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Thermal Physics
PAL (IGCSE) Single Science
Revision Book - Section 2
Name:
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Teacher:
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Syllabus Content_______________________________
Syllabus Details________________________________
2.1 Simple kinetic molecular model of matter
2.1 (a) States of matter
Core
State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
Core
Describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases
Supplement
Relate the properties of solids, liquids and gases to the forces and distances
between molecules and to the motion of the molecules
Property
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Forces between
particles
Distances
between
particles
Motion of
particles
Strong bonds
(strong forces)
Fixed and short
Strong bonds
(strong forces)
Short but not
fixed
Essentially no bonding
(v-weak forces)
Long
Vibrating only
Vibrating and
freely moving
Show an appreciation that massive particles may be moved by light, fastmoving molecules
Supplement
Demonstrate an understanding of how temperature, surface area and draught
over a surface influence evaporation
Factor
Influence
Temperature
Draught
Surface area
DIPONT Educational Resource Science
Solids
Liquids
Gases
The volume / dimensions of a gas are fixed by the container
As the temperature increases the motion of the particles
increase and so the kinetic energy
The particles will collide with the container with more force
and more often
If the container dimensions are free to change the volume will
increase
Identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of
thermal expansion
State
Application
Consequence
Solid
Railway lines
In thermometers
Gas
Car tyres
10
Supplement
Show an appreciation of the relative order of magnitude of the expansion of
solids, liquids and gases
State
Order of magnitude of
expansion
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Small
Small
Big
Effect of temperature
Increases with increasing
temperature
Increases with
temperature
Example
Mercury in glass
thermometer
Resistance thermometer
11
12
Describe the structure of a thermocouple and show understanding of its use for
measuring high temperatures and those that vary rapidly
Thermocouple Thermometer
Consists of two metals connected as shown
When one junction between the two metal types is at a higher
temperature than the other a voltage is produced
This voltage is dependent on the temperature difference between
the junctions
They have a very large temperature range and can record
temperatures very quickly
If temperature rises this indicates that the Kinetic energy of the particles
has increased
13
If the kinetic energy of the particles increases so does the internal energy
Supplement
Describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance
14
15
Property
Boiling
Evaporation
Temperature
Location
Particles
Temperature of liquid
At all temperatures
Only at the surface
Only the particles with
sufficient kinetic energy
Reduces
Use the terms latent heat of vaporisation and latent heat of fusion and give a
molecular interpretation of latent heat
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION:
Energy change associated with
a substance
Boiling or Condensing
16
17
18
19
Supplement
Describe experiments to show the properties of good and bad emitters and good
and bad absorbers of infra-red radiation
PROPERTIES OF ABSORBERS
PROPERTIES OF EMMITERS
Applications
Saucepan or wok
Convection
Air conditioner
Radiation
Paint
Consequences
Made of copper or other
good conductors
Normally placed on the
ceiling as cold air drops
In hot climates houses
are painted white
20