Professional Documents
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Towards 5G System:
Conference on Wireless and
Issues
and
Telematics (ICWT 2016)
1-2 August 2016
Grand Aston Hotel Yogyakarta Indonesia
Challenges in
Beamforming
2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Abstract
In order to meet Fifth Generation (5G) wireless system requirement in term
of user and system capacity, various disruptive technologies have been
proposed among other heterogeneous network (HetNets) over multiple
Radio Access Technologies (multi-RATs), Millimeter-wave, Massive MIMO
and Device-to-Device and Full-duplex communications. As 5G is
anticipated to operate in higher frequency, the propagation is more
hostile, however more elements can be packed into smaller antenna, thus
it become possible to steer the transmission towards the intended
direction and users using Direction-of-Arrival (DoA) information.
Traditionally, a beamforming is a signal processing techniques used to
control the directionality of the transmission and reception of radio signals,
thus the beam can be directed toward users and suppressed towards
interferers. Moreover, in 2G and 3G system, it been deployed using either
switched beam or adaptive beamformers in 2G and 3G system. Besides
several benefits in term of decreased interference, reduces overall
transmission power in networks, extended service and higher data rates in
sparse deployment, various issues and challenges need to be resolved for
5G beamforming deployment such as digital beamforming, DOA
estimations, Millimiter-wave beamforming and Massive MIMO
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beamforming.
Outline
Introduction
5G Enabler
Beamforming
BF Challenges
Related Research
Conclusion
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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3GPP Release-10
Introduction
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3GPP Release-10
Introduction
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3GPP Release-11
Introduction
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5G Enabler
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5G Enabler
High Capacity
High Throughput
High QoE
Efficiency
Latency < 1 ms
High Quality
User throughput ~ 1
Gbps
Low Latency
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5G Enabler
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5G Enabler
Heterogeneous Networks
Small cell, new carrier type, multiple RAT, D2D
Other Technologies
mmWave, shared spectrum, big data, indoor positioning
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5G Enabler
Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)
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5G Enabler
Software defined
control framework
for heterogeneous
RAN
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5G Enabler
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5G Enabler
The features and
benefits of Release
12 work items
Massive MIMO
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5G Enabler
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5G Enabler
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5G Enabler
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Beamforming
Essentially
2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
Two adjacent cells each communicating with
a respective UE located at the boundary
between the two cells (eNB1UE1,
eNB2UE2) with maximum signal power in
the azimuth direction of serviced UE and by
steering the power null location in the
direction of interfered UE. Beamforming can
provide considerable performance
improvements particularly for cell edge users.
The beamforming gain can also be used to
increase the cell coverage where required.
A single cell (eNB3) communicating
simultaneously with two spatially separated
devices (UE3 and UE4). Since different
beamforming weightings can be applied
independently to each of the spatial
multiplexing transmission layers, it is possible
to use Space Division Multiple Access
(SDMA) in combination with MU-MIMO
transmissions in order to deliver an improved
cell capacity.
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Beamforming
Beamforming
Buttler Matrix
Switched
Beamforming
Adaptive
Beamforming
Analog
Beamforming
Blind Adaptive
Algorithms
Digital
Beamforming
Hybrid
Beamforming
LMS
CMA
RLS
LS-CMA
Battler Matrix
SMI
LCMV
CGA
MVDR
Beamforming
classifications
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Beamforming
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Beamforming
SWITCHED BEAMFORMING
ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING
COVERAGE AND
CAPACITY
CAPACITY COMPARED TO
CONVENTIONAL ANTENNA
SYSTEMS. THE IMPROVEMENT IS
FROM 20 TO 200%.
SUFFERS FROM A PROBLEM IN
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN THE
DESIRED SIGNAL AND AN
INTERFERER SIGNAL
- EASY TO IMPLEMENT IN
EXISTING CELLULAR SYSTEMS
AND INEXPENSIVE.
- SIMPLE ALGORITHMS ARE
USED FOR BEAM SELECTION
INTERFERENCE
ELIMINATION
COMPLEXITY AND
COST
- VERY DIFFICULT TO
ACCURATE ALGORITHMS
(VERY COMPLICATED) TO
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Beamforming
Beamforming
Closed
loop beamforming
Employs
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Beamforming
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Beamforming
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Beamforming
Electrical downtilt
3D dynamic beamforming in
horizontal sight
3D dynamic beamforming in
vertical sight
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Beamforming
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Beamforming
Classification of Beamforming Techniques :
Direction of Arrival (DOA) beamforming
The eNodeB estimates the direction of arrival of the signal, uses
the DOA information to calculate the transmit weight, and targets
the major lobe of the transmit beam at the best direction.
MIMO beamforming:
The eNodeB uses the channel information to calculate the
transmit weight, forming a beam.
In the industry
TDD system uses open loop beamforming and
FDD system uses closed loop beamforming.
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Beamforming
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Beamforming
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Beamforming
Multi-antenna technology is a wireless communication
technology which uses more than one antennas in both Base
Station (BS) and Mobile Station (MS) in many wireless
communication standards, such as 16e,16m,LTE,LTE-A
The technology brings:
Power Gain
Space Diversity Gain
Spatial Multiplexing Gain
Array Gain and
Co-channel Interference Reduction Gain.
Therefore, it is used to improve the system coverage,
enhance the link reliability and increase system capacity, and
whats more, these performances can be achieved without
obvious cost increase in wireless communication systems.
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Beamforming
Space-Time Block Coding (STBC)
MIMO system
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Beamforming
Beamforming (BF) provide Array Gain and Co-channel Interference
Reduction Gain
By weighting the signal streams, the BS forms a narrow wave beams
which points to the direction of aim user while suppress the
interference signal from non-aim user.
Traditional BF technology is based on estimating the Direction of
Arrival (DOA) of beamforming phased-array and calculating the
beamforming weights based on channel coefficient matrix
The BF technology is also called MIMO-BF or MIMO BF.
Different with MIMO+BF, MIMO-BF or MIMO BF is solely BF without
being combined with MIMO Matrix A or MIMO Matrix B.
BF systems
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Beamforming
MIMO+BF Scheme 2- based on the entire antenna array & data transmission
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Beamforming
The evolutionary path where Generation II moves the radio units from the indoor enclosure at
the base of a tower, up to the tower top below the antenna. RRU replaces coaxial feeder
cables with fiber-optic cable interconnects. Generation III integrates the radio unit, typically
2T4R, and antenna within the radome where the radio interfaces with a cross-polarized
antenna array. Generation IV integrates multiple radio transceivers inside the antenna where
each radio interfaces with a dedicated antenna element to form an array.
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Beamforming
Baseband Beamforming architectures
Provide large antenna gain and this enables multi stream, multi user
connections with a variety of transmission modes.
When the design requires hundreds of antennas, which all need hundreds
of power-hungry converters (both ADC and DAC) - increase hardware
complexity and power consumption of the system and makes this
architecture impractical for these types of designs.
Weighting factor Wi is a function of amplitude and phase with i {1..n} as
number of antenna paths, precoding and combining are performed in BB.
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Beamforming
RF Beamforming architectures
The precoding and combining is done in the RF side with lower power
consumption and lower hardware complexity.
Since high performance phase shifters in CMOS introduce phase and
amplitude error verses frequency as well as phase variation verses the
control voltage, the design of high performance phase shifters in CMOS
turns out to be quite challenging.
Weighting factor Wi is a function of amplitude and phase with i {1..n} as
number of antenna paths, precoding and combining are performed in RF.
RF Beamforming
architectures
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Beamforming
Hybrid Beamforming architectures
The precoding and combining is done in both baseband (BB) and RF
sections. Baseband precoder(FBB) / combiner(WBB) using digital signal
processing and RF precoder (FRF) / combiner(WRF) using phase shifter.
By reducing the total number of the RF chains and ADC/DAC, hybrid
beamforming still gets similar performance to that of digital beamforming,
but saves power and complexity.
With this structure even though we used a large enough number of
antennas, the lossy mmWave channel naturally suppresses multi path
interference and reflections.
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Beamforming
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Beamforming
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3D
beamforming
Beamforming
Beamforming
BF Challenges
FD-MIMO 3D
Beamforming
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BF Challenges
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BF Challenges
mmWave Beamforming
To provide high throughput in small geographic areas
Directional BF for signal power and reduced interference
Sensitivity to blockages, indoor coverage more challenging
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BF Challenges
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BF Challenges
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BF Challenges
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BF Challenges
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BF Challenges
Feedback for channel state information for hybrid
beamforming in 802.11ay
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BF Challenges
Efficient beam selection for hybrid beamforming
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Related Research
5G
Initiative in Malaysia
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Related Research
5G
Initiative in Malaysia
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Related Research
Problem statements:
Objectives
To investigate the relationship between spatial subchannel coefficients and channel estimation error under
5G downlink transmission requirements
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Related Research
Estimating
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Related Research
Interference Mitigation Strategies for Co-Existence
Among 5G Heterogeneous Networks
Sub-group
Work Package
DoA
Estimation
for 5G
femtocell
Interference
&
Coexistence
in 5G
5G Radio
Environment
al Map
D2D
interference
mitigation
Contributions
2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Problem Statement
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Related Research
Problem Statement
A handset usually communicates
though the nearest tower but
can be made to use a more
distant one if the nearest tower
cannot handle its traffic.
No evidence investigating Radio
Environment Map (REM) in
mitigating the intercell
interference.
What is not yet known is the role
of REM in facilitating small and
dense cells deployment in future
5G.
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Related Research
Problem Statement
Device-to-Device (D2D) architecture improve
throughput, coverage, end-to-end latency.
However, introduces several challenges, such as
interference management between cellular and
D2D users becomes one of the most critical issues
for in-band D2D communication.
If the generated interference is not well
controlled, it will deteriorate the potential benefits
of D2D communication since the overall cellular
capacity and efficiency is degraded
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Related Research
Objectives
To
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Related Research
Methodology
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Related Research
WP 2: Overview of REM Prototype Architecture
REM Manager
Spatial interpolation toolbox
Propagation models toolbox
Statistical toolbox
...
Spectrum measurement data
REM Users
regulator
authorities
RRMs
MCDs information
Policy
Managers
network
admins
Transmitters/receivers
information
Propagation models
Radio Interference Fields
Statistical data
Measurement Capable
Devices (MCDs)
...
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Related Research
Methodology
WP3:
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Related Research
WP 3: Cellular Offloading in D2D Communications
in Multi-tier cells in Heterogeneous Networks
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Related Research
28 GHz
SINR A=??????
38 GHz
SINR B=??????
73 GHz
SINR C=??????
MAX_SINR
2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Empirical CDF
1
3000
21
22
1000
-1000
-2000
-3000
-3000
20
813
57 23 8210 3 717 19
35
50
27
66
1
29
15
36
34
49
28
26
11
12
36
43
9 8 87 24
3 65
2
265
63 84
12
48
47
25
37 10 4 647 5933
29 421 27
219 1 25
10
20
95 9431
769
86
11 12
281172 7 33
4690552 6 75
62
3
2
80
38
40 514596
32
3 356070 30
34
56 12 411
39 93
40
74
31
23
55
1
1
8
99
22
32
37 18
9168
6 92
54
4429 9798
1781 69
16
30
28
36
38 77
5 30
6 58 3867
4
21 20
13 78
15 14 15 14
42
39
100 41
1489
53 7 13 35
31 22 5 19 27
39 16
43
8
79
37
44
42 2617 18
88
23 24
1583 14 25 40
32
34
42
73
61
33
41
45 16 6 13 41
85
2
9
24
171018
46
48
47
9
-2000
-1000
1000
2000
0.8
0.7
P(SINR>absisca)
2000
SINR A
SINR B
SINR C
Max SINR
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
3000
0
-10
-5
10
15
SINR (dB)
70
20
25
30
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Related Research
A Hybrid Gravitational
WMVDR
R 1a( )
H
a ( ) R 1a( )
W MVDR
71
W1
W
2
W M
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Related Research
F2
F3
F4
F5
Method
Mean
Median
Best
Std
MBGSA
1.6610-1
1.5910-1
1.2810-1
0.0322
ECGSA
1.5510-3
1.3510-3
1.2210-4
0.0011
SLGSA
16.04
10.80
7.09
10.12
HGSA
3.610-4
3.1210-4
MBGSA
3.0710-9
3.0510-9
2.3610-9
5.1610-10
ECGSA
2.9310-9
2.9710-9
1.0310-9
1.1210-9
SLGSA
1.1110-9
1.1210-9
8.5210-10
1.0910-10
HGSA
8.8110-10
7.8410-10
1.2310-10
5.6310-10
MBGSA
23.82
23.84
23.47
0.31
ECGSA
22.6
22.6
22.1
0.169
SLGSA
25.05
25.12
23.86
0.260
HGSA
21.94
22.19
20.13
0.79
MBGSA
1.28
1.38
0.07
0.34
ECGSA
2.4810-2
1.4810-2
0.00100
0.027
SLGSA
0.03
2.1910-2
0.00100
0.030
HGSA
2.0810-12
2.9410-14
2.5510-15
7.9610-12
MBGSA
6.110-3
8.410-20
4.5210-20
0.025
ECGSA
1.0210-22
8.6810-23
2.8210-23
7.1410-23
SLGSA
5.6910-19
5.7210-19
2.7210-19
1.6510-19
HGSA
2.6510-23
2.2210-23
1.0810-23
1.410-23
3.6510-5
0.0003
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Related Research
Comparison
Method
1 Interference at
30
2 Interference at
30,50
3 Interference at
30,50,25
4 Interference at
30,50,25,60
MVDR
40.65
33.88
27.02
12.17
GSA-MVDR
67.10
63.65
32.25
12.52
MBGSA-MVDR
69.99
69.99
36.13
12.79
ECGSA-MVDR
69.99
69.99
36.61
12.79
SLGSA-MVDR
69.99
69.74
35.69
12.76
HGSA-MVDR
69.99
69.99
37.72
12.81
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2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
um
be
r
(a)
cto
rN
Sector Number 1
(b)
CC2 = 900
Se
um
be
r
cto
rN
Se
CC1 = 1800
CC2 = 1800
Sector Number 3
Sector Number 3
CC1 = 300
CC1 = 1500
Sector Number 1
CC2 = 220
CC1 = 450
CC2 = 450
CC1 = 3000
CC2 = 3000
CC1 = 3000
CC2 = 3000
um
be
r
Sector Number 1
CC1 = 1800
CC2 = 1800
cto
rN
CC1 = 450
CC2 = 450
Se
Related Research
CC2 = 3300
CC1 = 2700
Sector Number 3
(c)
eNB2
eNB1
eNB3
eNB4
CC1 (F1)
Sector - 1
CC2 (F2)
Sector - 2
Sector - 3
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Related Research
The average RSRP, SINR, spectral efficiency and outage probability in CCCADS scenario are significantly better compared to the typical CADSs.
Empirical CDF
8
7
CADS-1
CADS-2
CADS-3
CC-CADS
0.9
0.8
6
5
0.7
rxlevmin
0.6
0.5
0.4
4
3
2
1
0.3
CADS-1
CADS-2
CADS-3
CC-CADS
0.2
-1
0.1
0
-57
-2
-54.5
-56
-55
-54
-53
-52
-51
Average Serving RSRP [Pr (dBm)]
-50
-49
-54
-53.5
-53
-52.5
-52
Average Serving RSRP [dBm]
CADS-1
CADS-2
CADS-3
CC-CADS
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
-51
40km
60km
80km
100km
120km
140km
0.3
0.9
-51.5
0.35
Empirical CDF
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.2
0.1
0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
Average UEs Spectral Efficiency [bps/Hz]
4.2
CADS-1
CADS-2
CADS-3
CC-CADS
Carrier Aggregation Deployment Scenarios
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Related Research
Steerable Beamforming
1
7
0.5
km
Cell Layout
1.5
-0.5
4
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
km
77
0.5
1.5
2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
SINR for F1 (2.1GHz)
1
0.9
0.8
F1 for 10 UE
F1 for 50 UE
F1 for 100 UE
0.7
X: 6.484
Y: 0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.9
0.1
0.8
0
-60
F2 for 10 UE
F2 for 50 UE
F2 for 100 UE
0.7
-40
-20
0
20
SINR (dB)
40
60
80
0.6
F(x)
F(x)
0.6
SINR performance
X: 20.53
Y: 0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-60
-40
-20
0
20
SINR (dB)
78
40
60
80
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Related Research
Current
Grants
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Conclusion
The
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References
2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
References
Thank you
http://www.ukm.my/mahamod
mahamod@ukm.edu.my
mahamod@gmail.com
019-2615404/019-3275425
03-89216326
UKM
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2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Department
http://www.ukm.my/jkees/
Academic
Research
Research
1.
2.
3.
4.
Research
1.
2.
Group:
Institute/Centre:
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Wireless
& Network
Antenna
Photonics
Space
Research
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Research
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