KHO ST HM S - TNG GIAO TH

Dng 3. Hm phn thc

* Phng trnh honh giao im

2x 3
Bi 17. Cho hm s y =
(C). Tm m d: 2x y + m = 0 ct (C) ti hai
x +1
im phn bit c tung dng.
Bi 18. Cho hm s y =

2x 1
. Vi gi tr no ca m, ng thng (dm) i qua
x +1

im A(-2;2) v c h s gc m ct th hm s cho
a) ti hai im phn bit.
b) ti hai im phn bit thuc hai nhnh ca th.
Bi 19. Cho hm s y =

x+2
, th (H).
2x +1

a) Chng minh rng ng thng y = mx + m 1 lun i qua mt im c

nh ca ng cong (H) khi m thay i.
b) Tm cc gi tr ca m sao cho ng thng cho ct (H) ti hai im
thuc cng mt nhnh ca (H).

x 3
Bi 20. Cho hm s y =
(C). Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua I(-1;1)
x +1
v ct th (C) ti M, N sao cho I l trung im MN.

2x 2
(C). Tm m (d): y = 2x + m ct (C) ti hai im
x +1
phn bit A, B sao cho AB = 5 .
2x + 4
Bi 22. Cho hm s y =
(C). Gi d l ng thng qua A(1;1) v c h s
1 x
gc k. Tm k d ct (C) ti M, N sao cho MN = 3 10 .

Bi 21. Cho hm s y =

Bi 23. Cho hm s y =

2x 1
(C). Tm m d: y = x + m ct (C) ti hai im
x 1

phn bit A, B sao cho tam gic OAB vung ti O.

x+3
, th (H). Tm m d: y = 2x + 3m ct (H) ti hai
x+2
im phn bit sao cho OA.OB = 4 , vi O l gc ta .

Bi 24. Cho hm s y =

I. KIN THC
1. Cho hai th (C1) y = f ( x ) v (C2): y = g ( x ) . tm honh giao im
ca (C1) v (C2), ta gii phng trnh f ( x ) = g ( x ) (*) (gi l phng trnh
honh giao im).
S nghim phn bit ca phng trnh (*) bng s giao im ca hai th.
2. th hm s bc ba y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , ( a 0 ) ct trc honh ti 3
im phn bit
phng trnh ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.
hm s y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d c cc i, cc tiu v yCD . yCT < 0 .
Ghi ch:
1) Ta lun c hm a thc bc ba y ( x ) = ( px + q ) y ' ( x ) + ( mx + n ) . Gi x0 l
im cc tr ca hm s y(x). Khi y ( x0 ) = mx0 + n .
2) Cho tam thc bc hai y = ax 2 + bx + c

( a 0 ) ; k hiu S =

b
c
,P=
a
a

y c 2 nghim x1 < 0 < x2 P < 0

y c 2 nghim 0 < x1 < x2

> 0

P > 0; S > 0

y c 2 nghim

> 0
x1 < x2 < 0
P > 0, S < 0
> 0
( a x1 )( a x2 ) < 0

y c 2 nghim x1 < a < x2

y c 2 nghim a < x1 < x2

y c 2 nghim x1 < x2 < a

> 0

( x1 a )( x2 a ) > 0
S
>a
2

> 0

( x1 a)( x2 a) > 0
S
<a
2
y =ax +b
3) Nu Ax
( A;yA) ,B( xB;yB) tha mn: A A th phng trnh AB: y =ax+b.
yB =axB +b
1

II. BI TP
Dng 1. Hm a thc bc ba
* Phng trnh honh giao im

Bi 1. Cho hm s y = ( x + 1) x 2 + 2mx + m + 2 (kho st khi m =-1). Tm cc

gi tr ca m th hm s cho ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit.
Bi 2. Cho hm s y = x3 6 x 2 + 9 x 6 (C). Tm m d: y = mx 2m 4 ct
(C) ti ba im phn bit.
Bi 3. Cho hm s y = x3 6 x 2 + 9 x (1). Tm m d: y = mx ct (C) ti ba im
O(0;0), A, B. Chng t rng khi m thay i, trung im I ca on AB lun
nm trn mt ng thng song song vi Oy.
Bi 4. Cho hm s y = 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 1 . Tm m ng thng y = mx + 1 ct (C)
ti 3 im phn bit A, B, C sao cho A(0;1) v B l trung im ca AC.
Bi 5. Cho hm s y = x3 3mx 2 + ( m 1) x + m + 1 , th l (Cm). Tm m d:
y = 2x m 1 ct (Cm) ti ba im phn bit c honh ln hn hoc bng
1.
Bi 6. Cho hm s y = x3 3 x + 2 (C). Vit phng trnh ng thng ct th
(C) ti ba im phn bit A, B, C sao cho xA = 2 v BC = 2 2 .
*Cc tr & th
3
2
Bi 7. Cho hm s y = x 3m x 2m (Cm). Tm m (Cm) v trc honh c
ng 2 im chung phn bit.

) (

Bi 8. Cho hm s y = x 3mx + 3 m 1 x m 1 , m l tham s (1). Tm

3

m th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh

dng.
* Phng php hm s
Bi 9. Chng minh phng trnh x3 +

3 2
x + 6 x - 3 = 0 c ba nghim phn bit,
2

trong c mt nghim dng nh hn .

Bi 10. Cho hm s y = x3 + mx + 2 , th (Cm). Tm m (Cm) ct trc honh
ti mt im duy nht.

Dng 2. Hm a thc bc bn
* Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bc bn trng phng
4
2
Cho phng trnh ax + bx + c = 0 (1), ( a 0 )

t t = x (*), t 0
o li:
1) Vi t < 0: (*) v nghim
2) Vi t = 0: (*)
x=0
2

x= t
at + bt + c = 0 (2)

3) Vi t > 0: (*)
2

(1)
Kt lun:
1) (1) v nghim x

(2) v nghim t hoc (2) c t1 t2 < 0 .

2) (1) c mt nghim x

(2) c t1 t2 = 0

3) (1) c hai nghim x

(2) c t1 < 0 < t2 hoc (2) c 0 < t1 = t2

4) (1) c ba nghim x

(2) c 0 = t1 < t2

5) (1) c bn nghim x

(2) c 0 < t1 < t2 .

* Phng trnh honh giao im

Bi 11. Vi gi tr no ca m, ng thng y = m ct ng cong
y = x 4 2 x 2 3 ti bn im phn bit?
Bi 12. Cho hm s y = x 4 2m 2 x 2 + m 4 + 2m (1), m l tham s. Chng minh
th hm s (1) lun ct Ox ti t nht hai im phn bit, vi mi m < 0.
Bi 13. Cho hm s y = x 4 mx 2 + m 1 c th (Cm). Tm m th (Cm) ct
trc honh ti bn im phn bit.
Bi 14. Cho hm s y = x 4 ( 3m + 2 ) x 2 + 3m , th l (Cm), m l tham s. Tm
m ng thng y = -1 ct th (Cm) ti 4 im phn bit u c honh
nh hn 2.
Bi 15. Cho hm s y = x 4 2 ( m + 1) x 2 + 2m + 1 , th l (Cm). Tm m (Cm)
ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit c honh lp thnh cp s cng.
Bi 16. Cho hm s y = x 4 ( m + 1) x 2 + m (kho st khi m =2). Tm cc gi tr
ca m th hm s cho ct trc honh ti bn im, to thnh ba
on thng c di bng nhau.