Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROFESSIONAL
STRENGTH & CONDITIONING
32
issue
March
2014
UKSCA Events
In order to become UKSCA Accredited, members must prove their competence as an S&C
coach on one of our assessment days. Places are available on each day below for those coming
for their first assessment day, as well as those looking to retake one or more elements.
www.uksca.org.uk
www.coventry.ac.uk
UKSCA
CONTRIBUTORS
Contents
EDITOR
Ian Jeffreys PhD, FNSCA, ASCC, CSCS*D
EDITORIAL PANEL
Raphael Brandon MSc, ASCC
Clive Brewer MSc, BSc(Hons), ASCC, CSCS
Marco Cardinale PhD, ASCC
Dave Clark MSc, ASCC
Paul Comfort MSc, ASCC
Audrey Duncan PhD, ASCC
Mike Favre MSc, ASCC
Duncan French PhD, ASCC
Jon Goodwin MSc, PGCHE, ASCC, CSCS
Greg Haff PhD, ASCC, FNSCA, CSCS
Liam Kilduff PhD
Rhodri Lloyd PhD, CSCS*D, ASCC
Jeremy Moody PhD, ASCC
Phil Moreland BAppSci, AssocDip, ASCC
Jeremy Sheppard PhD, CSCS
Narelle Sibte BAppSci, Grad Dip, ASCC
Alan Sinclair MSc, ASCC, CSCS
Gil Stevenson BEd (Hons), ASCC
Margaret Stone MSc, ASCC
Michael Stone PhD, ASCC
Mark Simpson MSc, ASCC
Graham Turner MSc, BEd (Hons), ASCC
COLUMN EDITORS
Graeme Close PhD, ASCC
Nick Ward MSc, CSCS, ASCC
Dan Cleather PhD
MANAGING EDITOR
Mary Fogarty
04
EDITORS LETTER
05
NEWS
06
CHAIRMANS COLUMN
07
13
CONCURRENT TRAINING
21
POSTER ABSTRACTS
GRAPHIC DESIGN
Olivia Holborn
ISSN 1757-5834
www.uksca.org.uk
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
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EDITORS LETTER
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P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
NEWS
NEWS
UKSCA Coach
Development Model
Submission
deadline
Before 01/04/09
31/03/15
30/06/15
30/09/15
31/12/15
31/03/14
30/06/14
30/09/14
31/12/14
31/03/15
30/06/15
30/09/15
31/12/15
31/03/14
30/06/14
30/09/14
31/12/14
31/03/15
30/06/15
30/09/15
31/12/15
31/03/16
30/06/16
The 10th annual conference will take place over what we hope
will be a glorious weekend in July, with over 400 members in
attendance. This years line-up of speakers is worthy of this
special anniversary and they include:
Nick Winkelman of Team EXOS; Kristie Taylor of Cycling
Australia; Joe Kenn of NFLs Carolina Panthers; John Cronin
of AUT University, New Zealand; and Duncan French from
the English Institute of Sport. More names will be announced
imminently.
At 95 for a day pass or 295 for two-day passes and the
full accommodation package, this simply cannot be beaten
for great value CPD as well as being a vital networking
opportunity in the S&C calendar.
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
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CHAIRMANS LETTER/NEWS
CHAIRMANS LETTER
LETTER FROM PETE
Im sure many of you would have
enjoyed watching the Sochi 2014
Winter Olympics in February and
the Paralympics after that. For me the
first were the most exciting Games
to date with the inclusion of new
sports, excellent TV coverage, and the
56 athletes representing Great Britain
being the biggest contingent of athletes
weve sent to the Winter Games for
26 years. In addition to this, the four
medals won confirmed Great Britains
most successful Winter Olympics for 90
years, equalling the medal count of the
1924 Winter Olympics. (And at the time
of going to press, six medals had been
won by GB athletes at the Paralympics).
In the Olympics, Lizzy Yarnold claimed
gold in skeleton, the mens curling
team took silver, and the women took
bronze, while snowboarder Jenny
Jones finished third in the slopestyles
Olympic debut. I would like to
congratulate those individuals from our
membership who have worked so hard
Pete McKnight
Excellence in
S&C Awards 2014
Following the success of our inaugural
Excellence in S&C Awards last year,
nominations are now being received for
our 2014 S&C Coaches of the Year Awards,
which will be presented at our Gala
Awards Dinner, on July 19, at the Annual
Conference. The 2014 categories are:
S&C Coach of the Year Elite Sport
S&C Coach of the Year Development
Sport
S&C Coach of the Year Education
S&C Coach of the Year Youth Sport
Richard Holmes Award for the
Emerging S&C Coach of the Year
Nomination forms can be completed via
our website.
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P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
How to succeed as a
female S&C coach
By Kathryn Gallagher Marsh
INTRODUCTION
It has been argued that sport is an arena which constantly promotes masculinity
by providing a platform for displays of pride, prowess and elitism, through
dominance of the strongest individual.14,15 Many of the characteristics attributed
to a successful sports person are stereotypically male: strength, power, speed,
aggression and dominance. These contrast with stereotypic female cultural roles
(homemaker, carer, nurturer) and characteristics (submissive, soft, meek), which
are not regarded as disposing to sporting success.16
Such widely held gender-related stereotypes have been viewed as significant
impediments to female recruitment into and success within sport, most
particularly as coaches.3, 5, 41 Put simply, there is a widespread view in society that
men, by their very nature, make better coaches than women. This underlying
gender bias is regarded as generating a range of social and psychological barriers
that impede aspiring female coaches,9 which may explain at least partly the
paucity of female strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches. A brief internet survey
by the author of registered S&C members across six geographic areas of the UK
revealed that out of the 172 members identified only eight (4.7%) were female.
It is unlikely that the percentage would be higher within established coaching
posts far more likely, in fact, that it would be lower. This paper therefore explores
the nature of the gender stereotype barriers faced by aspiring and novice female
coaches, and offers some thoughts on how they may be counteracted.
AUTHORS BIO
KATHRYN GALLAGHER
MARSH, BA
Kathryn works for Scottish
Rugby Union. She has a BA
in sport in the community
from the University of
Strathclyde and is currently
studying for her MSc in
strength and conditioning
at St Marys University,
Twickenham. She competed
at the 2010 Commonwealth
Games for Scotland as a
freestyle wrestler and also
has a background in mixed
martial arts. She also works
for Scottish Hockey and
Netball Scotland, as well
as other national governing
bodies.
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
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P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
to be
successful in
leadership
roles requires
females to
evidence
extreme
competence
to overcome
gender
prejudices
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
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P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
Conclusions
There are a number of conclusions that may
be derived from the literature reviewed here.
First, it can hardly be denied that women
coaches are at a disadvantage compared
to their male counterparts in being
accepted as coaches and in establishing
good working relationships with athletes,
especially males. Secondly, the evidence
suggests that stereotyping is an important
factor underlying these difficulties. Thirdly,
this gender stereotyping is supported by
traditional social attitudes apparent at
various levels, including societal, but also
Recognise but do not be deterred by the reality of gender stereotype barriers in sport
Be prepared to evidence your competence more than would be expected of a male coach
Actively promote belief in your competence in others eyes (refer to past successes, etc)
Work on your self-belief in your abilities since this will help to project confidence
Value and display your communal qualities (being warm, interested, caring, supportive)
Value and employ your relationship skills listening, understanding and empowering
Rely upon positive feedback and reinforcement rather than criticism with athletes
Do not attempt to think or act like a man would this is likely to backfire.
References
1. Aicher, T J & Sagas, M. Sexist beliefs affect perceived
treatment discrimination among coaches in Division
I intercollegiate athletics. Gender Issues 27(3): 165-174,
2009.
2.
Aicher, T J & Samariniotis, H N. A comparison of
athletes use of situational cues and gender stereotypes
on coaching endorsement. Journal of Issues in
Intercollegiate Athletics 5: 192-206, 2012.
3. Aitchison, C. Feminist and gender research in sport and
leisure management: Understanding the social-cultural
nexus of gender-power relations. Journal of Sport
Management 19: 422-441, 2005.
4. Batson, C, Sympson, S, Hindman, J, Decruz, P, Todd,
R, Weeks, J, Jennings, G,& Bruns, C. Ive been there,
too: Effect on empathy of prior experience with a need.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22: 474482,
1996.
5. Bryson, L. Sport and the oppression of women. Journal
of Sociology 19: 413-426, 1983.
6. Blom, L C, Abrell, L, Wilson, M J, Lape, J, Hallbrook,
M, & Judge, L W. Working with male athletes: The
experience of US female head coaches. Journal
of Research in Health, Physical Education, Recreation,
Sport & Dance 6: 54-61, 2011.
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
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12
195217, 1987.
32. Lorimer, R, & Jowett, S. Empathic accuracy in
coach-athlete dyads who participate in team
and individual sports. Psychology of Sport and
Exercise 10: 152-158, 2009a.
33.
Lorimer, R, & Jowett, S. Empathic accuracy,
meta-perspective, and satisfaction in the coachathlete. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 21:
1-12, 2009b.
34. Lorimer, R & Jowett S. The influence of role and
gender in the empathic accuracy of coaches and
athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 11:
206-211, 2010.
35. MacAskill, A, Maltby, J, & Day, L. Forgiveness
of self and others and emotional empathy. The
Journal of Social Psychology 142: 663665, 2002.
36.
MacKinnon, V. Techniques for instructing
female athletes in traditionally male sports: a
case study of LPGA teaching professionals. The
International Journal of Sport and Society 2: 7587, 2011.
37. Manley, AJ, Greenlees, I, Graydon, J, Thelwell, R,
Filby, WCD and Smith, MJ. Athletes perceptions
of the sources of information used when forming
initial impressions and expectancies of a coach.
The Sport Psychologist 22: 73-8, 2008.
38. Manley, A, Greenlees, I, Thelwell, R & Smith,
M. Athletes use of reputation and gender
information when forming initial expectancies
of coaches. International Journal of Sports
Science & Coaching 5: 517-532, 2010.
39. Magnusen, M J. & Rhea, D J. Division 1 athletes
attitudes toward and
preferences for male
and female strength and conditioning coaches.
Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 23:
1084-1090, 2009.
40. Martin, SB, Dale, GA, & Jackson, AW. Youth
coaching preferences of adolescent athletes and
their parents. Journal of Sport Behaviour 24: 197212, 2001.
41. Messner, MA. Power at play: Sports and the
problem of masculinity. Beacon Press, Boston,
MA, 1992.
42. Molstad,S & Whitaker, G. Perceptions of female
basketball players regarding coaching qualities
of males and females. Journal of Applied
Research in Coaching and Athletics 2: 57-71, 1987.
43. Naul, R. Female soccer coaches socialization,
attitudes towards soccer and their assessment
of training as licensed coaches. In: T, Reilly, A.
Lees, K, Davids & W.J. Murphy (eds.). Science
and Football, pp. 630-636. London: E & F.N. Spon,
1987.
44. Norman, L. Feeling second best: Elite women
coaches experiences. Sociology of Sport Journal
27: 89-104, 2010a.
45.
Norman, L. Bearing the burden of doubt:
Female coaches experiences of gender relations.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 81:
506-517, 2010b.
46. Norman, L, French J. Understanding how high
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
Introduction
AUTHORS BIO
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
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P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
The
manipulation
of
variables
associated with strength training
is likely to impact upon the degree
of interference experienced during
concurrent regimens, and may in part
explain the disparity in findings across
the literature.28,48 The adaptation which
results from strength training is mainly
the product of training frequency,
exercise selection, set and repetition
regimen, recovery between sets and
tempo of repetitions.3 Given that acute
and chronic fatigue, low energy status
and reduced protein synthesis have
been highlighted as potential causes
of interference, the optimal dosage of
strength training for athletes should be
a key consideration.
Although the optimal volume of
training is highly individual and
progressive overload is required to bring
about improvements in strength,3,78
unnecessarily high load volumes have
been shown to provide no added benefit
and may even reduce performance.36,37,78
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
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WEEK
Strength focus
Hypertrophy
Maximum strength
Explosive power
Endurance focus
10
11
12
Figure 1. Example of a 12-week undulating periodised programme for an intermittent sport with a short pre-season preparatory
cycle to avoid interference associated with concurrent development of strength and endurance qualities. Blocks indicate relative
emphasis in time spent overloading each quality
16
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
Summary
The unique and divergent adaptations
which result from strength and
endurance training produce an
interference, which favours endurancerelated qualities and blunts the benefits
of strength training. The interference
effect is most likely explained by
acute fatigue which adversely affects
performance during explosive strength
training sessions. Recent discoveries
in the field of molecular physiology
have identified the signalling pathways
underpinning the response to different
exercise stimuli. Current evidence
demonstrates a blocking effect to the
pathway responsible for upregulating
protein synthesis, via molecules
which detect energy status within
cells activated by bouts of endurance
exercise. This reduces the capacity for
hypertrophy when endurance-related
objectives form part of the same training
regimen. Coaches should therefore
adhere to the recommendations
provided in Table 1 for programmes
which include both strength- and
endurance-related outcomes.
able 1. Summary of recommendations to minimise interference during programmes where strength and endurance
T
training are programmed concurrently
upplementing an endurance athletes training programme with strength training is likely to result in a significant
S
performance advantage without compromising other endurance-related qualities
Intermittent
sports performers should utilise high intensity interval training formats to drive aerobic-related adaptations
A
void
high volumes of technical and endurance training when the goal for a training cycle includes development of
hypertrophy or explosive power in particular
F
or
athletes from intermittent sports, an undulating model of periodisation through pre-season may provide one solution to
avoid interference
W
hen
high volumes or exhaustive bouts of endurance exercise take place, it is advisable to avoid strength training within the
following 24 hours
O
n
days when both strength and endurance training are scheduled, strength training should be performed as the second
session in the day, with >6 hours separating sessions
E
ndurance
activities involving minimal eccentric loading (eg, cycling and rowing) appear to cause less interference than
running-based sessions
S
trength
training sessions should avoid unnecessary volume and adopt a training to non-repetition failure approach during
cycles where aerobic qualities are the primary focus
F
or
strength-trained athletes, a split part body routine may offer a means of overloading strength qualities in a focused
manner whilst retaining quality
A
ppropriate
timing and intake of carbohydrate and protein following training is crucial to enhance recovery and potentially
offset interference at a molecular level.
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References
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training on endurance capacity in top-level
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2. Abernethy, P J and Quigley, B M. Concurrent
strength and endurance training of the elbow
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Research, 7(4): 234-240. 1993.
3. American College of Sports Medicine. Position
stand: Progression models in resistance training
for healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports
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American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of
Canada, American College of Sports Medicine,
Rodriguez, N R, Di Marco, N M and Langley, S.
American College of Sports Medicine position
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Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,
41(3): 709-731. 2009.
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Andersen, J L. Structural and molecular
adaptations to training. In: Strength and
Conditioning: Biological Principles and Practical
Applications. M Cardinale, R Newton and K
Nosaka (Eds). Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex. 2011.
p132-133.
6. Atherton, P J, Babraj, J A, Smith, K, Singh, J,
Rennie, M J and Wackerhage, H. Selective
activation of AMPK-PGC-1 or PKB-TSC2-mTOR
signalling can explain specific adaptive responses
to endurance or resistance training like electrical
stimulation. Federation of American Societies
for Experimental Biology Journal, 19(7): 786-788.
2005.
7. Atkinson, G and Reilly, T. Circadian variation in
sports performance. Sports Medicine, 21(4): 292312. 1996.
8. Baker, D. The effects of an in-season of concurrent
training on the maintenance of maximal strength
and power in professional and college-aged
rugby league football players. Journal of Strength
and Conditioning Research, 15(2): 172-177. 2001.
9. Baker, D. Recent trends in high-intensity aerobic
training for field sports. Professional Strength and
Conditioning, 22: 3-8. 2011.
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Balabinis, C P, Psarakis, C H, Moukas, M,
Vassiliou, M P and Behrakis, PK. Early phase
changes by 6 concurrent endurance and strength
training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning
Research, 17(2): 393-401. 2003.
11. Barnett, A. Using recovery modalities between
training sessions in elite athletes: Does it help?
Sports Medicine, 36(9): 781-796. 2006.
12. Bell, G J, Petersen, S R, Wessel, J, Bagnall, K
and Quinney, HA. Physiological adaptations to
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MacDonald, J R, Interisano, S A and Yarasheski,
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McCarthy, J, Pozniak, M A and Agre, J C.
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
Abstracts from
the UKSCA 2013
Annual Conference
Over the next 17 pages you can read the poster abstracts which
were submitted for all the presentations made at last years
UKSCA Annual Conference. You can now view full copies of the
posters in the members section of the UKSCA website.
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
3040%
>4050%
>5060%
>6070%
>7080%
>8090%
>90%
RPE_1
1.50.9
21.4
3.41.4
3.61.2
41.3
6.60.9
7.410
RPE_1_3
1.50.9
3.61.1
3.61.1
4.11.3
4.71.2
7.20.8
7.90.8
RPE_10%
4.12.2
5.12.5
6.42
6.51.3
80.9
8.30.9
8.30.7
RPE_F
100
100
100
100
100
100
RPE_1 = score recorded after the first repetition. RPE1_3 = Average score recorder for the first three repetitions. RPE_10% = score recorded when a 10%
decrease in accelerative power was determined. RPE_F = OMNI-RES score recorded for the final repetition.
CONCLUSION: These relationships demonstrate the utility of the OMNI-RES (0-10) scale for selecting the load and to identify the
point at which a 10% decline occurs when performing a maximal speed set to failure using different load percentage in parallel squat.
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
MethodS: Ten male participants (mean age: 13.9 0.84 years; maturation offset -0.570 .66 years; height: 166.5 6.0 cm; mass: 53.3
8.3 kg) volunteered to take part in the study and carried out three SSC tests, submaximal hopping (leg stiffness), maximal hopping
(RSI) and a CMJ ( jump height) on a portable contact mat (Smartjump, Fusion Sport, Australia). Following the SSC tests, each
participant carried out a 30m sprint with a 10m split time measured by a set of light gates (Smartspeed, Fusion Sport, Australia) to
represent max velocity and acceleration respectively (Bret et al, 2002; Chelly and Denis, 2001). Data was analysed using a Pearsons
Product Moment Correlation Test and a correlation was reported between all variables.
Results: Maturational Offset is significantly (p<0.05) correlated to CMJ (r = 0.876), RSI (r = 0.645), 10m-sprint (r = -0.740), and
30m-sprint (r = -0.764). However, no significant correlation was found with absolute stiffness (r = 0.010) or relative leg stiffness
(r = -0.498). All correlations were stronger with maturational offset compared to chronological age, with the exception of 30m-sprint (r
= -0.826, p=0.003) During performance comparisons; CMJ was significantly (p0.05) correlated to 10m-sprint (r = -0.816), 30m-sprint
time (r= -0.725) and relative leg stiffness (r= -0.714). Absolute stiffness was only correlated to relative stiffness (r = 0.738) and RSI only
to maturational offset (r = 0.654) not to any other performance measure.
CONCLUSIONS: During the circa-pubertal maturational stage, tasks requiring a slow SSC ability develop linearly with biological
age. However, tasks involving more neural regulation may not consistently improve through PHV. Practically, this suggests that the
greatest performance enhancements in circa pubertal populations could come from increases in strength and slow SSC ability.
Results: All samples were within the measurement range on both platforms, with concentrations measured via ELISA ranging
from 0.50 6.26 ng/ml and with the LFD from 1.09 9.45 ng/ml; with the mean difference 0.49 ng/ml. The relationship between the
sCort values obtained using the ELISA and POC test was represented by the formula: y = 0.7983x 0.488, with R2 0.7936.
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
ELISA sCORT ng/ml.
6.00
7.00
8.00
CONCLUSION: The POC test used in the sporting environment showed good agreement with the ELISA method for the determination
of sCort. Given the quick data turnaround and efficiency in terms of cost, it represents a suitable alternative method for use in sports
teams.
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
-30
Pre
Post
+72
sIgA (g/mL)
142.1 62.1
347.9 256.9*
135.4 87.4
128.9 68.0
T / C ratio
89.6 55.1
132.2 58.9
50.0 23.3**
129.4 40.1
CONCLUSIONS: Given that sIgA is sometimes used as an acute stress marker (Nomura, 2012), it is likely that the pre values were
affected by emotional/psychological factors related to competitive match play. This would imply that samples taken close to the start
of competitive play should not be used as a baseline for evaluating subsequent recovery, as such values can be spuriously high in
some individuals. The T/C declined in all players post match, but had recovered to pre-match levels within 72 hours.
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
Changes in hand grip and leg strength following a 100m short course
breaststroke swim
Samuel W Oxford,1 Rob James, Michael Price, Michael J Duncan2
1
Coventry University, 2Manchester Metropolitan University
PurposE: This study, in ten specialist breaststroke swimmers, investigated changes in hand and leg strength and kinematics,
including intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations and arm-leg co-ordination, over four laps of 100m short course breaststroke from a water
start.
METHODS: Intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations were calculated from mean peak velocities of the greater femoral trochanter during
the arm and leg propulsive phases and the minimum velocities attained during the arm-leg lag phase and the recovery of the
arms and the legs. Arm-leg co-ordination was defined using two transition phases that described the continuity between the
recovery and propulsive phases of the arms and the legs. During the last three strokes of each lap that were not affected by turning
or finishing techniques, the following were analysed: duration of the four stroke phases (arm pull, arm recovery, leg kick and leg
recovery); duration of the two transition phases; swim speed; stroke length; stroke rate; and velocity fluctuations of the greater
femoral trochanter. Each lap was recorded using three 50 Hz standard cameras in underwater housings. Strength indices were
assessed using hand grip and isometric leg strength pre and post the swim.
RESULTS: A significant decrease in clean swim speed, (p=0.046) was observed between laps along with a significant decrease in
mean minimum velocity of the greater femoral trochanter during the arm and leg recovery phase of the stroke (p=0.039). There was
a significant decrease in the strength indices (p<0.05) from pre to post swim.
CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that as participants progressed through the 100m swim they became fatigued as there was
a decrease in clean swim speed and a decrease in the force-generating capacity of the arm and leg muscles. Although there was a
significant change in clean swim speed there were no significant changes in coordination or timings of the phases of the stroke.
Even though there was a significant decrease in the force generating capacity of the arms and legs on the strength indices, these
were not related to the peak velocity and/or mean propulsive forces of the arms and legs.
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that surrogates of leg strength could help explain the variance in reactive agility performance
of youth soccer players. Therefore, it can be postulated that increasing strength in this population could increase agility, which is an
integral component of successful soccer performance (Reilly et al 2000, Thomas et al 2009). Specifically, as age increases it appears
that there is a dynamic transition in reliance on strength qualities, with concentric strength (SJ) appearing to be more important to
younger children and reactive strength more influential for adolescents.
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
R-value (n=45)
Ergometer power
-.895**
Vertical height
-.346*
Power cleans
-.631**
Back squat
-.623**
Bench press
-.637**
Bench pull
-.759**
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
RESULTS: A significant main effect was found for IgA across the season against the overall mean (p=0.029), with increased
frequencies appearing near the beginning, middle and end. PL and steroid hormones were unaltered using a repeated method,
although T/C ratio neared significance (p=0.053). T and T/C ratio were significantly (p<0.05) lower at T2 than T1. T/C ratio
experienced 30% reductions than the sum mean at weeks 26, 34, 43 and 45. Within and between subject coefficient of variation were
54 and 52% for IgA, 45 and 48% cortisol, 43 and 42% testosterone and 60 and 51% T/C ratio, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: PL appeared to be consistent throughout the season, suggesting issues around the training stimulus or the
parameters selected to evaluate such load. All measures were highly variable. Regardless of this, the season appeared to have an
effect on IgA, T and T/C ratio highlighting key periods (beginning, middle and end of season) which might have implications in the
planning and monitoring of the training year.
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Pre
Post
MSFT
7.57
8.67
2.11
1.96
6.08
5.91
505 (Agility)
2.63
2.16
33.04
37.1
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
RESULTS: Pre and post tests revealed considerable effect on physiological markers. It should be noted however as a real-world
case study (non-experimental) that we believe other factors in addition to the programme were taking effect (three-month natural
youth development; other training nights; competition). However, we hope the audience accepts the large change in profile:.
Coaches and players commented on match specific development and ability to use fitness developments within matches. The
effect on performance impact was recognised by coaches and players alike and match winning profile confirmed. It is important
to acknowledge that it is impossible to infer any one reason for this success and indeed consider it as an integration of variables.
Causal processing suggested fitness and the actual program were key catalysts for personal and team mindset. Supported with
observational analysis, the players and coaches reported self regulation and understanding of game and self development enhanced
through dyadic, scrimmage and small-sided game activities as important.
CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the challenge points program had a strong effect on physical conditioning profile. The
strongest benefit was considered with whole game development. The physiological demands (high intensity HR and motor
functioning analysis) were very high within the sessions and self-control was deemed as a moderating factor in the capability of
the team to attain and maintain such levels. It is important to acknowledge an experimental contamination as players, coaches
and parents expressed how the weekly project catalysed other behaviour change (in other team training, personal training and
match effect). As a case study, this experimental contamination proved useful to understanding the real-world dynamic of a
perceived positive intervention. The findings challenge the need for overly-reductionist and prescribed training design within
youth football development. The mixed methods and case study design proved effectual in understanding such ecological and
complexity science based approaches. Greater detailed analysis of the effect of self-control/ self-regulation, high intensity interval
training HIIT benefits regards motor functioning and positive effect of dyadic/scrimmage/SSG interventions is required.
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
RESULTS: Post intervention all athletes improved overall FMS score by 1.11 (90% CI: 0.20 to 2.01) arbitrary units (8.10%; 90% CI:
0.60 to 16.1). Although standardised effect size for this mean change was small (0.45; 90% CI: 0.08 to 0.81), the intervention was still
likely positive (87%). When the data was re-filtered to include only those who attended S&C coaching sessions, the improvement in
overall FMS score increased to 1.64 (90% CI: 0.69 to 2.60) arbitrary units (12.4%; 90% CI: 4.80 to 20.50). As a result, the standardised
mean change was amplified to represent large effect (0.82; 90% CI: 0.34 to 1.30) with the effect of S&C coaching very likely positive
(98%) on youth athlete FMS score.
CONCLUSIONS: Results imply that in youth athlete populations S&C support may improve fundamental movement skills, although
regular S&C coaching is likely to enhance the magnitude of this effect. S&C coaching is likely to produce greater improvements in
fundamental movement skills than S&C support alone.
Discounting the first jump, the best three of the remaining four jumps were used to calculate a mean average. Twenty consecutive
bilateral submaximal hops at a frequency of 2.5Hz was used to determine Kvert (Dalleau et al 2004). Two trials were performed with
the grouping of 10 hops closest to the designated metronome rate used for analysis. All tests were performed on the contact mat.
RESULTS: No main interaction (group time) was reported for Kvert (p = 0.060) or RSI (p = 0.648). A main effect (group time) was
reported for 20m sprint performance (p = 0.049). No significant difference was reported for EXP (p=.543) pre and post 20m sprint
performance (3.30 0.31 - 3.26 0.19 ms-1). A significant difference was reported for CON (p = 0.038) pre and post 20m sprint
performance (3.52 0.26 - 3.68 0.25 ms-1). A correlation between CON delta sprint performance (0.17 0.27 ms-1) and CON
APHV (r = 0.516, p = 0.038) was reported. Alpha was set at (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: This study concluded that a four-week specific dose plyometric training intervention is a sufficient and necessary
neuromuscular stimulus to maintain sprint performance, despite the high-repetitive eccentric loading and kinematics indicative
of slow- and fast-SSC function involved with fast bowling. Although no significant improvement was evident in RSI, Kvert and 20m
sprint performance in the EXP, the correlation between APHV and the CON sprint performance infers this studys findings are
commensurate with previous empirical research that SSC function does increase with biological age.
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
Week 5-8
Sets
Reps
Rest
Session 1
Split squat
Lunge
10
2 min
Good morning
10
2 min
SL SLDL
10
2 min
Step up
Step up
10
2 min
Nordic hamstring
Nordic hamstring
6/ 8
2 min
SL bridge
SL good morning
10
2 min
Squats
Squats
10
2 min
SLDL
SLDL
10
2 min
SL good morning
SL Hip thrust
10
2 min
Session 2
Session 3
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P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
UKSCA Events
UKSCA Workshops
These are just a selection of the dates planned for the next six months. Please see our website
for the latest dates and availability, as demand is high and new dates/venues are being added
every week.
Foundation Workshop in Strength and Conditioning
The Foundation workshop is aimed at anyone looking to enter the profession and wanting
a clear and progressive development pathway. Also to anyone wishing to add best practice
strength and conditioning to their existing roles e.g. PE teachers, sports specific coaches,
personal trainers, undergraduate students etc.
26-27 Apr 2014 - Lee Valley, London
17-18 May 2014 - Loughborough
24-25 May 2014 - Lee Valley, London
07-08 Jun 2014 - Gloucester
UKSCAs tutors are selected from the UKs top S&C Coaches
E
B
A Commonwealth Arena,
Glasgow,
B Ospreys Rugby,
C NOC, Papendal,
D Newcastle University,
E Aberdeen University,
F UEL-USA Olympic
Training Camp
www.rubiconsports.co.uk
Belt Squat
4 Way Neck