EXPERIMENT I

ABSTRACT
This experiment was held to determined the time constant of different
type of thermometer measuring devices with reference to mercury filled
thermometer.The apparatus for this experiment is Hot Water Pot,Vacuum
flask and different type of thermometer.The time constant for each
thermometer will find based on the graph that has been plotted.The time
constant is used to determined the sensitivity of the thermometer.
OBJECTIVE
1.To compare the time constant of different type of temperature
measuring devices with reference to mercury filled thermometer.
2. To measure the relationship between resistance and temperature.
3. To understand the concept of resistance thermometer or RTD and
thermistor using the PT 100 and NTC probe.

THEORY
Temperature is a measure of hotness. Together with a measure of thermal
mass of a body it gives an indication of the total thermodynamics energy
that body contains. There are many scales for the comparison of
temperatures, the most important is with their corresponding values for
melting ice and boiling water (which are common reference temperatures)
being given in the table below.
Scale
Celsius (or

Melting Ice
0 0C

Boiling Water
100 0C

Centigrade)
Fahrenheit
Kelvin (Absolute

32 0F
273 K

212 0F
373 K

Scale)

In this experiment you will be familiarized with the following temperature

measurement devices:
a) Resistance thermometer (TYPE K)
b) Thermistor (NTC)

The Liquid Filled Thermometer

This type of thermometer depends on the expansion of a liquid associated
with an increase in temperature. The most common type is the mercury-inglass thermo meter. This thermometer consists of a capillary tube with a
bulbous end . clean , dry mercury is introduced and the thermometer
heated to drive off the air. The end is then scaled leaving mercury and
mercury vapour only.
On heating, the mercury expands relative to the glass container and a
column is pushed along the bore of the tube. A scale along the tube,
calibrated in units of temperature, gives a direct reading of temperature.
The mercury-in-glass thermometer is an accurate device but is very fragile
and care should be exercised in use. This type of thermometer should not
be used in applications such as the food industry where mercury poisoning
could occur in the event of breakage.
The mercury may be replaced by other fluids according to the application.
For example, alcohol is cheaper and may be used at lower temperatures
than mercury. A mercury-in-glass thermometer is supplied with the
Temperature Measurement Bench due to its stable and accurate
performance.
For accurate measurement of temperature using a liquid filled thermo
meter, it is important that the thermometer is immersed into the medium
being measured by the correct amount. The depth of immersion is usually
stated on the stem of the thermo meter and defines the condition under
which calibration is maintained. The immersion depth may be partial or
total and is independent of filling or range

The Vapor Pressure Manometer

For industrial applications, the liquid-in-glass thermometer is far from
suitable due to its fragility and the difficulty in reading. In these
applications the glass is replaced by a metal container and mechanical
indication is substituted. One example of this type of thermo meter is the
vapor pressure thermo meter.
This consists of a metal bulb partially filled with fluid, which is connected
to the sensing element of a Bourdon gauge. The space above the fluid is
filled with vapor of the fluid, the pressure of which is display on the
Bourdon gauge. The gauge is calibrated directly in units of temperature
corresponding to the equivalent, pressure of the vapor but calibration is
far from linear due to the pressure increasing more and more rapidly as
the temperature increases. For this reason, the vapor pressure
thermometer is suitable only for operation over short ranges of
temperature and suffers from lack of sensitivity at low readings. In service,
the range should be selected so that the gauge remains within operational
limits with the normal operating point at approximately two thirds of
fullscale reading.
Vapor pressure thermometers offer the advantage of remote reading. The
thermometer may be ordered with a metal capillary tube connecting the
bulb to the gauge, permitting remote operation over distances up to sixty
meters. Correct orientation of the bulb and gauge should be preserved f or
ac- curate results. The vapor pressure thermometer supplied with the
bench has the Bourdon gauge connected directly to the stem f or case of
operation

The Bi-Metallic Thermometer

Expansion of solids may be used to measure temperature but direct
measurement is impractical due to the very small movements involved.
However, if two thin met al strips, having d if f erent coeff icients of linear
expression, are mechanically fastened together, the result is a strip which
bends significantly when heated. This combination is called a Bi-metal
strip and the sensitivity may be increased by coiling the strip into a spiral.
One end of the strip is f ixed to the case and a pointer is attached to the
other end. L inear scale may be obtain ed by suitable cho ice of metals.
This type of thermometer is very robust and has many applications
throughout industry where accuracy of measurement is not imp ortant.
The bi- metal thermometer supplied w ith the bench is mounted on th e
back-board and gives a direct reading of ambient air temperature.
Resistance Thermometer
The resistance of a material changes with temperature. Resistance
thermometer uses this relationship in measuring the temperature. If high
accuracy is required, the material used in resistance thermometer is
platinum. Nickel is used in general operation and monitoring. Copper is
also suitable but only in a restricted temperature range of approximately
250oC, because copper tends to corrode more severely when subjected to
oxidation.
Figure 3.1 shows the resistance change of the metals as a function of the
temperature T. They have a positive temperature coefficient . For the
purpose of comparison a resistance characteristics of a thermistor (NTC)
was added, which runs much more non-linearly, and in contrast to the
metals, demonstrates a negative coefficient .
For small temperature ranges we may assume that linear relationships
exist between resistance and temperature.

PROCEDURE

1. The 3 pin was plug in to 220VAC main power supply.The power supply
was switch ON.
2. The MCB/ELCB is switch ON.
3. The main power supply for the apparatus was switch ON.
4. Water was pour into the hot water pot.
5. Small cup was removed from the hot water pot.
6. The desirirable temperature measuring device was choosed and placed
it into the hot water pot.
7. The initial temperature reading was stated and recorded into table.
8. Water heater was turn ON.
9. The temperature and reading was recorded for every 2 minute interval.
10. The step 9 until the water boiled was repeated.
11. The experiment was repeated with different type of temperature
measuring devices.

DATA,OBSERVATION AND RESUL

Graph of temperature againts time for thermistor

100
90
80
70
60

Temperature,T

50
40
30
20
10
0

10

15

20

25

30

Time(min)

Graph of temperature againts time for pt100

120
100
80

Temperature,T

60
40
20
0

10

15

Time (min)

20

25

30

Graph of temperature againts time for type k

120
100
80

Temperature,T

60
40
20
0

10

15

20

25

30

Time(min)

Graph of Temperature againts time for spirit type

120
100
80

Temperature,T

60
40
20
0

10

15

time (min)

20

25

30

Graph of temperature againts time for vapor pressure

120
100
80

Temperature,T

60
40
20
0

10

15

20

25

30

Time (min)

Time

mercur

Bi-

thermis

PT

(min)

metall

tor

100

Type K Sprint
type

ic

Vapou
r
pressu
re

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

25
28
34
40
46
53
60
67
73
82
88
94
99
102
102

24
24
26
30
36
40
48
54
61
70
75
82
90
97
97

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

25
28
32
39
45
52
59
66
73
81
88
94
100
104
104

26.4
28.4
33.3
39.7
46.6
53.3
60.0
66.6
73.5
81.4
93.7
96.3
101.3
104.3
104.3

24.1
27.2
32.8
3.8
45.8
52.4
58.5
65.8
71.5
79.1
84.4
88.8
93.8
96.7
96.7

22.6
23.1
24.7
28.2
33.3
38.9
45.4
52.5
59.2
67.9
74.3
79.6
86.4
92.8
92.8

28
29
32
37
42
49
56
62
69
77
83
88
95
101
101

Type of thermometer
Mercury type
Bi Metallic
Thermistor
PT 100
Type K
Spirit Type
Vapor Pressure

T = Ti + (Tf - Ti)

Time contant from

0.632
73.664
70.136
74.136
75.633
69.983
66.966
74.136

graph
16
18
20
16
16
14
17

DISCUSSIONS

Reffering to the graph plotted,it can seen that among 7 temperature

measuring devices,spirit type has the smallest time constant which is 14
minutes.The sensivity level of the thermometer is represented by the
determination of time constant.The smallest time constant show the
fastest respond to change by the temperature.Thus,according to the data
obtained,it can be concluded that spirit type thermometer is the most
sensitive thermometer,followed by PT 100, mercury type and Type K with
the time constant of 16 minutes vapour pressure is 17 minute and Bi
metallic is 18 minute.The last but no least the thermistor with time
constant 20 minute which is the less sensitive one out of the seven
thermometer.There might be some error during the experiment that effect
the time constant.The human error is the major influence to the result for
this experiment

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, all the objectives of this experiment has been fulfilled.We

were able to compare and determine the time constant of various type of
thermometer based on the mercury filled thermometer.Besides, the
concept of resistance thermometer as well as thermistor using PT 100 and
NTC probes was also understood.The relationship between resistance of
thermometer and thermistor was also learned.A graph of temperature
against time for each thermometer was plotted.The time constant
temperature was determined by using T = (Ti + Tf) 0.632. The time
constant was determined by intersecting the temperature calculated with
the graph of the temperature against time.Based on this experiment,we
found
that spirit type has the most sensitive while thermistor is the least
sensitive to different surrounding temperature.

EXPERIMENT II

ABSTRACT
This experiment is to know the relationship between temperature against
time for the tpe K thermometer.Besides,the sensitive of the thermometer
can be determined.At the end of the experiment,the graph is plotted and
the reading is tabulated.
OBJECTIVE
1. To investigate the working principle of the Type K thermometer.
2. To investigate the relationship between working output and
temperature.
3. To find the sensitive of the tpe K thermometer.
PROCEDURE
1. The 3 pin was plug in to 220VAC main power supply.The power supply
was switch ON.
2. The MCB/ELCB is switch ON.
3. The main power supply for the apparatus was switch ON.
4. Water was pour into the hot water pot.
5. Small cup was removed from the hot water pot.
6. Type K thermometer was connected and placed into the hot water pot.
7. switches the selector to 1.
8. The temperature meter voltage output port was connected to digital mV
meter.

9. The value form Type K temperature meter and mV meter into table was
stated down.
10. Turned ON ther water heater.
11. The temperature reading and the voltage reading was recorded for
every 5 minute interval.
12. The step 11 until the water boiled was repeated.
13. The graph of meter output voltage against temperature was plotted.
DATA,OBSERVATION AND RESULT

Graph of temperature againts time for type k

120
100
80

Temperature,T

60
40
20
0

10

15

time (min)

20

25

30

Graph of voltage againts temperature

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
voltage,mV

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

20

40

60

80

100

Temperature,T

Time (min)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

Voltage (mv)
0.190
0.034
0.240
0.526
0.885
1.263
1.352
1.452
2.244
2.954
3.243
3.490
3.777
3.936
3.931

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Temp (c)
24.1
27.2
32.8
38.8
45.8
52.4
58.5
65.8
71.5
79.1
84.4
88.8
93.7
96.7
96.7

120

The purpose of this experiment is to take the voltage reading output until
the water is boiling.Based on the recorded data, the time for water to start
boiling is almost 28 minutes to achive temperature of 96.7c.From the data
tabulated, it shiw that temperature is directly proportional to the output
voltage.Temperature increase,the output voltage also increase.

Sensitivity of thermocouple =

3.2430.885
84.445.8

= 0.061 mv/c

Sensitive value of manufacturing is 0.41 mv/c

Error Analysis
Percentage error =

theoryexperiment
theory
0.0410.061
0.41

x 100%

x 100% = 48.78%

There are a huge error in this experiment.This is may cause by human

error because of difficulties we faced while taking the reading due to the
value that fluctuates inconsistently eventhough all the reading are
displayed in digital form

CONCLUSION

In conclusion,the relationship between working output and temperature

was determined and the working principle of Type K thermometer was
successful investigated.The sensitivity of the thermocouple was calculated
to be 0.061 mv/c by determined the gradient of the graph of voltage

against temperature.Based on the data obtained, we can also conclude

that as the temperature increase,the output voltage also increase.

EXPERIMENT III

OBJECTIVE
1. Understanding of whirling psychrometer.
2. Understanding wet and dry bulb thermometer.
3. Measurement of ambient humidity using dry and wet bulb.

PROCEDURE
1. The whirling psychrometer was prepared.The water was filled to the
whirling psychometer water container.
2. The water was allowed to wet the cloth of the wet bulb thermometer
after refilling the whirling psychorometer.
3. The black handle of the whirling psychorometer was pulled so that it is
perpendicular to the dry and wet bulb thermeter.

4. The initial reading for the wet and dry bulb thermometer was stated.
5. The whirling psychorometer was rotated for about 1 minutes and wait
for the temperature to stable.
6. The reading was taked for the wet and dry bulb thermometer and
recorded into the table.
7. From the chart given.the humidity of the ambient was determined.
DATA AND OBSERVATION

Wet Bulb
reading
22
Humidity from psychrometer chart
Humidity reading from dial gauge
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Dry Bulb
27
70%
72%

The humidity value from the dial gauge is 72% which is higher than
humidity value from psychrometric chart which is 70%.
Percentage error,% =

7072
70

x 100% = 28.6%

In this experiment, there might be some error occurred while performing

the experiment thus causing the humidity from the dial gauge different
from the humidity fro the psychrometer chart.The first one is parallax error
that occurred during read the psychrometer chart due to the line is to
small to be read accurately.Another error is human error due to lack of
knowledge on how to read the psychrometer chart.

CONCLUSION
At the end of the experiment,the ambient humidity was sucessfuly
measured using dry and wet bulb.Besides, our understanding on whirling
psychrometer as well as the wet and dry bulb thermometer has
increased.The humidity was obtained from two source based on the

reading two different way.The first one is from psychrometric chart and
another one is by dial gauge.The reading based on psychrometric chart is
70% while the reading from dial gauge is 72%.