Đặc Điểm Lâm Học, Khả Năng Gây Trồng

MC LC
Trang
MC LC..................................................................................................................................
DANH MC T VIT TT .................................................................................................
DANH MC CC BNG ......................................................................................................
DANH MC HNH V V S ....................................................................................
DANH MC NH ...................................................................................................................
I. T VN ...................................................................................................................... 1
II. MC TIU CA TI .............................................................................................. 2
1. Mc tiu chung .....................................................................................................................2
2. Mc tiu c th .....................................................................................................................2
III. TNG QUAN TNH HNH NGHIN CU TRONG V NGOI NC...... 2
1. Trn th gii..........................................................................................................................2
1.1.c im phn loi............................................................................................................2
1.2. c im phn b .............................................................................................................3
1.3. c im sinh thi ............................................................................................................3
1.4. Cc nghin cu khoa hc v Chm ngy.......................................................................3
1.5. Nghin cu v kh nng s dng Chm ngy chit sut nhin liu sinh hc v
kh Biogas ..................................................................................................................................6
1.6. Nghin cu v cc bin php gy trng cy Chm ngy theo mc ch lm nghip .6

1.7. Gi tr kinh t ....................................................................................................................8
2. Trong nc ............................................................................................................................8
2.1. c im phn loi ..........................................................................................................8
2.2. c im phn b .............................................................................................................8
2.3. c im hnh thi hc ....................................................................................................9
2.4. Cc nghin cu v Chm ngy ti Vit Nam ................................................................9
2.5. Th trng v gi tr kinh t ca Chm ngy ..............................................................10
IV. NI DUNG, VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ........................ 11
1. Ni dung nghin cu .........................................................................................................11
1.1. iu tra, nh gi hin trng phn b ca loi cy Chm ngy v thc trng gy
trng ca cy Chm ngy. Thu thp ngun vt liu ging (hom cnh, ht) ca cy
Chm ngy ti Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn ...................................................................11
1.2. Nghin cu c im lm hc (hnh thi, t thnh, lp a) v iu kin gy
trng ca loi cy Chm ngy trong iu kin phn b t nhin v gy trng ti vng
Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn..............................................................................................11
1.3. Nghin cu cc bin php nhn ging cy Chm ngy.............................................11
1.4. Nghin cu cc bin php k thut lm sinh gy trng (Mt , phng thc
trng) loi Chm ngy ti Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn ...............................................11
1.5. Bc u nghin cu kh nng s dng v tnh a tc dng ca Chm ngy.......11
1.6. Xy dng m hnh trng Chm ngy quy m h gia nh, trang tri v tp hun,
chuyn giao cng ngh gim hom, nui cy m v k thut trng cy Chm ngy cho
ngi dn ti Ninh thun, Kon Tum ....................................................................................11
2. Vt liu nghin cu ............................................................................................................11
3. Phng php nghin cu...................................................................................................12
3.1. Thu thp cc ti liu lin quan......................................................................................12
3.2. Phng php ngoi nghip ...........................................................................................12
3.2.1. i vi ni dung 1 .......................................................................................................12
3.2.2. i vi ni dung 2 .......................................................................................................13
3.2.3.Phng php i vi ni dung 3.................................................................................15
3.2.4. Phng php i vi ni dung 4 ...............................................................................17
3.2.5. i vi ni dung 5 .......................................................................................................20
3.2.6. Phng php vi ni dung th 6 ...............................................................................20
3.3. Phng php qun l d liu v x l s liu nghin cu ..........................................22
V. KT QU THC HIN TI ............................................................................... 23
1. Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc ...........................................................................................23
1.1. c im khu vc nghin cu .......................................................................................23
1.1.1. c im khu vc tnh Ninh Thun ..........................................................................23
1.1.2. c im khu vc tnh Bnh Thun ..........................................................................26
1.1.3. c im khu vc tnh Kon Tum ..............................................................................29
1.2. iu tra, nh gi hin trng phn b ca loi cy Chm ngy v thc trng gy
trng ca cy Chm ngy ti vng Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn ................................33
1.2.1. Phn b Chm ngy trong t nhin...........................................................................33
1.2.2. Tnh hnh gy trng Chm ngy ................................................................................35

1.3. Nghin cu c im lm hc v iu kin gy trng ca loi cy Chm ngy ti
vng Nam Trung B ...............................................................................................................36
1.3.1. c im hnh thi hc ...............................................................................................36
1.3.2. c im sinh thi .......................................................................................................40
1.3.3. c im v vt hu hc.............................................................................................41
1.3.4. c im v iu kin t ai v lp a ca Chm ngy......................................44
1.3.5. c im sinh trng Chm ngy.............................................................................51
1.4. Nghin cu cc bin php nhn ging cy Chm ngy.............................................56
1.4.1. Nghin cu v tr ly hom v s dng cht iu ha sinh trng gim hom
Chm ngy ..............................................................................................................................56
1.4.2. nh gi sinh trng cy con Chm ngy to bng phng php gieo ht ........59
1.4.3. Nghin cu kh nng to cy con bng nui cy m t bo ..................................62
1.5. Nghin cu cc bin php k thut lm sinh gy trng (M t , phng thc
trng) loi Chm ngy ti Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn ...............................................63
1.5.1. Gy trng theo cng thc mt ..............................................................................64
1.5.2. Gy trng theo phng thc ......................................................................................66
1.6. Bc u nghin cu kh nng s dng v tnh a tc dng ca Chm ngy.......70
1.6.1. Nghin cu v tnh a tc dng ca ht chm ngy ...............................................70
1.6.2. Nghin cu v tnh a tc dng trong l Chm ngy..............................................76
1.6.3. Nghin cu v tnh a tc dng thn cy Chm ngy ............................................78
1.6.4. Nghin cu tnh a tc dng ca V ht Chm ngy .............................................80
ngi dn ti Ninh thun, Kon Tum ....................................................................................82
1.7.1. Xy dng m hnh trng Chm ngy quy m trang tri ti Ninh Thun .............82
1.7.2. Xy dng m hnh trng Chm ngy quy m h gia nh ti Kon Tum .............84
1.7.3. Chuyn giao cng ngh gim hom, gieo ht v k thut trng cy Chm ngy
cho ngi dn ti Ninh thun, Kon Tum.............................................................................87
2. Tng hp cc sn phm ti ..........................................................................................89
2.1. Cc sn phm khoa hc .................................................................................................89
2.2. Kt qu o to/tp hun cho cn b hoc nng dn................................................91
3. nh gi tc ng ca kt qu nghin cu .....................................................................91
3.1. Hiu qu mi trng ......................................................................................................91

3.2. Hiu qu kinh t - x hi................................................................................................91
3.3. Tnh hnh th trng v lin kt vi doanh nghip tiu th sn phm ................92
3.4. Cc li ch/tc ng khc ..............................................................................................92
4. T chc thc hin v s dng kinh ph ...........................................................................93
4.1. T chc thc hin ...........................................................................................................93
4.2. S dng kinh ph .............................................................................................................93
VI. KT LUN V NGH.......................................................................................... 94
1. Kt lun ...............................................................................................................................94
1.1. c im lm hc Chm ngy ......................................................................................94
1.2. Cc bin php nhn ging .............................................................................................94
1.3. Kh nng gy trng Chm ngy ...................................................................................95
1.4. Tnh a tc dng .............................................................................................................95
2. Tn ti..................................................................................................................................96
3. ngh ................................................................................................................................96
TI LIU THAM KHO ......................................................................................................
DANH MC T VIT TT
AVRDC
Asian Vegetable research and Development Center
BVPTR
Bo v pht trin rng
CN
Chm ngy
D00
ng knh gc
D1.3
ng knh ngang ngc
GIS
Geographical Information Systems
Hvn
Chiu cao vt ngn
NN&PTNT
Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn
OTC
U
tiu chun
Tiu chun U Mann - Whitney
DANH MC CC BNG
Trang
Bng 4.1. Cng thc t thnh ti OTC ................................................................................ 33
Bng 4.2. Kt qu phng vn phn b Chm ngy ........................................................... 35
Bng 4.3. Tng hp c im hnh thi hc cy Chm ngy........................................... 36
Bng 4.4. Ch tiu sinh trng trung bnh ca cy mu ti .............................................. 39
Bng 4.5. Cc ch tiu v sn lng qu ti Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun ....................... 39
Bng 4.6. So snh s khc bit v s lng qu ti ........................................................... 39
Bng 4.7. So snh c tnh sinh thi cy Chm ngy vi iu kin ................................ 41
Bng 4.8. Tng hp kt qu v nghin cu vt hu Chm ngy trong 3 nm ti Ninh
Thun v Bnh Thun ............................................................................................................42
Bng 4.9. Phn chia dng lp a loi cy Chm ngy ..................................................... 44
Bng 4.10. Tng hp kt qu phn tch t ti Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun nm 2010 47
Bng 4.11. Tng hp kt qu phn tch t ti Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun nm 2011 49
Bng 4.12: Sinh trng v ng knh ngang ngc ca Chm ngy ............................. 51
Bng 4.13: Sinh trng v chiu cao vt ngn ca Chm ngy ...................................... 52
Bng 4.15. nh hng ca thuc kch thch ra r i vi gim hom Chm ngy ........ 58
Bng 4.16. Cht lng cy con Chm ngy 5 tun tui ................................................... 61
Bng 4.17. Sinh trng ng knh gc v chiu cao cy con Chm ngy ................... 61
Bng 4.18. Kt qu nui cy m t bo Chm ngy trong cc mi trng.................... 62
Bng 4.19. Sinh trng ng knh gc Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun v Kon Tum ...... 64
Bng 4.20. Sinh trng chiu cao Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun v Kon Tum ................ 65
Bng 4.21. Sinh trng Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun trng vo 2/2011 .......................... 65
Bng 4.22. Cht lng Chm ngy theo cng thc mt .............................................. 66
Bng 4.23. Sinh trng ng knh gc Chm ngy theo cc phng thc trng ....... 67
Bng 4.24. Sinh trng ng knh Chm ngy theo cc phng thc trng .............. 67
Bng 4.25. Cht lng Chm ngy theo phng thc trng............................................ 68
Bng 4.26. Tnh cht ca du ht Chm ngy.................................................................... 70
Bng 4.27. Tnh cht ca Metyl este t du Chm ngy .................................................. 71
Bng 4.28. Hm lng Lipit tng trong ht Chm ngy .................................................. 72
Bng 4.29. Thnh phn cc axit bo trong ht Chm ngy .............................................. 73

Bng 4.30. Hm lng cc nguyn t vi lng v kim loi nng trong ht ................... 74
Bng 4.31. Hm lng acid tng s trong ht Chm ngy............................................... 75
Bng 4.32. Kt qu phn tch mu l Chm ngy ............................................................. 76
Bng 4.33. Kt qu kim nghim dinh dng trong mu l cy Chm ngy ................ 77
Bng 4.34. Kt qu phn tch mu thn cy Chm ngy .................................................. 79
Bng 4.35. Kt qu phn tch hm lng lipit tng v m trong mu ti l v cnh
cy Chm ngy ....................................................................................................................... 79
Bng 4.36. Hm lng cc nguyn t vi lng v kim loi nng trong v ht Chm
ngy ..........................................................................................................................................80
Bng 4.37. Thnh phn Axit Bo c trong v ht Chm ngy ........................................ 80
Bng 4.38. Sinh trng chiu cao v ng knh Chm ngy 6 thng tui ti Ninh
Thun .......................................................................................................................................82
Bng 4.39. nh gi cht lng Chm ngy 6 thng tui ti Ninh Thun ......................... 82
Bng 4.40. Sinh trng chiu cao v ng knh Chm ngy 1 nm tui ti Ninh
Thun .......................................................................................................................................83
Bng 4.41. nh gi cht lng Chm ngy 1 nm tui ti Ninh Thun....................... 84
Bng 4.42. Sinh trng chiu cao v ng knh Chm ngy 4 thng tui ti Kon Tum
.................................................................................................................................................. 85
Bng 4.42. nh gi cht lng Chm ngy 4 thng tui ti Kon Tum ......................... 85
DANH MC HNH V V S
Trang
S 1.1. Vai tr ch yu ca cy Chm ngy ...................................................................4
S 2.1: S b tr th nghim la chn loi hom gim .............................................16
S 2.2: S b tr th nghim gim hom c s dng thuc iu ha sinh trng .16
S 2.3: S b tr th nghim mt trng Chm ngy ...........................................18
S 2.6. S phi tr im gieo trng theo cng thc mt 1200 cy/ha (2x4m)
..................................................................................................................................................19
S 2.7. S phi tr im gieo trng trn cc m hnh ti Ninh Thun v Kon
Tum (2x4m) ............................................................................................................................21
Hnh 4.1. Biu t l hom sng ca Chm ngy ti cc v tr ly hom ....................... 56
Hnh 4.2. Biu t l sng ca hom Chm ngy di nh hng ca cht kch thch
sinh trng ..............................................................................................................................58
DANH MC NH
Trang
nh 1. Hnh thi thn cy Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun ..................................................... 38
nh 2. Hnh thi thn cy Chm ngy ti Bnh Thun ..................................................... 38
nh 3. L v hoa Chm ngy ............................................................................................... 38
nh 4. Hoa Chm ngy ......................................................................................................... 38
nh 5. Qu Chm ngy ......................................................................................................... 38
nh 6. Ht Chm ngy .......................................................................................................... 38
nh 7. Qu Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun ............................................................................. 40
nh 8. Qu Chm ngy ti Bnh Thun.............................................................................. 40
nh 9. Qu Chm ngy ti ................................................................................................. 40
nh 10. Qu Chm ngy kh ............................................................................................... 40
nh 11. Cy Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun............................................................................ 44
nh 12. Cy Chm ngy ti Bnh Thun ............................................................................ 44
nh 13. Chm ngy tui 4 6 ti Ninh Thun .................................................................. 55
nh 14. Chm ngy tui 4 6 ti Bnh Thun .................................................................. 55
nh 15. Chm ngy tui 10 - 12 ti Ninh Thun .............................................................. 55
nh 16. Chm ngy tui 10 12 ti Bnh Thun .............................................................. 55
nh 17. Chm ngy tui 16 - 18 ti Ninh Thun .............................................................. 55
nh 18. Chm ngy tui 16 18 ti Bnh Thun .............................................................. 55
nh 19. Th nghim gim hom ti cc v tr ....................................................................... 57
nh 20. Hom gim ti v tr hom ngn ............................................................................... 57
nh 21. Chi hom gim ........................................................................................................ 57
nh 22. R v chi hom gim .............................................................................................. 57
nh 23. Gim hom Chm ngy ........................................................................................... 57
nh 24. Hom Chm ngy 3 thng tui ............................................................................... 57
nh 25. Cy m gieo ht thng ............................................................................................ 59
nh 26. Cy m gieo m qua bu ..................................................................................... 59
nh 27. Cy con gieo ht thng ........................................................................................... 60
nh 28. Cy con gieo m qua bu .................................................................................... 60
nh 29. Cy con Chm ngy gieo ht thng ...................................................................... 60
nh 30. Cy con Chm ngy gieo m qua bu tiu chun xut vn m ........... 60
nh 31. Cy con Chm ngy gieo ht thng ...................................................................... 62
nh 32. Cy con Chm ngy gieo m qua bu ............................................................... 62
nh 33. Cy m Chm ngy trong cc ng nghim.......................................................... 62
nh 37. Sn phm du chit sut t ht Chm ngy......................................................... 72
nh 38. Du Chm ngy nguyn cht................................................................................. 72
nh 39. Du Chm ngy tinh ch ........................................................................................ 72
nh 40. Du B100 MOME Chm ngy.............................................................................. 72
nh 41. Bt l Chm ngy ................................................................................................... 78
nh 42. Bt l Chm ngy ................................................................................................... 78
nh 43. M hnh Chm ngy 6 thng tui ti Ninh Thun .............................................. 83
nh 44. M hnh Chm ngy 1 nm tui ti Ninh Thun ................................................ 84
nh 45. M hnh Chm ngy sau 4 thng trng rng ti Kon Tum ................................ 86
nh 46. Hnh nh lp tp hun k thut Chuyn giao cng ngh gim hom, gieo ht
v k thut trng cy Chm ngy cho ngi dn ti Kon Tum v Ninh Thun ...........89
I. T VN
Vng Duyn Hi Nam Trung b do a hnh xut hin dy ni Trng Sn gm
nhiu dy song song, so le v c nhiu nhnh m ra bin nn a hnh c nhiu tnh
hp b ngang. H thng sng ngn v xut pht t dc ni cao thng ra bin nn d
gy l ln vo ma ma. Trong vng c mt s tnh lng ma thp (<700mm) l
vng bn kh hn (Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun...) nhiu tnh Bc Trung B ma kh li
chu nh hng ca gi Lo kh v nng. Vng ny l vng ch yu phn b t ct
ven bin v cc cn ct di ng. Khu vc ny thng xy ra cc hin tng xi mn,
l lt xy ra ln v hn hn cng khc nghit.
Trong khi vng Ty Nguyn l vng c nhiu cao nguyn xp tng theo cc
ai cao khc nhau, dc t, t ai mu m nht l t pht trin trn Baza. Tuy
nhin cng c nhiu dy ni cao, dc ln. che ph ca rng hin cao nht ton
quc c bit l rng t nhin. Ty Nguyn c mt ma ma v mt ma kh trong
ma kh ko di v rt khc nghit.
Qua iu kin t nhin hai vng cho thy vng duyn hi Nam Trung b v Ty
nguyn c kh hu khc nghit, hn hn, kh hn ko di, t ai kh chua ngho xu,
canh tc nng nghip ht sc kh khn. Mc d, ngnh Nng nghip c nhiu c
gng trong nhng nm qua to c cu cy nng lm nghip ph hp, tuy nhin vn
cn nhiu hn ch. Trong iu kin t ai sn xut lm nghip hin nay ang ngy
mt cn kit th mt din tch ln t rng ngho kit v t rng di tn rng khp
ti vng Ty Nguyn v duyn hi Nam Trung b vn cha tm ra loi cy trng hiu
qu, thu ht ngi dn tham gia vo lm ngh rng. B n cnh , Vit Nam ang i
mt vi nguy c khng hong nng lng, vic tm ra cc ngun nhin liu khc thay
th nguyn liu diezen truyn thng c cn nhc, B NN&PTNT ph duyt
n trng cy Jatropha (Cc ro) sn xut nhin liu sinh hc (Biodiezen).
Cy Chm ngy (Moringa oleifera Lam) l mt cy a tc dng v c kh nng
thch nghi rng nhng ti Vit Nam cha c cng trnh no nghin cu v loi cy
ny. Chnh vi nhng tnh cp thit v vi nhng u im v tnh thch nghi cao, vic
nghin cu v quy m Chm ngy ti Vit Nam l rt cn thit m bo cc c s
khoa hc pht trin loi cy ny trn din rng, gp phn gim ngho v b sung c
cu cy trng a tc dng cho Vit Nam, gp phn chit xut dc liu v sn sut
nhin liu sinh hc cho nc ta trong tng lai gn. Chnh v vy vic thc hin ti:
Nghin cu c im lm hc v kh nng gy trng loi cy Chm ngy (Moringa
oleifera Lam) quy m h gia nh, trang tri vng duyn hi Nam trung B v Ty
Nguyn rt cn thit. Vic thc hin ti s gp phn gii quyt c cc vn sau:
- Xc nh c quy trnh trng, to ging loi cy Chm ngy ti Vit Nam.
- C c s khoa hc cho vic trng cy a mc ch, c hiu qu ti cc vng
t ngho xu nh t ct ven bin, t rng Khp... ti vng duyn hi Nam Trung
B v Ty Nguyn.
1
- C c s khoa hc pht trin loi cy Chm ngy nhm cung cp l, hoa

qu cho ch bin dc liu, thc n v nhin liu sinh hc ti Vit Nam.
II. MC TIU CA TI
1. Mc tiu chung
Xc nh c s phn b v cc c im lm hc, tnh a tc dng ca cy
Chm ngy ti vng Duyn hi Nam Trung B, gp phn vo chuyn i c cu cy
trng nng lm nghip v tng thu nhp cho h gia nh ngi dn a phng.
2. Mc tiu c th
- Bo co v a im phn b, c im lm hc ca loi cy Chm ngy, tnh
nng s dng v tnh a tc ng ca cy Chm ngy.
- To ra 1000 cy ging bng gim hom t l sng t >90%. (iu chnh gim
1000 cy t cng ngh nui cy m theo Cng vn s 7171/BNN KHCN, ngy
29/12/2010).
- To ra 10.000 cy con t ht tiu chun trng rng.
- 01 quy trnh k thut nhn ging Chm ngy t phng php gim hom, t l
sng t >85%.
- 01 quy trnh k thut nhn ging Chm ngy t phng php gieo ht.
- 02 m hnh th nghim gy trng Chm ngy quy m h gia nh v trang tri
ti Ninh Thun, Kon Tum, quy m 2-3 ha/im.
III. TNG QUAN TNH HNH NGHIN CU TRONG V NGOI NC
1. Trn th gii
Cy Chm ngy (Moringa oleifera Lam) cn c gi l cy php mu, cy
thn diu, bt ngun t tn ting anh l Miracle tree, y l cy a tc dng v
nhiu ni trn th gii nht l cc vng ang pht trin vng chu v chu Phi, n
c xem l ti nguyn v gi, chng nn thiu dinh dng, bo v sc khe cng
ng v phng h gim nh thin tai. Ngoi kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng, cc
b phn ca cy Chm ngy cn c dc tnh ph rng, c dng iu tr nhiu
bnh khc nhau. Chnh nn y hc c truyn n cng xc nh c 300 bnh
khc nhau c iu tr bng l ca cy ny (Martin, 2000).
1.1.c im phn loi
Theo ti liu ca Trung tm Nng Lm kt hp th gii (The World Agro Forestry Centrer) cy Chm ngy l mt trong 13 loi thuc chi Moringa, h
Moringaceae vi tn khoa hc l Moringa oleifera Lam. Trong , Moringa l tn chi,
c la tinh ha t tn bn x gc ting Tamilmurungakkai, oleifera ngha l cha
du, c ghp bi olei (du) v fera (mang, cha). Tn ng ngha l Moringa
pterygospermaGaertn. (Pterygosperma: Phi c cnh, tn khng sinh, pterygosperma
cng t y m c).
2
Cy Chm ngy l cy c tnh a tc dng nht v c nghin cu nhiu nht

trong 13 loi ca h Chm ngy.
Trn th gii Chm ngy c gi vi nhiu ci tn khc nhau:
Ting Anh: Horsradish tree, Drumstick tree, Moringa tree
Ting php: Ben ailes, Ben olifere, Pois qunique
Ting c: Behenbaum, Behennussbaum, Meerrettichbaum
Ting n : Sobhan, jana
Ting Tamil: Murungai
Ting Philippine: Malunggay
1.2. c im phn b
Cy c ngun gc n , Arabia, chu Phi, vng Vin Ty chu M; c
trng v mc t nhin vng nhit i chu Phi, nhit i chu M, Sri Lanka, n
, Mexico, Malabar, Malaysia v Philippines (ECHO seed Bank, USA).
1.3. c im sinh thi
Cy c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin tt t vng cn nhit i kh n m,
vng nhit i rt kh n vng rng m, vi cao t 0 1000m, lng ma t 480
- 4000 mm/nm, nhit 12,6 40 0C v pH thng thng t 4,5 8, chu c hn v
c th sinh trng tt trn t ct kh hn. Khng thch hp vi nhng ni c iu
kin ngp ng ko di. Nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy Chm ngy c th sinh
trng v pht trin tt ti cc di san h vng Thi Bnh Dng vi pH ln hn
8,5 (World Agroforestry Center).
1.4. Cc nghin cu khoa hc v Chm ngy
Nghin cu rng ri nht v gi tr ca cy Chm ngy c thc hin ti i
hc Nng Nghip Falsalabad, Pakistan. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy y l mt cy c
gi tr kinh t cao, cy phn b ti nhiu vng quc gia nhit i v cn nhit i. Cy
va l ngun thc phm, va l ngun dc liu rt tt. Cc b phn ca cy cha
nhiu khong cht quan trng v l ngun cung cp cht m, vitamin, beta-carotene,
acid amin v nhiu hp cht phenolics Cy Chm ngy cung cp hn hp pha trn
nhiu hp cht kh gp ti cc cy khc nh zeatin, quercetin, beta-sitosterol
Alfred Maroyi (2006), khi nghin cu v gi tr s dng ca cy Chm ngy ti
Zimbabwe cho thy: Chm ngy l loi cy a tc dng vi vai tr ch yu nh s sau:
Xy dng
Lng ng nc
Dc liu
( Ct chng, vn si)
Moringa oleifera
(l, r, ht)
Thc n gia sc
Thc n cho ngi

(l, r, ht)
Vt liu trang tr
Tinh du, nhin liu sinh hc

Ci un
S 1.1. Vai tr ch yu ca cy Chm ngy
L cy c dng lm rau n (l, chi, cnh non v c cy con c dng trn
du dm n thay rau dip), lm bt c-ri, chua lm gia v, lm tr gii kht, ngoi ra
cn c s dng lm thc n cho gia sc, tinh du chit sut trong l c th s dng
lm cht kch thch sinh trng...
L chm ngy cha nhiu vitamin v mui khong c ch, vi hm lng rt
cao: vitamin C cao gp 7 ln trong Cam, provitamin A cao gp 4 ln trong C-rt,
Canxi cao gp 4 ln trong sa, Potassium cao gp 3 ln trong Chui, St cao gp 3 ln
trong rau Dip, v ngay c Protein cng cao gp 2 ln trong sa. Ngoi ra, n cn cha
nhiu vitamin B, cc acid amin c lu hunh nh methionin, cystein v nhiu acid
amin cn thit khc. Do vy, l Chm ngy c xem l mt trong nhng ngun dinh
dng thc vt c gi tr cao. Chu Phi, l Chm ngy c dng chng suy dinh
dng cho tr em.
Tinh du chit xut t l cy Chm ngy lm cht kch thch sinh trng thc
vt cho kt qu kh quan: Cht kch thch sinh trng t cy Chm ngy c th lm
tng sn lng t 25 - 30% vi cc cy nng nghip ngn ngy sau khi phun nh hnh,
u tng, t tm, ng, c ph, ch
Cc th nghim ca cng ty BIOMASA cho thy, khi s dng hn hp thc n
tng hp vi lng l Chm ngy chim t 40 - 50% lm thc n cho b, ln cho kt qu:
- Nu cho b n thng xuyn t 15 - 17kg thc cn hn hp 1 ngy s vt
c bnh qun 10 lt sa thnh phm/con b. Trong khi vi hn hp thc n thng
thng ch thu c 7 lt sa/con b/ngy.
- i vi b tht c s dng thc n hn hp Chm ngy cho trng lng
tng 1200g/ngy.Vi b tht khng s dng thc n hn hp ch tng trng lng
900g/ngy.
- Ngi ta cng nhn thy nu b s dng thc n Chm ngy cho t l s inh
i tng cao t bin, t l b ci sinh i l 3/200 con. Trong khi t l sinh i
thng thng ch l 1/1000.
Ht: Chm ngy cha nhiu du, lng du chim n 30 - 40% trng lng
ht, c ni trng Chm ngy p du, nng sut du t 10 tn /ha. Du ht Chm ngy
cha 65,7% acid oleic, 9,3% acid palmitic, 7,4% acid stearic v 8,6% acid behenic.
Malaysia, ht Chm ngy c dng n nh u phng. Du Chm ngy n c,
v cn c dng bi trn my mc, my ng h, dng cho cng ngh m phm, x
phng, dng chi tc. Du Chm ngy c bn th trng di tn gi ting
Anh l Ben-oil. Chnh v th cy Chm ngy c tn l "Ben-oil tree".
Trong ht Chm ngy c cha 4 (alpha-L-Rhamnosyloxy) benzyl
isothiocyanate c xc nh l c hot tnh khng sinh mnh nht (trong ht Chm
ngy cn c benzyl isothiocyanate). Hp cht trn c ch s tng trng ca nhiu vi
khun v nm gy bnh.
Ht Chm Ngy c cha mt s hp cht a in gii (polyelectrolytes) t
nhin c th dng lm cht kt ta lm trong nc. Dng ht Chm Ngy lm cht
to trm lng v kt t, a n kt qu rt tt ( c cn 0.3 -1.5 NTU; vi khun tp
cn 5-20 cfu; v khun coli cn 5-10 MPN..). Phng php lc ny rt hu dng ti
cc vng nng thn ca cc nc ngho... v c p dng kh rng ri ti n
(Journal of Water and Health S 3-2005).
Qu: Nghin cu ti H Baroda, Kalabhavan, Gujarat (n ) v hot tnh
trn cc thng s lipid ca qu Chm ngy, th trn th, ghi nhn: Th cho n Chm
ngy (200mg/kg mi ngy) hay ung lovastatin (6mg/kg/ ngy) trn trong mt hn
hp thc phm c tnh cch to cholestero cao, th nghim ko di 120 ngy. Kt qu
cho thy: Chm ngy v Lovastatin c tc dng gy h cholesterol, phospholipid,
triglyceride, VLDL, LDL h t s cholesterol/ phospholipid trong mu... so vi Th
trong nhm i chng. Khi cho Th bnh thng dng Chm ngy hay Lovastatin th
mc HDL li gim h nhng nu Th b cao cholesterol th mc HDL li gia tng.
Ring Chm ngy cn c thm tc dng lm tng s thi loi cholesterol qua phn
(Journal of Ethnopharmacology s 86, 2003).
R: Nghin cu ti H Jiwaji, Gwalior (n ) v cc hot tnh estrogenic,
khng estrogenic, nga thai ca nc chit t r Chm ngy ghi nhn chut b ct
bung trng, cho ung nc chit, c s gia tng trng lng ca t cung.
Ngoi ra, th nghim ti H Dc K.L.E.S, Nehru Nagar, Karnakata (n )
trn chut b gy sn thn, oxalate bng ethylen glycol ghi nhn dch chit bng nc
v alcohol r cng li g Chm ngy lm gim r rt nng oxalate trong nc tiu
bng cch can thip vo s tng hp oxalate trong c th. S kt ng to sn trong
thn cng gim rt r khi cho chut dng dch chit ny nh mt bin php phng
nga bnh sn thn.
Hoa: Chm ngy c th dng lm rau n hoc lm tr (nhiu nc Ty

phng sn xut tr hoa Chm ngy bn ngoi th trng), cung cp tt ngun mui
khong calcium v potassium.
1.5. Nghin cu v kh nng s dng Chm ngy chit sut nhin liu sinh hc
v kh Biogas
Nikolaus Foild (2000) v t chc nh th th gii s dng ht ca cy Chm
ngy chit sut nhin liu sinh hc (Bio-diezen). Kt qu thu c ht sc kh quan:
11kg ht cy Chm ngy c th chit sut c 2,6 lt du biodiezen, hiu qu chit
sut ln ti 65%, quy trnh chit sut du ht sc n gin. S dng nghin cu ny,
cng ty FAKT (c) cho ra i dy chuyn chit sut nhin liu sinh hc t cy
Chm ngy vi kh nng chit sut c 80 90 kg du/h, gi thnh khong
1400USD. [Contact FAKT-Associated Consultants, Stephan Blanttman Str .11.78120
Furtwangen.
Gemany;
phone
497723912063;
fax
4977235373;
email:Reimetzler@gol.com].
Khi nghin cu chng ct kh Methane t cy Chm ngy, Nikolaus Foild
(2000) cho kt qu: Khong 4400m3 kh Methane c th thu c t 1ha trng cy
Chm ngy/nm. Lng Methane ny gp i so vi lng kh Methane thu c t 1
ha trng cy ma ng - ngun nguyn liu quan trng trong sn xut Biogas.
Ti Philippine, tin hnh nghin cu v so snh kt qu chit sut nhin liu
sinh hc cy Chm ngy v cy Cc ro (Jatropha), cc kt qu so snh u cho thy
cy Chm ngy c kh nng cung cp nhin liu sinh hc vt tri hn hn cy Cc
ro, tt c cc b phn ca cy Chm ngy u c th chit sut c nhin liu sinh
hc trong khi nhin liu sinh hc cy Jatropha li thng b nhim c sau khi chit
sut v phi loi b. Bn cnh , cy Chm ngy ch cn t 1 - 2 nm c th cho
nguyn liu sn xut nhin liu sinh hc, trong khi cy Jatropha phi mt 3 - 5 nm.
Ngoi ra 1 ha cy Chm ngy c th cho 20 tn ht sau 2 nm gy trng.
1.6. Nghin cu v cc bin php gy trng cy Chm ngy theo mc ch lm nghip

- V mt
C rt t nghin cu v mt gy trng ca cy Chm ngy, tuy nhin theo
cc tc gi M.C.Palada v L.C.Chang ca t chc Asian Vegetable Reseach and
Development Centrer(AVRDC) th ty cc mc ch trng m c cc c ly khc nhau:
- Khi trng cy Chm ngy vi mc ch ly g v ly qu c th trng vi c li
3x5 m (660 - 700 cy/ha) hoc ln lp vi chiu rng mt lp l 2m v trng c li cy
cch cy t 3 - 5m/hng.
- Khi tin hnh trng vi mc ch ly l, khong cch nn dng l 0,5 x 1m
(20.000 cy/ha). Cn khi trng thm canh cao cy Chm ngy ly l c th trng
vi c ly 10 x 20cm , c li ny cho php thu hoch lin tc cc chi non vi thi gian
gin cch t 2 - 3 tun.
- Vn ngun gc vt liu gy trng
6
Chm ngy c th trng bng 3 con ng : Gieo ht thng, t gim cnh v cy

con c bu. Ty thuc vo ngun cung cp vt liu ban u la chn cho thch hp.
Martin L.Price (2000) cng th nghim cc phng php nhn ging cy
Chm ngy cho cc kt qu sau:
- Gieo ht thng Chm ngy vo su trong t t 1 - 2cm sau khi lm t
ton din, ht s ny mm sau 1 - 2 tun.
- Ct chi t 45 - 100 cm di v tin hnh gim hom trong vn m. Che bng
giai on u v nui dng trong vn m n khi cy tiu chun em trng.
- Vn phng thc trng
Chm ngy c th trng thun loi thm canh hoc trng di tn rng ngho
kit, c bit di tn rng Khp vn sinh trng v pht trin rt tt. Gary Shepherd
tin hnh th nghim trng Chm ngy vi mt 1000 cy/ha di tn rng ngho
v cho kt qu: Cy sinh trng chiu cao t 3,6 m sau khi trng 5 thng,chiu cao
ca c lm phn t 1,8 m sau khi trng rng 5 thng (Theo Martin L.Price, 2000).
- Vn bn phn cho Chm ngy sau khi trng
Nhng nghin cu v bn phn cho cy Chm ngy c tc gi M.C.Palada v
L.C. Chang khuyn co rng : Khng cn bn lt giai on u nhng sau khi trng 1
nm c th bn thc cho Chm ngy bng cch o vng trn xung quanh h t 10 20cm v bn phn NPK tng hp vi liu lng 300g/h. C th s dng phn chung
hoai vi t l 1- 2kg /cy u cho kt qu sinh trng v pht trin kh quan.
- Vn ti nc sau khi trng
Khi tin hnh trng thm canh, c bit vi cy con c bu,vic ti nc s
gip cho h r pht trin mnh, c bit trong ma kh hn, thi v ti nc ch
khong 1 - 2 thng (M.C.Palada v L.C.Chang, 2003).
- Vn qun l rng sau khi trng
+ Kim sot c di: C di c th c kim sot bng cch lm t k lng
trc khi trng v tri ni lon che ph mt t. Bn cnh , trng xen canh vi cc cy
nng nghip ngn ngy l bin php cng c M.C.Palada v L.C. Chang khuyn co
nn p dng.
+ Kim sot su bnh hi: Su bnh hi thng gp l rui c qu Gitona sp,
cc loi b cnh cng hi l cy non v cy chi gim hom nh Milloceus discolor,
M.viridanus, Cercospora moringicola Vic s dng ha cht phun dp dch ch c
tin hnh khi dch bnh bng pht quy m ln. Ngoi ra chi cy non l thc n cho
gia sc nn vn bo v rng giai on u l rt quan trng v phi c quan
tm c bit (M.C.Palada v L.C.Chang, 2003).
+ Ta cnh, ta tha rng trng: Cc nghin cu cho thy, ta cnh Chm ngy
nn tin hnh khi cy cao khong t 1 - 2m. Ty theo mc ch s dng m p dng
7
cc bin php ta cnh to chi khc nhau. Nu tin hnh trng rng Ch m ngy vi
mc ch ly g cng nghip hoc bt giy th cn tin hnh vt b hoa ca cy trong
nm u tin, ng thi vic ta cnh phi c tin hnh lin tc v chi cnh pht trin
rt nhanh sau khi ct (M.C.Palada v L.C.Chang, 2003).
1.7. Gi tr kinh t
Cc sn phm c lm t Chm ngy hin ang c s dng rng ri trn th gii
nh: Sn phm lm p ca The Body Shop (USA); Nc ung dinh dng ca Cty
Zija (USA); Sn phm bt v vin dinh dng ca Yelixir (India); Vin Chm Ngy;
Bt Chm Ngy; Du ht Chm Ngy v cc sn phm l Chm ngy ti
Nghin cu ti Haiwai, tng gi tr mi nm 1 cy Chm ngy cho thu nhp vo
khong 41$ trong thu nhp t l ti l 22$; qu vo khong 19$/cy/nm. Ngoi ra,
chit sut du t ht Chm ngy thu c li nhun kh cao, trung bnh sn lng du chit
sut c s cho thu nhp 18$/cy/nm (Ted Radovich, Specialty Crops for Pacific
Island Agroforestry).
Theo nghin cu ti Niger (Mariama Gamati (INRAN) v Armelle de Saint
Sauveur (Moringanews)) Chm ngy c trng ch yu thu hoch l ti. Chm
ngy trng vi c ly 1x1m c th thu hoch c 47.400 kg l ti/ha/nm, li nhun
trung bnh c th t 59.634$/ha/nm.
Tm li : Qua cc nghin cu trn th gii cho thy Chm ngy l cy a tc
dng, d gy trng v c bin sinh thi rng, chu c iu kin kh hn, t ct
ven bin, c kh nng gi vai tr quan trng trong vic xa i gim ngho, gp phn
thay i quan nim v phng thc sn xut lm nghip cc nc ang pht trin.
2. Trong nc
2.1. c im phn loi
Theo Trn Hp Phng M Trung, ti Vit Nam ch c 1 loi thuc h Chm
ngy l cy Chm ngy (Moringa oleifera Lam) v c trng ti cc tnh pha Nam
t Nng, Nha Trang, Phan Thit vo n Kin Giang v c ti o Ph quc. C rt
t cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc nghin cu v loi cy ny.
2.2. c im phn b
Vit Nam, t lu, cy c trng Nha Trang, Ninh Thun, Phan Thit,
Ph Quc. Gn y, kiu bo M Trn Tin Khanh chuyn v Vit Nam 100 ht
ging, c phn pht cho mt s nng dn Qung Ngi, Qung Nam, Nng.
(Trn Vit Hng, 2006).
Ti vng By Ni (Tri Tn), An Giang pht hin cy Chm ngy mc t
nhin nhiu nht 2 dy ni Di v ni Cm. y l mt loi tho dc qu, loi tho
dc ny mc nhng khu vc t ngi qua li, mt tha tht. Phng NN&PTNT
huyn Tri Tn xy dng n thc hin trng cy Chm ngy trong 3 nm v
chnh thc trin khai vo u nm 2010.
8
2.3. c im hnh thi hc

Cy Chm ngy c dng sng l cy g nh n trung bnh, cao t 8 - 10m, cy
trng thnh sau 15 nm c th cao ti 12-15 m, ng knh gc t 20- 35 cm. L kp
lng chim 3 ln, di 30 - 60 cm, vi nhiu l cht mu xanh mc , khng lng, di 1,3
- 2 cm, rng 0,3 - 0,6 cm; l km bao ly chi. Hoa thm, to, dng hi ging hoa u,
trng hoa gm 5 cnh, mu trng, vnh ln, rng khong 2,5 cm. B nh gm 5 nh th
xen vi 5 nh lp. Bu non 1 bung do 3 l non, nh phi trc m. Qu nang di t
30 - 120 cm, rng 2 cm, khi kh m thnh 3 mnh dy. Ht nhiu (khong 20), trn
dt, to khong 1 cm, c 3 cnh mng bao quanh. Cy ra hoa vo thng 1, 2 (Trn Hp
Phng M Trung).
2.4. Cc nghin cu v Chm ngy ti Vit Nam
Trong lnh vc dc liu: Theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc v l Chm
ngy non min Nam nc ta, trong 100g cn ti c 6,35g cht m, 1,7 g cht bo,
8 g bt ng, 1,9 g cht x, 3,75 g cht khong. Nh vy l cy Chm ngy non l
loi rau giu dng cht [1].
Lng y Nguyn Cng c cho bit: Chm ngy c dng cha cc bnh
nh: Tr u x tin lit tuyn; Tr suy nhc c th, suy nhc thn kinh, gip n nh
huyt p, n nh ng huyt, bo v gan; Tr tng cholesterol, tng lipid mu, tng
triglycerid, hoc lm gim acid uric, ngn nga si oxalate...
Trong giai on 1996 - 1998, Trung tm khuyn nng TP.H Ch Minh tin
hnh trng th nghim Chm ngy ti trm thc nghim Vn Thnh, kt qu sau 2
nm trng cho sinh trng v pht trin tt. Cy d trng, tng trng nhanh: Cao
t 4 5 m, ng knh c r t 5 6 cm sau 1 nm trng v ra hoa kt tri ngay trong
nm u tin v cao t 7 8 m, ng knh c r t 7 9 cm khi cy c 2 nm tui.
K thut trng chm sc khng phc tp, c kh nng chng chu cc iu kin khc
nghit ca mi trng. Cy rt t su bnh v qu trnh gieo trng khng s dng thuc
tr su bnh.
Trong giai on 2001 - 2005, Trung tm Ti nguyn thc vt thuc Vin khoa
hc Nng nghip Vit Nam tin hnh thu thp v bo tn ngun gen cy Chm
ngy ti cc tnh Duyn hi nam Trung B cho kt qu tt.
Ti hi tho nh hng chin lc pht trin nhin liu sinh hc cho pht trin
nng nghip nng thn Vit Nam ngy 25/07/2008, do B NN&PTNT t chc cng
c xut 4 loi cy c kh nng cho sn xut nguyn liu sinh hc ca Vit Nam l cy
cc ro (Jatropha), cy Chm ngy, Cao lng (Bo Bo) v m c Tra, c Basa.
Cng ty TNHH cy cnh Ct Mc - TP H Ch Minh c chng trnh qung
b v hng dn trng cy Chm ngy cho vng Duyn hi Nam Trung B v vng
Nam B. Cng ty ny cng tin hnh nhp ht ging Chm ngy trc tip t n
v bn trn th trng.
Ti vng By Ni (Tri Tn), An Giang pht hin cy Chm ngy mc t

nhin nhiu nht 2 dy ni Di v ni Cm. y l mt loi tho dc qu, loi tho
dc ny mc nhng khu vc t ngi qua li, mt tha tht. Phng NN&PTNT
huyn Tri Tn xy dng n thc hin trng cy Chm ngy trong 3 nm v
chnh thc trin khai vo u nm 2010. Tng din tch 200 ha, trung bnh 1 ha trng
2.500 cy. ch ng ngun ging hin nay Phng Nng nghip huyn ang trin
khai din tch chuyn trng Chm ngy t 100 - 200 ha ti khu vc Ni Di v Ni
C T, xy dng mt vn m cy din tch khong 3.000m 2 nhm cung cp ging
cho vng nguyn liu... u ra ca d n l cc cng ty dc phm nh Cng ty
Dodesco (ng Thp), Cng ty Cy Xanh, Cng ty Hng Trung (An Giang)
2.5. Th trng v gi tr kinh t ca Chm ngy
Hin nay, trn th trng Vit Nam xut hin loi tr chm ngy do Cty
TNHH Hanh Thng ti 57/17 ng s 1, phng 7, qun G Vp, TP. H Ch Minh
(www.hanhthong.com.vn) sn xut v phn phi. Thnh phn ha hc v dc tnh
c kim nghim khoa hc v chng minh.
Rau Chm ngy hin ang c bn rng ri trn th trng Tp H Ch Minh.
Cng ty Hanh Thng a ra sn phm v rau l Chm ngy non bn ti cc siu th
trong thnh ph vi gi bn 12.000 ng/hp rau non. Ngoi ra, rau Chm ngy (hay
cn gi rau Tai sc) c gy trng, thu hoch, ng gi ti Nng tri v Nh my
Thc phm Sannamfood, chn Ni Tn, Ba V, H Ni. Gi bn ca rau Tai sc l
20.000 ng/ 300 gram.
Ti Tri Tn (By Ni, An Giang) ht Chm ngy c thu mua vi gi 50.000 60.000 ng/kg, l non 25.000 ng/kg, cy ging 15.000 ng/cy.
Theo lng y Nguyn Thin Chung (p Ni Ln, x An Ph, Tnh Bin, An
Giang), gi Chm ngy trn th trng rt cao, c th ht t 100 ngn ng/kg tr ln,
c ni bn 1 ht chm ngy t 1.500 - 2.000 ng, l non 1 kg t 50.000 - 70.000
ng, cy ging t 30.000 - 50.000 ng/cy.
Ti ng Nai, ch Hunh Lin Lc Th u t trng hn 2 ha Chm ngy
thu hoch l, ngn cung cp ra th trng lm rau sch. Hin nay, trung bnh mi ngy
ch thu khong 20kg l v ngn, vi gi bn 80.000 ng/kg. Theo ch Lc, khi thu
hoch tr mi chi ph vn c th cho li trn 100 triu ng/hcta/nm. Nh vy, hiu
qu t thu nhp trng Chm ngy rt cao m cng chm sc v chi ph phn bn ch
bng 1/4 so vi cc loi cy trng lu nm khc v c th cho thu hoch lin tc trong
3 - 5 nm lin.
Tm li: Cc nghin cu v cy Chm ngy ti Vit Nam cn t, trong lnh vc
Lm nghip cha c cng trnh nghin cu no v Chm ngy c cng b, c bit
nhng nghin cu v c im lm hc, kh nng gy trng, cng dng v kh nng
chng ct nhin liu sinh hc. V vy, cn c cc nghin cu chuyn su hn p
ng nhu cu thc tin ngy nay.
10
IV. NI DUNG, VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

1. Ni dung nghin cu
1.1. iu tra, nh gi hin trng phn b ca loi cy Chm ngy v thc trng
gy trng ca cy Chm ngy. Thu thp ngun vt liu ging (hom cnh, ht) ca
cy Chm ngy ti Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn
- iu tra, nh gi hin trng phn b ca ca cy Chm ngy trong iu kin
t nhin v gy trng ti Kon Tum v Ninh Thun.
- Thu thp ngun mu vt v la chn cy m lm ging thu hi hom cnh
v ht ging ca Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, ng Nai, Thnh ph H
Ch Minh.
1.2. Nghin cu c im lm hc (hnh thi, t thnh, lp a) v iu kin gy
trng ca loi cy Chm ngy trong iu kin phn b t nhin v gy trng ti
vng Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn
- iu tra cc c im v lm hc, vt hu hc ca Chm ngy trong iu kin
t nhin v gy trng.
- Nghin cu cc c trng v t thnh, lp a ca cc lm phn Chm ngy.
1.3. Nghin cu cc bin php nhn ging cy Chm ngy
- Nghin cu kh nng to cy con t ht v hom ca cy Chm ngy.
- Nghin cu kh nng to cy con bng nui cy m.
trng) loi Chm ngy ti Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn
- Th nghim v mt thch hp trng Chm ngy.
- Th nghim v phng thc trng Chm ngy
1.5. Bc u nghin cu kh nng s dng v tnh a tc dng ca Chm ngy
- Phn tch thnh phn dc liu, dinh dng, kh nng to ra nhin liu sinh
hc ca cy Chm ngy t cc cy Chm ngy c ngi dn gy trng v t cc
cy Chm ngy l kt qu th nghim ca ti.
1.6. Xy dng m hnh trng Chm ngy quy m h gia nh, trang tr i v tp
hun, chuyn giao cng ngh gim hom, nui cy m v k thut trng cy Chm
ngy cho ngi dn ti Ninh thun, Kon Tum
2. Vt liu nghin cu
- Loi cy Chm ngy (Moringa oleifera) m c th l cc b phn ca cy nh
l, hoa... hin phn b v trng vng Duyn hi Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn.
11
- ti tin hnh kho st ti 5 tnh Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, Kon Tum, ng
Nai, TP H Ch Minh sau tin hnh cc th nghim ch yu ti Kon Tum, Ninh
Thun, Bnh Thun.
3. Phng php nghin cu
3.1. Thu thp cc ti liu lin quan
Thu thp cc ti liu v iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi ca cc tnh, tnh
hnh pht trin nng lm nghip, cc khu vc c kh nng c Chm ngy phn b, cc
cng trnh nghin cu v Chm ngy ti a phng (nu c).
Ngun ti liu k tha phc v nghin c thu thp t cc n v thuc S
NN&PTNT, chi cc Kim lm...
3.2. Phng php ngoi nghip
3.2.1. i vi ni dung 1
- iu tra hin trng phn b Chm ngy trong iu kin t nhin.
+ a im: Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun v Kon Tum.
+ Phng php b tr OTC: Cc OTC c b tr theo phng php in hnh
ngu nhin, lp theo tuyn song song vi ng ng mc v cch u nhau. Cc
OTC c b tr trn cc trng thi rng IIA v IIB. Ti cc a im khi phng vn
ngi dn tr li c thy loi cy Chm ngy th tin hnh lp cc OTC iu tra.
+ Tin hnh iu tra 3% tng din tch ca cc trng thi rng IIA, IIB nghi ng
c Chm ngy cn mc trong rng t nhin ti Ninh Thun (Bc i), Bnh Thun
(Tuy Phong) v Kon Tum (k T). S OTC cn l p ti mi a phng l 20 , din
tch mi OTC l 2000 m2.
+ Cc ch tiu xc nh trong OTC: Xc nh tn loi cy (Tn Vit Nam v tn
khoa hc), D, H, phm cht cy (A, B, C).
- iu tra, nh gi hin trng tnh hnh gy trng cy Chm ngy: Ti mi a
im nghin cu, tin hnh phng vn cc c nhn, h gia nh, cc t chc trn a bn .
+ a im: Ti Ninh Thun (Ninh Sn, Bc i, Phan Rang, Ninh Phc), Bnh
Thun (Phan Thit, Bc Bnh, Tuy Phong), ng Nai (Tn Ph), Kon Tum (k T).,
TP. H Ch Minh (C Chi).
+ La chn phng vn h gia nh, c nhn hoc t chc theo phng php
ngu nhin. Tin hnh phng vn v tnh hnh gy trng, vng trng Chm ngy, mc
ch s dng cy Chm ngy...
- Thu thp ngun mu vt v la chn cy m lm ging thu hi hom v ht
ging ca Chm ngy.
Tiu chun cy m lm ging thu hi ht:
+ Cy sinh trng pht trin tt, t b tc ng.
12
+ Khng b su bnh.
+ Cn i gia chiu cao v ng knh (khng vng lt).
+ Tui cy m: 12 15 tui.
- Tiu chun cy m lm ging thu hi hom:
+ Cy sinh trng pht trin tt.
+ Khng b su bnh.
+ Tui cy m ly hom: T 4 tui tr ln.
La chn 64 cy m lm ging ti cc vng iu tra kho st. Thu thp ngun
vt liu ging (hom, ht) v chuyn cho Trung tm Nghin cu Ging cy rng tin
hnh bo qun v chun b cho cc th nghim nhn ging. Ngun ht ging cn c
mua qua cc cng ty c iu kin cung cp ht ging tin hnh cc th nghim.
- iu tra cc c im v hnh thi, sinh thi, vt hu ca Chm ngy trong
iu kin t nhin v gy trng.
Thi gian quan st: 2009 2011.
* Nu pht hin thy chm ngy phn b trong t nhin (rng trng thun loi,
hn loi trong rng...): Tin hnh la chn cc vng c Chm ngy phn b, tin
hnh lp OTC hnh trn vi din tch 200m 2, s lng 6 OTC/1 vng.
* Nu chm ngy mc phn tn trong vn h gia nh : Lp cc im o m
(), s lng 6 /vng, theo qui m h gia nh, trang tri, mi h gia nh, trang tri
l 1 im iu tra.
- Ti cc OTC hay cc im o m , tin hnh nh s th t cy Chm ngy
hin c v nh k thu thp cc s liu sinh trng, cc c trng hnh thi, lp a,
vt hu bng cc phng php iu tra rng thng th ng. S liu theo di ghi vo
Phiu iu tra sinh trng Chm ngy.
- Trong OTC, cc im tin hnh o m: D 1.3 , Dt , Hvn.
- Xc nh phm cht v phn thnh 3 cp cht lng l tt, trung bnh v xu.
+ Cy tt (A): L nhng cy c tn l pht trin u n, trn, xanh bic, thn
trn thng, khng b khuyt tt, khng b su bnh.
+ Cy trung bnh (B): L nhng cy c tn l bnh thng, t khuyt tt.
+ Cy xu (C): L nhng cy c tn l lch, l tp trung ngn, sinh trng
km, khuyt tt nhiu v b su bnh.
- Tiu chun cy mu theo di hnh thi v vt hu:
+ Trng phn tn trong vn h.
+ ng u v cp tui.
13
+ Thn thng hoc tr hp.

+ Tn c hnh tr hoc bt p.
V tr cy mu: Ti 2 tnh Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun.
nghin cu vt hu v hnh thi, tin hnh theo di hnh thi v vt hu ca
64 cy mu chia u cho 2 giai on: 2009 - 2010 v 2011.
- Hnh thi:
Ti cc vn h c la chn ly cy mu, tin hnh m t theo cc thng
trong nm v cc ch tiu sau:
- Hnh thi thn cy: o m chiu cao Hvn, Hdc v v cy bng cc dng c
iu tra.
- Hnh thi tn l: o m din tch tn l, b dy tn l, o kch thc ca l.
- Hnh thi hoa, qu: o kch thc, m t.
- Vt hu
Kt hp gia phng vn ngi dn v 15 ngy theo di 1 ln. Thi gian quan
st trong 3 nm: 2009 - 2011.
- Theo di thi gian rng l, ra l, ny chi.
- Theo di thi k ra hoa, n hoa.
- Theo di thi k qu chn.
Kt qu nghin cu c im lm hc ca loi cy Chm ngy c ghi vo
phiu iu tra c im lm hc.
Phiu iu tra c im Lm hc Chm ngy
Ch tiu
Giai on ra l
Ny
chi
Thng
Ra l
Rng
l
Giai on ra hoa
Ny
n
Tr
bng
To
qu
Giai on to qu,Ht
Qu
non
Qu
chn
Ht
chn
1
....
* Nghin cu cc c trng v t thnh, lp a ca cc lm phn Chm ngy
- iu tra t v xc nh dng lp a c phn b Chm ngy
Da vo cc tiu ch phn chia dng lp a bao gm: cao, loi t, dc,
dy v thnh phn c gii, ti tin hnh xc nh dng lp a cho Chm ngy ti
a im phn b cy m ca Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun. iu tra theo 2 giai on:
2009 2010 v 2011.
Mi OTC hoc tin hnh o 01 phu din. Phu din c o theo quy
cch l 1,5m x 0,8m x 1,5m (di, rng, su). Ty vo a hnh v thi gian tin hnh
14
o phu din xc nh hng o sao cho mt t ca phu din phi hng v pha
nh sng mt tri, i vi cc a hnh dc hn 8% mt t phi c o vun gc vi
tip tuyn ca mt dc. Ti cc phu din phi c bn m t cc tng phu din v ghi
chp thc b, a hnh, lch s canh tc. Trn cc phu din, ly t tng A ( gm
tng A0: thm mc, A1: hu c, A2: ra tri, A3: tng chuyn tip) phn tch mn,
tng B (tng tch t) v tng C (tng mu cht) phn tch thnh phn c gii (st,
tht, ct). Kt qu c ghi vo biu mu phiu iu tra t (xem chi tit ph biu 05).
Ly mu phn tch theo phng php nghin cu t, c th:
- Xc nh PH bng PH metress.
- Xc nh t l mn bng phng php Churin.
- Xc nh NH4 bng phng php so mu Nestle.
- Xc nh P 2 O5 bng phng php Kiessa.
- Xc nh K2O bng phng php Cban
- Xc nh thnh phn c gii bng phng php ng ht Rbinxon v phn
cp 3 bc ca M.
3.2.3.Phng php i vi ni dung 3
* Nghin cu s dng thuc iu ha sinh trng v v tr ly hom gim hom Chm
ngy
a) Vt liu
- Vt liu th nghim i vi nghin cu v tr ly hom gim hom:
Hom c ly t cnh bnh t, tng gia tn cy, theo hng ng - Nam.
Chiu di cnh ly hom t 1,2 - 1,5 m; ng knh u gc t 2 - 3 cm. Vic ct cnh
tin hnh vo nhng ngy rm, mt, ma nh hoc sng sm, chiu mt. Cnh ct phi
c bo qun ni rm mt hoc ngm gc cnh vo nc.
V tr ly hom : Hom ngn: 30 - 40 cm (CT1); hom gia: 30 - 40 cm (CT2);
hom gc: 30 - 40 cm (CT3).
- Vt liu th nghim i vi nghin cu nh hng thuc iu ha sinh trng:
Hom c la chn l hom gia (T th nghim la chn v tr ly hom), hom c
ly t cnh bnh t, tng gia tn cy, theo hng ng - Nam.
Loi thuc s dng kch thch ra r: IBA (Indolin Butiric Axit)
Th nghim gim hom gm 5 nghim thc IBA: CT 1: 0mg/l (C); CT2: 100
mg/l; CT3: 200 mg/l; CT4: 400 mg/l; CT5: 600 mg/l.
Hom ct c ngm ngay vo dung dch Ben lt - C vi nng 0,15%
trong 1 gi, sau vt ra chm vo hn hp c cha cht kch thch ra r IBA vi cc
nng th nghim v c gim ngay vo cc lung c chun b.
Hom ct xong phi c gim ngay, khng c hom qua m.
15
- Nh gim hom: Thng thong, khng b cn nh sng. Hom c che bng

bng gin che c ng ph li nylon tho lp d dng v hn ch s tc ng ca
ma khi tin hnh gim hom trong ma ma. Nn t mt hom gim c n cao
nhm trnh hom khng b ng nc lm thi hom.
b) Phng php
- Phng php b tr th nghim:
Th nghim c b tr theo kiu khi y ngu nhin, 3 ln lp, mi cng
thc th nghim c 90 hom.
1
S 2.1: S b tr th nghim la chn loi hom gim

Ghi ch:
2. Hom gia
1. Hom ngn
3. Hom gc
S 2.2: S b tr th nghim gim hom c s dng thuc iu ha sinh

trng
Ghi ch:
1: CT 1: 0mg/l (C)
4: CT 1: 400mg/l
2: CT 1: 100mg/l
5: CT 1: 600mg/l
3: CT 1: 200mg/l
Thi gian: T lc bt u ly hom gim n khi kt thc qu trnh theo gii l 3
thng. Th nghim c tin hnh trong nm 2009.
- Phng php thu s liu v x l s liu
+ Phng php thu s liu: Sau tin hnh gim hom, theo di kt qu v s hom
sng, s hom cht, s hom ra chi, s chi trn hom v s r trn hom. Kt qu c
theo di theo tng tun v tng hp vo Biu theo di kt qu gim hom. Sau 12 tun
theo di, hom gim c tin hnh thu hoch v nh gi kt qu.
Phiu theo di gim hom Chm ngy
a im iu tra:
Ngi iu tra:
Ngy ct hom:
Mt hom:
Ngy gim hom:
Ngy iu tra:
Cng thc th nghim :

16
TT
Cc ch tiu theo di
S hom sng
S hom cht
S hom ra chi
S
chi
qun/hom
S r bnh qun/hom
VT
Thng
Tun th 1 Tun th 2 Tun th 3 Tun th 4
bnh
+ Phng php x l s liu: Ly ch tiu s hom sng, s chi/hom v ch tiu

t l ra r so snh tr s trung bnh gia cc th nghim. S dng phn mm Excel
v SPSS x l cc kt qu th nghim.
* nh gi sinh trng cy con Chm ngy bng phng php gieo ht
Lp cc OTC dng bn, din tch 0,5 m2. Trong tin hnh kim k t l sng;
cht lng cy (tt, trung bnh, xu); o ch tiu sinh trng D c r, H v tui cy.
* Nghin cu k thut nhn ging Chm ngy
+ S dng ngun vt liu ging thu thp c tin hnh th nghim nhn
ging theo cc phng php nhn ging bng ht, chi c khuyn co ca t
chc AVRCD v cng ty BIOMASA. C 3 th nghim nhn ging c tin hnh:
+ Th nghim to cy con bng phng php gim hom. D kin to ra 1000
cy hom.
+ Th nghim to cy con t ht chm ngy: D kin gieo m v to ra 10.000
cy con c bu v chm sc trong giai on vn m tiu chun trng rng.
+ Th nghim to cy con bng nui cy m.
+ a im: Phng th nghim cng ngh sinh hc Trung tm nghin cu
Ging cy rng (th nghim m, hom) v ti Kon Tum, Ninh Thun (th nghim gieo
ht).
3.2.4. Phng php i vi ni dung 4
a) Th nghim v mt
Ti Ninh Thun
+ 1,0 ha trng th nghim thun loi vi 3 loi mt : 600 cy/ha, 800 cy/ha,
1200 cy/ha. Qui m: 0,33 ha/cng thc.
Ti Kon Tum
+ 1,0 ha trng thun loi theo 3 loi mt : 600 cy/ha, 800 cy/ha, 1200
cy/ha. Qui m: 0,33 ha/cng thc th nghim.
S dng cy con to ra bng phng php gieo ht qua bu trng trong cc
17
th nghim v mt .
Tiu chun cy con trng rng: Tui cy 2 3 thng tui, ng knh c r:
0,25 0,3 cm; chiu cao: 35 40 cm; cy ha g hon ton; khng b su bnh, ct
ngn; b r pht trin tt.
Phng php b tr th nghim: B tr th nghim theo phng php y
ngu nhin. Vi mi cng thc th nghim mt c lp 3 ln. S b tr th
nghim nh sau:
1
S 2.3: S b tr th nghim mt trng Chm ngy

Ghi ch:
1 : Cng thc mt 600 cy/ha

S phi tr im gieo trng Chm ngy theo cc cng thc mt

4m
4m
3m
4m
18
2m
4m
S 2.6. S phi tr im gieo trng theo cng thc mt 1200 cy/ha

(2x4m)
b) Th nghim v phng thc trng
Ti Ninh Thun
+ 0,5 ha trng xen lm giu rng di tn rng khp, mt 500 cy/ha.
+ 0,5 ha trng phn tn trong vn h, lm hng ro. S lng cy trng l
1000 cy. Qui m 10 h gia nh tham gia.
Ti Kon Tum
+ 0,5 ha trng phn tn trong vn h gia nh, lm hng ro. S lng cy
trng l 1000 cy. Qui m 10 h gia nh tham gia.
S dng cy con c to ra bng cng ngh gim hom trng trong cc th
nghim v phng thc trng.
Tiu chun cy hom: Tui hom 2,5 - 3 thng tui, hom cao 50 60 cm, c 2
3 chi , chiu di chi 7 - 10 cm, c t 3 5 r cng cp.
c) iu tra cc ch tiu sinh trng trn cc cng thc th nghim
Trn mi cng thc th nghim, tin hnh o m trn ton din tch th nghim
v cc ch tiu sinh trng:
+ Ch tiu sinh trng: Doo, Hvn .
+ Xc nh phm cht v phn thnh 3 cp cht lng l tt (A), trung bnh (B)
v xu (C).
Phiu iu tra sinh trng Chm ngy
a im
Ngy iu tra
Ngi iu tra
Ta : X
S hiu OTC/
CT Mt (Phng thc trng)
TT
Doo (cm)
Hvn (m)
Hdc (m)
19
Phm cht
A
Ghi ch
C
- Giai on 1 (nm 2009): Thu thp cc mu cnh l, qu ca 60 cy Chm
ngy l cy m gieo ging tin hnh phn tch thnh phn dc liu, dinh dng v
kh nng lm nhin liu sinh hc biodiezen.
- Giai on 2 (nm 2011): Thu thp cc mu cnh, l, ca 60 cy Chm ngy l
cy c trng trn cc m hnh ti Ninh Thun v Kon Tum tin hnh p hn tch
thnh phn dc liu, dinh dng. Phn tch kh nng lm nhin liu sinh hc biodiezen
ca cy Chm ngy cha tin hnh c vi cy trng trn cc m hnh do iu kin
gy trng kh khn (l lt v hn hn) cy cha u qu, ti tin hnh ly ht ca cy
mu nghin cu vt hu trong nm 2011 tin hnh phn tch ch tiu ny.
Cc kt qu phn tch kh nng lm nhin liu sinh hc Biodiezen c phn
tch ti Cng ty C phn Ha phm v ph gia Vit Nam - Vin Ha hc cng nghip
Vit Nam. ti s dng cng ngh p nhit (khng dng dung mi chn lc tinh
ch s b) tin hnh p du Chm ngy t ht.
Cc kt qu phn tch thnh dinh dng trong l c phn tch ti Vin Dinh
dng B Y t.
Cc kt qu phn tch thnh phn cc cht trong ht, l, thn cy v v ht c
phn tch ti Phng Ha sinh hu c, Vin Ha hc cc hp cht thin nhin Vin
Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam.
3.2.6. Phng php vi ni dung th 6
- Xy dng m hnh:
+ Ti Ninh Thun: M hnh trng 3,0 ha, thun loi, qui m trang tri, mt
trng 1200 cy/ ha.
+ Ti Kon Tum: M hnh trng 2,5 ha, thun loi, qui m h gia nh, mt
1200 cy/ha.
* K thut trng cy Chm ngy:
- Phng thc trng: Trng thun loi.
- La chn loi t: Thch hp nht l t ct pha, thot nc tt.
- X l thc b: Pht t ton din, vic x l thc b phi hon thnh trc khi
trng 1 thng.
- Ngun ging:
+ S dng cy con to ra bng phng php gieo ht qua bu trng trong cc
m hnh ti Ninh Thun v Kon Tum.
+ Tiu chun cy con trng rng: Tui cy 2 - 3 thng tui, ng knh c r:
0,25 - 0,3 cm; chiu cao: 35 - 40 cm; cy ha g hon ton; khng b su bnh, ct
ngn; b r pht trin tt.
20
- Lm t:
+ Vic lm t phi c hon thnh trc khi trng t nht l 10 ngy. X l
thc b xong tin hnh o h theo kch thc: 40x40x40cm. Cc hng cy c b tr
theo ng ng mc.
+ Lp h: Lp h trc khi trng 10 ngy, dng lp t mt trn u vi t
xung quanh h lp gn y ming h.
- Bn lt: Bn lt bng phn NPK vi liu lng 0,1 0,2 kg/h.
- Mt trng: 1200 cy/ha (2x4m)
2m
4m
S 2.7. S phi tr im gieo trng trn cc m hnh ti Ninh Thun v Kon

Tum (2x4m)
- Thi v trng t thng 5 10, chn nhng ngy dm mt, hoc c ma nh trng.
- K thut trng:
+ Chn cy tiu chun em trng.
+ Phi x b bu trc khi trng. Khng c lm v bu hay bin dng bu.
+ Trn u t trong h. o l t bu sao cho r v thn cy ngay thng gi
h, mt trn ca bu thp hn ming h 1-2cm.
+ Lp phn t mt xung trc, ln cht bu, vun th m t mt vo quanh gc
trn c r 2-3cm.
- Trng dm: Sau khi trng rng c 1 2 thng, tin hnh kim tra v trng
dm b sung (nu cn).
- iu tra cc ch tiu sinh trng trn m hnh:
Tin hnh lp 10 OTC/ha, din tch mi OTC l 500m 2. Trn cc m hnh, tin
hnh o m cc ch tiu:
+ Ch tiu sinh trng: Doo, Hvn .
+ Xc nh phm cht v phn thnh 3 cp cht lng l tt (A), trung bnh (B)
v xu (C).
21
Phiu iu tra sinh trng Chm ngy

a im
Ngy iu tra
S hiu OTC/
TT
Doo (cm)
Ngi iu tra
Ta : X
Hvn (m)
Hdc (m)
Phm cht
A
Ghi ch
C
- M 04 lp tp hun v: K thut gieo m, to ging, cc bin php gy trng

cy Chm ngy ti 2 tnh Ninh Thun v Kon Tum.
3.3. Phng php qun l d liu v x l s liu nghin cu
- Cc lm phn th nghim, cc OTC, v tr cc cy m ca Chm ngy c
nh v ta bng my GPS.
- o m v x l thng k ton hc theo cc phng php thng k trong lm
nghip nh Excel,SPSS....
22
V. KT QU THC HIN TI
1. Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc
1.1. c im khu vc nghin cu
Khu vc nghin cu ca ti thuc vng Duyn hi Nam Trung B (Ninh
Thun, Bnh Thun) v vng Ty Nguyn (Kon Tum) c c im v iu kin t
nhin - x hi nh sau:
1.1.1. c im khu vc tnh Ninh Thun
1.1.1.1. iu kin t nhin
a. V tr a l
Phn t lin Ninh Thun nm trong gii hn 1118- 1110 v bc v
10839-10914 kinh ng, pha Bc gip tnh Khnh Ho, pha Nam gip tnh
Bnh Thun, pha Ty gip tnh Lm ng, pha ng c b bin di 105 km.
Ninh Thun c bao bc bi ba mt ni v mt mt bin. Pha Ty l vng ni
cao gip Lt, pha Bc v pha Nam c hai dy ni chy ra bin. Gia tnh v ven
bin l vng ng bng kh cn nn c mnh danh l min Vin Ty ca Vit Nam.
Din tch t nhin 3.358 km2, c 7 n v hnh chnh gm 1 thnh ph v 6
huyn. Thnh ph Phan Rang Thp Chm l thnh ph thuc tnh, trung tm chnh tr,
kinh t v vn ho ca tnh, cch thnh ph H Ch Minh 350km, cch sn bay quc t
Cam Ranh 60 km, cch thnh ph Nha Trang 105 km v cch thnh ph Lt 110
km, thun tin cho vic giao lu pht trin kinh t - x hi.
b. c im a hnh
a hnh Ninh Thun thp dn t Ty Bc xung ng Nam, bi y l vng
t cui ca dy Trng Sn vi nhiu dy ni m ra bin. Lnh th tnh c bao
bc bi 3 mt ni: pha Bc v pha Nam l 2 dy ni cao chy st ra bin, pha Ty l
vng ni cao gip tnh Lm ng. Tnh Ninh Thun c 3 dng a hnh: ni, i g
bn sn a, ng ven bin. Vng i ni chim 63,2% din tch ca tnh, ch yu l
ni thp, cao trung bnh t 200 1.000 m. Vng i g bn sn a chim 14,4% din
tch t nhin, vng ng bng ven bin chim 22,4% din tch t t nhin.
c. Kh hu thu vn
Ninh Thun c kh hu nhit i gi ma in hnh vi c trng kh nng, gi
nhiu, bc hi mnh, nhit trung bnh hng nm t 26 - 27 0C, lng ma trung bnh
700 - 800 mm khu vc ng bng ven bin v tng dn n trn 1.100 mm min
ni, m khng kh t 75 - 77%.
Thi tit c 2 ma r rt: ma ma t thng 9 n thng 11; ma kh t thng
12 n thng 8 nm sau.
23
Ngun nc Ninh Thun phn b khng u, tp trung ch yu khu vc

pha bc v trung tm tnh. Ngun nc ngm ch bng 1/3 mc bnh qun c nc.
d. Ti nguyn thin nhin
- Ti nguyn t
Ti nguyn t ca Ninh Thun khng nhiu. t ai phn ln l i ni,
dc cao, tng t mng, ln v l u t n nhiu. Tng din tch t c kh nng
nng nghip ton tnh khong 101,8 nghn ha t canh tc, hin s dng 60,4 nghn
ha. Din tch t nng nghip c kh nng m rng thm khong 46 nghn ha.
Tng qu t lm nghip c khong 200 nghn ha, n nm 2000 s dng 157,3
nghn ha. Din tch t lm nghip c kh nng m rng thm khong 50 nghn ha.
t cha s dng v sng sui, ni khng rng cy c 104,1 nghn ha, trong
c trn 19.200 ha t bng, c th khai thc 17.000 ha trng cy lng thc v
cy hng nm; trn 72.500 ha t i ni cha s dng c th khai thc khong 60.000
ha trng rng, cy lu nm. Din tch mt nc cha s dng c khong 800 ha, c
th khai thc khong trn 700 ha nui trng thu sn.
- Ti nguyn rng
Rng ca Ninh Thun c ngha rt quan trng i vi pht trin cc ng nh
kinh t - x hi v ci to mi trng sinh thi, l mt th mnh cn khai thc trong
thi k ti. t lm nghip ca tnh Ninh Thun c 335.799,9 ha, bao gm rng t
nhin l 148.665 ha, rng trng c 140.845 ha, t l che ph rng l 43,6% din tch
rng (Thng k din tch v che ph rng cc tnh 12/2010 Quyt nh 1828
BNN). Tr lng g ca tnh gn 11 triu m 3 v c 2,5 triu cy tre na. Rng sn
xut c 58,5 nghn ha, tr lng 4,5 triu m 3 g, rng phng h u ngun c 98,9
nghn ha, tr lng g khong 5,5 triu m3 .
- Ti nguyn khong sn
Khong sn Ninh Thun tng i phong ph v chng loi: nhm khong
sn kim loi c wolfram Krng Pha, ni t; molipen Krng Pha, ni t (4.000
tn); thic gc ni t (24.000); nhm khong sn phi kim loi c thch anh tinh th
ni Ch Bang, M Thp I, M Thp II; ct thu tinh Thnh Tn, st gm Vnh
Thnh; mui khong thch anh C N, m Vua, s a o Cu; nguyn liu
sn xut vt liu xy dng c ct kt vi Sn Hi, C N , M Tng, Thi An, C
N - tr lng 2,5 triu tn CaO; st ph gia, xy dng
Hin nay ch yu mi khai thc , t st, ct lm vt liu xy dng; khai thc
mui khong sn xut mui cng nghip, khai thc nc khong Tn M. Cc
khong sn lm nguyn liu cho vt liu xy dng cn tim nng, c th khai thc
sn xut xi mng, lm gch ngi, xy dng.
- Ti nguyn bin
24
B bin Ninh Thun di 105 km vi vng lnh hi rng trn 18.000 km2, c 3
ca khu ra bin l ng Hi, C N, Khnh Hi. Vng bin Ninh Thun l mt trong
bn ng trng ln nht v giu ngun li nht v cc loi hi sn ca c nc, nhiu
tim nng pht trin du lch v pht trin cng nghip khai thc thu sn v khong
sn bin.
Vng bin Ninh Thun c trn 500 loi c, tm, trong c nhiu loi c gi tr
kinh t cao nh c m, hng, thu, ng, tm hm, mc ng, mc nangTng tr lng
c, tm khong 120 nghn tn, trong c y c 70 - 80 nghn tn, c ni 30 - 40 nghn
tn, kh nng khai thc hng nm 50 - 60 nghn tn.
Nm trong vng c nhit cao, cng bc x ln, Ninh Thun c iu kin
l tng sn xut mui cng nghip. Kh nng din tch lm mui c th ti 3.000 4.000 ha, tp trung khu vc m Vua, C N, Qun Th v vng ven bin th trn
Khnh Ho, sn lng thu hoch hng nm c th t 400 - 500 nghn tn.
B bin Ninh Thun c cc bi tm ni ting nh Ninh Ch, C N.
1.1.1.2. iu kin x hi
a. Dn s v ngun lao ng
Dn s trung bnh nm 2010 c 570,1 nghn ngi, trong dn s th
chim 34,2% (Nin gin thng k 2010).
Mt dn s trung bnh 170 ngi/km2, phn b khng u, tp trung ch yu
vng ng bng ven bin. Trn a bn Ninh Thun c 28 dn tc nhng c 3 dn tc
chnh l dn tc Kinh chim 78%, dn tc Chm chim 12%, dn tc Rgly chim
9%, cn li l cc dn tc khc.
Dn s trong tui lao ng c 312,9 nghn ngi, chim khong 53,2%
(Nin gin thng k 2010). Vi ngun lao ng di do trn s p ng nhu cu lao
ng cho cc d n u t trn a bn tnh.
Tnh c hn 20 lng ngi Chm, trong c nhng lng vn duy tr cc tp
qun ca ch mu h. Ninh Thun c gn nh cn nguyn vn h thng thp Chm
xy dng trong nhiu th k trc, tiu biu l cm thp Ho Lai xy dng th k th 9,
cm thp Poklong Garai xy dng th k 13 v cm thp Prm xy dng th k 17.
b. Gio dc, o to
H thng gio dc ph thng v ni tr hnh thnh tt c cc huyn, thnh
ph. H thng cc trng o to gm Phn hiu i hc Nng lm thnh ph H Ch
Minh ti Ninh Thun, trng Cao ng s phm, trng Chnh tr, Trung tm H2 i hc Thu li, Trng Trung cp dy ngh v cc trung tm k thut tng hp
hng nghip v dy ngh cc huyn, thnh ph c nhim v nng cao trnh
chuyn mn v tay ngh cho ngi lao ng.
25
c. Y t
H thng y t tuyn tnh c bnh vin a khoa vi 800 ging, bnh vin khu
vc vi cc trang thit b hin i, cc trung tm y t chuyn khoa. Tt c cc huyn,
x v phng u c cc trung tm y t v trm x. Hin nay tnh ang xy dng mi
bnh vin a khoa quy m 500 ging theo hng hin i ho cc trang thit b p
ng nhu cu khm v cha bnh cho nhn dn.
1.1.2. c im khu vc tnh Bnh Thun
a. V tr a l
Tnh Bnh Thun l mt tnh duyn hi, c to a l:
- Kinh : 107 0 24E - 108 0 23E
- V : 10 033N - 11 033N
ng v ng Nam gip bin ng, Bc - Ty Bc gip tnh Lm ng, ng
- ng Bc gip tnh Ninh Thun, Ty - Ty Nam gip tnh ng Nai v tnh B Ra Vng Tu.
- Din tch t nhin: 781.000 ha
- Tnh Bnh Thun c 01 thnh ph, 01 th x v 08 huyn bao gm Thnh ph
Phan Thit, th x La Gi v cc huyn: Tuy Phong, Bc Bnh, Hm Thun Bc, Hm
Thun Nam, Hm Tn, Tnh Linh, c Linh v huyn o Ph Qu. Bnh Thun c
nhiu dn tc sinh sng: Kinh, Chm, Hoa, K'Ho, Ch Ro...
b. c im a hnh
i b phn l i ni thp, ng bng ven bin nh hp. a hnh hp v chiu
ngang, ko di theo hng ng Bc - Ty Nam, phn ho thnh 3 dng chnh sau:
- i ct v cn ct ven bin chim 18,22% din tch t nhin, phn b dc ven
bin t Tuy Phong n Hm Tn.
- ng bng ph sa chim 9,43% din tch t nhin gm: ng bng ph sa ven
bin, cc lu vc sng Lng Sng n sng Dinh cao khng qu 12 m ng bng
thung lng sng La Ng, cao t 90 - 120 m.
- Vng i g chim 31,66% din tch, cao t 30 - 50 m ko di theo hng
ng Bc - Ty Nam t pha Bc huyn Bc Bnh n ng Bc huyn c Linh.
c. Kh hu thu vn
Bnh Thun nm trong khu vc nhit i gi ma vi 2 ma r rt:
+ Ma ma: t thng 5 n thng 10
+ Ma kh: t thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau
+ Nhit trung bnh: 27,0 oC
26
+ Lng ma trung bnh nm: 1.024 mm

+ m tng i: 79%
+ Tng s gi nng: 2.459
d. Ti nguyn thin nhin
- Ti nguyn t
Tnh Bnh Thun c 781,04 ha t t nhin. Trong , din tch t nng nghip
l 201.100 ha, chim 25,68%; din tch t lm nghip c rng l 374.409 ha, chim
47,82%; din tch t chuyn dng l 21.403 ha, chim 2,73%; din tch t l 6.331
ha, chim 0,80%; din tch t cha s dng v sng sui l 174.603 ha, chim
22,30%.
Trong t nng nghip, din tch t trng cy hng nm l 149.908 ha, chim
71,35%, trong din tch t trng la l 56.948 ha, chim 37,98%; din tch t
trng cy lu nm l 43.451 ha, chim 20,68%; din tch t c mt nc nui trng
thu sn l 795 ha, chim 0,21%.
Din tch t trng, i ni trc cn ph xanh l 79.797 ha; din tch t c mt
nc cha s dng l 2.776 ha; din tch t bng cha s dng l 71.962 ha.
- Ti nguyn rng
n nm 2010, ton tnh c 286.566 ha rng. Trong : Din tch rng t nhin
l 252.721 ha, din tch rng trng ton tnh l 33.848 ha, che ph rng t 35,5%
(Thng k din tch v che ph rng cc tnh 12/2010 Quyt nh 1828 BNN).
Cc khu bo tn thin nhin: Hin c 02 Khu bo tn thin nhin l Bin Lc Ni ng v C T.
- Ti nguyn bin
Bnh Thun c chiu di b bin 192 km, din tch vng lnh hi rng 52.000
km2 thun li cho vic khai thc thu sn v khai thc du lch. Tng tr lng c vng
bin ven b ca Bnh Thun l 220 - 240 nghn tn; kh nng khai thc trn 120 nghn
tn/nm; mc 10.000 - 20.000 tn/nm; s ip 25.000 - 30.000 tn/nm.
Vng ven bin Bnh Thun c nhiu kh nng nui trng thu sn, pht trin
dim nghip v du lch, ton tnh khong trn 3000 ha mt nc triu c th a vo
nui tm, lm rung mui.
- Ti nguyn khong sn
- Khong sn l nguyn vt liu xy dng: Vt liu xy dng c ct kt vi vi
tr lng 3,9 triu m3, phn b Vnh Ho v Phc Th (Tuy Phong); xy dng
v trang tr vi tr lng 75 triu m 3 phn b T Ku (Hm Thun Nam), Ni Nhn
(Hm Tn).
27
- Nc khong: Phn b Vnh Ho (Tuy Phong), a Kai (c Thnh), Phong

in (Hm Tn). Ring 4 im Vnh Ho, Vn Lm, Hm Cng, a Kai l nc
khong thuc loi cacbont-natri c dng lm nc gii kht, kh nng khai thc
khong 300 triu lt/nm.
- Sa khong Imenit tr lng 1,08 triu tn, zicon tr lng 193 nghn tn phn
b ch yu K G (Hm Thun Nam), Mi N (Phan Thit), Tn Thin (Hm Tn),
Thin i (Bc Bnh).
- Ct trng thu tinh vi tr lng 496 triu m3 cp P2, hm lng SiO2 t 97 - 99%.
Theo kt qu iu tra nm 2010, tnh Bnh Thun c 1176,9 nghn ngi (Nin
gin thng k 2010). Trong : S ngi trong tui lao ng x hi ton tnh nm
2010 l 647,8 nghn ngi, chim 53,3% dn s.
Trn a bn tnh c trn 20 dn tc, ng nht l dn tc Kinh, c 973.863
ngi, chim 93,01%. Cc dn tc thiu s nh dn tc Chm c 29.356 ngi, chim
2,80%; dn tc Ra-glai c 12.541 ngi, chim 1,19%; dn tc Hoa c 11.204 ngi,
chim 1,07%; dn tc C-ho c 8.779 ngi, chim 0,83%; dn tc Ty c 4.507
ngi, chim 0,43%; dn tc Ch - ro c 2.286 ngi, chim 0,21%; cc dn tc khc
chim 0,46%.
b. Gio dc, o to
Tnh n nm 2010, ph cp gio dc tiu hc cho 9/9 huyn, th, thnh ph
vi 105/115 x, phng, th trn t chun quc gia v ph cp gio dc tiu hc v
xo m, t l ngi bit ch chim 90,7% dn s ton tnh. Ton tnh hin c 1 trng
trung hc chuyn nghip, 01 trng cao ng, 01 trung tm bi dng cn b, 02 trung
tm dy ngh.
c. Y t
Ton tnh c 13 bnh vin; 17 trung tm k hoch ho gia nh lin x; 13
phng khm a khoa khu vc; 100% x c trm y t c xy dng kin c, t l
ging bnh l 32,7 ging/1vn dn. S cn b y t phc v cho 1 vn dn l 26,6
cn b, trong t l Bc s l 4,5 ngi.
Kt cu h tng kinh t - k thut c ci thin ng k, c th: h thng
giao thng c ci to p ng nhu cu pht trin kinh t. Cc tuyn giao thng
chnh nh Quc l 1A, Quc l 55, Quc l 28; ga hnh khch - du lch Mng Mn
ang xy dng li; cng Phan Thit, La Gi, Phan R Ca, Ph Qu; cng tng hp Mi
in (Khe G) ang u t xy dng. Hin nay cc a bn trong tnh u c in;
ngun cung cp in c bo m t li in quc gia. Trung ng quy hoch
Bnh Thun c 2 trung tm in than Vnh Tn v Sn M, trong nm 2008 s bt u
trin khai xy dng khu t hp in than ti Vnh Tn vi cng sut 4.400 MW. H
28
thng cp nc c ci to, m rng cung cp nc cho th, khu du lch,

khu cng nghip. H thng thng tin lin lc thng xuyn c nng cp, m rng v
hin i ho.
1.1.3. c im khu vc tnh Kon Tum
a. V tr a l
Tnh Kon Tum nm pha Bc ca vng Ty Nguyn, c ta a l: T 13 0
55 30 n 15 0 25 30 v Bc, t 107 0 2015 n 108 0 33 00 kinh ng. Kon
Tum c din tch t nhin 9690,5 km2 , chim 3,1% din tch ton quc, pha bc gip
tnh Qung Nam (chiu di ranh gii 142 km); pha nam gip tnh Gia Lai (203 km),
pha ng gip Qung Ngi (74 km), pha ty gip hai nc Lo v Campuchia (c
chung ng bin gii di 280,7 km).
b. c im a hnh
Nhn chung a th ca Kon Tum cao pha Bc v thp dn xung pha Nam,
nh cao nht l ngn ni Ngc Linh cao 2.598 m. a hnh rt a dng v phc tp,
vi nhiu kiu a hnh, ni cao, ni trung bnh, ni thp v vng thung lng a n xen
nhau. C th phn chia thnh 4 kiu a hnh chnh nh sau:
Kiu a hnh ni cao chim 0,7% din tch t nhin ca tnh, phn b ch yu
huyn k Gli v Tu M Rng (xung quanh vng ni Ngc Linh). a hnh vng
ny kh phc tp, b mt b chia ct mnh, dc bnh qun t 25 0 -30 0. cao bnh
qun 1.500m.
Kiu a hnh ni trung bnh chim 61,6% din tch t nhin ca tnh. Phn b
tp trung cc huyn k Gli, huyn Tu M Rng, huyn Kon Plng v huyn k
H. a hnh vng kh phc tp, b mt b chia ct mnh, dc bnh qun t 20 0-25 0.
cao bnh qun 1.200m.
Kiu a hnh ni thp chim 20,4% tng din tch t nhin ca tnh. Phn b
tp trung huyn Sa Thy, Ngc Hi, huyn k T, v pha nam cc huyn k H,
Kon Plng. y l vng chuyn tip gia kiu a hnh ni trung bnh v vng thung
lng, mng trng nn mc chia ct ca a hnh khng phc tp, dc bnh qun
t 15 0-200, cao tuyt i trung bnh t 600-800m.
Kiu a hnh thung lng v mng trng chim 17,3% din tch t nhin ton
tnh. Phn b Thnh ph Kon Tum, Huyn k Gli, Ngc Hi v Sa Thy chng
nm dc theo cc trin sng k P K, k P Xi v k Bla. Vng ny c a hnh
tng i bng phng, cao tuyt i trung bnh t 400 -600m, dc trung bnh t
5 0-10 0.
c. a cht, th nhng
Kon tum nm trong a khi c pha Nam hay gi l a khi c Kon Tum. Nn
a cht c cu to t 4 nhm m ch yu sau: Nhm Mcma axt, nhm
st- bin cht, nhm Mcma kim, nhm nn a cht bi, dc t.
29
Kon Tum c cc nhm t sau: Nhm t mn trn ni cao c tng din tch
6.310 ha, chim 0,7% tng din tch t nhin. Nhm t Feralt mn vng trn ni
trung bnh c tng din tch 348.452 ha, chim 36 % tng din tch t nhin. Nhm t
Feralt vng c din tch 609.344 ha chim 62,9% tng din tch t nhin. Nhm t
ph sa vn sng sui v dc t chn i ni (P,D) c din tch 3.549 ha chim 0,4% din
tch t nhin, phn b dc theo sng Sa Thy, sng P K v sng k Bla.
d. c im kh hu, thu vn
Kh hu
Kon Tum thuc vng kh hu nhit i gi ma cao nguyn. Nhit trung
bnh trong nm dao ng trong khong 22 - 230 C, bin nhit dao ng trong
ngy 8 - 90C.
Kon Tum c 2 ma r rt: Ma ma ch yu bt u t thng 4 n thng 11,
ma kh t thng 12 n thng 3 nm sau. Hng nm, lng ma trung bnh khong
2.121 mm, lng ma nm cao nht 2.260 mm, nm thp nht 1.234 mm, thng c
lng ma cao nht l thng 8. Ma kh, gi ch yu theo hng ng bc; ma ma,
gi ch yu theo hng Ty nam.
m trung bnh hng nm dao ng trong khong 78 - 87%. m khng kh
thng cao nht l thng 8 - 9 (khong 90%), thng thp nht l thng 3 (khong 66%).
Thu vn
Kon Tum c ngun nc mt kh di do, c d tr t 4 h thng s ng ln
v cc h cha nc.
- H thng sng S San c lu vc chim phn ln din tch ca tnh, tng
lng dng chy ca sng t 10 - 11 t m3 nc.
- Pha ng bc l u ngun sng Tr Khc, pha Bc l u ngun sng Thu
Bn v sng Vu Gia. Cc sng ny u chy v cc tnh Duyn Hi v ra bin
ng, din tch lu vc ca 3 con sng ny ch chim 1/4 din tch ca ton tnh.
e. Ti nguyn thin nhin
- Ti nguyn t
Tng din tch t t nhin ca ton tnh l 969.500 ha. Trong din tch t
lm nghip l 606.669 ha, chim 63,10%; din tch t nng nghip l 92.352 ha,
chim 9,60%; din tch t khc l 262.529 ha chim 27,07%.
Trong t nng nghip, din tch t trng cy hng nm l 55.324 ha, chim
60%. Trong , t trng cy cng nghip hng nm chim khong 72,32%, ring t
la c 20,5 nghn ha, trong c 6% la ng xun v 27,3% la ma; din tch t
trng cy lu nm l 30.677 ha, chim 33,21%.
Din tch t trng, i trc cn ph xanh 232.570 ha; din tch t c mt nc
cha s dng l 16 ha.
30
- Ti nguyn rng
Rng Kon Tum phn ln l rng nguyn sinh c nhiu g qu nh: Cm lai,
Ging hng, P mu, Thng n nm 2010, ton tnh c 654.063 ha rng. Trong
: Din tch rng t nhin l 612.225 ha, din tch rng trng ton tnh l 41.838 ha,
che ph rng t 66,8% (Thng k din tch v che ph rng cc tnh 12/2010
Quyt nh 1828 BNN).
Mt s lm sn di tn rng c gi tr kinh t v dc liu cao nh: Gi, sm
Ngc Linh, Sa nhn, nha Thng, Song my, Bng t, M tin, Vng ng, Hong
ng, Ng gia b, H th Hin ti, Kon Tum c VQG Ch Mo Ray (56.621 ha),
Khu d tr thin nhin Ngc Linh (38.109 ha), Khu bo tn loi k Uy (660 ha) rt
phong ph v ang dng v s lng chng loi, l ni cha nhiu ngun gen ng,
thc vt qu him c ghi trong cun sch Vit Nam.
- Ti nguyn khong sn
Khong sn Kon Tum rt phong ph v c tr lng tng i ln nh: Vng
gc v Vng sa khong tp trung huyn k Glei, Ngc Hi, Kon Plng, k H;
Bxt tp trung Mng en, Kon H Nng (huyn Kon Plng); than bn x Ya
Chim, Ho Bnh (th x Kon Tum); gablopioxen mu en c huyn Ngc Hi v
x Ya Chim; nc khong tp trung Kon o, Ngc T (huyn k T), k Ring,
Ngc Tem, Hiu (huyn Kon Plng). Ngoi ra, cn c ct si, xy dng phn b th
x Kon Tum, huyn Sa Thy c tr lng ln, p ng nhu cu xy dng ca tnh.
n nm 2010, dn s ton tnh l 443,4 nghn ngi (Nin gim thn g k
2010). Kon Tum c 25 dn tc cng sinh sng, trong dn tc thiu s chim trn
53%, c 6 dn tc t ngi sinh sng lu i bao gm: X ng, Bana, Gi -Tring,
Gia Rai, Bru v R Mm... Sau ngy thng nht t nc (nm 1975) mt s dn tc
thiu s cc tnh khc n sinh sng, lm cho thnh phn dn tc trong tnh ngy
cng a dng.
Mt dn s trung bnh 46 ngi/km2, phn b khng u, tp trung ch yu ti
vng ng bng, thnh th. Dn s trong tui lao ng c 244,7 nghn ngi, chim
khong 54,6% dn s ton tnh. Lc lng lao ng trong ngnh nng lm nghip chim
35,8% dn s ca tnh (144.802 ngi). Hng nm lc lng lao ng ca tnh tng ln
ch yu l do chnh sch di dn xy dng vng kinh t mi ca Nh nc.
b. Gio dc
Mc d l tnh ngho, c s vt cht cn thiu thn, nhng Kon Tum cng
c Nh nc cng nhn t tiu chun quc gia v xo m ch v ph cp gio dc
tiu hc. n nay 100% cc x c trng tiu hc, 88,9% cc x c trng trung
hc c s. Tt c 9 huyn th u c trng Trung hc c s v Ph thng trung hc.
31
Ring TP. Kon Tum, huyn k T v huyn Ngc Hi trng Trung hc c s v

Ph thng trung hc c tch ring thnh trng Ph thng trung hc. C th nh sau:
- H mu gio: Ton tnh c 114 trng, c 25,3 nghn hc sinh.
- H ph thng: Ton tnh c 252 trng; trong c 131 trng tiu hc, 91
trng trung hc c s, 14 trng trung hc ph thng, 06 trng ph thng c s.
- H chuyn nghip: Ton tnh c 02 trng cao ng; 01 trng trung hc
chuyn nghip; 01 trng trung cp ngh.
c. Y t
Mng li y t c trin khai t tuyn tnh n tuyn huyn, x. n nay
100% x c trm y t, t l c bc s t khong 41,67%, ton tnh c 106 c s y
t, trong c: 01 bnh vin a khoa, 1.471 ging bnh; 01 vin iu dng v 01
khu iu tr phong. Tng s cn b y t 1.354 ngi.
d. C s h tng giao thng
Kon Tum c ng H Ch Minh ni vi cc tnh Ty Nguyn, Qung Nam;
quc l 24 i Qung Ngi; quc l 40 i Atp (Lo). Mng li giao thng lin
huyn, lin x v cc tuyn ni th, th trn, giao thng nng thn c bn p ng c
nhu cu i li v vn chuyn hng ho ca nhn dn.
Tm li: Qua phn tch tng quan iu kin t nhin ca vng kho st, c
im ni bt nht v cng l c o nht ca nn kh hu trong vng l tnh trng kh
hn cao ca ton b ch ma - m. Lng ma trung bnh trong vng ch vo
khong trn di 1.000mm/nm vi trung tm kh hn l vng Phan Rang, ni c
lng ma trung bnh nm khng ti 700mm (Phan Rang vo khong 653mm/nm,
Mi Dinh l 751mm/nm). S ngy c ma trong nm rt t, vi khong 50 - 70 ngy
Ninh Thun (Phan Rang l 47 ngy). Ch c 3 thng, t thng 9 n thng 12 l thi
k c lng ma thng vt qu 100mm. Nhng cn ma ln t gp, mi nm trung
bnh ch c 1-2 ngy c ma trn 50mm v thng th phi vi nm mi c 1 ngy c
ma trn 100mm. Thi k t ma ko di 8 - 9 thng, t thng 1 n thng 8. Trong
nhng thng t ma, trung bnh ch c 1 - 2 ngy c ma vi lng nc 2 5mm/thng. m khng kh cng rt thp, trung bnh nm vo khong 80%, thi k
kh nht trong nm, thng l t thng 1 n thng 3, m trung bnh ch vo
khong 70 - 75%. m ti thp tuyt i c th xung di 20 - 25%. My t, nng
nhiu, c ti 2300-2400 gi nng trong nm. y hon ton khng cn ma ng
lnh na, nhit trung bnh thng thp nht cng trn 23 0C. Chnh lch gia nhit
trung bnh thng nng nht v thng lnh nht khng vt qu 4 - 50 C. Dng bin trnh
nhit y mang tnh qu t dng nhit i sang dng xch o.
Nh vy, nn sinh kh hu chung ca vng ny c c trng bng tnh trng
kh nng - hn quanh nm. mt s vng, nh Phan Rang, Mi Dinh, Tuy Phong,
k T kh hn c tnh c ht sa mc. y l iu bt li ln nht n cy trng v
cn c tnh n trong vic la chn tp on cy trng trong vng.
32
1.2. iu tra, nh gi hin trng phn b ca loi cy Chm ngy v thc trng
gy trng ca cy Chm ngy ti vng Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn
1.2.1. Phn b Chm ngy trong t nhin
Kt qu iu tra t thnh loi cy trong vng nghi ng c Chm ngy phn b
c tng hp trong Bng 4.1 nh sau:
Bng 4.1. Cng thc t thnh ti OTC
Tnh
Ninh Thun
Bnh Thun
Cng thc t thnh
OTC
1
4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk
3,5CC + 0,9Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,5D + 0,4Bl + 3,3Lk
4,3Cl + 2,1D + 0,4M + 0,4C + 3Lk
4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk
3,9CC + 0,8Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,6D + 0,3Bl + 3,3Lk
4,1Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk
3,5Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M +0,4CG+ 0,4C + 2,8 Lk
4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk
3,9CC + 0,9Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,5D + 0,4Bl + 2,9Lk
10
4,1Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk
11
3,8Cl + 2,1D + 0,9M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk
12
4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk
13
3,5CC + 0,9Bl + 0,8CG + 0,7CL + 0,6D + 0,5Bl + 3Lk
14
4,1Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk
15
3,9CC + 0,9Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,5D + 3,3Lk
16
4,3Cl + 2,3D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk
17
4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk
18
3CC + 1,4Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,5D + 3,7Lk
19
3,9Cl + 2,2D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk
20
4,1Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk
21
3Cl + 2,53 D + 1,55Bl + 0,7Cx + 2,22Lk
22
4,12Cl + 1,36CC + 0,8C + 0,7Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2,34Lk
23
4,5 CC + 1,2Bl + 0,8Tro+ 0,6C + 2,9Lk

33
24
4,12Cl + 1,36CC + 0,8C + 0,7Bl + 3,02Lk
25
4,1Cl + 1,3CC + 0,86C + 0,72Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2Lk
26
4,22Cl + 1,36CC + 0,9C + 0,6Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2,24Lk
27
3,22Cl + 2,5D + 1,5Bl + 0,78Cx + 2Lk
28
5,58Cl + 1,36CC + 0,8C + 0,7Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2,34Lk
29
4 CC + 1,7Bl + 0,8Tro+ 0,6C + 3Lk
30
4Cl + 1CC + 0,86C + 0,73Bl + 3,02Lk
31
4,1Cl + 1,3CC + 0,86C + 0,72Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2,34Lk
32
3,2Cl + 1,36CC + 1,02D+0,9C + 0,6Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2,24Lk
33
4,1Cl + 1,3CC + 0,86C + 0,72Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2,34Lk
34
3,2Cl + 1,36CC + 1,02D+0,9C + 0,6Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2Lk
35
3,2Cl + 2,23 D + 1,55Bl + 0,92Cx + 2Lk
36
4,12Cl + 1,36CC + 0,8C + 0,74Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2,3Lk
37
4,5 CC + 1,2Bl + 0,8Tro+ 0,6C + 2,9Lk
38
3,12Cl + 2,36CC + 0,8C + 0,7Bl + 3,02Lk
39
3,1Cl + 2,3CC + 0,86C + 0,72Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2Lk
40
4,22Cl + 1,5CC + 1,36C+ 0,68 Tr + 2,24Lk
41
3,52D + 1,55T + 1,55C + 0,56Gi + 2,82Lk
42
4,22D + 1,36Th + 0,85Tr + 0,76Tr + 0,68T + 2,13Lk
43
3D+ 2,53T + nn1,55Tr + 1,36C + 0,7Gi + 0,86Lk
44
4,52D + 1,55T + 0,55C + 0,56Gi + 2,82Lk
45
3,22D + 1,36Th + 0,85Tr + 0,76Tr + 0,68T + 3,13Lk
46
4,53D+ 1,55Tr +1T + 1,36C + 0,7Gi + 0,86Lk
47
3,52D + 1,55T + 1,55C + 0,56Gi + 2,8Lk
48
4,22D + 1,36Th + 0,85Tr + 0,7Tr + 0,6T + 3Lk
49
3D+ 2,53T + 1,55Tr + 1,36C + 0,7Gi + 0,86Lk
50
4,52D + 1,55T + 0,55C + 0,56Gi + 2,82Lk
51
3,22D + 1,36Th + 0,89Tr+ 0,68T + 3,85Lk
52
4,53D+ 2T + 1,55Tr +0,7Gi +0,36C+ 0,86Lk
Kon Tum
34
53
2,22D + 1,36Th + 0,85Tr + 0,76Tr + 0,68T + 4Lk
54
4D+ 1,55Tr +1,53T + 1,42C + 0,7Gi + 0,8 Lk
55
3,52D + 1,55T + 1,55C + 0,56Gi + 2,8Lk
56
4,22D + 1,36Th + 0,85Tr + 0,7Tr + 0,6T + 3Lk
57
2D+ 2,53T + 1,55Tr + 1,36C + 0,7Gi + 1,86Lk
58
3,52D + 1,55T + 0,55C + 0,56Gi + 3,82Lk
59
3,22D + 1,36Th + 0,89Tr+ 0,68T + 3,85Lk
60
3,53D+ 2,5T + 1,55Tr +0,7Gi +0,36C+ 0,86Lk
Ghi ch:
Cl: Cm lin
CG: C ging
Tro: Trm
M: Mung
D: Du ng
D: D
CC: C cht
C: Cc
T: Trm
Bl: Bnh linh
Cx: Cm xe
Tr: Trng
Gi: Gii
Th: Thng
Lk: Loi khc
Qua Bng 4.1 ta thy, trong tt c cc OTC c lp v iu tra u khng thy

s xut hin ca Chm ngy. Trong cc OTC ch yu l cc loi cy nh: Cm lin,
C cht, D, Du ng, Bnh linh...
Nh vy, c th kt lun rng, ti 60 OTC c lp ti 03 a phng nghin
cu l Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun v Kon Tum khng c phn b Chm ngy trong iu
kin t nhin.
1.2.2. Tnh hnh gy trng Chm ngy
Kt qu phng vn phn b Chm ngy trong iu kin gy trng c th hin
trong Bng 4.2 nh sau.
Bng 4.2. Kt qu phng vn phn b Chm ngy
TT
Tnh
S ngi PV
S ngi bit
phn b CN
T l %
Ninh Thun
62
58
93,55
Bnh Thun
73
67
91,78
TP H Ch Minh
70
65
92,86
4
5
ng Nai
Kon Tum
80
24
73
0
91,25
0
Kt qu phng vn trong Bng 4.2 cho thy, 90% s ngi c phng vn ti

cc tnh vng Nam Trung B (Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, TP H Ch Minh, ng Nai),
35
u tr li h bit v loi cy Chm ngy. Ring ti k T - Kon Tum (vng Ty

Nguyn) ngi dn khng bit n loi cy ny (100% s ngi phng vn tr li h
khng bit v cy Chm ngy).
a s ngi dn c phng vn ti cc tnh thuc vng Nam Trung B u tr
li h trng Chm ngy trong vn nh vi cc mc ch khc nhau. Ngi dn ti
y cng cho bit h u bit tn a phng ca cy l Chm ngy, ngoi ra cng c
mt s tn khc nh l So a, k Nhn
Tm li
Qua iu tra v thc trng phn b ca chm ngy c th kt lun:
- Chm ngy khng c phn b trong t nhin ti 02 vng sinh thi l Duyn
hi Nam Trung b v Ty Nguyn.
- Chm ngy ch c gy trng v mc phn tn trn nng ry, vn h ti
khu vc Duyn hi Nam Trung b. Khng thy xut hin cy chm ngy trong trang
tri, vn h ti Ty Nguyn.
1.3. Nghin cu c im lm hc v iu kin gy trng ca loi cy Chm ngy
ti vng Nam Trung B
1.3.1. c im hnh thi hc
c im hnh thi hc ca cc loi cy thng c nghin cu rt nhiu c
trn th gii ln ti Vit Nam.Tuy nhin cc nghin cu v c im hnh thi Chm
ngy ch yu c thc hin trn th gii m ti Vit Nam cha c cng trnh nghin
cu c th no. ti tng hp kt qu nghin cu trn th gii v ca ti thng
qua Bng 4.3:
Bng 4.3. Tng hp c im hnh thi hc cy Chm ngy
TT Cc c
im
1
Dng
sng
Ti liu tham kho*
Kt qu nghin cu ca ti
G nh, trung bnh, cao 8- G nh , trung bnh cao t 5 12m,

15m, ng knh gc 20 - ng knh gc t 15 45cm.
35cm
L kp lng chim 3 ln, di

30 60 cm, vi nhiu l cht
mu xanh mc, khng lng
di 1,3 2cm, rng 0,3 0,6
cm; l km bao ly chi, l
cht di 12 - 20 mm hnh
trng, mc i c 6 - 9 i.
L kp lng chim 3 ln, di 30 60

cm, vi nhiu l cht mu xanh mc,
khng lng di 1,3 2cm, rng 0,3
0,6 cm; l km bao ly chi, l cht
di 12 - 20 mm hnh trng, mc i
c 6 - 9 i.
Hoa
Hoa c cung, thm, to,

dng hi ging hoa u,
trng hoa gm 5 cnh, mu
trng, vch ln, rng khong
2,5 cm, hoa mc thnh chy
Hoa c cung, thm , to, dng hi

ging hoa u, trng hoa gm 5
cnh, mu trng, vch ln, rng t
1,5 3 cm, hoa mc thnh chy
nch l,c lng t.
36
nch l,c lng t.

4
Nh
B nh gm 5 nh th xen B nh gm 5 nh th xen vi 5 nh
vi 5 nh lp.
lp.
Non
Bu non mt cung do 3 l Bu non mt cung do 3 l non,

non, nh phi trc m.
nh phi trc m.
Qu
Qu dng nang treo di t 25

30 cm, rng 2cm, ch c
ht hi g ln, dc theo qu
c kha rnh, khi kh n
thnh 3 mnh dy.
Qu dng nang treo di t 19 32

cm, rng 1- 2,5cm, ch c ht hi g
ln, dc theo qu c kha rnh, khi
kh n thnh 3 mnh dy, s lng
ht t 12 -18 ht/qu .
Ht
Ht nhiu, trn dt, to Ht nhiu, trn dt, to khong 1cm,

khong 1cm, c 3 cnh c 3 cnh mng bao quanh.
mng bao quanh.
Ht ti Bnh Thun c mu nu xm,
cnh mng v trng hn cn ht ti
Ninh Thun c mu nu en v cnh
dy, v khng trng bng Bnh
Thun.
(* Ngun ti liu tham kho:http://www.moringatree.co.za )
Qua kt qu tng hp t Bng 4.3 cho thy, c im hnh thi hc ca Chm

ngy trn th gii v ti Vit Nam gn ging nhau v khng c s khc bit ng k.
37
nh 1. Hnh thi thn cy Chm ngy ti

Ninh Thun
nh 2. Hnh thi thn cy Chm ngy ti

Bnh Thun
nh 3. L v hoa Chm ngy
nh 4. Hoa Chm ngy
nh 5. Qu Chm ngy
nh 6. Ht Chm ngy
ti tin hnh iu tra 64 cy m chia u cho 2 tnh Ninh Thun v Bnh

Thun theo di hnh thi v vt hu. Cc cy m c la chn ti hai a phng
u c ngun gc trng phn tn trong vn h, kh ng u v tui (cc cy mu
c la chn u trng vo nhng nm 1996 - 1998). Ch tiu sinh trng trung bnh
ca 64 cy m c trnh by trong Bng 4.4.
38
Bng 4.4. Ch tiu sinh trng trung bnh ca cy mu ti

Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun
a im
D1.3 (cm)
Hvn (m)
Hdc (m)
Ninh Thun
26,53
6,17
2,43
Bnh Thun
24,51
5,86
2,2
Kt qu iu tra 64 cy m ti hai a phng Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun v

sn lng qu c trnh by trong Bng 4.5.
Bng 4.5. Cc ch tiu v sn lng qu ti Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun
Cc ch tiu
n v
Ninh Thun
Bnh Thun
D qu
cm
2,3
L qu
cm
29
27
Qu/cy
290
220
Qu
286
216
2,75
Ht/qu
15
14
92
87
S lng qu
S lng qu cht lng tt
Trng lng 1.000 ht
S lng ht/qu
T l ny mm
Kt qu Bng 4.5 cho thy:

- Kch thc qu, s lng qu ly theo tr s bnh qun ca cy Ninh Thun
u ln hn cy trng ti Bnh Thun.
- S lng qu v t l qu cht lng tt trng Ninh Thun bng 1,32 ln so
vi cy trng Bnh Thun.
- Trng lng 1.000 ht cy Ninh Thun tri hn 10,9% so vi cy trng
Bnh Thun.
- T l ny mm ca cy trng Ninh Thun cng cao hn so vi cy Bnh
Thun nhng nhn chung t l ny mm ca ht ti 2 tnh l rt tt.
nh gi cc ch tiu sn lng qu ca 2 a phng nghin cu, ti tin
hnh phn tch phng sai v s lng qu. Kt qu c trnh by trong Bng 4.6.
Bng 4.6. So snh s khc bit v s lng qu ti
Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun
Ngun bin ng
Tng bin
ng
Bc t do
F
156.548
Nhn t s lng qu
78400
78400.000
Ngu nhin
31050
62
500.806
109450
63
Tng
39
Sig.
.000
Qua cc kt qu thu c trong Bng 4.6 trn cho sc xut ca F v s lng

qu u u nh hn 0,05, nh vy c th kt lun rng: S lng qu ti hai tnh c
s khc nhau r rt. S khc bit ny cho thy rng Chm ngy c trng ti cc a
phng khc nhau cng nh hng ti sinh trng cng nh pht trin ca hoa, qu,
ht cy.
nh 7. Qu Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun
nh 8. Qu Chm ngy ti Bnh Thun
nh 9. Qu Chm ngy ti
nh 10. Qu Chm ngy kh
1.3.2. c im sinh thi

Kt qu so snh c tnh sinh thi ca Chm ngy vi iu kin t nhin vng
nghin cu c trnh by trong Bng 4.7.
40
Bng 4.7. So snh c tnh sinh thi cy Chm ngy vi iu kin

t nhin vng nghin cu
Yu t t nhin
Nhu cu sinh thi*
iu kin hin c
Phn b
Mc tt vng cn nhit i
kh n m cho n vng nhit
cao t 50 - 300 m
i rt kh n vng rng m,
cao t 0 - 1000m
Kh hu
- Nhit trung bnh nm t

18,7 - 28,5 oC
- Lng ma trung bnh hng
nm t 480 - 4000mm/nm
- Nhit trung bnh nm t 23 270C

- Khng c ma ng v sng
mui
- Lng ma trung bnh hng
nm t 700 - 1100mm/nm
t ai
- Khng chu c t ngp ng

- t kh hn v t ct kh
- Thnh phn c gii t t tht
nh n tht nng.
- pHkcl: 4,5 - 8
- t thot nc tt
- t ct hoc pha ct
- Thnh phn c gii t t tht
nh, tht trung bnh, ct pha.
- pHkcl: 5,27 - 5,79
(* Ngun ti liu tham kho:http://www.moringatree.co.za )

Qua Bng 4.7 trn cho thy: iu kin t nhin vng nghin cu kh ph hp
vi nhu cu sinh thi ca cy Chm ngy, y l cn c rt quan trng cy Chm
ngy c th sinh trng v pht trin tt ti vng kho st.
Ti khu vc nghin cu, Chm ngy phn b cao trung bnh t 50 300
m. Cy c th sinh trng ti vng c cao trung bnh t 0 1000m, cao thch
hp nht cho Chm ngy pht trin l di 600m.
Chm ngy phn b nhng vng c nhit trung bnh nm t 23 - 27 0C,
khng c ma ng v sng mui. Tuy nhin, theo nhiu nghin cu khi nhit ln
n trn 40 0 C cy vn c th sinh trng bnh thng.
Chm ngy phn b nhng vng ma trung bnh 480 4000 mm/nm, ti
vng nghin cu lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 700 1100 mm/nm rt thch hp
cho cy pht trin. Qua kho st thc t ti vng c nhiu Chm ngy thy rng cy
sinh trng tt ni t thot nc tt, t bng phng; kt qu ny cho thy Chm
ngy chu hn kh tt.
1.3.3. c im v vt hu hc
Kt qu theo di c im vt hu ca Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun v Bnh
Thun c tng hp trong Bng 4.8.
41
Bng 4.8. Tng hp kt qu v nghin cu vt hu Chm ngy trong 3 nm ti Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun
D1.3 (cm)
NINH
THUN
26,53
Hvn(m)
6,17
Hdc(m)
2,43
THNG
1
Hnh thi tn
Trn u hoc bt p
Hnh thi thn
Thng hay hp tr
10
Ny chi
Ra l
Ny n
Ra hoa
Qu non
Qu chn
Ht chn
24,51
Hvn(m)
5,86
Hdc(m)
2,2
Trn u hoc bt p
Hnh thi tn
42
11
12
x
x
To qu
D1.3 (cm)
BNH
THUN
Thng hay hp tr
Hnh thi thn

Ny chi
Ra l
Ny n
Ra hoa
To qu
Qu non
Qu chn
Ht chn
43
Qua Bng 4.8 cho thy, hnh thi tn cng nh hnh thi thn cy ti 2 tnh
Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun ging nhau nhng ng knh v chiu cao ti 2 a
phng nghin cu c chnh lch, tuy nhin s chnh lch ny khng qu ln.
nh 11. Cy Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun
nh 12. Cy Chm ngy ti Bnh Thun
Chm ngy bt u rng l vo khong thng 1 sau ny chi v ra l vo

khong thng 2. Cng trong thng ny cy bt u ny n v tr bng trong c bit
tr bng mnh vo thng 3.
Ma to qu bt u t thng 4 v r nht vo thng 6 sau qu ln dn v
chn vo khong thng 8 - 9, ht bt u chn sinh l t thng 8 ko di ti tn thng
11 tuy nhin r nht vn l thng 9. Mt khc, qua theo di thc t cho thy khi ma
qu th nht sp kt thc th cng l lc cy tip tc m chi ny lc v tip tc ra
hoa kt qu thm mt ln na. Nh vy, c hai tnh Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun u c
hai ma ra hoa kt qu trong nm tuy nhin do s bin ng v kh hu gia cc vng
nn c s khc nhau v hin tng ra hoa, kt qu cng nh s sai qu trong cc cy
quan st.
1.3.4. c im v iu kin t ai v lp a ca Chm ngy
t l gi th cho cy sng nn c vai tr rt quan trng. Ty thuc vo tng
loi m cy c th sng trong nhng iu kin t ai khc nhau. ti tin hnh xc
nh dng lp a cho Chm ngy ti cc a im c phn b cy m ti Ninh
Thun v Bnh Thun, kt qu c trnh by trong Bng 4.9.
Bng 4.9. Phn chia dng lp a loi cy Chm ngy
a
phng
Ninh
Thun
cao
m
v loi
t
dc
dy
TPCG
H1
Pe
H1PeI1c
2010
H1
Xk
H1XkI1c
2011
44
K hiu
dng lp
a
Nm
iu tra
Bnh
Thun
H1
Fai
H1FaiI2
H1
Xki
H1XkiI3c
H1
H1PI1c
2010
2011
Ghi ch:
H1: cao tuyt i <300 m
Pe: t ph sa khng c bi trung tnh

t chua
I: dc 30
1: dy tng t >100 cm
Fai: t vng trn granit
2: dy tng t 50 - 100 cm
Xk: t xm nu vng bn kh hn
3: dy tng t 0 - 50 cm
Xki: t nu vng vng bn kh hn
c: Thnh phn c gii t tht trung bnh
P: t ph sa khng c bi t
Kt qu Bng 4.9 cho thy:

Phn b Chm ngy ti huyn Ninh Sn tnh Ninh Thun thuc 2 dng lp a
chnh l:
+ n v lp a c cao nh hn 300m (H1), t ph sa khng c bi
trung tnh t chua (Pe), c dc nh hn 3 0 (I), dy tng t t 50 100 cm (2),
thnh phn c gii t tht trung bnh.
+ n v lp a c cao nh hn 300m (H1), t xm nu vng vng bn
kh hn (Xk), c dc nh hn 3 0 (I), dy tng t t 50 100 cm (2), thnh phn
c gii t tht trung bnh
Phn b Chm ngy ti huyn Tuy Phong tnh Bnh Thun thuc dng lp a:
+ n v lp a c cao nh hn 300m (H1), t vng trn granit
(Fai), c dc nh hn 3 0 (I), dy tng t t 50 100 cm (2), thnh phn c gii
t tht trung bnh.
+ n v lp a c cao nh hn 300m (H1), t nu vng vng bn kh
hn trn macma axit granit, c dc nh hn 3 0 (I), dy tng t t 0 50 cm
(3), thnh phn c gii t tht trung bnh.
+ n v lp a c cao nh hn 300m (H1), t ph sa khng c bi t,
c dc nh hn 3 0 (I), dy tng t t 50 100 cm (2), thnh phn c gii t
tht trung bnh.
Ti huyn Ninh Sn thuc tnh Ninh Thun
, t chu y u la cac nhom t phu
sa, t xam , t en vung ban kh ha n , t o vang . Tng din tch t trn 2 dng lp
a m Chm ngy phn b chim 18,78% din tch t ca ton x (xem chi tit ph
lc 03).
45
Ti huyn Tuy Phong ca Bnh Thun, t ch yu thuc nhm t vng , t

nu vng vng bn kh hn, t ph sa Trong , tng din tch t trn 4 dng lp
a m Chm ngy phn b chim trn 19% tng din tch t ton x (xem chi tit
ph lc 03).
C th thy rng, ti a im nghin cu Chm ngy thch hp trng trn din
tch t kh ln. Ti cc dng lp a nu trn, cy Chm ngy sinh trng v pht
trin rt tt. Do vy, c th tin hnh trng Chm ngy trn cc dng lp a nh trn
ti cc a phng khc nhau.
Qua kho st cc phu din cho thy a s cy Chm ngy u c trng cc
a hnh tng i bng phng, thnh phn c gii l t pha ct hoc tht nh, cao
so vi mc nc bin dao ng trong khong 50 150 m, dy tng t u ln hn
70 cm, mc kt von t, t l ln ca tng t canh tc cng khng ln. Kt qu
tng hp phn tch t c trnh by trong Bng 4.10 v 4.11.
46
Bng 4.10. Tng hp kt qu phn tch t ti Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun nm 2010
TT
Tn
mu
1
2
a im
KCL
TA
PD1
pH
TB
5,74
Ha Sn - Ninh Sn - Ninh Thun
OM
%
0,31
Nts
%
0,016
C/N
11,25
D tiu( mg/kg)
P 2O5dt
K2 Odt
Tng s(%)
P 2O5ts
K2 Ots
39,08
42,34
0,059
0,091
7,77
19,77
30,25
0,046
0,097
15,62
66,54
0,044
0,157
TC
5,73
TA
7,71
1,03
0,054
11,11
90,09
186,83
0,143
0,226
5,78
0,47
0,031
8,71
72,71
174,97
0,06
0,165
PD2
TB
Thn Tn M - M Sn -Ninh
Sn - Ninh Thun
TC
5,69
0,39
0,02
11
71,37
245,28
0,1
0,207
TA
5,68
1,06
0,054
11,48
66,31
259,83
0,067
0,171
5,64
35,36
202,35
0,063
0,145
25,51
241,1
0,057
0,15
54,5
60,97
0,095
0,284
5,47
25,6
42,98
0,07
0,222
27,55
36,62
0,056
0,278
PD3
TB
Ni Ry - Bc i - Ninh Thun
TC
5,57
10
TA
5,53
11
PD4
TB
X Qung Sn - Ninh Sn - Ninh

Thun
1,09
0,062
10,16
12
TC
5,42
13
TA
5,4
1,27
0,059
12,54
11,58
245,35
0,075
0,228
5,39
0,61
0,048
7,29
10,6
62,54
0,086
0,272
5,33
0,51
0,035
8,28
9,5
69,19
0,104
0,273
5,27
1,42
0,09
9,11
116,80
187,9
0,107
0,37
5,36
58,16
120,98
0,065
0,344
5,42
35,15
114,82
0,067
0,331
14
PD5
TB
15
TC
16
TA
17
18
PD6
TB
TC
Phan Rang-Ninh Thun
Ph 2 - M Bnh - PR-TC - Ninh

Thun
47
19
20
TA
PD7
TB
5,53
Ph 2 - M Bnh - PR - TC - Ninh
Thun
0,89
0,049
10,61
66,49
206,08
0,087
0,383
5,55
68
54,55
0,119
0,415
45,02
91,91
0,06
0,561
21
TC
5,57
22
TA
5,58
1,34
0,084
9,29
88,12
183,87
0,199
0,328
5,6
0,55
0,04
104,71
250,06
0,138
0,537
23
PD8
TB
Ph Lc - Tuy Phong - Bnh

Thun
24
TC
5,63
0,26
0,019
7,89
88,07
290,74
0,056
0,549
25
TA
5,67
2,81
0,169
9,64
111,39
270,58
0,115
0,227
5,71
67,74
182,02
0,042
0,171
28,03
259,66
0,043
0,214
26
PD9
TB
Phong Ph - Tuy Phong - Bnh

Thun
27
TC
5,75
28
TA
5,78
1,43
0,105
7,9
80,07
224,93
0,04
0,246
5,78
1,83
0,106
10
67,89
145,32
0,031
0,183
1,20
0,073
9,59
64,53
127,03
0,009
0,244
29
PD10
TB
Phan in - Bc Bnh - Bnh

Thun
30
TC
5,79
31
TA
5,78
74,01
87,35
0,103
1,056
5,77
73,21
68
0,099
1,152
32
PD11
TB
33
TC
34
TA
35
36
PD12
TB
TC
Phan Ha - Bc Bnh - Bnh

Thun
Phan Ha - Bc Bnh - Bnh
Thun
5,75
0,68
0,04
9,75
84,73
61,46
0,066
0,99
5,79
1,13
0,085
7,65
90,98
233,09
0,063
0,892
5,76
100,4
165,93
0,085
0,764
5,78
72,95
202,6
0,082
0,926
(Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti trung tm Sinh thi rng v Mi trng _ Vin Khoa Hc Lm Nghip Vit Nam)
48
Bng 4.11. Tng hp kt qu phn tch t ti Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun nm 2011
pH
TT
Tn
mu
1
2
Tng
Ha Sn - Ninh Sn - Ninh
Thun
Thnh phn c gii (%)
K2 Odt
Ca2+
(ppm)
(me/100g)
2-0,02
0,020,002
<0,002
5,41 0,564
0,028
69,00
4,28
85,93
10,05
4,02
3,71 0,309
0,011
66,47
0,31
63,75
24,17
12,08
KCL
Nts
a im
A
PD1
OM
%
3,88 0,294
0,016
72,96
0,44
77,82
8,06
14,11
5,47 1,486
0,106
116,46
1,28
77,76
12,13
10,11
4,17 0,185
0,011
75,42
0,73
83,90
10,06
6,04
PD2
Thn Tn M - M Sn - Ninh
Sn - Ninh Thun
3,52 0,102
0,022
92,43
1,48
59,10
12,27
28,63
4,9
1,452
0,101
92,68
8,47
73,76
18,16
8,07
4,33 0,377
0,033
73,23
1,45
83,90
10,06
6,04
PD3
Ni Ry - Bc i - Ninh Thun
4,24 0,905 0,0981
40,91
40,40
71,57
10,15
18,27
10
5,22 0,570
0,05
59,69
3,54
85,93
8,04
6,03
4,36 0,386
0,033
67,46
1,32
83,92
12,06
4,02
3,58 0,109
0,022
100,15
2,57
55,15
38,74
6,12
5,33 1,845
0,112
124,41
13,79
79,82
8,07
12,11
4,17 0,318
0,016
78,69
8,35
83,92
8,04
8,04
5,12 1,621
0,101
105,07
11,27
77,84
14,10
8,06
11
PD4
12
B
C
13
A
PD5
14
16
X Qung Sn - Ninh Sn Ninh Thun
Phan Rang - Ninh Thun
B
PD6
Ph 2 - M Bnh - PR-TC -
49
17
19
20
PD7
Ninh Thun
Ph 2 - M Bnh - PR - TC Ninh Thun
4,55 0,178
0,072
45,39
0,91
65,52
18,26
16,23
5,41 0,564
0,028
69,00
4,28
85,93
10,05
4,02
3,71 0,309
0,011
66,47
0,31
63,75
24,17
12,08
21
3,88 0,294
0,016
72,96
0,44
77,82
8,06
14,11
22
5,47 1,486
0,106
116,46
1,28
77,76
12,13
10,11
4,17 0,185
0,011
75,42
0,73
83,90
10,06
6,04
23
PD8
Ph Lc - Tuy Phong - Bnh

Thun
24
3,52 0,102
0,022
92,43
1,48
59,10
12,27
28,63
25
4,9
1,452
0,101
92,68
8,47
73,76
18,16
8,07
4,33 0,377
0,033
73,23
1,45
83,90
10,06
6,04
26
PD9
Phong Ph - Tuy Phong Bnh

Thun
27
4,24 0,905 0,0981
40,91
40,40
71,57
10,15
18,27
28
5,22 0,570
0,05
59,69
3,54
85,93
8,04
6,03
4,36 0,386
0,033
67,46
1,32
83,92
12,06
4,02
3,58 0,109
0,022
100,15
2,57
55,15
38,74
6,12
Phan Ha - Bc Bnh Bnh

Thun
5,33 1,845
0,112
124,41
13,79
79,82
8,07
12,11
4,17 0,318
0,016
78,69
8,35
83,92
8,04
8,04
Phan Ha - Bc Bnh Bnh

Thun
5,12 1,621
0,101
105,07
11,27
77,84
14,10
8,06
4,55 0,178
0,072
45,39
0,91
65,52
18,26
16,23
29
PD10
30
31
A
PD11
32
33
A
PD12
34
Phan in - Bc Bnh Bnh

Thun
(Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti trung tm Sinh thi rng v Mi trng _ Vin Khoa Hc Lm Nghip Vit Nam)
50
Kt qu phn tch t trong Bng 4.10 cho thy: i vi tng t mt ni trng

Chm ngy chua pHKCl dao ng t 5,27 n 5,79. Hm lng mn c trong cc tng
t rt ngho v bin ng ln gia cc phu din trong ln nht l 2,81% ti tng A
ca PD9 Tuy Phong - Bnh Thun v nh nht l 0,26% ti tng C Ph Lc - Tuy
Phong Bnh Thun, thm vo kt qu cng cho thy hm lng mn khc nhau r
gia cc tng t. Hm lng Nit tng s ti mt s phu din rt ngho (cc PD1, PD2,
PD3, PD4, PD5, PD6, PD8, PD11, PD12) v nh hn 0,1%. Nhng cng c mt s phu
din hm lng Nit tng s tng i giu nh PD9, PD10 t t 0,1% n 0,17%. Hm
lng P 2O5 v K2O d tiu cng nh tng s trong t rt t. Hm lng P 2O5 v K2 O
tng s dao ng ln t 0,009% n 0,199% (i vi P 2O5 ) v t 0,091% n 1,152%
(vi K2O).
Kt qu phn tch t trong Bng 4.11 cho thy: i vi tng A, hm lng pH KCL
trung tnh dao ng t 5,12 n 5,41; cc tng B v C hm lng pHKCL trung tnh thp
hn tng A v dao ng t 3,52 n 4,55. Hm lng mm khc nhau rt r trong cc
tng t cc phu din v tng i ngho, cao nht l 1,845% (tng A) phu din
PD5 v PD11; thp nht l 0,102 (tng C) phu din PD2 v PD8. Hm lng Nit tng
s trong cc tng ca cc phu din rt ngho, a s cc phu din hm lng ny u
nh hn 0,1% (PD1, PD4, PD7, PD10). Hm lng Ca2+ trong cc phu din cao nht
thng tng A, t 4,28 13,79 me/100mg. Thnh phn c gii ch yu l ht c kch
thc 2 - 0,02 (chim 60%); cc ht c kch thc 0,02-0,002 v <0,002 chim trung bnh
trn 10% trong cc tng ca cc phu din.
T cc kt qu phn tch mt s tnh cht l ha hc t mt s im
nghin cu cho thy t khu vc nghin cu chua. Hm lng mn, m tng s v
Kali d tiu, ln d tiu kh ngho.
1.3.5. c im sinh trng Chm ngy
Kt qu sinh trng chiu cao v ng knh trung bnh ti cc im o m c
trnh by trong Bng 4.12 v 4.13:
Bng 4.12: Sinh trng v ng knh ngang ngc ca Chm ngy
a phng
Ninh Thun
Bnh Thun
Ninh Thun
V tr
Tui
1
2
D1.3 (cm)
S (cm)
S%
32
6,94
0,71
10,16
34
6,92
0,73
10,61
38
6,31
0,89
14,17
4-6
1
2
|U T|
0,14
4-6
10 - 12
|U T. |
4,46
1,16
32
6,57
1,00
15,26
36
22,11
3,89
17,59
51
0,33
4,79
4
Bnh Thun
Ninh Thun
Bnh Thun
3
4
2,54
11,73
35
20,46
2,96
14,45
45
20,68
3,12
15,10
38
24,24
3,48
14,36
36
23,15
3,28
14,17
33
22,38
3,13
13,98
0,47
16 - 18
1,58
3,41
5
6
21,63
10 - 12
5
6
36
16 - 18
0,38
35
22,77
2,78
12,22
- Ti cp tui 4 - 6: Sinh trng ng knh Chm ngy ti 2 a phng nghin

cu dao ng 6,31 cm 6,94 cm. H s bin ng S% t 10,16% - 15,26%, chng t c
s chnh lch v ng knh c a cc cy Chm ngy gia cc OTC.
- Ti cp tui 10 - 12: Sinh trng ng knh Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun cao hn
so vi ti Bnh Thun, sinh trng ng knh trung bnh ti Ninh Thun t t 21,63
22,11 cm, ti Bnh Thun t 20,46 20,68 cm. H s bin ng v ng knh dao ng
t 14,45 17,59%, cho thy sinh trng ng knh ca Chm ngy ti cc OTC c
s chnh lch.
- Ti cp tui 16 - 18: Sinh trng ng knh ti hai a phng lun t trn
22,77 cm. Sinh trng ng knh cao nht ti im o 5 Ninh Thun (24,24cm) v
thp nht l ti Bnh Thun 22,38 cm im o 5.
kim tra s sai khc v sinh trng ng knh ca Chm ngy cc tui
ti cc im o m () trn hai a phng, chng ti dng tiu chun U ca Mann Whitney. Kt qu cho thy |UT | cc cp tui ti cc im o m () u ln hn U05 =
1,96. Nh vy, sinh trng ng knh cc tui ti cc im o m () trn hai a
phng c s khc nhau r rt.
Bng 4.13: Sinh trng v chiu cao vt ngn ca Chm ngy
a phng
Ninh Thun
Bnh Thun
Ninh Thun
V tr
Tui
1
2
S (m)
S%
32
3,11
0,59
18,97
34
3,12
0,53
16,94
38
2,86
0,61
21,44
|U T. |
|U T|
0,14
4,06
4-6
3
4
Hvn (m)
4-6
1
2
0,44
32
2,88
060
20,75
36
5,37
0,58
10,86
36
5,36
0,56
10,35
10 - 12
0,14
52
3,55
Bnh Thun
Ninh Thun
Bnh Thun
3
4
5
6
5,20
0,53
10,16
45
5,15
0,53
10,38
38
5,91
0,66
11,21
36
6,53
0,69
10,63
33
6,05
0,65
10,63
35
5,97
0,64
10,68
0,60
16 - 18
1,74
2,45
5
6
35
10 - 12
16 - 18
0,64
- Ti cp tui 4 - 6: Sinh trng chiu cao Chm ngy ti 2 a phng nghin cu

dao ng 2,86 3,12 m. H s bin ng S% t 16,94 21,44%, chng t c s chnh
lch v chiu cao ca cc cy Chm ngy gia cc OTC.
- Ti cp tui 10 - 12: Sinh trng chiu cao Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun cao hn
so vi ti Bnh Thun, sinh trng chiu cao trung bnh ti Ninh Thun t 5,36 m, ti
Bnh Thun t 5,2 m. H s bin ng v chiu cao dao ng t 10,16 10,86%, cho
thy sinh trng chiu cao ca Chm ngy ti cc OTC c s chnh lch.
- Ti cp tui 16 - 18: Sinh trng chiu cao ti hai a phng lun t trn
5,91m. Sinh trng chiu cao ln nht ti im o 6 Ninh Thun (6,53 m) v thp
nht l ti im o 5 (5,91 m) ca Ninh Thun.
kim tra s sai khc v sinh trng ng knh ca Chm ngy cc tui
ti cc im o m () trn hai a phng, chng ti dng tiu chun U ca Mann Whitney. Kt qu cho thy |UT | cc tui ti cc im o m () u ln hn U05 = 1,96.
Nh vy, sinh trng chiu cao cc tui ti cc im o m () trn hai a phng c
s khc nhau r rt.
Sinh trng v chiu cao v ng knh ngang ngc ca Chm ngy ti hai a
phng c s chnh lch, nguyn nhn do Chm ngy c trng trn hai a phng nn
cc iu kin v a hnh, lp a cng nh chm sc khng ging nhau dn n sinh
trng ca Chm ngy trn hai a phng khc nhau. Nh vy, cc iu kin lp a, a
hnh cng nh chm sc c nh hng rt r n sinh trng ca Chm ngy.
Tm li
- Chm ngy (Moringa oleifera Lam) l cy g nh, l kp lng chim 3 ln,
hoa thm, trng hoa gm 5 cnh, mu trng. Qu nang treo di, ht nhiu trn dt,
c 3 cnh mng bao quanh. Phn b thng gp cao t 50 -150 m, nhit
trung bnh nm 23 - 300 C, lng ma trung bnh 700 1100 mm/nm.
- Chm ngy ti vng Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun u c thi v ra hoa, kt tri
2 ln/ nm. Khc hn vi cc ti liu nc ngoi m t Chm ngy ch cho hoa,
kt qu 1 ln/ nm.
53
- Qua kho st, cc cy m Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun phn b trn hai dng lp
a chnh l H1PeI1c v H1XkI1c, ti Bnh Thun l H1XkiI3c; H1PI1c; H1FaiI2 .
- Chm ngy c th pht trin trn t c thnh phn c gii t tht nh, tht
trung bnh n ct pha. chua pH KCl dao ng t 5,27 n 5,79, hm lng mn
trung bnh t 0,26 2,81%, su tng t ln hn 70 cm, t d thot nc.
- Sinh trng ca cc cy Chm ngy ti hai a phng kh tt tuy nhin chiu
cao v ng knh ca Chm ngy trn hai a phng c s khc bit nhau.
54
nh 13. Chm ngy tui 4 6 ti Ninh Thun
nh 14. Chm ngy tui 4 6 ti Bnh Thun
nh 15. Chm ngy tui 10 - 12 ti Ninh

Thun
nh 16. Chm ngy tui 10 12 ti Bnh

Thun
nh 17. Chm ngy tui 16 - 18 ti Ninh

Thun
nh 18. Chm ngy tui 16 18 ti Bnh

Thun
55
1.4. Nghin cu cc bin php nhn ging cy Chm ngy

1.4.1. Nghin cu v tr ly hom v s dng cht iu ha sinh trng gim hom Chm ngy
1.4.1.1. Nghin cu la chn v tr ly hom gim hom Chm ngy
Bng 4.14. nh hng ca v tr ly hom i vi gim hom Chm ngy
Cng thc th
T l
S
nghim
hom sng (%) (chi)
chi/hom
S r/hom (r)
Hom ngn
48,89
2,34
2,57
Hom gia
71,11
2,57
2,96
Hom gc
58,88
2,53
2,91
Qua bng 4.14 cho thy, t l hom sng cao nht cng thc th nghim vi
hom gia (71,11%), thp nht l hom ngn (48,89%). S chi trung bnh trn mi hom t
trn 2 chi, trung bnh hom gia t t l ra chi cao nht 2,57 chi/hom, hom ngn c t l
ra chi thp nht l 2,34 chi/hom. Hom gia cho s r trung bnh/hom t 2,96 r, tip n
l hom gc 2,91 r/hom, t l ra r thp nht l hom ngn 2,57.
Kt qu phn tch phng sai cho thy, t l sng, ra r v ny chi trong cc v tr
ly hom l khng c s khc bit r rt (sig (F) u ln hn 0,05). xc nh v tr ly
hom no tt nht, chng ti dng ch tiu Duncan, kt qu cho thy v tr hom gia l v tr
ly hom tt nht v t l hom ra r, s chi/hom v s r/hom (Xem chi tit ph biu 05).
Biu t l hom sng ca CN ti cc v tr ly
hom
Ty le song %
80
60
40
20
0
Hom ngn
Hom gia
Hom gc
Vi tri lay hom
Hnh 4.1. Biu t l hom sng ca Chm ngy ti cc v tr ly hom
56
nh 19. Th nghim gim hom ti cc v tr
nh 20. Hom gim ti v tr hom ngn
nh 21. Chi hom gim
nh 22. R v chi hom gim
nh 23. Gim hom Chm ngy
nh 24. Hom Chm ngy 3 thng tui
57
1.4.1.2. Nghin cu s dng cht iu ha sinh trng gim hom Chm ngy
Bng 4.15. nh hng ca thuc kch thch ra r i vi gim hom Chm ngy
Cng thc th
T l
S
nghim
hom sng (%) (chi)
chi/hom
S r/hom (r)
1 (C 0mg/l)
63,33
2,49
3,44
2 (100mg/l)
77,78
2,84
3,95
3 (200mg/l)
84,43
2,93
3,99
4 (400mg/l)
55,56
2,35
3,00
5 (600mg/l)
71,11
2,62
3,59
Qua Bng 4.15 cho thy, t l hom sng cao nht cng thc th nghim 3 (200
mg/l IBA) l 84,43%, trong khi cng thc 4 cho t l hom sng l thp nht (55,56%)
thp hn c cng thc i chng (63,33%). S chi trn mt hom ca cng thc th nghim
3 l cao nht, trung bnh t 2,93 chi/hom; s chi/hom ca cng thc i chng thp
nht, trung bnh t 2,49 chi/hom. S r/hom ca cc cng thc th nghim trung bnh t
trn 3 r/hom, cao nht l cng thc th nghim 3 (3,99 r/hom); cng thc th nghim 4
cho t l r/hom thp nht (3 r/hom).
Qua phn tch phng sai cho thy, xc sut F ca ch tiu t l ra r, s chi/hom v
s r/hom u ln hn 0,05; iu ny ni ln rng t l sng, ra r v ny chi trong cc
cng thc th nghim l khng c s khc bit r rt. xc nh cng thc th nghim no
tt nht, chng ti dng ch tiu Duncan, kt qu cho thy cng thc 3 l cng thc tt nht
v t l hom ra r, s chi/hom v s r/hom (Xem chi tit ph biu 05).
Ty le song %
Biu t l s hom sng ca CN di nh

hng ca cht kch thch sinh trng
100
0
1
Cong thuc thi nghiem
Hnh 4.2. Biu t l sng ca hom Chm ngy di nh hng ca cht kch
thch sinh trng
58
1.4.2. nh gi sinh trng cy con Chm ngy to bng phng php gieo ht
1.4.2.1. Sinh trng cy con Chm ngy qua cc giai on ti vn m
Gieo m ht Chm ngy c th tin hnh bng hai cch: Gieo m qua bu hoc
gieo ht thng xung t. Qu trnh gieo m tri qua 4 giai on sinh trng:
- Giai on ny mm: Ht qua x l nt nanh v c gieo vo bu (hoc
xung t). Sau khi gieo, 3 4 ngy ht ny mm. Thi k ny ht c th b thi m mt
trong s nhiu nguyn nhn, l do nm Rhizoctonia.
- Giai on cy mm: Mm cy bt u nh ln, cy mm c mu trng, cha xut
hin l. Giai on ny ko di 2 3 ngy, cy sinh trng nhanh. Thng xuyn theo di
phng cn trng nh D tn cng cy mm.
- Giai on cy m: T lc cy c 2 l mm n l bt u pht trin, giai on ny
ko di 5 - 7 ngy. Thn cy m cha ho g, giai on ny cy sinh trng nhanh, cn
c ti m v che bng. y l giai on gy hi chnh ca bnh thi c r, ho l, cn
ch phng bnh cho cy.
nh 26. Cy m gieo m qua bu
nh 25. Cy m gieo ht thng
- Giai on cy con: T lc c l kp hon chnh n khi xut vn, cy bc vo giai

on hon chnh, r, thn, tn l tip tc pht trin. Giai on ny cy hay gp bnh m
thn, cn thng xuyn theo di. Duy tr m v phng chng cc loi su bnh, nm.
59
nh 27. Cy con gieo ht thng
nh 28. Cy con gieo m qua bu
- Tiu chun cy con xut vn: Tui cy t 2 - 3 thng tui; ng knh c r:

0,25 0,3 cm; chiu cao bnh qun: 35 - 40 cm; cy ho g hon ton, khng b nhim
bnh v ct ngn, b r pht trin tt.
nh 29. Cy con Chm ngy gieo ht thng
nh 30. Cy con Chm ngy gieo m qua

bu tiu chun xut vn m
1.4.2.2. nh gi sinh trng ca cy con Chm ngy to bng phng php gieo ht
* Kim k t l sng v cht lng cy con to bng phng php gieo ht
i vi phng php gieo m qua bu: Tin hnh kim k trn 404 cy con 5
tun tui ti vn m cho thy: T l cy con sng chim 95% tng s cy con kim k
(410/432 cy), t l cy cht l 7% (22/432 cy).
i vi phng php gieo ht thng: Tin hnh kim k trn 586 cy con 5 tun
tui ti vn m cho thy: T l cy con sng chim 85% tng s cy con kim k
(498/586 cy), t l cy cht l 15% (88/586 cy).
60
Nh vy c th thy rng, qua 5 tun ti vn m, cy con Chm ngy thch nghi

kh tt vi iu kin mi trng sng, t l cy sng cao. T l cy b su bnh hay ct
ngn t.
Kt qu cht lng cy con Chm ngy 5 tun tui c tng hp trong Bng 4.16
nh sau:
Bng 4.16. Cht lng cy con Chm ngy 5 tun tui
Cht lng
PP gieo m
Tt
Xu
Trung bnh
Gieo m qua bu
350
86,63
36
8,91
18
4,18
Gieo ht thng
421
84,2
56
11,2
23
4,6
Qua Bng 4.16 cho thy, cy con Chm ngy 5 tun tui sinh tng kh tt v
ng u. Phng php gieo m qua bu c t l cy tt chim 86,63% cao hn so vi
phng php gieo ht thng (84,2%). T l cy c cht lng trung bnh v xu ca hai
phng php gieo m chim t l t hn, c bit l cy c cht lng xu (4,18% phng php gieo m qua bu; 4,6% - phng php gieo ht thng).
* Sinh trng ng knh gc v chiu cao cy con Chm ngy
Bng 4.17. Sinh trng ng knh gc v chiu cao cy con Chm ngy
Chiu cao (cm)
D c r (cm)
Tui (tun)
PP gieo m
S%
TB
S%
TB
32,57
5
0,2
27,32
30,13
Gieo m qua bu
30,41
5
0,19
35,21
26,9
Gieo ht thng
Kt qu tnh ton ti Bng 4.17 cho thy, sinh trng ng knh c r trung bnh
ca Chm ngy 5 thng tui gieo m qua bu t 0,20 (cm), gieo ht thng t 0,19
(cm). Chiu cao cy con gieo m qua bu (30,13 cm) cao hn so vi gieo ht thng
(26,9 cm). H s bin ng ca hai ch tiu ng knh c r v chiu cao ca hai phng
php gieo m kh thp nh hn 35%, chng t s chnh lch v chiu cao v ng
knh c r ca cc cy con trong giai on vn m khng qu ln.
kim tra sinh trng v chiu cao v ng knh c r t hai phng php gieo
m, chng ti dng tiu chun U ca Mann Whitney. Kt qu cho thy, |UT | cho ch
tiu ng knh c r l 2,492 v chiu cao l 5,977 u ln hn U 05= 1,96. Nh vy, sinh
trng chiu cao v ng knh c r ca hai phng php gieo m c s khc nhau r
rt. S khc bit ny cho thy Chm ngy c trng bng hai phng php khc nhau
cng nh hng ti sinh trng v ng knh gc v chiu cao.
61
nh 32. Cy con Chm ngy gieo m qua bu
nh 31. Cy con Chm ngy gieo ht thng
1.4.3. Nghin cu kh nng to cy con bng nui cy m t bo

Bin php nhn ging Chm ngy bng nui cy m t bo c thc hin trong 4 mi
trng nui cy, kt qu c th hin trong Bng 4.18 nh sau:
Bng 4.18. Kt qu nui cy m t bo Chm ngy trong cc mi trng
STT
Mi trng
Tnh trng mu
CN1
Cy pht trin tt, l xanh nhng thn mnh
CN2
Cy pht trin tt, l xanh, thn mp, chi nhiu
CN3
Cy pht trin thp, cht nhiu
CN4
Cy thp, nhiu cy b cht
Qua kt qu trong Bng 4.17 cho thy, mi trng nhn chi thch hp cho Chm
ngy l mi trng CN2. Trong mi trng ny, cy m Chm ngy pht trin tt, l
xanh, thn mp v nhiu chi. Mi trng CN4 l mi trng km thch hp vi Chm
ngy, cy thp v nhiu cy b cht.
nh 33. Cy m Chm ngy trong cc ng nghim

62
Trong qu trnh nhn chi, cn ch :

- Lun gi mu sch, nu b nhim cy s b a v cht.
- Chu k cy 20 ngy, nu qu chu k cy thng hay b cht v rng l.
- Ch nh sng: a sng, cy b kh v vng khi trong ti.
Tm li
- C th to ra ging cy con chm ngy bng c 3 con ng: Gieo ht, gim
hom v nui cy m. Tuy nhin cn ch nh sau:
+ Phng thc gieo ht thng ch nn tin hnh khi c iu kin ngun ging,
ht nn gieo thng xung t chun b, khng nht thit phi gieo xung lung t v
bng cy r trn ra trng khi cy con tiu chun trng rng. Tin hnh trng rng
bng cy con c bu trong vn m m bo t l thnh rng cao nht.
+ Cy con gieo bng ht ti vn m v gieo ht thng u tri qua 4 giai on
sinh trng, t l cy ny mm cao. T 2- 3 thng cy c th xut vn m tiu
chun em trng rng.
+ Kt qu bc u khi nghin cu gim hom cho thy gim on hom gia cnh
Chm ngy trn nn ct cho t l ra r cao, thuc kch thch sinh trng c s dng l
IBA vi nng 200 mg/l cng cho kt qu gim hom tt nht.
+ Kt qu gim hom ca Trung tm nghin cu Ging cy rng s dng di
hom 5 7 cm, khi gim hom cho kt qu hom ra r v ra chi trong mi trng phng th
nghim. Song ph hp vi thc t ca a phng nghin cu, ti tin hnh ct hom
di 30 -40 cm.
+ Th nghim to cy con bng cng ngh nui cy m, sau 1 nm to ra c
1000 cy con t cng ngh ny. Tuy nhin, khi a cy con ra trng ti vn m, do
iu kin thi tit qu khc nhit nn t l cy con sng c vn m l rt thp,
khng b tr trng thc nghim.
+ Chm ngy khng phi loi cy d tnh, d to ging v gy trng nh cc ti
liu tng quan nu, vic to ging chm ngy trong giai on vn m cn ht sc t
m, giai on ny cy d b nhim bnh, cht hng lot v ph thuc nhiu vo yu t mi
trng, phn bn, iu kin chm sc
trng) loi Chm ngy ti Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn
Do iu kin thi tit khng thun li (nng hn ko di ti Kon Tum v l lt ti
Ninh Thun) nn cc cng thc th nghim trng vo thng 10/2010, 12/2010 b cht.
ti tin hnh trng li cc cng thc th nghim, c th:
63
- Ti Ninh Thun: Trng li cc cng thc th nghim v mt v phng thc

trng vo thng 6/2011.
- Ti Kon Tum: Trng li cc cng thc th nghim v mt v phng thc
trng vo thng 8/2011.
- Cc s liu sinh trng c o m v nh gi vo u thng 12/2011.
- ti nh gi kt qu sinh trng ca cng thc mt , phng thc trng
Chm ngy:
+ Ti Ninh Thun: Chm ngy t 6 thng tui.
+ Ti Kon Tum: Chm ngy t 4 thng tui.
1.5.1. Gy trng theo cng thc mt
1.5.1.1. nh gi sinh trng Chm ngy theo cng thc mt
Sinh trng ng knh Chm ngy Ninh Thun v Kon Tum ti cc cng thc
mt l kh khc nhau. Kt qu sinh trng ng knh Chm ngy ti 2 tnh Ninh
Thun v Kon Tum c trnh by trong Bng 4.19 nh sau:
Bng 4.19. Sinh trng ng knh gc Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun v Kon Tum
a phng
Ninh Thun
Kon Tum
Ninh Thun
Kon Tum
Ninh Thun
Kon Tum
Cng thc mt
600 cy/ha
800 cy/ha
1200 cy/ha
Doo(cm)
S (cm)
S%
Tui
(thng)
0,76
0,17
22,36
0,32
0,07
24,06
0,84
0,19
22,62
0,37
0,10
29
0,91
0,17
18,68
0,44
0,10
23,24
Cng thc mt 600 cy/ha: Sinh trng ng knh trung bnh ti Ninh Thun
t 0,76 cm; ti Kon Tum l 0,32 cm.
Cng thc mt 800 cy/ha: Sinh trng ng knh trung bnh ti Ninh Thun
t 0,84 cm; ti Kon Tum l 0,37 cm. H s bin ng v ng knh ti 2 a phng
kh thp, 22,62% ti Ninh Thun v 29% ti Kon Tum, iu ny cho thy sinh trng
ng knh ca Chm ngy kh ng u nhau.
Cng thc mt 1200 cy/ha: ng knh trung bnh ca Chm ngy ti Ninh
Thun t 0,91 cm; Kon Tum l 0,44 cm. H s bin ng v ng knh ti 2 a
phng tng i thp, 18,68% ti Ninh Thun v 23,24% ti Kon Tum.
Sinh trng chiu cao trung bnh ca Chm ngy trn cc cng thc mt ti 2
a phng c trnh by trong Bng 4.20.
64
Bng 4.20. Sinh trng chiu cao Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun v Kon Tum
a phng
Ninh Thun
Kon Tum
Ninh Thun
Kon Tum
Ninh Thun
Kon Tum
Cng thc mt
600 cy/ha
800 cy/ha
1200 cy/ha
Hvn (m)
S (m)
S%
Tui
(thng)
0,41
0,11
26,83
0,18
0,07
38,89
0,46
0.16
34,78
0,21
0,08
37,63
0,49
0,17
34,69
0,26
0,09
26,8
Cng thc mt 600 cy/ha: Sinh trng chiu cao trung bnh ti Ninh Thun t
0,41 m; ti Kon Tum l 0,18 m. H s bin ng v chiu cao ti 2 a phng l 26,83%
ti Ninh Thun v 38,89% ti Kon Tum, iu ny cho thy sinh trng chiu cao ca
Chm ngy kh ng u nhau.
Cng thc mt 800 cy/ha: Sinh trng chiu cao bnh qun ti Ninh Thun t
0,46 m; ti Kon Tum l 0,21 m. H s bin ng v chiu cao ti 2 a phng l 34,76%
ti Ninh Thun v 37,63% ti Kon Tum.
Cng thc mt 1200 cy/ha: Chiu cao trung bnh ca Chm ngy ti Ninh
Thun t 0,49 m; Kon Tum l 0,26 m. H s bin ng v chiu cao ti 2 a phng l
34,69% ti Ninh Thun v 26,8% ti Kon Tum.
Qua Bng 4.18 v 4.19 cho thy, sinh trng ca cc cng thc mt khc nhau
l khc nhau, tuy nhin a s sinh trng ca cc cy Chm ngy trong cc cng thc
khng chnh lch qu ln, th hin h s bin ng v cc ch tiu sinh trng khng
qu cao. Mt khc, do nh hng ca iu kin thi tit nn t l cy sng khng cao, c
bit l ti Ninh Thun.
ti tin hnh trng th nghim cc cng thc mt vo 12/2010. Tuy nhin
do iu kin thi tit khng thun li, phn ln din tch Chm ngy trng ti Ninh Thun
b cht. Sau y l trch dn kt qu o m sinh trng sau 3 thng trng rng
(2/2011) ti Ninh Thun trong Bng 4.21.
Bng 4.21. Sinh trng Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun trng vo 2/2011
Ch tiu
Cng thc mt
N
TB (cm)
S (cm)
600 cy/ha
71
0,33
0,13
Doo
800 cy/ha
254
0,69
0,46
1200 cy/ha
189
0,49
0,20
600 cy/ha
71
9,62
5,83
Hvn
800 cy/ha
254
31,32
26,4
1200 cy/ha
189
18,72
11,3
65
1.5.1.2. nh gi cht lng Chm ngy theo cng thc mt

Kt qu cht lng cy Chm ngy c trnh by trong Bng 4.22 nh sau:
Bng 4.22. Cht lng Chm ngy theo cng thc mt
a phng
Cng thc mt
Ninh Thun
T l
sng
(%)
Tt
Xu
48,98
29
30
48
50
20
20
60
66
40
65
40
33
20
45,83
42
35
61
50
18
15
64,39
100
45
77
35
44
20
51,50
62
30
103
50
41
20
69
132
40
132
40
66
20
TB
600 cy/ha
Kon Tum
Ninh Thun
800 cy/ha
Kon Tum
Ninh Thun
1200 cy/ha
Kon Tum
Qua Bng 4.21 ta thy, Chm ngy trn cc cng thc mt c t l sng khng
cao trung bnh t trn 50%, sinh trng mc trung bnh, cc cy c cht lng tt chim
30 40% tng s cy sng, cc cy cht lng xu chim t l t hn, ch t 15 20%.
Cht lng Chm ngy trong tng cng thc mt trn hai a phng c th nh sau:
Cng thc mt 600 cy/ha: T l cy sng ti Kon Tum t 60% cao hn so vi
Ninh Thun 48,98%. Cc cy c cht lng tt ti Ninh Thun chim 30%, ti Kon Tum
t l ny cao hn l 40%; cy c cht lng trung bnh ti Ninh Thun chim t l cao
50% tng s cy sng. Cy c cht lng xu ti hai a im l 20%.
Cng thc mt 800 cy/ha: T l cy sng ti Ninh Thun t 45,83%, ti Kon
Tum l 64,39%. Ti Kon Tum, s lng cy c cht lng tt chim t l cao 100/221
cy, chim 50% tng s cy sng; nhng ti Ninh Thun t l cy c cht lng trung
bnh chim t trng ln 61%. Cy c cht lng xu ti hai a phng trn 15%.
Cng thc mt 1200 cy/ha: Ti mt ny, t l cy sng ca Ninh Thun l
51,50% t hn so vi Kon Tum 69%. Cy Chm ngy c cht lng trung bnh chim t
l cao, trn 40% c hai a phng. Ti Ninh Thun, cy c cht lng trung bnh
103/206 cy, chim 50% s cy cn sng, t l ny Kon Tum l 40%. Cy c cht
lng xu chim 20% c Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun.
1.5.2. Gy trng theo phng thc
1.5.2.1. nh gi sinh trng Chm ngy theo phng thc trng
Sinh trng ng knh v chiu cao ca Chm ngy theo 2 phng thc trng
c tng hp v trnh by trong Bng 4.23 v 4.24:
66
Bng 4.23. Sinh trng ng knh gc Chm ngy theo cc phng thc trng
a phng
Ninh Thun
Kon Tum
Phng thc trng
Doo(cm)
S (cm)
S%
Di tn rng Khp
0,85
0,20
23,53
Trng phn tn trong vn

h, lm hng ro
0,96
0,22
22,92

h, lm hng ro
0,47
0,15
30,82
Tui
(thng)
6
Bng 4.24. Sinh trng ng knh Chm ngy theo cc phng thc trng
Hvn
(m)
S (m)
S%
Di tn rng Khp
0,79
0,17
21,52

h, lm hng ro
0,91
0,22
24,18

h, lm hng ro
0,75
0,17
22,45
a phng
Ninh Thun
Kon Tum
Phng thc trng
Tui
(thng)
6
Ti Ninh Thun
Trng di tn rng Khp: ng knh gc trung bnh t 0,85 cm; chiu cao
trung bnh t 0,79 m. H s bin ng v ng knh l 23,53%; chiu cao l 21,52%,
iu ny chng t s chnh lch v ch tiu ng knh v chiu cao ca cc cy trong m
hnh trng khng ng k.
Trng phn tn trong vn h, lm hng ro: ng knh gc trung bnh t 0,96
cm, chiu cao trung bnh t 0,91 m. Cy trong m hnh ny sinh trng kh ng u, a
s cc cy cht lng t trung bnh tr ln.
Ti Kon Tum
Trng phn tn trong vn h, lm hng ro: ng knh gc trung bnh t 0,47
cm, chiu cao trung bnh t 0,75 m. H s bin ng ca ng knh l 30,82%, ca
chiu cao l 22,45%.
Qua Bng 4.23 v 4.24 ta thy, sinh trng ng knh v chiu cao theo hai
phng thc trng ti hai a phng sinh trng tt. Ti Kon Tum, sinh trng thp hn
so vi ti Ninh Thun do cy mi trng c 3 thng.
Ti Ninh Thun phng thc trng di tn rng Khp c ch s sinh trng v
ng knh v chiu cao thp hn so vi cy trng phn tn v lm hng ro. Nguyn
nhn do Chm ngy ch sinh trng v pht trin tt nu c trng trong iu kin
khng c tn che. Mc d trong qu trnh tin hnh trng, chng ti tin hnh m
tn rng, song cha iu kin gip cy sinh trng pht trin tt.
67
1.5.2.2. nh gi cht lng Chm ngy theo phng thc trng

Kt qu cht lng Chm ngy theo phng thc trng ti Ninh Thun v Kon
Tum c tng hp trong Bng 4.25 nh sau:
a phng
Ninh Thun
Kon Tum
Bng 4.25. Cht lng Chm ngy theo phng thc trng
T l
Tt
TB
Phng thc trng
sng
N
%
N
%
(%)
Di tn rng Khp
70
35
20
88
50
Trng phn tn trong
60
300
50 180
30
vn h, lm hng ro
Trng phn tn trong
70
420
60 175
25
vn h, lm hng ro
Xu
N
52
30
120
20
105
15
Qua kt qu Bng 4.24 cho thy, phng thc trng phn tn trong vn h v lm
hng ro ti Ninh Thun v Kon Tum Chm ngy c cht lng tt, ring phng thc
trng di tn rng Khp cy Chm ngy c cht lng trung bnh. T l sng ca Chm
ngy trong th nghim v phng thc trng kh cao, trn 60%. C th:
Trng phn tn trong vn h, lm hng ro: Ti hai a phng, t l cy sng ti
Ninh Thun l 60%, ti Kon Tum l 70%. Ti Ninh Thun, s cy c cht lng tt
300/600 cy chim 50%, ti Kon Tum l 420/700 cy chim 60% s cy sng. T l cy
c cht lng trung bnh v xu chim di 30% c 2 a phng.
Trng di tn rng Khp: T l cy c cht lng tt chim t l nh 20%, cy
c cht lng trung bnh chim 50% (88/175 cy), cy c cht lng xu chim 15%.
iu ny c th do cy Chm ngy l loi cy a sng nn khi trng di tn rng cho
cht lng cy khng cao. Mc d trong qu trnh tin hnh trng rng, chng ti ti n
hnh m tn rng, song cht lng cy vn mc trung bnh.
Tm li
- C th gy trng c Chm ngy theo m hnh tp trung ti vng Duyn hi
nam Trung B, vng Ty Nguyn.
-Vic gy trng Chm ngy cn da theo mc ch s dng: Dc liu, thc n,
ly qu, Biodiezen... xc nh mt v phng thc gy trng cho hp l.
- Cy Chm ngy trong cc th nghim v mt trng v phng thc trng ti
Ninh Thun v Kon Tum sinh trng pht trin kh tt mc d mt s th nghim chu
nh hng bt li ca iu kin thi tit. Ti cc th nghim, ng knh v chiu cao c
bin ng (S%) mc trung bnh t 18 30%, cc cy sinh trng kh ng u.
- Vic gy trng Chm ngy di tn rng Khp cn ch khi chm sc v Chm
ngy ch sinh trng v pht trin tt sau khi trng trong iu kin khng c tn che.
68
nh 34. Chm ngy trng lm hng ro
nh 35. Chm ngy trng di tn rng Khp
nh 36. Chm ngy trng phn tn trong vn h
69
1.6. Bc u nghin cu kh nng s dng v tnh a tc dng ca Chm ngy

1.6.1. Nghin cu v tnh a tc dng ca ht chm ngy
Ht Chm ngy c s dng p du to nhin liu sinh hc, lm thc phm
hay s dng trong ngnh cng ngh m phm hoc dc phm. Cc kt qu phn tch tnh
a tc dng ca ht Chm ngy c th hin nh sau:
* Nghin cu kh nng to nhin liu sinh hc ca ht cy Chm ngy
Du t ht cy Chm ngy kh, c gi th cng (p ngui) tch chit bng n
hecxan, hiu sut t 38%, sau em tinh ch. Kt qu phn tch, nh gi tnh cht l
ha th hin Bng 4.26.
Bng 4.26. Tnh cht ca du ht Chm ngy
Kt qu o cc gi tr
Ch tiu phn tch
o ln 1
o ln 2
Hm lng palmitic ( C16 :O) , %
4,2
Hm lng axit oleic (C18 :1), %
80
79
Hm lng Stearic (C18:O), %
3,5
3,5
Hm lng Arachidic (C20 :O), %
3,9
Hm lng behenic (C22:O), %
Cc axit khng no khc(quy i), %
2,5
2,5
Ch s I t
65
65
Ch s khc x, 40 0 C
1,4615
1,46
Khi lng ring 25 0C, mg/ml
0,9022
0,902
Tr s x phng ha, mg KOH/g
187
186
Hm lng cht khng x phng ha, %.k.l
0,8
0,7
Chu k cm ng oxy ha ( 120 0 C, 20 lit kk/h, h
29
28
10,5
10,5
Ch s axit, mg KOH/g
(Kt qu phn tch ti: Cng ty c phn Ha phm v ph gia Vit Nam)
Kt qu 2 ln o c tng hp trong Bng 4.26 cho thy, so vi du thc vt phi
thc phm nh du Bng, du ht Cao su, du S, du Jatropha c kho st trc
y, du ht Chm ngy c rt nhiu tnh nng vt tri, c th:
70
y l loi du khng kh c hm lng axit Oleic dng triglyxerit c bit cao

(ti 80%), c th so vi du oliu. Nh m du t b ln cc loi triglyxerit ca cc loi
axit bo khc, nht l ca cc axit bo no cng nh ca cc axit bo khng no a ni i
(ch chim khong 2,5 %).
Du cha rt t cc cht khng phi axit bo (hm lng cc cht khng x phng
ha c rt thp) nn hiu sut to ra c cc sn phm khc t n cao hn, d chuyn
ha ha hc hn.
Tr s axit bo t do trong du thp (10,5mg KOH/g), hn hn du ht Cao su,
du Jatropha (cy Cc ro) nn hiu sut to nhin liu sinh hc (biodiesel dng metyl
este FAME) chc chn s cao hn v iu kin cng ngh thc hin d dng hn.
Du c tnh n nh ha hc cao hn hn cc du thc vt khc (chu k cm ng
oxy ha cao) nn sn phm biodiesel B10 s rt tt, gn bng diesel du m.
Kt qu to v kho st tnh cht metyl este t du Chm ngy
Bng 4.27. Tnh cht ca Metyl este t du Chm ngy
Kt qu gi tr o
Ch tiu phn tch

nht ng hc 40 0 C,
cSt
Ch s axit,mg KOH/g
o ln 1
o ln 2
4,2
4,5
0,002
0,0032
Ghi ch
Tng
thng
ng
FAME
du
Hm lng glyxerit, %k.l
0,8
0,8
Rt thp so vi cc metyl este

du thc vt khc,v tng
ng diesel du m: 0.7
Ch s xetan (tnh ton c)
65
64,5
Cao nht so vi cc mety este

DTV khc, kh tt
im sng, 0 C
~5
5,3
t tiu chun pha thnh

Biodiesel
3,6
172
171
0,03
0,035
Nhit ng c,0 C
Nhit chp chy cc h,
C
Cn cacsbon, % k.l
(Kt qu phn tch ti: Cng ty c phn Ha phm v ph gia Vit Nam)
Kt qu 2 ln o c tng hp trong Bng 4.27 cho thy, nht ng lc hc
40 C ca Chm ngy t 13. nht l thc o s khng li dung dch thay i di tc
dng ca ng sut phn ct. N thng c hiu nh l s m c", hay s khng li
0
71
dng chy. V vy, nc "long" v c nht thp hn, trong khi du thc vt li "m
c" v c nht cao hn.
Metyl este t du Chm ngy (FAME) l biodiesel nguyn cht B100 c cc c
tnh lm nhin liu tt hn t cc du thc vt khc kho st, c bit l im sng
(nhit ng c) thp, t tiu chun pha thnh Biodiesel v ch s xetan rt cao (65 so
vi gi tr 48 50 ca cc du thc vt khc).
nh 37. Sn phm du chit sut t ht Chm

ngy
nh 38. Du Chm ngy nguyn cht
nh 39. Du Chm ngy tinh ch
nh 40. Du B100 MOME Chm ngy
Ngoi tc dng to du, trong ht Chm ngy cn c th lm thc phm rt b

dng. ti tin hnh phn tch tt c hm lng cc cht trong ht nh hm lng
lipit tng, hm lng acid tng s, thnh phn cht bo v thu c kt qu c trnh
by trong Bng 4.27, 4.28, 4.29, 4.30.
Bng 4.28. Hm lng Lipit tng trong ht Chm ngy
Mu
m1 (g)
m2(g)
% lipit
Ht
50,13
12,533
25
Nhn ht
100
39,6739
(Kt qu phn tch ti: Phng Ha phn tch - Vin Ha hc)

72
Trong ht Chm ngy cha hm lng lipit tng cao chim n thnh phn dinh
dng trong ht (Bng 4.28). iu ny chng t ht Chm ngy l loi thc phm giu
lipit - l ngun nng lng b sung cn thit cho ngi lao ng nng, cn thit cho thi
k phc hi dinh dng i vi ngi m
Bng 4.29. Thnh phn cc axit bo trong ht Chm ngy
STT
Axit bo
Tn khoa hc
Kt qu o hm lng (%)
Ln o 1
Ln o 2
16: 0
Hexadecanoic acid
5,449
6,57
16: ln-7
9-Hecxadecenoic acid
1,060
1,78
18: 0
Octadecanoic acid
3,417
4,01
18: ln-7
Octadeeenoic acid
79,146
74,68
18: 2n-6-c
Octadecadiennoic acid
0,434
20: 0
Eicosanoic
1,116
20: ln-9
11- eicosenoic acid
0,577
20: 5n-3
5,8,11,14,17
eicosapentaenoic acid
4,300
24: 0
10
19:0
11
12
0,333
axit nonandecanoic
3,03
18:5n-3
Axit3,6,9,12,15
octadecapentaenoic
22:0
axit hexanedioic
22:5n-3
axit
7,11,13,16,19
docosapentaenoic
13
2,17
6,32
1,34
14
20: 2
0,816
15
20: 3n-6
0,198
16
22: 0
3,878
Hm lng Axit Oleic (Octadeeenoic acid) chim gn 80% c th so snh vi du

Oliu (Bng 4.29). Axit Oleic l Axit bo khng bo ho, c tc dng trong phng chng
ung th, thc y tun hon mu v ci thin cha nng tiu ha. Ngoi ra, Axit bo ny
cn c tc dng lm p da (gip da lng mn v n hi) nn c th s dng trong ngnh
cng nghip m phm.
73
Bng 4.30. Hm lng cc nguyn t vi lng v kim loi nng trong ht

TT
Ch tiu phn tch
Kt qu o mu ht
n v
o ln 1
o ln 2
Caxi (Ca)
mg/kg
2061,84
196,91
Magie (Mg)
mg/kg
144,09
106,09
St (Fe)
mg/kg
3,542
5,11
Mangan( Mn)
mg/kg
0,593
Km (Zn)
mg/kg
1,676
3,73
ng (Cu)
mg/kg
1,085
98,84
Iot ( I)
mg/kg
0,045
Asen (As)
mg/kg
0,94
0,0376
Thy ngn(Hg)
mg/kg
0,032
0,0237
10
Ch (Pb)
mg/kg
0,15
0,0406
11
Cadimi (Cd)
mg/kg
0,033
0,0004
12
Kali (K)
mg/kg
67,82

Qua phn tch cc nguyn t vi lng v kim loi nng trong ht trong Bng 4.30
cho thy, trong ht Chm ngy cha hm lng Canxi rt cao, (2061,84 mg/kg ln o 1
v 196,91 mg/kg - ln o 2, tng ng 206,184 mg/100gr). C th so vi hm lng
Canxi trong sa nguyn kem (113 mg/100gr), u nnh (227 mg/100gr), bng ci xanh
(48 mg/100gr) cho thy hm lng Canxi c trong ht Chm ngy cao hn rt nhiu.
Canxi c xem l cht quan trng v trong c th Canxi c nhng chc nng sinh l nh
hnh thnh xng, rng ca c th. Magie cng chim khi lng kh ln (144,09 mg/kg
ln o 1; 106,09 mg/kg ln o 2), y cng l cht rt quan trng vi c th con ngi
v n tham gia vo cu to m, phn hy cc cht bo cc nguyn t vi lng chim
mt lng rt nh nhng rt quan trng.
74
Bng 4.31. Hm lng acid tng s trong ht Chm ngy

STT
Kt qu o hm lng axit (%)
Acid amin
o ln 1
o ln 2
Aspartic acid
1,07
1,08
Glutamic acid
3,76
3,75
Serine
0,80
0,81
Histidine
0,39
0,39
Glycine
1,60
1,58
Threonine
0,67
0,68
Alanine
1,12
1,15
Arginine
3,96
3,96
Tyrosine
0,49
0,46
10
Cysteine +Cystine
0,33
0,31
11
Valine
0,96
0,98
12
Methionine
0,60
0,62
13
Phenylalanine
1,28
1,29
14
Isoleucine
0,80
0,80
15
Leucine
1,58
1,56
16
Lysine
0,66
0,68
17
Proline
1,34
21,39
21,44
Tng

Qua Bng 4.31 trn ta thy mt s cht quan trng cn thit cho c th con ngi
chim t l ln nh Glutamic (3,76% - ln o 1 v 3,75% ln o 2), Arginine ( 3,96% i vi c 2 ln o), y l 2 cht cc k quan trng vi c th con ngi. Glutamic gi
vai tr quan trng trong chuyn ha t bo thn kinh v v no, Arginine l acid amin
tham gia vo chu trnh to ra ure ti gan ( l chc nng gii c Ammoniac ca gan)
nn c tc dng iu ha nng Ammoniac mu b tng trong mt s ngi mc bnh
gan, ng thi thc y qu trnh tng hp ca c th, tr cc ri lon chc nng gan.
75
Ngoi ra cc cht nh Proline (1,32%), Leucine (1,58%), Phenylalanine (1,28%), Alanine

(1,12%), Glycine (1,6%), Aspartic acid (1,07%) d chim t l b hn nhng c ng c
vai tr quan trng khng km 2 acid trn.
Vic cung cp y cc acid amin cn thit cho c th hng ngy s gp phn ci
thin ng k cc trng hp nh suy dinh dng, suy nhc, mt mi, thi k ang cha
tr bnh hay sau khi cn hi phc sc nhanh, hay ngi bnh b suy gan, thi k mang
thai, cho con b, ngi gi yu, ngi lao ng nng, cc vn ng vin... Qua Bng 4.30
phn tch cho thy ht Chm ngy l mt ngun cung cp acid rt tt cho c th con ngi.
Tm li
- Ht Chm ngy ngoi vic s dng trong cuc sng hng ngy nh lm thc n,
ng dng trong y hc hay trong ngnh cng nghip m phm cn c s dng chit sut
to nhin liu sinh hc.
- Trong du ht Chm ngy tr s axit bo t do thp hn hn du ht Cao su, du
Jatropha (cy Cc ro) nn hiu sut to nhin liu sinh hc (biodiesel dng metyl este
FAME) cao hn. Metyl este t du Chm ngy (FAME) l biodiesel nguyn cht B100 c
cc c tnh lm nhin liu tt hn t cc du thc vt khc kho st. Sn phm
biodiesel B10 rt tt, gn bng diesel du m.
- Ngoi ra, trong ht Chm ngy cha hm lng Axit Oleic chim gn 80% c
th so snh vi du Oliu. Cc nguyn t vi lng v kim loi nng cng nh cc Axit
amin tt cho c th chim t l cao, rt tt cho ngi su y nhc, ngi cn hi phc sc
nhanh, hay ngi bnh b suy gan, thi k mang thai, cho con b, ngi gi yu, ngi
lao ng nng, cc vn ng vin.
1.6.2. Nghin cu v tnh a tc dng trong l Chm ngy
L cy Chm ngy giu dinh dng, hin c hai t chc th gii WHO v FAO
xem nh l gii php u vit cho cc b m thiu sa v tr em suy dinh dng, v cng
l gii php lng thc cho th gii th ba. Vit Nam, theo kho st t lu ngi dn
dng l ca cy Chm ngy nu canh, lm thc n gia sc Kt qu phn tch cc
cht trong mu l Chm ngy c th hin trong Bng 4.32.
Bng 4.32. Kt qu phn tch mu l Chm ngy
TT
Ch tiu phn tch
n v
Ca
2
3
Kt qu o hm lng
o ln 1
o ln 2
0,347
1,4353
Mg
0,114
0,2314
1,653
2,2426
76
0,501
0,3616
Fe
0,0060
0,0229
Cu
Ppm
3,170
11,813
Zn
Ppm
31,05
Pb
Ppm
8,3319
As
Ppm
0,517

Theo Bng 4.32 ta thy trong l Chm ngy cha cc nguyn t Canxi, Magie,
Kali Hm lng Canxi trong l Chm ngy (0,347% - ln o 1 v 1,44% - ln o ) cao
gp 4 ln lng Canxi c trong 1 ly sa. Hm lng Kali (Potassium) trong l Chm ngy
cao gp 3 ln so vi qu Chui. Tuy nhin trong l Chm ngy khn g ch c cc cht k
trn m cn c cha nhng nhiu Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Protein, cc axit amin c cha
Lu hunh nh Lysine, Leucine v nhiu Axit amin cn thit khc iu ny rt him gp
trong cc loi rau khc. L cy rt giu dinh dng, iu ny ta c th thy r qua Bng
4.33 sau:
Bng 4.33. Kt qu kim nghim dinh dng trong mu l cy Chm ngy
Ch tiu/n v
STT
Kt qu
So Snh
Protein(g%)
8,3
6,5 (u H Lan )
Tro(g%)
2,0
2,4 (rau Ngt)
Cenllulose(g%)
1,6
2,5(rau Ngt)
Canxi(mg%)
402,3
169(rau Ngt)
Photpho(mg%)
187,7
65(rau Ngt)
St(mg%)
43,9
2,7(rau Ngt)
B-caroten(mg%)
VitaminB1(mg%)
0,15
0,11 (Sp l )
VitaminB2(mg%)
0,13
0,1 (Sp l )
10
VitaminPP(mg%)
11
VitaminC(mg%)
0,43
71 (Sp l )
12
Glycine(mg%)
436,1
264 (u H Lan )
40 (Sp l )
0,6 (Sp l )
77
13
Proline(mg%)
435,8
257 (u H Lan )
14
Lysine(mg%)
65,8
489 (u H Lan )
15
Leucine (mg%)
436,3
466 (u H Lan )
(Kt qu phn tch ti: Vin Dinh dng B Y t)

Qua Bng 4.33 ta thy, hm lng cc cht trong l Chm ngy c so snh vi
u H Lan, rau Ngt, Sp l. So vi u H Lan hm lng Protein, Glycine, Proline
trong l Chm ngy ln hn (Protein gp 1,28 ln, Glycine gp 1,65 ln, Proline gp 1,7
ln) nhng hm lng Lysine th li km hn rt nhiu ch bng 1/7 ln. Hm lng
Leucine cho kt qu gn tng ng nhau. So vi Rau ngt mt loi rau c dng
ph bin trong cc ba n hng ngy ca ngi dn ging nh l Chm ngy, hm lng
cc nguyn t quan trng trong l cy Chm ngy nh Canxi, Photpho, St ln hn rt
nhiu (Canxi gp 2,38 ln, Photpho gp 2,89 ln, St gp 16,26 ln), hm lng Tro v
Xenllulose li thp hn nhng khng ng k (2,0 v 1,6 so vi 2,4 v 2,5). Hm lng
cc cht nh Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 cao hn trong Sp l nhng hm lng B-caroten,
vitamin PP trong l Chm ngy khng c, hm lng Vitamin C thp hn Sp l.
Tm li
- L Chm ngy c s dng trong cuc sng hng ngy nh thc n cho con
ngi v gia sc.
- Trong l Chm ngy c cha hm lng cc cht rt a dng v c t l dinh
dng cao nh Canxi, Kali, Protein, cc loi Vitamin... y thc s l mt ngun thc
n rt b dng v cn thit vi con ngi.
nh 41. Bt l Chm ngy
nh 42. Bt l Chm ngy
1.6.3. Nghin cu v tnh a tc dng thn cy Chm ngy

Nhc ti thn cy ngi ta thng nhc n l dng lm g, ci... v thng phn
tch hm lng xenllulozo, t l C/N c trong thn m hu nh khng phn tch hm
lng cc cht khc tm thm nhiu cng dng khc ca cy. i vi Chm ngy l
78
mt cy a tc dng v thn cy thng c s dng lm hng ro hoc lm cc cho

Thanh long leo, tuy nhin ti tin hnh phn tch hm lng cc cht nh Ca, Mg, Cu,
K, P nhm tm hiu hm lng cc cht ny trong thn cy. Kt qu phn tch c trnh by
trong Bng 4.34.
Bng 4.34. Kt qu phn tch mu thn cy Chm ngy
TT
Ch tiu phn tch
Hm lng
n v
Ca
0,829
Mg
0,136
Cu
4,960
Ppm
Fe
93,071
Ppm
5
6
K
P
2,72
0,354
%
%

Qua Bng 4.34, ta thy hm lng cc cht trong thn cy l kh ln, ln hn so
vi hm lng cc cht tng ng trong l (Ca gp 2,39 ln, Mg gp 1,19 ln, Cu gp
1,65 ln, K gp 1,64 ln, Fe gp 1,55 ln). Qua kt qu phn tch ny ta c th dng thn
cy hoc cnh tn dng lm thc n cho gia sc, trnh lng ph ngun dinh dng c
trong thn.
Kt qu phn tch hm lng lipit tng trong l v cnh thu c trnh by trong
Bng 4.35.
Bng 4.35. Kt qu phn tch hm lng lipit tng v m trong mu ti l v cnh cy
Chm ngy
Kt qu o ln 1
Khi lng Lipit
% lipit tng
m %
L cy (50g)
1,7791g
3,3582
93,298%
Cnh cy (100g)
0,0881g
0,0801
88,8766%
Kt qu o ln 2
L cy (100g)
% lipit tng
3,6139
m %
93,268 %

Qua Bng 4.34 cho thy hm lng % lipit tng trong l 3,36%/50 g l, i vi
cnh cy l 0,08%/100 g cnh.
79
Tm li
Thn cy Chm ngy ngoi vic s dng lm gi cho Thanh long hoc Tru
cn c th lm thc n cho gia sc. Trong thn cy, cha hm lng cc cht nh Canxi,
Magie, ng cao hn nhiu ln trong l Chm ngy. Do vy, ta c th dng thn cy
hoc cnh lm thc n cho gia sc, trnh lng ph ngun dinh dng c trong thn.
1.6.4. Nghin cu tnh a tc dng ca V ht Chm ngy
Sau khi tin hnh tch ht v v ht Chm ngy, chng ti nhn thy trong v ht
cn mt phn nh ca ht. ti tin hnh phn tch v ht v hm lng cc nguyn
t vi lng v kim loi nng cng nh thnh phn Axit bo nhm tn dng ti a cc b
phn ca ht. Kt qu phn tch c tng hp trong Bng 4.36 v 4.37.
Bng 4.36. Hm lng cc nguyn t vi lng v kim loi nng trong v ht Chm ngy
Ch tiu phn tch
TT
n v
Mu ht
Caxi (Ca)
mg/kg
2149,92
Magie (Mg)
mg/kg
1190,48
St (Fe)
mg/kg
164,73
Photpho (P)
mg/kg
2500
Km (Zn)
mg/kg
17,05
ng (Cu)
mg/kg
10,60
Kali (K)
mg/kg
3680,02
Asen (As)
mg/kg
0,005
Thy ngn(Hg)
mg/kg
0,005
10
Ch (Pb)
mg/kg
0,110
11
Cadimi (Cd)
mg/kg
0,083

Bng 4.37. Thnh phn Axit Bo c trong v ht Chm ngy
TT
Axit bo
Tn khoa hc
4:0
Axit butanoic
12:0
Axit dodecanoic
Tn thng
Hm lng
(%)
2,7
Lauric
80
2,3
14:0
Axit tertradecanoic
Myristic
2,5
15:1n-5
axit 9 octadecenoic
16:0
axit hexandecanoic
Palmiric
15,5
16:ln-7
axit 9-hexadecenoic
Palmitoleic
2,4
17:ln-7
axit 10-heptanedioic
18:0
axit octadecanoic
Stearic
4,5
18:ln-9
Axit cis9-octadecenoic
Oleic
54,1
10
18:2n-6-t
Axit 9,12-octadecadienoic
Linoleic
1,8
11
19:0
axit nonandecanoic
Arachidic
0,8
12
18:4n-3
axit 6,9,12,15 octadecapentaenoic
2,5
13
20:4n-3
Axit 8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic
6,2
14
22:5n-6
axit 4,7,11,13,16 docosapentaenoic
1,0
2,1
1,4

Kt qu trnh by trong Bng 4.36 v 4.37 trn cho thy, mc d ch phn tch v
ht Chm ngy song kt qu hm lng cc cht trong v ht nh Caxi l 2149,92 mg/kg;
Magie 1190,48 mg/kg. y l hai cht rt quan trng trong c th con ngi, n lin quan
n cc chc nng sinh l nh hnh thnh xng, cu to m hay phn hy cc cht bo
Qua Bng 4.37 ta thy rng hm lng thnh phn axit bo trong v ht Chm ngy
rt a dng v mt s cht chim t l kh ln, c bit l Axit Oleic chim n 54,1%; axit
Palmitoleic chim 15,5%. Ngoi ra, cc cht axit bo khc chim t l t 0,8 6,2 %.
Tm li
- Chm ngy l loi cy a tc dng, ngoi vic s dng lm thc n cho ngi v
gia sc, du ht Chm ngy cn c kh nng to nhin liu sinh hc.
- Kh nng to nhin liu sinh hc ca ht Chm ngy kh tt. Qua nghin cu
cho thy tr s axit bo t do trong du thp, hn hn du ht Cao su, du Cc ro nn
hiu sut to nhin liu sinh hc chc chn s cao hn.
- Qua vic phn tch cc b phn ca cy cha nhiu khong cht quan trng, l
mt ngun cung cp cht m, vitamins, beta-carotene, acid amin v nhiu hp cht
phenolics cho con ngi v ng vt. Nu bit tn dng cc ngun nguyn liu trn
s dng trong cuc sng hng ngy nh lm thc n, lm mt s loi thuc s c gi tr
rt cao v mt dinh dng. c bit, cc tnh Duyn hi Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn l
81
tnh c kh hu khc nhit, iu kin kinh t - x hi cn kh khn. Vic tn dng thn,

cnh cng nh v ht Chm ngy lm thc n cho gia sc ti cc a phng ny s gip
ngi dn ni y gii quyt vn v thc n cho gia sc, gip pht trin chn nui,
pht trin kinh t a phng.
ngi dn ti Ninh thun, Kon Tum
Do iu kin thi tit khng thun li (nng hn ko di ti Kon Tum v l lt ti
Ninh Thun) nn cc m hnh Chm ngy trng vo thng 10/2010, 12/2010 b cht.
ti tin hnh trng li cc m hnh ny, c th:
+ Ti Ninh Thun: Trng thun loi 3,0 ha, quy m trang tri vo thng 6/2011.
+ Ti Kon Tum: Trng thun loi 2,5 ha, quy m h gia nh vo thng 8/2011.
+ Cc s liu sinh trng c o m v nh gi vo u thng 12/2011.
Trong khun kh bo co nh gi sinh trng ca Chm ngy 6 thng tui v
sinh trng ca 200 cy Chm ngy 1 nm tui ti Ninh Thun (s cy cn sng trng
vo 12/2010), sinh trng m hnh trng Chm ngy ti Kon Tum 4 thng tui.
1.7.1. Xy dng m hnh trng Chm ngy quy m trang tri ti Ninh Thun
1.7.1.1. nh gi sinh trng m hnh trng Chm ngy 6 thng tui
Sinh trng chiu cao v ng knh ca Chm ngy trng ti Ninh Thun c
tng hp trong Bng 4.38.
Bng 4.38. Sinh trng chiu cao v ng knh Chm ngy 6 thng tui ti Ninh Thun
Ch tiu
TB
S%
Tui (thng)
Doo (cm)
Hvn (m)
0,66
0,51
0,188
0,158
28,48
30,98
Kt qu trong Bng 4.38 cho thy, ng knh gc Chm ngy trung bnh t 0,66
cm, chiu cao trung bnh t 0,51 cm. H s bin ng cho c ch tiu ng knh v
chiu cao khng qu cao, dao ng 28 30%, chng t chnh lch v ng knh v
chiu cao gia cc cy trn m hnh khng ng k.
Bng 4.39. nh gi cht lng Chm ngy 6 thng tui ti Ninh Thun
Cht lng
Tt
Trung bnh
Xu
N
226
615
212
%
21,53
58,32
20,15
82
T l sng (%)
62,45
Qua Bng 4.39, cht lng Chm ngy trn m hnh t mc trung bnh. T l cy
sng trong m hnh t 62,45%.Cc cy sinh trng tt chim 21,53%, s cy c cht
lng trung bnh chim trn 58%, s lng cy xu chim t l 20,15%.
Qua kt qu trn cho thy, Chm ngy tuy mi c gy trng trn din rng
nhng sinh trng mc trung bnh kh. Hin nay, m hnh ang c chm sc v bo
v tt, nhm nhn rng m hnh trong tng lai.
nh 43. M hnh Chm ngy 6 thng tui ti Ninh Thun
1.7.1.2. nh gi sinh trng m hnh trng Chm ngy sau 1 tui

Bng 4.40. Sinh trng chiu cao v ng knh Chm ngy 1 nm tui ti Ninh Thun
Ch tiu
TB
S%
Doo (cm)
2,75
2,207
80,27
Hvn (m)
1,30
0,641
49,93
Tui (nm)
1
Kt qu tng hp ti Bng 4.40 cho thy, sinh trng ng knh gc trung bnh
ca Chm ngy t 2,75 cm, chiu cao trung bnh t 1,30 m. H s bin ng ca hai ch
tiu ng knh gc (80,27%) v chiu cao (49,93%) ln, c bit l ch tiu ng knh.
iu ny cho thy s chnh lch v chiu cao v ng knh gc ca Chm ngy trn m
hnh kh ln.
83
Bng 4.41. nh gi cht lng Chm ngy 1 nm tui ti Ninh Thun

Cht lng
Tt
45
20,09
Trung bnh
150
66,96
Xu
29
12,95
Qua Bng 4.41, cht lng Chm ngy trn m hnh t mc trung bnh. Cc cy
sinh trng tt chim trn 20%, s cy c cht lng trung bnh chim trn 66%, s
lng cy xu chim t l trn 12%.
M hnh Chm ngy theo quy m trang tri 1 nm tui sinh trng mc trung
bnh. H s bin ng v ch tiu ng knh v chiu cao kh ln, cy c cht lng
trung bnh chim t l cao. iu ny cho thy sinh trng khng ng u ca Chm
ngy khu vc Ninh Thun, do cn tng cng cng tc chm sc v bo v gip cy
sinh trng v pht trin tt hn.
nh 44. M hnh Chm ngy 1 nm tui ti Ninh Thun
1.7.2. Xy dng m hnh trng Chm ngy quy m h gia nh ti Kon Tum
Sinh trng chiu cao v ng knh ca Chm ngy 4 thng tui ti Kon Tum
c tng hp trong Bng 4.42
84
Bng 4.42. Sinh trng chiu cao v ng knh Chm ngy 4 thng tui ti Kon Tum
Ch tiu
TB
S%
Doo (cm)
0,28
0,038
13,19
Hvn (m)
0,18
0,032
17,39
Tui (thng)
4
Kt qu trong Bng 4.41 cho thy, ng knh gc Chm ngy trung bnh t 0,28
cm, chiu cao trung bnh t 0,18 m. H s bin ng cho c ch tiu ng knh v chiu
cao khng qu cao, dao ng 13 - 17%, chng t chnh lch v ng knh v chiu cao
gia cc cy trn m hnh khng ng k.
Bng 4.42. nh gi cht lng Chm ngy 4 thng tui ti Kon Tum
Cht lng
Tt
61
10,16
Trung bnh
240
41,67
Xu
300
48,17
T l sng
70%
Qua Bng 4.42, cht lng Chm ngy trn m hnh t mc trung bnh. T l
sng ca cc cy trong m hnh t 70%. Tuy nhin, cc cy sinh trng tt chim t l
rt t, trn 10%, s cy c cht lng trung bnh chim trn 41%, s lng cy xu chim
t l kh cao, 48,17%.
Nguyn nhn do iu kin thi tit ti y khng thun li, thng xuyn c ma
ko di hoc ngy nng gt gy hin tng cy b thi gc, l hoc b cht kh. iu kin
t b cht, yu t ma v, mt s loi cn trng nh d, co co thng xuyn ph hoi
cng l mt trong nguyn nhn gy bt li cho sinh trng ca cy trng. ti tin
hnh ti nc vo ngy kh hn ko di cng nh tng cng chm sc, phng tr su
hi cho cy. Hin nay, m hnh ang trong giai on tip tc sinh trng v pht trin.
Tuy nhin, trong tng lai cn ch theo di, chm sc, nghin cu cc bin php thm
canh cng nh k thut gy trng ph hp vi iu kin ca khu vc.
85
nh 45. M hnh Chm ngy sau 4 thng trng rng ti Kon Tum
Tm li
- C th gy trng Chm ngy quy m tp trung ti Ninh Thun, vic gy trng
Chm ngy quy m tp trung ti Kon Tum cn c thm thi gian nghin cu.
- Chm ngy trn m hnh trng thun loi, theo quy m trang tri ti Ninh Thun
6 thng tui sinh trng v pht trin kh tt. Mc chnh lch v ng knh v chiu
cao ca cc cy trong m hnh khng qu ln. Cn tip tc theo di, chm sc v bo v
m hnh nhm nhn rng trong tng lai.
- Ti m hnh Chm ngy 1 nm tui cy sinh trng v pht trin mc trung
bnh. Tuy nhin, do chu nh hng ca iu kin tit bt li (l lt vo thng 3/2011)
nn cy sinh trng chm, v khng ng u.
- Chm ngy trn m hnh trng thun loi, theo quy m trang tri ti Kon Tum 3
thng tui do chu nh hng ca iu kin bt li ca thi tit v tru b ph hi nn
sinh trng v pht trin mc trung bnh, s cy cht lng xu chim t l cao. Hin
nay, m hnh mi c hn 3 thng tui nn ti cha th a ra kt lun c th m
cn c thi gian theo di trong tng lai. Cn tip tc theo di, chm sc v bo v m
hnh nhm tng sinh trng chiu cao, ng knh cng nh cht lng cy Chm ngy.
86
1.7.3. Chuyn giao cng ngh gim hom, gieo ht v k thut trng cy Chm ngy cho ngi
dn ti Ninh thun, Kon Tum
ti tin hnh m 04 lp tp hun v tnh a tc dng, k thut nhn ging cng
nh k thut gy trng loi cy Chm ngy cho ngi dn ti tnh Kon Tum, Ninh Thun.
Cc ti liu tp hun:
+ Powerpoint v tnh a tc dng, kh nng nhn ging v gy trng Chm ngy.
+ Quy trnh nhn ging Chm ngy bng phng php gieo ht v gim hom.
Mt s hnh nh Powerpoint v tnh a tc dng, kh nng nhn ging v gy trng
Chm ngy c trnh by trong lp tp hun cho b con nng dn ti tnh Ninh Thun v
tnh Kon Tum:
87
Ti lp tp hun cc cn b khuyn nng v b con nng dn ti a phng c

hng dn nhng kin thc v tnh a tc dng, k thut nhn ging v gy trng loi cy
Chm ngy. Thng qua lp tp hun, cc cn b v b con nng dn nm c cc
tnh nng khc nhau ca loi cy Chm ngy nh khng ch lm thc n cho con ngi c
gi tr dinh dng cao m cn c th s dng lm thc n cho gia sc. Chit sut du ht
t Chm ngy to nhin liu sinh hc cho nng sut s dng cao, b du ht sau khi chit
sut rt an ton, c th tn dng lm thc n cho gia sc. Ngoi ra, nhng ngi tham gia
lp tp hun cn nm c nhng kin thc c bn nht v k thut nhn ging Chm
ngy thng qua 2 con ng l nhn ging bng ht v gim hom, k thut trng chm
sc, nui dng cy Chm ngy.
Qua lp tp hun, ti mun pht trin loi cy ny trn din rng, c bit ti
cc tnh Duyn Hi Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn nhm gp phn gim ngho v b
sung c cu cy trng a tc dng cho Vit Nam, gp phn chit xut dc liu v sn
sut nhin liu sinh hc cho nc ta trong tng lai gn.
Mt s hnh nh lp tp hun ti cc a phng
nh lp tp hun chuyn giao cng ngh nhn ging, k thut gy trng Chm
ngy cho ngi dn ti Kon Tum:
88
nh 46. Hnh nh lp tp hun k thut Chuyn giao cng ngh gim hom, gieo ht v k thut
trng cy Chm ngy cho ngi dn ti Kon Tum v Ninh Thun
2. Tng hp cc sn phm ti
2.1. Cc sn phm khoa hc
TT
Tn sn phm
To ra ging cy chm ngy

bng cng ngh nui cy
m, hom
n v
tnh
S lng
theo k
hoch ph
duyt
Cy
1000
89
S
lng
t
c
1000
% t
c so
vi k
hoch
Ghi ch
100
iu chnh
gim 1000
cy t cng
ngh nui
cy m theo
Cng vn
s
7171/BNN
KHCN,
ngy
29/12/2010
2
Gieo m to ging cy con

t ht
Cy
10.000
10.000
100
Bo co v a im phn
b, c im lm hc v tnh
nng s dng, tnh a tc
dng ca cy Chm ngy
B/co
01
01
100
Quy trnh k thut v vic

to ging cy chm ngy t
phng php gim hom.
Quy trnh k thut v vic

to ging cy chm ngy t
phng php gieo ht.
Q/trnh
01
M hnh th nghim (mt

v phng thc trng) cy
Chm ngy
ha
M hnh gy trng cy
Chm ngy qui m h gia
nh, trang tri ti Ninh
Thun, Kon Tum
Bi bo khoa hc
Kt qu o to Thc s
100
Qui trnh
c Hi
ng KH c
s nghim
thu
01
100
Qui trnh
c Hi
ng KH c
s nghim
thu
3,5
3,5
100
Ti Ninh
Thun v
Kon Tum
ha
5,5
127
Bi
02-03
02
100
Tp ch
Kinh t sinh
thi
100
Hi ng
Bo v lun
vn thc s
khoa hc
Lm nghip
Trng
H Lm
nghip
Q/trnh
01
Ngi
01
90
01
01
2.2. Kt qu o to/tp hun cho cn b hoc nng dn

S
TT
S
ngi/lp
Ngy
/lp
S lp
25
25
Tng s ngi
Ghi ch
Tng
s
Dn tc
thiu s
50
15
35
Ti Kon Tum
50
18
37
Ti Ninh Thun
3. nh gi tc ng ca kt qu nghin cu
3.1. Hiu qu mi trng
ti thc hin thnh cng ngoi vic ci thin thu nhp cho ngi dn cng nh
b sung c cu cy trng a mc ch cho vng Duyn Hi Nam trung b v Ty Nguyn
th c ngha rt ln v mt mi trng. Cy Chm ngy l loi rt thch hp vi kh hu
kh hn nn vic gy trng loi cy ny s c tc dng ci to cc vng t ngho xu
nh t rng khp, t ven bin... N cng gp phn tng din tch trng rng ln do vy
cng gp phn vo lm tng che ph ca rng, gim cc tc ng v xi mn t, ci
thin ngun nc ngm....cc h dn trng Chm ngy u cho rng trong ma kh cy
Chm ngy c th lm tng m t t 5 7 %, tng nhit t 0,5 2 . Bn cnh
cy Chm ngy cng rt t su bnh nn khng phi dng thuc bo v thc vt.
Mc thch ng i vi iu kin bin i kh hu:
- Cy Chm ngy c kh nng thch hp rt tt vi iu kin kh hu v th
nhng ti cc a phng.
- Chm ngy l loi cy trng a tc dng v c kh nng thch ng rng, c kh
nng chu hn, t b nh hng bi bo, lc d dng thch nghi vi bin i kh hu. Tuy
nhin loi cy ny khng thch ng vi iu kin ngp ng ko di.
3.2. Hiu qu kinh t - x hi
ti thc hin trn cy lm nghip l loi cy trng lu nm nn cha th nh
gi c hiu qu kinh t ca cc th nghim. Hin nay trn th trng th cc sn phm
ch bin t cc b phn cy Chm ngy cha c bit n nhiu. Tuy nhin cy Chm
ngy l cy a tc dng, qua phng vn cc h dn ti khu vc nghin cu cho bit cy c
rt nhiu tc dng trong vic gim thiu vic thiu lng thc v thc phm vo ma kh
ti khu vc nghin cu cho ngi v gia sc. Bn cnh cy Chm ngy c th trng
lm dn cho cc loi cy thn leo khc nh Thanh long, Tru... nn c th va tn
dng sn phm t cy Chm ngy cng vi sn phm t cy dy leo ny. Cc sn phm
cy Chm ngy trn th trng rt t nhng theo thng tin chng ti tm hiu hin ti cc
siu th ti TP H Ch Minh ang bn cc sn phm t l Chm ngy t 80 100 nghn
ng/kg. Cc nghin cu v tnh a tc dng loi Chm ngy c bit l nghin cu v
91
kh nng to nhin liu sinh hc m ra mt tim nng kinh doanh trng Chm ngy quy
m ln cung cp nguyn liu cho cc nh my ch bin nhin liu sinh hc.
Mt khc cy Chm ngy rt d trng, tn rt t phn bn, c th trng bng hom,
ht l cc vt liu c sn nn chi ph trng Chm ngy l rt thp.
* Hiu qu v x hi/gii
Tnh n nay a co 20 cn b khuyn nng trong c 8 ngi la ngi dn tc
thiu s (chim 40%). Do cy Chm ngy l cy trng t ph bin ti Vit Nam nn cha
c ti liu hoc cc lp tp hun v k thut trng v chm sc, nng dn a phng
ch yu trng phn tn v mc ch chnh l lm cc cho Thanh long, Tru leo nn khng
ch n cc k thut. ti bc u xy dng cc k thut v ang ch th nghim
nh gi trn cc m hnh ph bin cho ngi dn.
C 20 h gia inh c tham gia thc hi n cac m hinh tr ng m hnh phn tn
cy Chm ngy trong vn h. H c cn b ca ti hng dn, cung cp cc k
thut cng nh ging cy trng v phn bn thc hin. Kt qu cy sinh trng v pht
trin kh tt v khng c du hiu su bnh.
Ngoi ra vic xy dng m hnh v trng tp trung theo quy m trang tri ti Ninh
Thun cng nh ti Kon Tum cng huy ng khong 35 ngi trng v khong 1 0
ngi kt hp vi cn b ca ti bo v theo di m hnh v a s l ngi ng
bo dn tc thiu s ti a phng.
3.3. Tnh hnh th trng v lin kt vi doanh nghip tiu th sn phm
Cy Chm ngy c WHO cho l gii php chng suy dinh dng cho th gii
th 3 tuy nhin hin nay ti Vit Nam loi cy ny cha c nghin cu nhiu v th
trng hng ha v loi cy ny cha pht trin.
Hin nay, ti Ninh Thun v cc tnh duyn hi Nam Trung B, ht ging Chm
ngy nhp v c bn vi gi cao (3.000 5.000 /ht), hn na l v r Chm ngy khi
c gy trng rng ri s tr thnh hng ho, thc phm cho ngi dn a phng v cho
xut khu. Trong tng lai kh nng pht trin loi cy ny l rt ln. Hin nay c rt
nhiu h gia nh v cc t chc tham gia vo vic trng v kinh doanh loi cy ny c
bit l nhng nghin cu v tnh a tc dng ca loi cy ny trong ti m ra mt hng
mi trong vic hp tc vi cc t chc trong vic xy dng cc nh my ch bin thc n,
hay to nhin liu sinh hc gim p lc vi vic thiu nhin liu trong tng lai.
3.4. Cc li ch/tc ng khc
Ngoi sn p h m dng hng ngy nh l , hoa, qu... lm thc n th c th dng
cc loi trn lm mt s loi thuc cha mt s bnh rt tt cho ngi v gia sc nh
bnh kt l, chng u bu, h nhit, chng kinh phong, chng sng vim, chng co git,
tr ung lot, li tiu, h huyt p, chng oxy ha, khng sinh v chng nm Ngoi ra
92
cc b phn ca cy cn c dng lm tr ung gii nhit hay cc sn phm ca cy sau

khi p lm du sinh hc c th tn dng ch bin lm thc n gia sc. Thn cy ngoi
cung cp ly g cho ngnh k ngh giy cn c th dng ch bin thc n gia sc...
4. T chc thc hin v s dng kinh ph
4.1. T chc thc hin
ti phi hp vi s NN&PTNT Ninh Thun, Trung tm ging cy rng,
Cng ty Lm Nng Cng nghip v Dch v k T tin hnh thc hin cc ni dung
trong ti c th:
S NN&PTNT Ninh Thun ch o v iu cc cn b ca cc c quan sau cng
phi hp nghin cu:
- Cng ty Lm Nghip Ninh Sn
a ch: X Qung Sn Ninh Sn Ninh Thun
- Cng ty Lm nghip Tn Tin
a ch: X Phc Tin huyn Bc i - Tnh Ninh Thun
- Ban qun l rng phng h h Sng St
a ch: x Phc i - Huyn Bc i - Ninh Thun.
Cc cng ty v cc ban qun l ny c cc cn b cng vi cc cng tc vin
ca ti lp ra hng iu tra v a im iu tra, la chn nng dn tham gia trin khai
cc th nghim, la chn ni xy dng cc m hnh th nghim, nh gi kt qu ca cc
m hnh.
- Trung tm ging cy rng cng phi hp thc hin vic nghin cu to ging Chm
ngy t hom v nui cy m.
- Cng ty Lm Nng Cng nghip v Dch v k T phi hp cng vi nhm thc
hin ti chn a im nghin cu, chn cn b v nng dn tham gia, trin khai cc th
nghim, xy dng cc m hnh, nh gi kt qu ca cc m hnh ti Kon Tum.
4.2. S dng kinh ph
V tnh: 1000
Ni dung chi
TT
Kinh ph theo
d ton
Kinh ph c
cp
Kinh ph s
dng
Cng lao ng
873,830
810,485
873,830
Nguyn vt liu nng lng
139,340
135,572
139,340
Thit b my mc
24,800
24,800
24,800
Chi khc
312,030
293,429
311,216
Tng
1,350,000
1,264,286
1,349,186
93
VI. KT LUN V NGH

1. Kt lun
Chm ngy hin c trng hn trn 80 quc gia trn th gii v Vit Nam cng
l mt nc nm trong s . Cy Chm ngy va l ngun thc phm phong ph va l
ngun dc liu qu him. L, hoa, tri, thn, v, r ca cy cha cc cht kho ng, cht
m, vitamins, beta-carotene,acid amin v nhiu hp cht khc. Sau khi nghin cu ti
rt ra c mt s kt lun nh sau:
1.1. c im lm hc Chm ngy
Chm ngy (Moringa oleifera Lam) thuc chi Moringa, h Moringaceae, l cy g
nh cao 8 -10 mt, ng knh gc 20 35cm, l kp lng chim 3 ln vi nhiu l cht,
hoa c cung ging hoa u, c mu trng, trng hoa c 5 cnh, qu dng nang treo di
25- 33cm, ht nhiu, trn, dt c cnh mng bao quanh.
- Kt qu theo di ca nhm nghin cu cho thy Chm ngy trng ti hai tnh
Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun c hai ma ra hoa, kt qu trong mt nm. t u cy
thng ra hoa vo khong thng 2, thng 3 v kt qu khong thng 5, thng 6 v thu hi
ht khong thng 6 v 7, t hai ra hoa khong thng 9, thng 10 v kt qu khong thng
1 v thng 2 v thu hi ht khong t thng 3 - 5. Sn lng qu ti Ninh Thun tt hn
ti Bnh Thun.
- Ti khu vc nghin cu, Chm ngy phn b cao trung bnh t 50 300 m.
nhit trung bnh nm t 23 - 270 C, khng c ma ng v sng mui, lng ma
trung bnh hng nm t 700 1100 mm/nm.
- Qua kho st, cc cy m Chm ngy ti Ninh Thun phn b trn hai dng lp
a chnh l: Dng lp a thuc nhm t ph sa khng c bi trung tnh t chua v
nhm t xm nu vng vng bn kh hn, c dy tng t 50 -100 cm, dc nh
hn 3 0, t tht trung bnh. Ti Bnh Thun l nhm t vng trn Granit, t nu
vng vng bn kh hn, t ph sa khng c bi, c dy tng t 50 100 cm,
dc nh hn 3 0, t tht trung bnh.
- t cc khu vc trng Chm ngy c thnh phn c gii l tht nh hoc ct pha,
mc ln cng nh tng canh tc mng, t kh ngho cht dinh dng th hin
ch t c phn ng chua, hm lng mn trong t, hm lng Nit cng nh hm
lng P 2O5 v K2 O u rt thp. Tuy nhin, t phi thot nc tt, khng b ngp ng.
1.2. Cc bin php nhn ging
- C th to ra ging cy con Chm ngy bng c 3 con ng: Gieo ht, gim
hom v nui cy m.
94
- Tin hnh to cy con bng phng php gieo ht cho t l nhn ging thnh
cng cao nht. Cy con m bng bu khi t 2 - 3 thng tui; ng knh c r: 0,25
0,3 cm; chiu cao bnh qun: 35 - 40 cm; cy ho g hon ton, khng b nhim bnh
v ct ngn, b r pht trin tt c th xut vn m i trng rng. Trng rng bng cy
con c bu trong vn m m bo t l thnh rng cao nht.
- Chm ngy khng phi loi cy d tnh, d to ging v gy trng nh cc ti liu
tng quan nu, vic to ging Chm ngy trong giai on vn m cn ht sc t
m, giai on ny cy d b nhim bnh, cht hng lot v ph thuc nhiu vo yu t
mi trng, phn bn, iu kin chm sc
1.3. Kh nng gy trng Chm ngy
C th gy trng Chm ngy theo quy m tp trung ti vng Duyn hi Nam
Trung B, ti Kon Tum cha th gy trng theo phng thc tp trung i hi cn c cc
nghin cu tip theo c th a ra kt lun c th hn.
Gy trng Chm ngy theo phng thc phn tn trong vn h cho kt qu tt,
cy sinh trng pht trin tt, chu c cc iu kin bt l ca thi tit. Cc h gia
nh ti a phng nghin cu ang p dng phng thc trng trn.
Cy Chm ngy trong cc th nghim v mt trng ti Ninh Thun v Kon Tum
sinh trng pht trin kh tt mc d mt s th nghim chu nh hng bt li ca iu
kin thi tit. Ti cc th nghim, ng knh v chiu cao c bin ng (S%) mc
trung bnh t 18 30%, cc cy sinh trng kh ng u.
1.4. Tnh a tc dng
- Chm ngy l cy a tc dng v hm lng cc cht trong cc b phn ca cy
Chm ngy ln, chng ta c th dng ht chit xut du to nhin liu sinh hc, lm
thc phm hay trong ngnh cng nghip m phm v dc liu; l lm thc n hng
ngy; thn cy ngoi vic lm hng ro hoc cho Thanh long leo c th tn dng ch
bin lm thc n gia sc
- Kt qu th nghim kh nng to nhin liu sinh hc t ht rt tt v c kh nng
ng dng ch to nhin liu sinh hc th hin qua c tnh cht ca du Chm ngy
vt tri so vi du Bng, ht Cao su, du Jatropha (C ro) nh khng c hm lng
axit Oleic dng Triglixerit, cha rt t cc cht khng phi axit bo... Metyl este t du
Chm ngy l Biodiesel nguyn cht B100 c im sng thp v ch s Xetan rt cao.
- Ngoi ra, trong ht Chm ngy cha hm lng Axit Oleic chim gn 80% c th
so snh vi du Oliu. Cc nguyn t vi lng v kim loi nng cng nh cc Axit amin
tt cho c th chim t l cao, rt tt cho ngi suy nhc, ngi cn hi phc sc nhanh,
hay ngi bnh b suy gan, thi k mang thai, cho con b, ngi gi yu, ngi lao ng
nng, cc vn ng vin.
95
- Trong l v thn Chm ngy c cha hm lng cc cht rt a dng v c t l

dinh dng cao nh Canxi, Kali, Protein, cc loi Vitamin... y thc s l mt ngun
thc n rt b dng v cn thit vi con ngi cng nh ch bin thc n cho gia sc.
- V ht Chm ngy cha hm lng cht dinh dng nh Canxi, Magie cc
Axit bo kh cao, c th tn dng lm thc n cho gia sc.
2. Tn ti
- Do thi gian quan st c hn, mt khc Chm ngy phn b phn tn, khng tp
trung nn cc kt qu mi ch l nghin cu bc u.
- Cha c iu kin nghin cu cc khu lm t, bn phn, cng nh d bo sn
lng qu ca loi cy Chm ngy...
- Phm vi nghin cu vn cn hn ch, cha bao qut c ton khu vc Duyn
hi Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn.
- Cc nghin cu th nghim v bin php k thut lm sinh gy trng Chm ngy
cha a ra c cng thc mt no l tt nht.
- Nhiu ni dung nghin cu mi ch tin hnh nghin cu t mt n hai ln nn
cc kt qu vn cn hn ch.
3. ngh
- ngh tip tc theo di v nghin cu su thm v sinh thi, sinh trng cng
nh cc c im v chm sc v gy trng loi cy ny m rng phm vi vng phn
b gy trng.
- ti mi ch tin hnh nghin cu ti mt s huyn ca tnh Ninh Thun v Bnh
Thun do vy cn m rng phm vi iu tra n cc tnh khc thuc cc vng ln cn b
sung c s khoa hc cho vic gy trng cng nh pht trin loi cy Chm ngy.
- ngh S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn tnh Ninh Thun cng nh Bnh
Thun cn xy dng phng n, thit k c th cho bo tn cng nh pht trin rng ri
loi Chm ngy.
- khu vc min Trung Vit Nam, cuc sng ca ngi dn trn di t ct ven
bin ang gp nhiu kh khn, do thng xuyn chu nh hng ca thin tai v iu kin
khc nghit ca mi trng sng, rt cn thit b tr nhng loi cy vn nng thch hp. Do
vy nn b tr cc m hnh trng cy a tc dng trn vng ct ven bin v vng ct ni
ng, Chm ngy l mt i tng khng th b qua, gip cho ngi dn ni y c thm
mt ngun ti nguyn mi, h tr bo v sc khe cng ng v xa i gim ngho.
96
TI LIU THAM KHO

Trong nc
1. Nguyn Cng c, Cha bnh t cy Chm ngy, Bo Thanh nin 9/11/2007.
2. Trn Hp (2002), Ti nguyn cy g Vit Nam, Nh xut bn Nng nghip, Thnh
ph H Ch Minh.
3. Trung tm Khuyn nng TP H Ch Minh (2011), Cm nang trng cy Chm
ngy, Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
4. Bo co cng tham kho nhng bo co hng nm ca s NN&PTNT hai tnh
Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun.
5. Http://khoahocphothong.com.vn
6. Http://www.caychumngay.vn
7. Http://www.dantri.com
8. Http://www.sieuthicaykieng.com.vn
Nc ngoi
9. Gopalan, C., B.V. Rama Sastri, and S.C. Balasubramanian, Nutritive value of
Indian foods. Hyderabad, India: (National Institute of Nutrition), 1971 (revised and
updated by B.S. Narasinga Rao, Y.G. Deosthale, and K.C. Pant, 1989).
10. Fuglie, Lowell J., ed. The Miracle TreeMoringa oleifera: Natural nutrition for
the Tropics. Training manual. 2001. Church World Service, Dakar, Senegal. May 2002.
11. Price, Martin L. The Moringa Tree. Educational Concerns for Hunger
Organization (ECHO) Technical Note. 1985 (revised 2002). May 2002.
<www.echotech.org/technical/technotes/moringabiomasa.pdf>.
12. Saint Sauveur (de), Armelle. Moringa exploitation in the world: State of
knowledge and challenges. Development Potential for Moringa Products.
International Workshop, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 29 Oct. - 2 Nov. 2001.
13. Morton, Julia F. The Horseradish Tree, Moringa pterygosperma
(Moringaceae)A Boon to Arid Lands? Economic Botany. 45 (3), (1991): 318-333.
14. IndianGyan: The Source for Alternative Medicines and Holistic Health. Home
Remedies
for
Common
Ailments.
May
2002.
<www.indiangyan.com/books/healthbooks/remedies/cataract.shtml>.
15. Bakhru, H.K. Foods That heal: The Natural Way to Good Health. South Asia
Books, 1995.
16. New Crop Resource Online Program (NewCROP). Moringa Oleifera Lam. 7
Jan.1998.
Purdue
U.
Jan.
2005.
<www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Moringa_oleifera.html>.
17. Sairam, T.V. Home remedies, Vol II: A Handbook of Herbal Cures for Commons
Ailments. New Delhi, India: Penguin, 1999.
18. M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation. Moringa oleifera Lam, Moringaceae.
May 2002. <www.mssrf.org./fris9809/ fris1157.html>.
19. Participatory Development Resource Centre for Africa (PDRCA) Page. United
Nations Volunteers. Aug. 2000. <www.unv.org/projects/pdrca/pdrca22.htm>.
20. Home
Truths
Page.
Morepen
Laboratories.
<www.morepen.com/morepen/newsletter/hometruths.htm>.
March
2002.
21. United Nations World Food Programme. Interactive Hunger Map. 2004.
December
2004.
<www.wfp.org/country_brief/hunger_map/map/hungermap_popup/map_popup.html>.
22. Foidl, N., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. The potential of Moringa oleifera for
agricultural and industrial uses. In: L.J. Fuglie (Ed.), The Miracle Tree: The Multiple
Attributes of Moringa (pp. 45-76). Dakar, Senegal: Church World Service, 2001.
23. Fuglie, L. New Uses of Moringa Studied in Nicaragua. ECHO Development
Notes
#68,
June,
2000.
<http://www.echotech.org/network/modules.php?name=News&file=article&s id=194>.
24. Reyes, S.N. Moringa oleifera and Cratylia argentea: potential fodder species for
ruminants in Nicaragua. Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
Uppsala. 2006.
25. Martin L.Price: The moringa tree ECHO Technical Note, USA, 2000. Website:
http://www.echonet.org
26. M.C.Palada & L.C.Chang: Suggested cultural practices for Moringa. AVRDC,
2003. The University of the Virgin Islands.
27. ti trch dn nhiu cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, hn h nh v cy chm
ngy ti Website: www.sciencedirect.com v nhiu Website chnh thc ca cc t
chc, cng ty lin quan n cy Chm ngy trn th gii.
PH LC
Ph lc 1. V tr cy m nghin cu
TT
a ch
Tn ch h
Ta
Mnh
1 Thn Tn Lp Ha Sn - Ninh Sn - NT
Nguyn
Tun
Mnh
Nguyn
Tun
Mnh
Nguyn
Tun
Mnh
Nguyn
Tun
Mnh
Nguyn
Tun
Mnh
Nguyn
Tun
Hunh Ngc Sang
528356 , 1294628
Trng Vn Thanh
528388 , 1294069
Hng Th Vit
528206 , 1294093
Nguyn Th Tc
528266 , 1294030
Nguyn Th Tc
528267 , 1294023
Trn Th Hu
528244 , 1294010
Trn Th Hu
528245 , 1294010
Trn Th Hu
528247, 1294024
Nguyn Th Tc
528264 , 1294036
16 Thn 2 - Ha Sn - Ninh Sn - NT
L Tm Khnh
528468 , 1293896
528383 , 1294680
528387 , 1294675
528385 , 1294676
528388 , 1294677
528392 , 1294651
528397 , 1294641
17
c Nhn - Nhn Sn - Ninh Sn - NT
Trn nh Thng
546032 , 1284325
18
Trn nh Thng
546036 , 1284347
19
Trn Th nh
545477 , 1284541
20
Trn Th nh
545478 , 1284538
21
Lng Cang - Nhn Sn - Ninh Sn - NT Phm Th L
544493 , 1284982
22
Ph Th - Nhn Sn - Ninh sn - NT
L Th Ngc Nga
540099 , 1289386
23
L Th Ngc Nga
540108 , 1289429
24
Nguyn c Thnh
539734 , 1290057
25
Nguyn c Dc
539682 , 1290092
26
L c Chung
539622 , 1290266
27
inh Th Kim Mai
539490 , 1290627
28
Ph Thanh - Nhn Sn - Ninh sn - NT
Trn Anh oan
0539518 ,1290766
29 Ph Thun - Nhn Sn - Ninh Sn - NT
L Th Loan
538761 , 1291806
Ph Thun - Nhn Sn - Ninh Sn - NT
L Th Loan
538761 , 1291803
30
31 Tuy Tnh 1 - Phong Ph - Tuy Phong - BT Nguyn Th Cam
518720 , 1245100
32 Tuy Tnh 1 - Phong Ph - Tuy Phong - BT H Tnh
518691 , 1245092
33 Tuy Tnh 1 - Phong Ph - Tuy Phong - BT H Tnh
518687 , 1245094
34 Tuy Tnh 1 - Phong Ph - Tuy Phong - BT L c Ngc
518710 , 1245081
35 Tuy Tnh 1 - Phong Ph - Tuy Phong - BT Lm Xun Tng
518327 , 1245173
36 Tuy Tnh 1 - Phong Ph - Tuy Phong - BT Lm Xun Tng
518327 , 1245184
37
Ph in - Ph Lc - Tuy Phong - BT
L Vn Mi
521443 , 1242933
38
L Trng s
521470, 1242904
39
L Trng s
521469 , 1242903
40
L Trng s
521469 , 1242904
41
L Trng s
521474 , 1242901
42
ng Cng Thng
521554 , 1242957
43
ng Cng Thng
521545 , 1242945
44
Ngha H
521513 , 1242987
45
Nguyn Vn Hoa
521605 , 1242935
46
Ph in - ph lc - Tuy Phong - BT
Hunh Tn Minh
521581 , 1242911
47
H Nam Tn
521631 , 1242960
48
H Nam Tn
521630 , 1242963
49
L Minh Huy
521670 , 1242956
50
L Minh Huy
521669 , 1242957
51 Thn Lp Tr - Ph Lc - Tuy Phong - BT
Hunh Th Phng
522498 , 1242484
Hunh Th Phng
522500 , 1242482
Bch Vn ip
522342 , 1242471
Bch Vn ip
522343 , 1242414
Bch Vn ip
522342 , 1242411
Bch Vn ip
522341 , 1242408
Bch Vn ip
522339 , 1242403
Mai Xun Thun
523039 , 1242293
Mai Xun Thun
523038 , 1242293
Qua Th Li
522710 , 1242801
Qua Th Li
522720 , 1242789
Qua Th Li
522724 , 1242788
Qua Th Li
522726 , 1242790
Gia cnh ng
523178 , 1242882
Ph lc 2. Kt qu tng hp phng vn ngi dn v tnh hnh gy trng Chm ngy

TT
Thn
Huyn
S Ngi
c phng
vn
Ph Thun
M Sn
Ninh Sn
Hnh Tr
Qung Sn
Ninh Sn
Tn lp
Ha Sn
Ninh Sn
Tn M
M Tn
Ninh Sn
Lng Can1
Nhn Sn
Ninh Sn
Tr Giang1
Lng Sn
Ninh Sn
Khu 8
Tn Sn
Ninh Sn
Tnh
Ghi
ch
C
Chm
Ninh
ngy
Thun
phn
b
Ni Say
Phc Chnh
Bc i
Khu ph 8
Vinh
Phan Rang
TT Phc Dn
Ninh Phc
10
11
M Bnh
M Hi
Phan Rang
12
Khu ph 8
Vinh
Phan Rang
13
Qung Trng Ninh Thun
Phan Rang
14
Phc Khnh
Phc Thun
Ninh Phc
15
Khu ph 2
M Bnh
Phan Rang
16
Khu ph 2
Vn Hi
Phan Rang
17
Khu ph 1
Ph H
Phan Thit
18
Ha
Phc Ha
Bc Bnh
13
19
Lc Tr
Ph Lc
Tuy Phong
14
20
Tuy Tnh
Phong Ph
Tuy Phong
17
21
Ph in
Ph Lc
Tuy Phong
20
22
Ph li
Tn ph trung
C Chi
23
Gia
Tn Ph Trung
C Chi
24
Tn Ph Trung
C Chi
18
25
Tn Ph ng
C Chi
23
26
Tn Ph Hi
C Chi
23
27
Ph Lc
Tn Ph
30
28
Ph Tn
Tn Ph
17
29
Ph Thun
Tn Ph
19
30
Ph Ha
Tn Ph
14
31
Kon o
k T
24
32
Ngc T
k T
19
33
Vn Lem
k T
27
C
Bnh
Chm
Thun ngy
phn
b
TP
H
Ch
Minh
ng
Nai
Kon
Tum
C
Chm
ngy
phn
b
C
Chm
ngy
phn
b
Khng
c
Chm
ngy
phn
b
Ph lc 3. T ng hp cac da ng l p i a
Ph lc 3.1: Dng lp a Ninh Sn tnh Ninh Thun
Dng L
TT.Tn
Sn
Ha Sn
Lm Sn
Lng
Ma
Sn
Ni
Sn
Nhn
Sn
CdI1a
Qung
Sn
13.6
DkII2c
120.3
2462.9
DkII3c
157.2
418.4
13.6
0.0
2583.3
575.6
0.2
FaII2b
248.6
248.8
295.8
FaII2c
295.8
400.1
FaIV2b
9768.6
FaIV2c
223.6
Tng
400.1
240.7
1446.4
11455.7
223.6
FaIV3b
25.4
20054.5
227.5
20307.4
FaIV3c
158.0
63.1
0.0
221.1
FqIV3b
143.7
21.9
FsIV3c
476.5
165.6
233.0
HaIV2b
709.5
910.3
PeI1c
34.3
0.5
221.9
PfI1c
202.6
137.2
265.6
910.3
778.4
780.1
1815.2
145.8
751.3
PyI1b
10.9
XaI1c
244.9
447.3
0.0
12.7
459.9
XgI1b
XgI1c
255.9
599.4
350.2
423.9
599.4
1052.7
1826.8
XgI2b
214.1
214.1
XI1b
349.3
349.3
XI2b
1108.8
48.5
1157.2
2442.5
3983.9
12525.1
0.3
15.9
2443.9
12522.4
XkI1c
457.3
XkI2c
15.6
XkII2b
712.7
2040.2
3511.0
XkII2c
Tng
1772.8
2540.2
6643.2
1060.9
582.3
1171.5
847.2
14713.0
4284.0
460.2
24932.0
3895.4
916.8
3263.2
478.1
12912.3
3182.5
5760.1
7923.0
76362.8
Ph lc 3.2. Dng lp a Tuy Phong tnh Bnh Thun

Dng
L
Bnh
Thnh
CcI1
520.92
CdI1
641.41
CI1
1537.03
CtI1
Ch
Cng
Ha
Minh
453.76
144.32
Ha
Ph
802.62
4.37
543.94
Phan
Dng
Phan
R
Ca
Phc
Th
Ph
Lc
Vnh
Ho
Vnh
Tn
1.01
164.81
123.64
67.39
492.32
80.28
13.84
2146.56
244.39
77.28
179.51
54.47
315.33
DI1
209.64
0.92
44.57
0.94
627.06
213.56
4944.59
670.18
315.33
EIV3
Tng
1181.29
67.73
DatII3
FaiI2
Phong
Ph
62.30
944.09
1721.19
Lin
Hng
152.46
209.64
992.15
1038.41
17.76
2049.24
584.48
141.70
2846.71
105.69
4717.18
179.12
311.45
1676.78
4908.59
495.52
5243.61
FaiII2
2256.86
484.38
FaiII3
3186.95
92.59
1468.55
FaiIII2
4200.97
1169.00
441.46
5811.42
5.31
2408.05
FaiIII3
1665.87
736.87
FaiIV3
FatII2
1950.64
6014.79
3268.23
FatII3
FatIII2
FatIII3
1289.19
64.50
1950.64
9283.02
120.93
120.93
197.69
1486.88
64.50
FatIV2
4288.10
FqIII3
4203.77
4203.77
HatIV2
1853.56
1853.56
MI1
227.69
380.99
1.78
116.86
MkI1
346.33
111.96
PbI1
78.67
PI1
36.62
47.54
11.52
78.44
PyI1
362.67
157.63
39.08
145.76
980.44
595.28
1164.84
360.71
121.25
16.56
2373.70
276.25
203.34
204.17
403.37
424.04
1399.49
22.01
XaII3
XkiI2
109.32
XkiI3
2517.25
1530.22
1090.15
1047.89
1353.61
1113.67
5.44
4490.81
173.41
2406.62
7180.15
14.10
265.55
1273.21
1552.86
505.09
505.09
33004.35
190.64
987.60
8258.12
307.04
3362.59
6.51
XkiII3
2743.93
111.96
137.56
669.85
XaI2
Tng
4669.09
11594.49
7675.02
318.99
5684.14
76323.80
Ph lc 04. Tiu chun U Mann Whitney ti cc cp tui

Ph lc 4.1. Cp tui 4 -6
Test Statisticsa
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed)
D1.3
1289.500
3774.500
-4.460
.000
a. Grouping Variable: Dia phuong
Test Statisticsa
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Hv n
1497.000
3982.000
-3.552
.000
Ph lc 4.2. Cp tui 10 12
Test Statisticsa
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
D1.3
1594.500
4834.500
-4.791
.000
Test Statisticsa
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Hv n
1792.500
5032.500
-4.057
.000
Ph lc 4.3. Cp tui 16- 18

Test Statisticsa
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
D1.3
1686.000
4032.000
-3.412
.001
Test Statisticsa
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Hv n
1912.000
4258.000
-2.477
.013
Ph lc 05. Phn tch ANOVA cho nghin cu gim hom

Ph lc 5.1. Phn tch ANOVA cho v tr ly hom
ANOVA
so hom song
so hom chet
so hom ra choi
so choi tren hom
so re t ren hom
Sum of
Squares
150.267
150.667
300.933
150.267
150.667
300.933
141.067
120.667
261.733
.687
.809
1.496
1.980
1.600
3.580
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
df
4
10
14
4
10
14
4
10
14
4
10
14
4
10
14
Mean Square
37.567
15.067
F
2.493
Sig.
.110
37.567
15.067
2.493
.110
35.267
12.067
2.923
.077
.172
.081
2.122
.153
.495
.160
3.094
.067
so choi tren hom
so hom song
Duncan a
cong thuc
4.00
1.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
Sig.
N
3
3
3
3
3
Subset f or alpha = .05

1
2
17.3333
20.0000
20.0000
22.3333
22.3333
24.3333
24.3333
26.3333
.066
.092
Means f or groups in homogeneous subsets are display ed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
Duncan a
cong thuc
4.00
1.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
Sig.
Duncan a
N
3
3
3
3
3

1
2
3.0013
3.4445
3.4445
3.5906
3.5906
3.9525
3.9912
.115
.149

3
3
3
3
3

1
2
2.3531
2.4939
2.4939
2.6228
2.6228
2.8446
2.8446
2.9290
.077
.111

so hom ra choi
so re tren hom
cong thuc
4.00
1.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
Sig.
Duncan a
cong thuc
4.00
1.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
Sig.
N
3
3
3
3
3

1
2
16.6667
19.0000
19.0000
21.3333
21.3333
23.3333
23.3333
25.3333
.053
.064

Ph lc 5.2. Phn tch ANOVA gim hom s dng thuc kch thch sinh trng
ANOVA
So hom song
So hom chet
So hom ra choi
So choi hom
So re hom
Sum of
Squares
150.267
150.667
300.933
150.267
150.667
300.933
141.067
120.667
261.733
.687
.809
1.496
1.980
1.600
3.580
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
df
4
10
14
4
10
14
4
10
14
4
10
14
4
10
14
Mean Square
37.567
15.067
F
2.493
Sig.
.110
37.567
15.067
2.493
.110
35.267
12.067
2.923
.077
.172
.081
2.122
.153
.495
.160
3.094
.067
So re hom
So hom song
Duncan a
Cong thuc
4.00
1.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
Sig.
N
3
3
3
3
3

1
2
17.3333
20.0000
20.0000
22.3333
22.3333
24.3333
24.3333
26.3333
.066
.092

Duncan a
Cong thuc
4.00
1.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
Sig.
Duncan a
N
3
3
3
3
3

1
2
16.6667
19.0000
19.0000
21.3333
21.3333
23.3333
23.3333
25.3333
.053
.064

3
3
3
3
3

1
2
3.0013
3.4445
3.4445
3.5906
3.5906
3.9525
3.9912
.115
.149

So hom ra choi
So hom ra choi
Cong thuc
4.00
1.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
Sig.
Duncan a
Cong thuc
4.00
1.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
Sig.
N
3
3
3
3
3

1
2
16.6667
19.0000
19.0000
21.3333
21.3333
23.3333
23.3333
25.3333
.053
.064

Ph lc 06. Cc ch tiu thng k sinh trng Chm ngy mt v phng thc trng
Ph lc 6.1. Ninh Thun
Cng thc mt
Cng thc mt 600 cy/ha
Descriptive Statistics
Duong kinh
Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
N
Statistic
97
97
97
Range
Statistic
.60
.60
Minimum
Statistic
.40
.20
Maximum
Statistic
1.00
.80
Sum
Statistic
73.90
39.60
Mean
Statistic Std. Error
.7619
.0174
.4082
.0118
Std.
Deviation
Statistic
.17166
.11607
Variance
Statistic
.029
.013
Mean
.8372
.0178
.4620
.0149
Std.
Deviation
Statistic
.19542
.16394
Variance
Statistic
.038
.027
Mean
.9049
.0152
.4850
.0120
Std.
Deviation
Statistic
.21769
.17226
Variance
Statistic
.047
.030
Mean
.8477
.0136
.7923
.0117
Std.
Deviation
Statistic
.20330
.17460
Variance
Statistic
.041
.030

Duong kinh
Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
N
Statistic
121
121
121
Range
Statistic
.90
.70
Minimum
Statistic
.40
.20
Maximum
Statistic
1.30
.90
Sum
Statistic
101.30
55.90

Duong kinh
Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
N
Statistic
206
206
206
Range
Statistic
1.10
.70
Minimum
Statistic
.50
.20
Maximum
Statistic
1.60
.90
Sum
Statistic
186.40
99.90
Phng thc trng

Di tn rng khp
Duong kinh
Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
N
Statistic
222
222
222
Range
Statistic
.80
.90
Trng phn tn trong vn h
Minimum
Statistic
.50
.30
Maximum
Statistic
1.30
1.20
Sum
Statistic
188.20
175.90
N
Statistic
119
119
119
Duong kinh
Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
Range
Statistic
1.30
1.10
Minimum
Statistic
.30
.50
Maximum
Statistic
1.60
1.60
Sum
Statistic
114.20
109.00
Mean
.9597
.0198
.9160
.0205
Std.
Deviation
Statistic
.21641
.22398
Variance
Statistic
.047
.050
Ph lc 6.2. Kon Tum

Cng thc mt
N
Statistic
164
164
164
Duong kinh
Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
Range
Statistic
.30
.30
Minimum Maximum
Statistic
Statistic
.20
.50
.10
.40
Sum
Statistic
52.20
30.30
Std.
Mean
Statistic Deviation
Statistic
.3183
.07695
.1848
.08461
Skewness
.164
.190
.551
.190
Kurtosis
-.412
.377
-.764
.377

N
Duong kinh goc
Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
Range
.40
.30
221
221
221
Minimum Maximum
.20
.60
.10
.40
Sum
83.10
47.40
Mean
Std. Dev iation
.3760
.10919
.2145
.08073
Variance
.012
.007

Duong kinh goc

Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
N
Statistic
330
330
330
Range
Statistic
.40
.30
Minimum
Statistic
.20
.10
Maximum
Statistic
.60
.40
Sum
Statistic
147.30
86.40
Mean
.4464
.0057
.2618
.0054
Std.
Deviation
Statistic
.10374
.09768
Variance
Statistic
.011
.010
Phng thc trng

Chieu cao
Duong kinh
Valid N (listwise)
N
Statistic
353
353
353
Range
Statistic
.40
.60
Minimum
Statistic
.20
.20
Maximum
Statistic
.60
.80
Sum
Statistic
148.60
185.90
Mean
Statistic
.4210
.5266
Std.
Deviation
Statistic
.10773
.13786
Skewness
.192
.130
-.043
.130
Kurtosis
-.980
.259
-.439
.259
Ph lc 07. Cc ch tiu thng k ca Chm ngy trn cc m hnh

* Ti Ninh Thun
Duong kinh
Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
N
1053
1053
1053
Minimum
.30
.20
Maximum
1.50
1.10
Sum
697.30
537.70
Mean
.6622
.5106
Std. Dev iation

.18824
.15854
N
Statistic
224
224
224
dk goc
chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
Range
Statistic
10.00
2.80
Minimum
Statistic
1.00
.30
Maximum
Statistic
11.00
3.10
Sum
Statistic
616.00
290.90
Mean
2.7500
.1475
1.2987
.0434
Std.
Deviation
Statistic
2.20739
.64908
Variance
Statistic
4.873
.421
* Ti Kon Tum
Duong kinh
Chieu cao
Valid N (listwise)
N
Statistic
600
600
600
Range
Statistic
.40
.30
Minimum
Statistic
.10
.10
Maximum
Statistic
.50
.40
Sum
Statistic
172.80
110.40
Mean
.2880
.0038
.1840
.0032
Std.
Deviation
Statistic
.09312
.07781
Variance
Statistic
.009
.006
B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

VIN KHOA HC LM NGHIP VIT NAM
---------------------------------------------------------
BO CO TNG KT
KT QU THC HIN TI THUC D N KHOA HC
CNG NGH NNG NGHIP VN VAY ADB
Tn ti: NGHIN CU C IM LM HC V KH NNG GY
TRNG LOI CY CHM NGY (Moringa oleifera Lam)
QUY M H GIA NH, TRANG TRI TI
VNG DUYN HI NAM TRUNG B V TY NGUYN
C quan ch qun:
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn
C quan ch tr:
Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam
Ch nhim ti:
T.S Dng Tin c
Thi gian thc hin:
1/2009 - 12/2011
H Ni, thng 06 nm 2012
B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

VIN KHOA HC LM NGHIP VIT NAM
---------------------------------------------------------
BO CO TNG KT
Tn ti: NGHIN CU C IM LM HC V KH NNG GY
TRNG LOI CY CHM NGY (Moringa oleifera Lam)
QUY M H GIA NH, TRANG TRI TI
VNG DUYN HI NAM TRUNG B V TY NGUYN
Ch nhim ti
C quan ch tr ti
Dng Tin c
H Ni, thng 06 nm 2012

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MC LC

1.6. Nghin cu v cc bin php gy trng cy Chm ngy theo mc ch lm nghip .6

1.2.2. Tnh hnh gy trng Chm ngy ................................................................................35

3.1. Hiu qu mi trng ......................................................................................................91

Asian Vegetable research and Development Center

Bo v pht trin rng

ng knh ngang ngc

Geographical Information Systems

Chiu cao vt ngn

Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn

Bng 4.29. Thnh phn cc axit bo trong ht Chm ngy .............................................. 73

- C c s khoa hc pht trin loi cy Chm ngy nhm cung cp l, hoa

Cy Chm ngy l cy c tnh a tc dng nht v c nghin cu nhiu nht

Thc n cho ngi

Tinh du, nhin liu sinh hc

Hoa: Chm ngy c th dng lm rau n hoc lm tr (nhiu nc Ty

1.6. Nghin cu v cc bin php gy trng cy Chm ngy theo mc ch lm nghip

Chm ngy c th trng bng 3 con ng : Gieo ht thng, t gim cnh v cy

2.3. c im hnh thi hc

Ti vng By Ni (Tri Tn), An Giang pht hin cy Chm ngy mc t

IV. NI DUNG, VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

+ Thn thng hoc tr hp.

- Nh gim hom: Thng thong, khng b cn nh sng. Hom c che bng

S 2.1: S b tr th nghim la chn loi hom gim

S 2.2: S b tr th nghim gim hom c s dng thuc iu ha sinh

Ngy gim hom:

Cng thc th nghim :

+ Phng php x l s liu: Ly ch tiu s hom sng, s chi/hom v ch tiu

S 2.3: S b tr th nghim mt trng Chm ngy

1 : Cng thc mt 600 cy/ha

S phi tr im gieo trng Chm ngy theo cc cng thc mt

S 2.6. S phi tr im gieo trng theo cng thc mt 1200 cy/ha

CT Mt (Phng thc trng)

S 2.7. S phi tr im gieo trng trn cc m hnh ti Ninh Thun v Kon

Phiu iu tra sinh trng Chm ngy

- M 04 lp tp hun v: K thut gieo m, to ging, cc bin php gy trng

Ngun nc Ninh Thun phn b khng u, tp trung ch yu khu vc

+ Lng ma trung bnh nm: 1.024 mm

- Nc khong: Phn b Vnh Ho (Tuy Phong), a Kai (c Thnh), Phong

thng cp nc c ci to, m rng cung cp nc cho th, khu du lch,

Ring TP. Kon Tum, huyn k T v huyn Ngc Hi trng Trung hc c s v

Cng thc t thnh

4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk

3,5CC + 0,9Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,5D + 0,4Bl + 3,3Lk

4,3Cl + 2,1D + 0,4M + 0,4C + 3Lk

4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk

3,9CC + 0,8Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,6D + 0,3Bl + 3,3Lk

4,1Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk

3,5Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M +0,4CG+ 0,4C + 2,8 Lk

4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk

3,9CC + 0,9Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,5D + 0,4Bl + 2,9Lk

4,1Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk

3,8Cl + 2,1D + 0,9M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk

4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk

3,5CC + 0,9Bl + 0,8CG + 0,7CL + 0,6D + 0,5Bl + 3Lk

4,1Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk

3,9CC + 0,9Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,5D + 3,3Lk

4,3Cl + 2,3D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk

4,0Cl + 0,9M + 0,6CC + 0,6Bl + 3,82Lk

3CC + 1,4Bl + 0,8CG + 0,6CL + 0,5D + 3,7Lk

3,9Cl + 2,2D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk

4,1Cl + 2,1D + 0,6M + 0,4C + 2,8 Lk

3Cl + 2,53 D + 1,55Bl + 0,7Cx + 2,22Lk

4,12Cl + 1,36CC + 0,8C + 0,7Bl + 0,68 Tr + 2,34Lk