Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Television Transmission
and Reception
By Stephen Kiambi
SK-TV/VDS
1. Gross Structure
Frame adopted is rectangle with Aspect Ratio
(Width/Height) = 4/3
Reasons:
1. Most of the motion occurs in horizontal plane
2. Eyes can view more easily and comfortably
3. For enabling direct television transmission of
film programs without wastage of any film
area - Motion pictures use a rectangular
frame with width/height ratio of 4/3 so
adopted this aspect ratio in TV
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2. Image Continuity
To create an illusion of continuity we make use of
persistence of vision : sensation produced when nerves
of the eyes retina are stimulated by incident light does
not cease immediately after the light is removed but
persists for about 1/16th of a second
Scanning rate is made greater than 16 fps i.e. number
of pictures shown per second is more than 16 hence
our eye can be able to integrate the changing levels of
brightness in the scene
Present day motion pictures 24 still pictures of the
scene are taken per second and projected on the
screen at the same rate
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Horizontal scanning
Linear rise of current in the deflection coils deflects the beam across the
screen with a continuous uniform motion for the trace from left to right .
At the peak of the rise, the saw tooth wave reverses its direction and
decreases rapidly to its initial value, producing the retrace or fly-back
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Vertical Scanning
Saw tooth current in the vertical deflection coils moves the electron beam
from top to bottom of the raster at uniform speed while the electron beam
is being deflected horizontally
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13
Assuming K = 0.7;
Nr = 860 0.7 = 602
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4. Flicker
25 frames per second in television picture is
not rapid enough to allow the brightness of
one picture or frame to blend smoothly into
the next during the time when the screen is
blanked between successive frames: produces
flicker
Eliminated in motion pictures by showing
each picture twice (increased blanking rate)
i.e. 48 views of the scene per second still
the same 24 picture frames per second
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Interlaced scanning
In Television pictures 50 vertical scans per
second to reduce flicker
Downward rate of travel of scanning electron
beam is increased
Alternate lines get scanned instead of every
successive lines
Here total number of lines are divided into two
groups called fields
i.e. each field is scanned alternatively
(interlaced scanning) to reduces flicker
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Interlaced scanning
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contd..
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Interlaced scanning
contd..
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Scanning periods
Normal duration of the horizontal line is 64s
(1/15625 = 64s)
active line period = 52s
line blanking period = 12s
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Scanning periods
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contd..
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Scanning periods
contd..
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5. Fine Structure
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25
Interlace error
- Usually the interlace ratio is 2:1
- Any error in the scanning timings and sequence would
reduce the quality of the reproduced picture
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6. Tonal Gradation
It is the variation in brightness from pixel to pixel.
If the intensity changes from pixel to pixel, the rate
of variations of intensity is maximum which is equal
the bandwidth= 5MHz (for 625 lines).
Tonal gradation varies from 0Hz to 5MHz
Factors that affect the tonal quality of the
reproduced picture are
Contrast: diff in intensity between black and
white parts
Contrast ratio
Viewing distance
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COMPARISON OF VARIOUS TV
SYSTEM
CCIR 625 B monochrome system most parts of Europe, Africa and
India. BW: 5MHz, Resolution factor:0.69, Line frequency: 15625Hz
625 line Britain - BW: 5.5MHz, Resolution factor: 0.73
819 line France. BW:10.4MHz (improved vertical and horizontal
resolution)
525 line America. Frame frequency:30, line frequency: 15750, BW:
4MHz (i.e. lesser horizontal resolution)
Note: Greater the no. of lines, better the vertical resolution
Greater the BW, better the horizontal resolution
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END
FOLLOWING SLIDES:
-SOME NOTES ON TWO TYPES
OF SCANNING!
-SOME NOTES ON TYPES OF
DEFLECTION SYSTEMS IN CRT!
Scanning
NTSC
Scanning
Scanning
type 1
Starting position
Last Line
TraceG
Vertical retrace
Scanning
type 2
Interlaced Scanning
1
3
5
B
2
4
Frame
= 525
lines
D
Even lines in 2nd vertical
trace
D
Inactive lines in 2nd vertical retrace
Scanning
Types of
Scanning
Interlaced
Reduced bandwidth.
Small area flicker (for fine vertical detail).
Greater visibility of motion effects.
The above are not significant because the sharpness of
edges and the fineness of detail produced by camera are
not sufficient to generate visible spurious signals at
normal TV viewing distances.
50i (50 interlaced fields = 25 frames) is the standard video
field rate per second for PAL and SECAM television
60i (60 interlaced fields = 30 frames) is the standard video
field rate per second that has been used for NTSC
television for decades
Types of
Scanning
Progressive
Reduce all kinds of picture impairments.
Bandwidth gets twice.
Commonly used in computers and TV receivers with a
digital frame memory.
A DTV receiver could employ progressive scanning for its
display even though the incoming signal was interlaced
de-interlacing issue!
Used in DTV production systems or other systems that
employ wideband transmission modes such as fiber optics.
60p is a progressive format used in high-end HDTV
systems. While it is not technically part of the ATSC or
DVB broadcast standards, it is rapidly gaining ground in
the areas of set-top boxes and video recordings
Scanning
Ex deinterlacing
Interlaced Frame=Field1+Field2 as
you can see clearly.
Scanning
Scanning Frequencies
Scanning Frequencies (in NTSC)
Horizontal scanning frequency
fH = 525 lines/frame x 30frames/sec=15,750 lines/sec =
15,750Hz
Horizontal scanning period H = 1/15750=63.492sec
Scanning
Retrace Time
During flyback (both horizontal and vertical) all the
picture information is blanked out.
Thus, retrace part of the sawtooth wave is made as
short as possible.
The retrace time is about 10%(~17%) of the time
needed for the total line, for horizontal scanning
The lower frequency vertical sawtooth waves
usually have a flyback time less than 5% of that
needed for one complete cycle.
The vertical retrace time is much longer than the
time needed to scan a complete horizontal line.
Scanning
Horizontal trace
Saw tooth
waveform
for trace &
retrace
Vertical trace
Retrace
Vertical Scanning
Period = 1/60 sec
=16.7ms
Saw-tooth wave
Saw-tooth wave
Horizontal
deflection
plane
Electro-static deflection
Horizontal
deflection
coil
15750Hz
Saw-tooth wave
Electro-magnetic deflection
Electrostatic deflection
An electrostatic deflection system generally consists of metallic
deflection plates used in pairs within the neck of the CRT.
The simplest design incorporates flat rectangular parallel plates facing
each other, with the electron beam directed along the central plane
between them.
An electrical charge is applied to these plates to direct the beam to
the proper area of the CRT. To move the
beam to the right, a positive charge is applied to the
right plate to pull the beam while a negative charge is applied to
the left plate to push the electron beam to the proper position.
The amount of the charge
applied to the plates controls the amount of deflection.
The beam deflection angle off-axis does not exceed 20 small sized
screen
Most electrostatic deflection CRTs are used to display electronic
waveforms as a function of time. (radar and oscilloscope)
Flemings rule
Electromagnetic deflection
Electromagnetic deflection
Electromagnetic deflection
Electromagnetic deflection uses a magnetic field generated by four
coils to move the beam beam across the CRT.
Electromagnetic deflection is commonly found on
CRTs that use a raster-scan type display. Current flows through the
electron beam as it moves from the electron gun (cathode) to the
phosphor face (anode) of the CRT. This current develops a circular
magnetic field. By introducing an external magnetic field,
the beam can be deflected. Controlling the polarity and strength of this
external field controls the amount and direction of the beam deflection.
In contrast with electrostatic deflection systems, the components in an
electromagnetic deflection system are almost universally located outside
the tube envelope, rather than inside the vacuum.
Free of obstructions in the neck of the CRT larger-diameter electron
beam can be used permits greater beam current, consequently brighter
picture.
Deflection angles of 110 (55 off-axis) are commonly used in video
display tubes without excessive spot defocusing. large sized screen
Electromagnetic deflection
Deflection Symptoms