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KEY DEMAND DRIVERS:according to the Fiber Year 2011 Report, the textile industry experienced its strongest growth

in 25 years: 80.8
million tons of natural and synthetic fibers were produced, 6.4 million tons or 8.6 per cent more than in 2009, and
the growth will continue. Demand growth, particularly for clothing and home textiles, is in direct proportion to
increases in the standard of living in emerging markets such as India and China. The fashion industry cycles are
setting new trends in increasingly shorter cycles. Another key driver is the range of innovations being made in
the area of synthetic fibers. These fibers have highly distinctive characteristics and meet a wide variety of
demands. These include resistance to soiling, outstanding cleaning performance, exceptional thermal insulation,
breathability, durability and strength. These qualitative trends require new, innovative textile machines with high
efficiency
and
flexibility.

Manufacturing of textile industry


Textile manufacturing is a major industry. It is based on the conversion of fiber into
yarn, yarn into fabric. These are then dyed or printed, fabricated into clothes. Different
types of fiber are used to produce yarn. Cotton remains the most important natural fibre,
so is treated in depth. There are many variable processes available at the spinning and
fabric-forming stages coupled with the complexities of the finishing and colouration
processes to the production of a wide ranges of products. There remains a large
industry that uses hand techniques to achieve the same results.

Process Flow Chart of Textile Manufacturing

Process Flow Chart of Textile Manufacturing


Spinning

Weaving

Dyeing +Printing+ Finishing

Garments Manufacturing

Spinning
Spinning is a technique where the staples are blown by air into a rotating drum, where
they attach themselves to the tail of formed yarn that is continually being drawn out of
the chamber.
Most spinning today is done using Break or Open-end spinning
Other methods of break spinning use needles and electrostatic forces. This method has
replaced the older methods of ring and mule spinning. It also is easily adapted
for artificial fibres.

Weaving

The weaving process uses a loom. The lengthway threads are known as the warp, and
the cross way threads are known as the weft. The warp which must be strong needs to
be presented to loom on a warp beam. The weft passes across the loom in a shuttle,
that carries the yarn on a pirn. These pirns are automatically changed by the loom.
Thus, the yarn needs to be wrapped onto a beam, and onto pirns before weaving can
commence.

Winding
After being spun and plied, the cotton thread is taken to a warping room where
the winding machine takes the required length of yarn and winds it onto warpers
bobbins

Warping or beaming
A WarperRacks of bobbins are set up to hold the thread while it is rolled onto the
warp bar of a loom. Because the thread is fine, often three of these would be
combined to get the desired thread count.

Dyeing
Dyeingis commonly carried out with an anionic direct dye by completely immersing
the fabric (or yarn) in an aqueous dyebath according to a prescribed procedure

Printing
Printing is the application of colour in the form of a paste or ink to the surface of a
fabric, in a predetermined pattern. It may be considered as localised dyeing. Printing
designs onto already dyed fabric is also possible.

Technology
The textile industry consumes large amounts of water and its operating costs can be
high. The European Union (EU)-funded project DIGITEX sought to change this.
The team helped produce garments using technology evolved from inkjet printing to
enable chemicals to be deposited and fixed on textiles in controllable quantities and
prescribed locations. The results? Cleaner and more efficient production methods as
well as textiles that are lightweight, comfortable, strong and protective.

Textile engineering today is shattering decades-old stereotypes of a labor-intensive,


factory-based industry in which men and women toiled over looms and spinning jacks.
The clang of the early production machinery has been replaced by a computer-driven
enterprise that is making significant contributions to fields ranging from athletic
performance equipment to human health and rehabilitation.

Market size
The Indian textiles industry, currently estimated at around US$ 108 billion, is expected to reach
US$ 223 billion by 2021. The industry is the second largest employer after agriculture, providing
employment to over 45 million people directly and 60 million people indirectly. The Indian
Textile Industry contributes approximately 5 per cent to Indias gross domestic product (GDP),
and 14 per cent to overall Index of Industrial Production (IIP).
The Indian textile industry has the potential to reach US$ 500 billion in size according to a study
by Wazir Advisors and PCI Xylenes & Polyester. The growth implies domestic sales to rise to
US$ 315 billion from currently US$ 68 billion. At the same time, exports are implied to increase
to US$ 185 billion from approximately US$ 41 billion currently.

Global Textile & Apparel Industry


Per capita consumption of all man-made textile fibers are showing increasing trend in
past few years. Per Capita Consumption of polyester is expected to take over Cotton by
2015 (PFY)

The current global garment market is approximately US$ 1.15 trillion which forms nearly
1.8% of the world GDP. Almost 75% of this market is concentrated in EU27, USA,
China and Japan.

The world garment market is growing at a CAGR of 5% and attaining a size of about
US$ 2.21 trillion by 2025

There is a positive correlation between consumers spending on various categories and


the economic stature of each country.
Per capita consumption of garment in developed countries like Australia, Canada and
USA is much more than developing countries. But as mentioned above the per capita
spend on garment in developing countries are increasing. The growth rate of per capita

spend on garment is highest for India and China, which is 11%, followed by Russia i.e.
8% and Brazil i.e. 4%.

The global export of textile and apparel was approximately US$ 717 billion in 2013
and import was approximately 629 Bn. US$. From 2009 to 2013, the global textile

and garment trade has grown at a CAGR of 3%.

Major Exporting Countries


The top 5 Textile and Apparel exporting nations are China, India, Italy, Germany and
Turkey. China is the single largest exporter with 67% share while India stood at a
distant second place with 10% share in 2013 Major Textile & Apparel Exporting
Countries (2013)

Major Importing Countries


The top 5 textiles and garment importing nations are USA, China, Germany,
Japan and United Kingdom. USA is the largest importer with a share of 40%
of the total global trade.

Raymond Ltd
Industry

Textile

Founded

1925,Thane

Website

www.raymondindia.com

Head office

Mumbai,Maharastra India.

Major products

Woolen fabrics

Net profit

88.12Cr.

Raymond Ltd (BSE: 500330|NSE: RAYMOND) is largest integrated manufacturer of


worsted fabric in the world based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It has over 60% market
share in worsted suiting in India. It also the Indias biggest woollen fabrics maker. Textile
division of the company has a distribution network of more than 4,000 multi-brand
outlets and over 637 exclusive retail shops in the domestic market itself. Suitings are
available in India in over 400 towns through 30,000 retailers and an exclusive chain is
present in over 150 cities across India. Its products exports to over 55 countries
including US, Canada, Europe, Japan and the Middle East. It has more than 20,000
design and colours of suiting fabric which makes it one of largest collection of designs
and colours by single company.

Reference
1) file:///H:/web%20page/Digital%20technology%20transforming%20the
%20textile%20industry%20-%20European%20Commission.htm.
2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing.
3) http://india-itme.com/pdfs/Textile_Machinery_Market.pdf
4) http://www.ibef.org/industry/indian-textiles-and-apparel-industryanalysis-presentation
5) http://www.indiantextilemagazine.in/corporate-news/raymond-ltdgains-ground-with-fair-growth-in-sales-profit/
1 INTRODUCTION
In today's competitive world, domestic and export markets in textiles are
progressing at a rapid pace. Exponential growth in global industrialization is noticed
in the west and rest of the world. Innovations in the use of electronics information
technology, computers and automation are needed to achieve a high quality
standard. Textile and apparel, being labour intensive industries, code of conduct at
the work place is hard to overlook. But the main challenge before the textile
production industry is as to how to produce a product at a competitive price by
using environment friendly process and by reducing emissions and pollution
treatment cost.
Biosphere is under serious trouble and impact on its atmosphere, hydrosphere and
lithosphere by human cannot be ignored. Man made activities on water by
domestic, industrial, agriculture, shipping, radio-active, aquaculture wastes; on air
by industrial pollutants, mobile combustion, burning of fuels, agricultural activities,
ionization radiation, cosmic radiation, suspended particulate matter; on land by
domestic wastes, industrial waste, agricultural chemicals and fertilizers, acid rain,
animal waste have negative influence over biotic and abiotic components on
different natural eco-systems. Global warming, rising of sea level, abnormal climatic
change, loss in bio-diversity, deforestation, ozone layer depletion are some of the
adverse effects on environment.
Textile accounts for 30% of India's export. There is no doubt that price, quality, turn
around time and social compliance are the essential elements of export. Of late,
clean processing has become an additional requirement. Unfortunately, in
comparison to other branches of engineering and technology, environmental

pollution of textile industry seems to be the least studied area.


How long can we continue to harm environment? Will our business exist if biosphere
is polluted? Will textile industry survive and be able to compete? These are some of
the questions, which have motivated the present study.
2 ECO DEGRADATION IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Textile industry contributes 30% of India's export. It produces over 400 million
meters of cloth and around 1000 million kg of yarn per annum. Textile sector is
labour intensive and nearly a million of workers are associated in various unit
operations of about 700 mills. Textile wet processing activity contributes about 70%
of pollution in textile industry. It is estimated that there are around 12,500 textile
processing units wherein the requirement of water ranges from 10 litres with an
average of 100 litres per kg [1]. Right from cotton cultivation and manufacture of
fibres, spinning, weaving, processing and finishing, more than 14,000 dyes and
chemicals are used and a significant quantity of these goes in the solid, liquid and
air wastes, thereby impart pollution of air, land and surface water.
Towards the end of 20th century, world has become more ecology consciousness
and thus green textile concept is emerged to facilitate eco-management in textile
arena. Different unit operations, which contribute to eco degradation, are described
and analysed in this chapter.
2.1 Noise Pollution
Noise is one of the most pervasive environmental problems. There is no doubt that
it has adverse effect on human beings, and their surroundings.
The ISO defines noise intensity level [2] as:
L = 20 log10 (P / P0) = 10 log10 (I / I0) (1)
Where P and P0 are the sound pressures of the noise present at a place and the
reference sound pressure at 1000 Hz at the threshold of hearing which is given by
20 micro Pascals. I is the sound intensity level being measured and I 0 is the
reference sound intensity at 1000 Hz at the threshold of hearing and is given by 10 12
w/m2.

Impact on environment
Economic

In 2010, the global apparel industry produced more than 150 billion garments,
enough to provide more than twenty new articles of clothing to every person on the
planet. At that scale, it is not surprising that the market for textiles is critical to the
world economy. In fact, it is estimated that in 2010 the textiles and apparel market
had revenues in excess of $1.8 trillion dollars.(AM Mindpower 2010)
Within this market, one of the best documented sectors is apparel production. These
data reveal the global nature of the textiles trade and, in particular, the uneven
distribution of production and consumption across the planet. More than twothirds
of revenue for apparel producers derives from export trade. Unsurprisingly, this
means that garment manufacturing is geographically removed from major garment
markets. As Figure 1 shows, more than 60% of production is carried out in East Asia,
while about 60% of consumption occurs in the EU, the US, and Japan (with China
rapidly becoming a large consumer as well).

Environment
A single mill can use 200 tons of water for each ton of fabric it dyes. And rivers run
redor chartreuse, or teal, depending on what color is in fashion that seasonwith
untreated toxic dyes washing off from mills.(NRDC 2011)
By 2015, the global apparel industry is expected to produce more than 400 billion
square meters of fabric per year, representing nearly enough material to cover the
state of California annually. These fabrics will be produced from nearly 100 million
tonnes of fiber and filament yarns, about 40% of which are agriculturally derived
(i.e., cotton, wool, ) and 60% synthetic (i.e., polyester, nylon, ). (Gugnami and
Mishra 2012)
This scale of production directly establishes the scale of the industrys
environmental impact. Although much work still needs to be done to fully
characterize the magnitude of the burden, and there is a great range in terms of
practices, including firms that are quite responsible. A rough analysis from 2009
estimates that the global industry consumes nearly 1 billion kWh of electricity or
130 million tonnes of coal, making the apparel industry a significant contributor to
global greenhouse emissions. (O Ecotextiles 2009)
One key resource utilized by the textiles industry is water. In 2009, the New York
Times (reporting on a California study) revealed that several dozen gallons (or more
than 400 pounds) of water were required to process one pound of textiles. (Peters
2009) Mapping this consumption rate onto the countries where production is
concentrated shows that the industrys use and discharge rates constitute a
significant fraction of available water resources. As an example, in 2009, textile
production ranked third among major industries in China in terms of total
wastewater discharge, emitting over 2.5 billion tonnes, primarily from the dyeing
and finishing steps of manufacture. (IPE 2012)

Social

Apparel production is a springboard for national development, and often is the


typical
starter
industry
for
countries
engaged
in
exportoriented
industrialization.(Gereffi and Frederick 2010)
The low barriers to entry that make textile and apparel production so pervasive also
make scoping and quantifying its full social impact nearly impossible. However,
even conservative estimates suggest that this industry directly employs more than
40 million people worldwide. In some developing countries, the textiles and apparel
industries are a particularly important source of manufacturing employment, which
is often associated with lifting individuals out of poverty. Key examples of this
include Cambodia (80.1%), Mauritius (72.8%), Sri Lanka (49.2%), Bangladesh (35%),
Pakistan (42.9%), and Madagascar (45%). (McNamara 2008) The derivative effects
of this scale of employment are clearly immense. The government of India has
estimated that every direct textile industry job means another 1.2 jobs in allied
industries (e.g., machinery, design, transport). (Gugnami and Mishra 2012)
The societal impact of this kind of work cannot be understated. In a detailed study
of the textiles industry in Madagascar, Alessandro Nicita and Susan Razzaz (World
Bank) found that moving from inconsistent, subsistence, or marginal employment to
a job within the textiles and apparel production industry would increase an
individuals purchasing power by 24% on average a change sufficient to lift them
out of poverty. (Nicita and Razzaz 2004; Nicita 2008)

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