. DRX cycle usuall

2. CELL_FACH State:
UE in connected mode
UE uses common or shared channel
CELL_FACH state is used for transmission & reception of short data packet
Uplink. RACH is used Downlink FACH is used
In this state the UE monitors a forward access channel (FACH).

In this state the UE is able to transmit uplink control signals and may be able to transmit small data packets on

If data transmission is of small amout of data then CELL_FACH State will come in to picture
A transition from CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH occurs when a dedicated transport channel is established through e


In this cell state the UE constiniously monitors data state, when the data services are inactive for a while it
activity timer(T313). When the timer expires the UE is moved to CELL_PCH to reduce UE power consumptio

The UE is moved from CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH state in oder to perform cell update procedure(handove
CELL_PCH if there is no data activity to be performed by the UE or the network.

When the RRC connection is released the UE back in the IDLE mode.

1. CELL_DCH State :
Connected mode
Use dedicated channel or "high speed downlink shared channel" (HS-DSCH) and/or "Enhanced dedicated chann
Ideal for transmission & reception of large volume of data

This state is characterized by dedicated transport channel to the UE.

The UE is transferred from an IDLE mode to CELL_DCH mode through a setup of RRC connection
or
By establishing a dedicated channel from CELL_FACH state.
Transition from CELL_DCH state to IDLE state is realised through the relaese of RRC Connection.
When mobile is moving from idle mode to dedicated mode and data tranmission is of large amount of da
Transition from CELL_DCH substate to CELL_FACH substate is performed when the last active NRT DCH is release

URA and URA_PCH State:

----------------------------------
URA MEANS UTRAN REGISTRATION AREA
THE AREA COVERED BY ONE RNC IS KNOWN AS URA . ( RNC in 3G , BSC in 2G)
SO WHEN MOBILE IS MOVING FROM one URA AREA TO ANOTHER URA AREA THEN LOCATION UPDATE SHOULD B

When the UE is in this cell state it performs cell updates, but if the UE is in continious mobility and is updating
URA_PCH. Becoz in cell_pch the position of the UE is known in the cell level and everytime it moves from one c
defeats the pupose of keeping the UE in the cell-pch state. In the CELL-PCH state the UE is in connected mode a
IDLE.
When the UE is in URA_PCH it only updates the UTRAN when the UE changes the URA .
Also the service providers can define one CELL with Multiple URA's. For example a slow moving UE can be defin

One cell may belong to several diffrent URAs and the UEs in that cell may have been registered to diffrent URA
Battery consumption:
Approximately:
IDLE : 1 unit
CELL_PCH : <2 unit (depends on DRX ratio in idle & mobility)
URA_PCH : < CELL_PCH in mobility
=CELL_PCH in static
CELL_FACH : 40 units
CELL_DCH : 100 units

UMTS CELL SELECTION AND RESELECTION: A DETAILED ANALYSIS

The purpose of cell reselection is tocontinuouslyre-selectthe most suitable cell in the network when UE is not o
1. Intra frequency cell reselection : occurs between cells on the same radio frequency.
2. Inter frequency cell reselection : occurs between cells on different radio frequenies with no interruption of its
3. Inter-RAT cell reselection : : happens between cells on different radio access technologies.

UE performs location registration if the new cell belongs to a different registration area.
During cell reselection UE takes measurement of the serving cell as well as he neighbour cells provided in S

The S-criteria (Suitable Criteria) and R-criteria (Ranking Criteria) are calculated for each measured cells. All suita
current serving cell for Treselection second and UE has camped on current serving cell for at leas one second
S-Criteria
It determines whether a cell is suitable. Cell must meet the following criteria to be suitable.
Srxlev > 0 and Squal > 0
Where, Srxlev = Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
Squal = Qqualmeas - Qqualmin
refer: 3GPP TS 25.331
R-Criteria
It determine the ranking of the serving cell and other suitable neighbour cell. The highest ranked cell is chosen
Rs = Qmeas,s+ Qhyst
Qmeas,s = measured quality of serving cell
Qhyst,s = hysteresis applied to serving cell.
Qmeas,s stands for measured CPICH RSCP and CPICH Ec/I0 .

UE chooses the highest ranking cell to camp on if the cell ranks higher than the current serving cell for Treselec
second. The parameter Treselection is defined by UTRAN in SIB-3 or SIB-4

the the position of the UE is known on cell level.

d read paging channel or not)

UE can be defined in larger URA's.

http://victor8481.tistory.com/90

+ve

-ve

Eb

Bit Energy

Energy per bit

No

Spectral density of noise

mWatt/Hz

Eb/No

Bit energy on Spectral noise density

dB

Io
E
Eb, Ec,
Es

Interference in the broadband

Signal avg energy
Energy per bit, chip, symbol

Ec/Io

Chip energy on total interference in

Broadband spectrum

Es
k

Eb*k
number of bit per symbol

dBm

watt

10*10log(W)+30

Five sectors' signal coming to UE(all RxLev -90 dBm)

Ec
2W
Io
8*5=40 W
Ec/Io
0.05
-13
more sectors serve the mobile, Ec/Io worsens more, more pilot pollution
Ec/Io ~ -10 is considerbaly good

Table:1
BER for 2G system
EbNo(dB) power of signal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

BER(dB)
0.1449
0.1062
0.0722
0.0447
0.0247
0.0118
0.0048
0.0015
0.0004
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

max DCH power

service
AMR
CS
CS
PS

data rate
(kbps)
12.2
64
128
64

target
BLER
(1%)

dBm
1%
1%
1%
5%

watt
31.5
36
36
36.5

1.4
4
4
4.5

PS
PS
PS

128
144
384

5%
5%
5%

37
37
37

5
5
5

noise generated by the RF components of the system, air, others

so, amount of energy>> total noise generated by RF components
interfering co-channel including own sector
not signal avg power

Chip energy<< total interference

QPSK (2), 16QAM (4), 64QAM (6)

-96
-83

91
Service type => Required BER
Required BER => required Eb/No

Required service speed => available PG

fn(required Eb/No, available PG) => required Ec/Io (SIR)
required Ec/Io => design network accordingly
Voice
cs video call
ps
ps
ps
hsdpa/hsupa

Table:2
BER for 2G system
EbNo(dB) power of signal
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

capacity (users)
10.7
3.8
3.8
3.4

3
3
3

varies on - environment, urban, rural, suburba, speed, diversity,

power control, application type, different bearer
detected in the baseband after de-spreading & decoding only for
one user.

measured in receiver (nodeB, UE)

received Ec
received Io
db

DL

UL
12.2
64
64
128
384
14000

12.2
64
64
64
64
5700

0.01

BER(dB)
0.0947
0.0566
0.0293
0.0137
0.0054
0.0019
0.0006
0.0001
0
0
0

coverage
radius

area
101%
96%
86%
100%

103%
91%
75%
100%

max BER
1E-03
1E-06
1E-01
1E-01
1E-01
1E-01

91%
88%
67%

84%
77%
45%

UE in 3G coverage facing congestion will not set up call in 2G (no directed retry). Check Load HO issue
congestion types:
Code congestion
power congestion
CE congestion
User limit congestion
Load factor increase
iub BW congestion

not for HSDPA

only for R99

increase power put new site
per WBBP card 384 CE
buy CE
install another WBBP card
HSDPA user limit
32
not cell/site load, rather cluster load need go up to ~80% to make the system collapsed.

R99 codes not sharable R99 code congestion can be reduced by downgrading existing services to lower code. This flexibility
HSDPA codes can be shared by any number of users

. Check Load HO issue

max 3 WBBP car per nodeB

ke the system collapsed.

services to lower code. This flexibility is vendor specific. GP's network probably dont allow this (to ensure better QoS)

power increase will increase the coverage of the cell, will create worse Ec/Io for ngb cell

xibility is vendor specific. GP's network probably dont allow this (to ensure better QoS)