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i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 6 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 7 9 8 5 e7 9 9 2

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A mobile renewable house using PV/wind/fuel cell hybrid


power system
Mehmed Eroglu a,1, Erkan Dursun b,*, Suat Sevencan a,1, Junseok Song c,3, Suha Yazici a,1,
Osman Kilic b,2
a

International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (UNIDO-ICHET) Sabri Ulker Sk. 38/4, Cevizlibag, Zeytinburnu,
34015 Istanbul, Turkey
b
Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, Technology Faculty, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
c
The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C2100 Austin, TX 78712, USA

article info

abstract

Article history:

A photovoltaic/wind/fuel cell hybrid power system for stand-alone applications is

Received 12 April 2010

proposed and demonstrated with a mobile house. This concept shows that different

Received in revised form

renewable sources can be used simultaneously to power off-grid applications. The pre-

20 December 2010

sented mobile house can produce sufficient power to cover the peak load. Photovoltaic and

Accepted 10 January 2011

wind energy are used as primary sources and a fuel cell as backup power for the system.

Available online 24 February 2011

The power budgeting of the system is designed based on the local data of solar radiation
and wind availability. Further research will focus on the development of the data acqui-

Keywords:

sition system and the implementation of automatic controls for power management.

Renewable energy

Copyright 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights

Photovoltaic (PV)

reserved.

Wind energy
Fuel cell
Hybrid power system

1.

Introduction

Providing reliable, environmentally friendly, and affordable


energy has been a goal for many countries throughout the
world. The rising consumption of energy and falling accessibility of natural resources are increasing the cost of electricity.
In addition, as the industry develops, greenhouse gases are
becoming a threat to the natural ecosystem. Therefore,
renewable energy has received more attention recently.
Solar radiation and wind are considered the most preferred renewable energy sources for their availability and

inexhaustibility [1]. However, due to the sporadic characteristics of natural resources, it has been a challenge to generate
a highly reliable power with photovoltaic (PV) modules and/
or wind turbines [2]. To overcome this limitation, previous
studies were conducted using a fuel cell as another energy
source and simulated results showed that a PV/wind/fuel cell
hybrid power system may be a feasible solution for standalone applications [3e5]. Since a multi-source hybrid power
system increases energy availability significantly, it becomes
advantageous for practical applications that need highly
reliable power regardless of location [6], [7].

* Corrresponding author. Tel.: 90 216 336 57 70; fax: 90 216 337 89 87.
E-mail addresses: meroglu@unido-ichet.org (M. Eroglu), erkandursun@marmara.edu.tr (E. Dursun), ssevencan@unido-ichet.org
(S. Sevencan), songjunseok@gmail.com (J. Song), syazici@unido-ichet.org (S. Yazici), osman.kilic@marmara.edu.tr (O. Kilic).
1
Tel.: 90 212 416 48 48; fax: 90 212 416 89 47.
2
Tel.: 90 216 336 57 70; fax: 90 216 337 89 87.
3
Tel.: 1 512 471 6179; fax: 1 512 471 3652.
0360-3199/$ e see front matter Copyright 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.046

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This paper presents a demonstration of the use of a PV/


wind/fuel cell hybrid power system to supply electricity to
a mobile house. The hybrid power system is shown in Fig. 1.
The demonstrated system shows that it is compatible to
use hydrogen as an energy carrier with other renewable
energy sources such as PV and wind energy. This system is
installed in Istanbul, Turkey (41 330 N; 28 590 E). The windsolar data used in the study were taken from Turkish State
Meteorological Service for the year 2009 [8]. PV and wind
energy are used as the main energy sources for the system and
the fuel cell performs as a backup power for the continuous
generation of high quality power. The proposed mobile house
demonstrates that it can be used as a stand-alone power
system in remote areas where there is no access to grid and as
a backup power system to cover electricity shortage in certain
situations such as natural disasters.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the
system design strategy and Section 3 presents the system
integration of components. Finally, Section 4 concludes the
paper and proposes future research plans.

2.

Design strategy

2.1.

Load analysis

System design starts with deciding whether the mobile house


is connected to grid or not. Since the system is mobile, it has to
be designed as a stand-alone application, independent from
grid. Moreover, the load profile of the mobile house is
analyzed to ensure that energy sources generate sufficient
energy throughout the year. Eq. (1) shows the estimation of
average daily energy consumption.
Ed

n
X

In Vn Dn

(1)

i1

where, In, Vn, and Dn are the current, voltage and duty cycle of
each appliance used in one day, respectively and Ed shows the
total energy demand for the mobile house. As shown in Table 1,
the average daily energy consumption of the mobile house is
calculated as 4220 Wh according to Eq. (1). The total power,
2835 W, declares the maximum instantaneous power which the
inverter should meet; in order to maintain the stability of

Table 1 e Calculated energy consumption.


Appliance

Power
[W]

Air Conditioner

# of Hours
used/Day
[hours]

Energy
used/Day
[Wh]

560

2800
5*

Refrigerator

70

560
8*

LCD TV

65

130
2*

Electrolyser

400

200
0.5

Lighting

100

200
2*

Water Heater

1500

330
0.22

Total

2835

4220

*discreted time.

the energy flow, an inverter rated at least 2835 W is required for


the design.
To simplify the analysis, daily load was assumed to have
constant value throughout the year and in energy supply
analysis, December is chosen because the average solar irradiation in December is the lowest for Istanbul [8,9]. As shown
in Fig. 2, the area under the daily load curve indicates the
approximate required energy for a day, which is equal to the
result e 4220 Wh e from Table 1.
Annual load of the mobile house is shown in Fig. 3.

2.2.

Availability study

2.2.1.

Solar energy

The city of Istanbul has the lowest daily irradiance and sun
hours in December, as shown in Fig. 4 [9,10]. The average
radiation in December was calculated as 2030 Wh/m2/day
when PV panels are tilted at 41 [11]. Total area on the roof of
the mobile house available for PV panels is 8.4 m2 and the total
energy generated in a day of December can be calculated with
Eq. (2).
 Z24
Epv


Ir dt Shpv hb hi

(2)

500

Power [W]

400
300
200
100
0
0

12

16

20

Time [h]
Fig. 1 e The mobile house.

Fig. 2 e Assumed daily load curve in a winter day.

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fPV the PV derating factor (%)


GT the solar radiation incident on the PV array in the
current time step (kWm2)
GT;STC the incident radiation at standard test conditions
(l kWm2)
aP the temperature coefficient of power ( C1)
TC the PV cell temperature in the current time step ( C )
TC,STC the PV cell temperature under standard test conditions (25  C )
Regarding the meteorological conditions of Istanbul in
2009, the electricity generation from PV panels is highest on
June, July, and August, lowest on November, December and
January. Annual average PV output power at Fig. 5.

Fig. 3 e Annual load of the mobile house.

2.2.2.
S surface area of PV cells 8.4 m2
hpv efficiency of PV panels 16%
hb efficiency of batteries 85%
hi efficiency of inverter 95%
Ir solar irradiance (Wm2)
R 24
0 Ir dt total solar irradiance in a December day 2030
Whm2/day
Epv PV panels generated power to AC bus in a December
day 2203 Wh/day
According to the results from Eq.(2), 2203 Wh/day from the
solar radiation can be produced with the available surface on
the mobile house roof.
The generated power of PV panels is also a function of
temperature; when the temperature increases, the efficiency
of the panel decreases [12]. However, this paper does not
consider this point because the 2.6deviation of the average
temperature of 8 in December [13] is assumed to be negligible.
The basic mathematical model is used to calculate the
maximum power output from the photovoltaic modules
[14,15];

GT
1 aP TC  TC;STC 
GT;STC

Wind energy

Since the energy from the PV panels is not sufficient to provide


the average daily energy demand, a wind turbine and a fuel
cell can be used to provide the remaining power needed. As
shown in Fig. 6, the availability of wind was determined by the
average daily wind speed in December in Istanbul at 10 m
altitude [8].
The instantaneous power produced from wind is
1
Pw rACp V3
2

(3)

PPV output power of the PV array (kW )


YPV the rated capacity of the PV array, meaning its power
output under standard test conditions (kW ) (100 Wm2 solar
radiance, 25  C PV module temperature)

Where:
r air density (kgm3)
A rotor sweep area (m2)
Cp power coefficient, a function of tip speed ratio and pitch
angle
V wind velocity (ms1)
The mobile house used a Ventura 1000 l kW wind turbine
model which was found suitable for the hybrid power system.
The energy produced from wind can be determined as follows.
 Z24
Ew


Pw dt hs

Irradiance [W/m2]

300

200

100

0
3

11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Time [h]
Fig. 4 e Solar irradiance data for December (41 N, 29 E).

(5)

Where:
Pw instantaneous power produced (W )
hs system efficiency with battery and inverter 80%
Ew wind turbines generated power to AC bus in
a day 2177 Wh/day
Fig. 7 shows a comparison between the energy production
and the energy demand in a day in December. The area under

400

(4)


PPV YPV fPV

7987

Fig. 5 e Annual PV output power.

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Load

Solar

Wind

400
Power [W]

Wind speed [m/sec]

500

300
200
100

12

16

20

24

Time [hours]


 Z24

 Z24

Ppv dt hs
Pw dt hs 
Pd dt hs

(7)

Using Eq. (5), the value Eeb was calculated as 160 Wh which
indicate that the mobile house has an energy surplus of 160
Wh. When is negative, the fuel cell has to be activated.

2.2.3.

Fuel cell

A fuel cell is used as a backup power generator for the mobile


house. The fuel cell needs to be activated when wind and solar
energy are insufficient to supply the demand, depending on
the battery state of charge. A FutureE Jupiter 2 kW PEM fuel cell
was selected to backup the power of the mobile house. It is
50% efficient and consumes 22 standard liters of hydrogen per
minute (slpm) at peak load. Hydrogen storage capacity should
be enough for one day autonomy.
The required energy for a day can be calculated as follows
[16,17].

Fig. 7 e Annual wind turbine output power.

12

16

20

24

Fig. 8 e Energy demand vs. production.

the black dotted curve corresponds to which is 2177 Wh/day


(Fig. 8). Eeb, the energy balance difference between energy
production and demand, can be calculated as follows with
Eqs. (2), (4), and (5).
Istanbul in 2009, in terms of meteorological conditions, the
electricity generation from wind turbine is highest on
February, October, and December, lowest on May, June.
Annual average wind turbine output power at Fig. 7.


(6)
Eeb Epv Ew  Ed
 Z24

Time[hours]

Fig. 6 e Average daily wind speed in December.

Eeb

En

Ed
nb nfc ni

(8)

Where:
Ed energy demand 4220 Wh/day
nb efficiency of startup batteries 85%
nfc efficiency of fuel cell 50%
ni efficiency of inverter 95%
Eh hydrogen energy needed for autonomy 10452 Wh/
day 37.6 Mj/day
Since the lower heating value of hydrogen is 120 Mj/kg,
0.310 kg/day of hydrogen is required for autonomy. Eq. (9)
calculates the required amount of hydrogen;
n

PV
RTz

(9)

Where:
P pressure (bar)
V volume (l )

R gas constant 0.08314 (bar.l/ K.mol )

T absolute temperature ( K )
z compressibility factor 1.1054 @ 160 bar 15  C
n amount of gas (mol)
As a result, two 10-liter tanks may store approximately
121 mol of hydrogen e 0.242 @ 160 bar 15  Cewhich has

Fig. 9 e Manifold and cylinders.

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100
90
80
70
SOC [%]

60
50
40
30
1

1000

1999

2998

3997

4996

5995

6994

7993

Fig. 12 e Annual SOC of the battery bank.


Fig. 10 e Annual average PEMFC output power.

8159 Wh energy. This amount of hydrogen can supply the fuel


cell for approximately 19 h. As shown in Fig. 9, manifold and
cylinders of PEMFC.
1
2
3
4

3.

- Regulator 150 bare15 bar


- Hydrogen cylinders 150 bar, 1320 sl
- Automatic and manual relieves
- Check valves

February and July, the fuel cell is not working. The Mobile
House energy needs during these months are supplied by the
wind turbine and solar panels. The fuel cell works at its
maximum in April. Monthly average the PEMFC output power
at Fig. 10.

2.2.4.

Batteries

Batteries are used as the energy storage units and the required
capacity can be calculated with Eq. (10).
Ih

the battery cycle life respect to the depth of discharge. As


shown, (100  SOCm) of 50% corresponds to approximately 500
cycles. Fig. 12 shows annual state of charge (SOC ) of the
battery bank.

aEd
ns Vs 1  SOCm =100

(10)

Where:
Ed total energy demand 4220 Wh/day
ns system efficiency 80%
Vs system voltage 24 V
SOCm minimum state of charge 50%
a days of autonomy 2
The required capacity was calculated as 879 from Eq. (10).
Because of space limitations, 8 modules of Haze Professionals
12 200 sealed lead acid monoblock gelled electrolyte battery
were used so 1.8 days of autonomy is provided. Fig. 11 shows

System integration

The hybrid power system of the mobile house consists of an


8  1 array of 100 W PV panels, a 1 kW wind turbine, and a 2 kW
cell. As shown in Fig. 13, the block diagram of the system
demonstrates the integrated components for power generation. In the following, each component of the system is presented and discussed.
For PV panels, Solera GP-100/12 PV modules of E-Sistem e
composed of Poly-Si PV modules e were used (Fig. 14).
Although Poly-Si modules have lower efficiency than Mono-Si
modules, Solera models were selected to have better cost
efficiency [18].
The wind turbine works in normal mode up to 20 ms1 of
wind speed and after 20 ms1, the turbine activates a stall
control system which enables electromagnetic regenerative
braking and lets the wind turbine generate power under the
brake control. The turbine is installed on a foldable pole which
has a height of 10 m from the ground (Fig. 15). Although the
turbines with permanent magnet synchronous generators are
more expensive, they are more suitable for the mobile applications due to their compact and light structure [19]. The wind
turbine is able to automatically change direction to face the
predominant wind in order to generate as much power as
possible [20].

100

D.O.D [%]

80
60
40
20
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Number of Cycles
Fig. 11 e Battery cycle life vs. depth of discharge.

Fig. 13 e Block diagram of the system.

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A Jupiter B from FutureE is a PEM air-cooled fuel cell with


2 kW of rated power (Fig. 16). Hydrogen is stored in two 10liters tanks which are pressurized at 160 bar. PEM fuel cells
with an air-cooled system are usually more suitable for mobile
applications due to their low working temperatures and
compact structure [21].
The battery bank consists of 8 gel type batteries of 200 Ah at
12 V. Sealed lead acid monoblock gelled electrolyte batteries
are more tolerant of deep discharge, overcharge, and a high
number of cycles. Due to their negligible gas emission, they
are appropriate for residential usage [22]. The sources and
storage units are integrated on a single DC bus in order to
make the system cost-effective. Having the same voltage level
from the PV array and wind turbine allows both sources to be
connected directly to the DC bus. Since the output of the PV
module is unregulated, a 60 Amp rated Xantrex multifunction
DC controller, which is capable of voltage regulation and
three-stage battery charging, was used. The Ventura 1000
already has a rectifier with an internal regulator; hence, it
gives an output of 24 V which is the same as the PV array. The
fuel cell has a 48 V output. Finally, a DCeDC converter was
installed to convert the output of fuel cell to 24 V.
The battery bank with a capacity of 19.2 kWh is used in the
system to supply the transient power. When the minimum
battery state of charge (SOC) is considered, the usable capacity
becomes 9.6 kWh which is the sufficient level e according to
(9) e for 1.8 days of autonomy. Hydrogen cylinders with
a capacity for 8159 Wh at the given conditions were used.
Moreover, the hydrogen storage is sufficient for 0.8 day of
autonomy when losses are taken into consideration; hence,
the total number of autonomous days is 2.6 days. The fuel cell
startup battery warms up the fuel cell, and prevents unnecessary switch-on when there is only a short term power
demand. When there is a long term power demand, the
startup battery functions as a backup power source.
A flow diagram, shown in Fig. 17, describes the system
operation.
Control system, programmed with LabVIEW, prevents
unnecessary switching and minimizes the use of hydrogen
as a fuel. Control system calculates the total power demand
P
P
( Edem ) and the total power production ( Eprod ) for a specific

Fig. 14 e PV panels.

Fig. 15 e Wind turbine.

time interval. At the end of the time interval, system checks


the hydrogen pressure (Pn ) if the energy demand is greater
than the produced energy and SOC is less than 50%. If the
hydrogen pressure is over 4 bar, the switch disconnects the
system from DC bus as shown in Fig. 17; else the switch stays
at position 1 and gives the warning about hydrogen

Fig. 16 e PEMFC.

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Start
Switch = 1
FC = off

4.
Read Battery
Bank Voltage

No

SOC50%
AND
Edem> Eprod

Yes
Read Hydrogen Pressure

No

Ph4bar
Yes

Switch = 0

Yes

SOC50%
OR
Eprod.> Edem.

No

Fig. 17 e Flow diagram of the system.

depletion. After the disconnection, the fuel cell startup


battery supplies the demand until the voltage level
decreases to 49 V. When 49 V is reached, the fuel cell activates to generate power. The switch stays at 0 position until
when the amount of total produced energy is greater than
that of total energy demand or battery SOC is greater than
50% at the end of the time interval. When the hydrogen
pressure level drops below 4 bar and the SOC is still less than
50%, the switch changes its position to 1 and allows the
battery voltage to drop below 50% SOC

Fig. 18 e Annual excess electricity of the mobile house.

7991

Conclusions

Demonstration of a PV/wind/fuel cell hybrid power system


was presented. The hybrid power system increases power
availability which is one of the key factors for many applications that need reliable power in remote locations.
The system was designed based on the results of a load
analysis and a study of the renewable resources available in
the city of Istanbul, Turkey. After the design, the components
of the system were integrated; a PV module (800 W ), a wind
turbine (1 kW ), and a fuel cell (2 kW ) were installed to
generate a maximum power of 3.8 kW. The presented system
uses PV and wind energy as the primary energy sources and
fuel cell energy as a secondary source for power generation.
Annual approximate energy production of mobile house is
2510 kWh. Annual approximate energy demand of mobile
house is 1550 kWh. So there is an excess energy which is
shown in Fig. 18. In mobile house energy control system,
surplus energy is converted to hydrogen via a PEM electrolyser
and stored in a high pressure hydrogen tank until there is
a high energy demand which triggers fuel cell unit that
converts hydrogen gas back into electricity. Smart energy
control system aims to supply uninterruptible energy and
sustainability property to the mobile house.
As a future work, the correlation between the parameters
and energy production will be demonstrated, and automatic
controls will be designed and installed to optimize the storage
efficiency of the system.

Acknowledgments
The mobile house project is supported by UNIDO-ICHET (United
Nations Industrial Development Organization - International
Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies) with the mission of
raising public awareness for renewable energy and demonstrating viable implementations of hydrogen energy technologies in developing countries. Partial support from NANOCOFC
project under EC-FP6 program is also acknowledged.

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