UDEC 2204 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

NAME: RITA SHARMILA DEWI a/p MICHAEL DASS

ID: 1400250
PARTNER: RYAN ANNASDASS; KAVISHA
PRACTICAL GROUP: P (3)
Experiment details:

Number: 6

Title: THE ALKALINITY OF STREAMS AND LAKES

Date: 21 JULY 2016

Submission date: 29 JULY 2016

Lecturer: Ms. CHANG CHEW CHEEN

Title: The alkalinity of streams and lakes

Objective: To determine the alkalinity of natural waters by using indicator titration method and
potentiometric method
Materials:

0.1 M sodium hydroxide

KHP
Phenolphthalein
Deionised water
Lake water
Rain water
Tap water

Apparatus:

Burette
Conical flask
Retort stand
pH meter
Measuring cylinder
Beaker
Heater with stirrer

Results and Calculations:

Part A: Standardization of 0.1M NaOH

Set
Initial volume. ml
Final volume, ml
Volume of 0.1M NaOH, ml
Mass of KHP used, g

1
0.00
25.00
25.00
0.5049

2
0.00
25.20
25.20
0.5037

3
0.00
24.80
24.80
0.5001

KHP + NaOH KNaP + H2O

Since for every one mole of KHP used it takes one mole of NaOH to react with it, if the moles of
KHP is known, the moles of NaOH is known.
moles of KHP = moles of NaOH
The concentration (molarity) of the sodium hydroxide solution can now be determined.
of KHP
( mass204.23
)
Molarity, M =

of NaOH
( volume1000
)

Set 1; Molarity, M =

g
( 0.5049
204.23 )
ml
( 25.0
1000 )

= 0.0989 mol dm-3

Set 2; Molarity, M =

g
( 0.5037
204.23 )
ml
( 25.20
1000 )

= 0.0979 mol dm-3

Set 3; Molarity, M =

g
( 0.5001
204.23 )
ml
( 24.80
1000 )

= 0.0987mol dm-3

Average molarity of NaOH used = 0.0985 mol dm-3

Standard deviation, =

1
( xi )2
N i=1

1
( M 1 )2 +( M 2 )2+( M 3 )2
N
i=1

1
2
2
2
( 0.09890.0985 ) + ( 0.0979 0.0985 ) + ( 0.0987 0.0985 )
3

= 4.320 x 10-4
Relative standard deviation, RSD =

100%

4.320 x 104
0.0985

100 %

= 0.4386 %
Part A: Standardization of 0.1M HCl
Set
Initial volume. ml
Final volume, ml
Volume of 0.1M NaOH, ml

1
0.00
25.30
25.30

2
3.00
28.15
25.20

3
0.00
25.20
25.20

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Since for every one mole of HCl used it takes one mole of NaOH to react with it, if the moles of
HCl is known, the moles of NaOH are known.
mole of HCl = mole of NaOH
The concentration (molarity) of the sodium hydroxide solution can now be determined.
M1V1 = M2V2

M1

==

M 2V 2
V1

M1 = [HCl]
M2 = Standardized [NaOH]
V1 = volume of HCl used
V2 = volume of NaOH

Set 1: Molarity, M1 =

( 0.0989 M )(25.30 ml)

25 ml

= 0.1 M

Set 2: Molarity, M1 =

( 0.0979 M )(25.20 ml)

25 ml

= 0.099 M

Set 3: Molarity, M1) =

( 0.0987 M )(25.20 ml)

25 ml

= 0.099 M

Average molarity of HCl obtain = 0.099 M

Standard deviation, =

2
1
( xi )

N i=1

1
2
2
2
( M 1 ) +( M 2 ) +( M 3 )
N
i=1

1
2
2
2
( 0.10.099 ) + ( 0.0990.099 ) + ( 0.0990.099 )
3

= 5.77 x 10-4

Relative standard deviation, RSD =

100%

5.77 104
0.099

100 %

= 0.5832 %

Part B: Indicator titration for alkalinity lake water

Set
Initial volume. ml
Final volume, ml
Volume of 0.1M NaOH, ml
Molecular weight of CaCO3 = 100.0 g/mol

Alkalinity =

1
0.00
2.10
2.10

2
8.00
10.65
2.65

1 (volume of HCl)( M HCl )(Molecular mass of CaC O3)

2
Volume of lake water /1000

3
11.00
13.10
2.10

= 103.95 mg CaCO3 / L

= 131.175 mg CaCO3 / L

Set 1: [Alkalinity] =

1 (2.10 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g /mol)

2
100 ml/1000

Set 2: [Alkalinity] =

1 (2.65 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g /mol)

2
100 ml/1000

Set 3: [Alkalinity] =

1 (2.10 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g /mol)

2
100 ml/1000

= 103.95 mg CaCO3 / L

Average [alkalinity] for lake water = 113.025 mg CaCO3 / L

Part B: Indicator titration for alkalinity rain water
Set
Initial volume. ml
Final volume, ml
Volume of 0.1M NaOH, ml

1
0.00
0.40
0.40

2
0.40
1.80
1.80

3
1.80
3.40
1.60

Molecular weight of CaCO3 = 100.0 g/mol

Alkalinity =

1 (volume of HCl)( M HCl )(Molecular mass of CaC O3)

2
Volume of lake water /1000

Set 1: [Alkalinity] =

1 (0.4 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g/mol)

2
100 ml/1000

Set 2: [Alkalinity] =

1 (1.80 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g /mol)

2
100 ml/1000

Set 3: [Alkalinity] =

1 (1.60 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g /mol)

2
100 ml/1000

= 19.8 mg CaCO3 / L

= 89.1 mg CaCO3 / L

= 79.2 mg CaCO3 / L

Average [alkalinity] for rain water = 62.7 mg CaCO3 / L

Part B: Indicator titration for alkalinity tap water

Set
Initial volume. ml
Final volume, ml
Volume of 0.1M NaOH, ml
Molecular weight of CaCO3 = 100.0 g/mol

1
3.40
6.00
3.40

2
6.00
7.60
1.60

3
7.60
10.10
2.50

Alkalinity =

1 (volume of HCl)( M HCl )(Molecular mass of CaC O3)

2
Volume of lake water /1000

= 168.3 mg CaCO3 / L

= 79.2 mg CaCO3 / L

= 123.75 mg CaCO3 / L

Set 1: [Alkalinity] =

1 (3.40 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g /mol)

2
100 ml/1000

Set 2: [Alkalinity] =

1 (1.60 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g /mol)

2
100 ml/1000

Set 3: [Alkalinity] =

1 (2.50 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g /mol)

2
100 ml/1000

Average [alkalinity] for tap water = 123.75 mg CaCO3 / L

Part C: Potentiometric titration

Volume of HCl, ml
pH

0.00
8.68

0.50
6.60

1.00
6.21

1.50
5.30

2.00
3.15

Potentiometric of pH against HCl added

10
9
8
7
6

pH

5
4
3
2
1
0
0

0.5

1.5

Volume of HCl added, ml

Lake water
From the graph, when pH = 4.30, the volume of HCl = 1.75 mL
[Alkalinity] =

1 (1.75 ml)(0.099 M )(100.0 g /mol )

2
100 ml / 1000

= 86.625 mg CaCO3 / L

Conclusion:
The molarity of NaOH and HCl are recorded as 0.0985 M and 0.0990 M with relative
standard deviation of 0.4386% and 0.5832%. The average alkalinity of lake water, rain water and
tap water are 113.025 mg CaCO3 / L, 62.7 mg CaCO3 / L and 123.75 mg CaCO3 / L. Among the
three samples, the tap water shows the most alkalinity. By comparing both indicator titration
method and potentiometric method, the alkalinity for lake water is lesser with the value of
86.625 mg CaCO3 / L. The value difference between both methods is 26.4 mg CaCO 3 / L. Thus, I
am to determine the alkalinity of natural waters by using indicator titration method and
potentiometric method.

Reference:

Mr. Brian Oram, PG. 2016. Alkalinity and Stream Water Quality. [ONLINE] Available
at: http://www.water-research.net/index.php/the-role-of-alkalinity-citizen-monitoring.

[Accessed 26 July 2016].

Wikipedia. 2016. Alkalinity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available

at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinity. [Accessed 26 July 2016].

Alkalinity of drinking water explained | APEC Water. 2016. Alkalinity of drinking water
explained

APEC

Water.

[ONLINE]

Available

at: http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-education2/74-alkalinity-water.htm.
[Accessed 26 July 2016].