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3.6WhenThingsGoWrong
Oneofthemostimportantaspectsbuiltintoopcaltransportsystemsistheirselfdiagnosiscapability.Thatis,theabilitytodetectaproblem(i.e.,
observeasymptom),localizetheproblem(i.e.,ndwhereitoriginated),anddiscovertherootcauseoftheproblem.Infact,SONETandSDHinclude
manymechanismstoalmostimmediatelyclassifytherootcauseofproblem.Thisisdonebymonitoringthesignalintegritybetweenpeersatagiven
layer,andalsowhentransferringasignalfromaclient(higher)layerintoaserver(lower)layer(Figure217).

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Inthefollowing,werstconsiderthevariouscausesoftransportproblems.Next,weexaminehowproblemsarelocalizedandhowsignalqualityis
monitored.Finally,wereviewthemethodsandterminologyforcharacterizingproblemsandtheirduraon.

3.6.1TransportProblemsandTheirDetecon
Signalmonitoringfunconalityincludesthefollowing:connuitysupervision,connecvitysupervision,andsignalqualitysupervision.Theseare
describednext.

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3.6.1.1CONTINUITYSUPERVISION
Afundamentalissueintelecommunicaonisascertainingwhetherasignalbeingtransmiedissuccessfullyreceived.Lackofconnuityattheopcal
orelectricallayersinSONET/SDHisindicatedbytheLossofSignal(LOS)condion.Thismayarisefromeitherthefailureofatransmier(e.g.,laser,line
card,etc.)orbreakintheline(e.g.,bercut,WDMfailure,etc.).TheexactcriteriaforwhentheLOScondionisdeclaredandwhenitisclearedare
describedinreference[ITUT00b].ForopcalSDHsignals,atypicalcriterionisthedeteconofnotransionsontheincomingsignal(before
unscrambling)formeT,where2.3sT100s.AnLOSdefectisclearediftherearesignaltransionswithin125s.Whendealingwithother
layers,thelossofconnuityisdiscoveredusingamaintenancesignalknownastheAlarmIndicaonSignal(AIS).AISindicatesthatthereisafailure
furtherupstreaminthelowerlayersignal.Thisisdescribedfurtherinsecon3.6.2.1.

3.6.1.2CONNECTIVITYSUPERVISION
ConnecvitysupervisiondealswiththedeterminaonofwhetheraSONET/SDHconneconatacertainlayerhasbeenestablishedbetweenthe
intendedpairofpeers.Thisisparcularlyofinterestiftherehasbeenanoutageandsometypeofproteconorrestoraonaconhasbeentaken.A
trailtraceidenerisusedforconneconsupervision.Specically,
TheJ0byteisusedintheSONETsecon(SDHregeneratorsecon)layer.Thesecontracestringis16byteslong(carriedinsuccessiveJ0
bytes)asperrecommendaonG.707[ITUT00a].
TheJ1byteisusedintheSONET/SDHhigherorderpathlayer(e.g.,SONETSTS1andabove).Thehigherorderpathtracestringcouldbe16
or64byteslongasperrecommendaonG.707[ITUT00a].
TheJ2byteisusedintheSONET/SDHlowerorderpathlayer(e.g.,SONETVTsignals).Thelowerorderpathtracestringis16byteslongas
perrecommendaonG.707[ITUT00a].
Fordetailsoftrailtraceidenersusedfortandemconneconmonitoring(TCM),seerecommendaonsG.707[ITUT00a]andG.806[ITUT00c].The
usageofthisstringistypicallycontrolledfromthemanagementsystem.Specically,atracestringisconguredintheequipmentattheoriginangend.
Anexpectedstringisconguredatthereceivingend.Thetransmierkeepssendingthetracestringintheappropriateoverheadbyte.Ifthereceiver
doesnotreceivetheexpectedstring,itraisesanalarm,andfurthertroubleshoongisiniated.

3.6.1.3SIGNALQUALITYSUPERVISION
Signalqualitysupervisiondetermineswhetherareceivedsignalcontainstoomanyerrorsandwhetherthetrendinerrorsisgengworse.InSONET
andSDH,paritybitscalledBitInterleavedParity(BIP)areaddedtothesignalinvariouslayers.Thisallowsthereceivingend,knownasthenearend,to
obtainerrorstascsasdescribedinsecon3.6.3.Togiveacompleteviewofthequalityofthesignalinbothdireconsofabidireconalline,the
numberofdetectederrorsatthefarend(transmingend)maybesentbacktothenearendviaaRemoteErrorIndicator(REI)signal.
ThefollowingbitsandbytesareusedfornearendsignalqualitymonitoringunderSONETandSDH:
SONETsecon(SDHregeneratorsecon)layer:TheB1byteisusedtoimplementaBIP8errordetecngcodethatcoverstheprevious
frame.
SONETline(SDHmulplexsecon)layer:InthecaseofSDHSTMNsignals,aBIPN24composedofthe3STM1B2bytesisused.Inthe
caseofSONETSTSN,aBIPN8composedoftheNB2bytesisused.Thesecovertheenrecontentsoftheframeexcludingthe
regeneratorseconoverhead.
SONETpath(SDHHOVC)layer:TheB3byteisusedtoimplementaBIP8codecoveringallthebitsinthepreviousVC3,VC4,andVC4Xc.
SONETVTpath(SDHLOVC)layer.Bits1and2oftheV5byteareusedtoimplementaBIP2codecoveringallthebitsinthepreviousVC
1/2.
SONET/SDHprovidesthefollowingmechanismsforcarryingtheREIinformaon.Forpreciseusage,seeeitherT1.105[ANSI95a]orG.707[ITUT00a].
MulplexseconlayerREI:ForSTMN(N=0,1,4,16),1byte(M1)isallocatedforuseasMulplexSeconREI.ForSTMN(N=64and
256),2bytes(M0,M1)areallocatedforuseasamulplexseconREI.NotethatthisisinlinewiththemostrecentversionofG.707[ITU
T00a].

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PathlayerREI:ForSTS(VC3/4)pathstatus,therst4bitsoftheG1pathoverheadareusedtoreturnthecountoferrorsdetectedviathe
pathBIP8,B3.Bit3ofV5istheVTPath(VC1/2)REIthatissentbacktotheoriginangVTPTE,ifoneormoreerrorsweredetectedbythe
BIP2.

3.6.1.4ALIGNMENTMONITORING
Whenreceivingamedivisionmulplexed(TDM)signal,whetheritiselectricaloropcal,acricallyimportantstageofprocessingistondthestart
oftheTDMframeandtomaintainframealignment.Inaddion,whensignalsaremulplexedtogetherunderSONET/SDH,thepointermechanism
needstobemonitored.

FrameAlignmentandLossofFrame(LOF)
ThestartofanSTMN(OC3N)frameisfoundbysearchingfortheA1andA2bytescontainedintheSTMN(OC3N)signal.RecallthattheA1andA2
bytesformaparcularpaernandthattherestoftheframeisscrambled.Thisframingpaernisconnuouslymonitoredagainsttheassumedstartof
theframe.Generally,thereceiverhas625stodetectanoutofframe(OOF)condion.IftheOOFstateexitsfor3msormorethenalossofframe
(LOF)statewillbedeclared.ToexittheLOFstate,thestartoftheframemustbefoundandremainvalidfor3ms.

LossofMulframe
SDHLOVCsandSONETVTsusethemulframestructuredescribedearlier.The500smulframestartphaseisrecoveredbyperformingmulframe
alignmentonbits7and8ofbyteH4.Outofmulframe(OOM)isassumedoncewhenanerrorisdetectedintheH4bit7and8sequence.Mulframe
alignmentisconsideredrecoveredwhenanerrorfreeH4sequenceisfoundinfourconsecuveVCn(VT)frames.

PointerProcessingandLossofPointer(LOP)
PointerprocessinginSONET/SDHisusedinboththeHOVC(STSpath)andLOVC(VTpath)layers.Thisprocessingisimportantinaligningpayloadsignals
(SDHVCorSONETpaths)intotheircontainingsignals(STMN/OC3N).Withoutcorrectpointerprocessing,essenallyoneperpayloadsignal,the
payloadsignalisessenallylost.Hence,pointervaluesarecloselymonitoredaspartofpointerprocessing[ITUT00a,ITUT00b].Alossofpointer
stateisdeclaredundersevereerrorcondions.

3.6.2ProblemLocalizaonandSignalMaintenance
Onceaproblemhasbeendetected,itsexactlocaonhastobeidenedforthepurposesofdebuggingandrepair.SONET/SDHprovidessophiscated
mechanismstothisintheformofAlarmIndicaonSignals(AIS)andtheRemoteDefectIndicaon(RDI).Thesearedescribedbelow.

3.6.2.1ALARMINDICATIONSIGNALS
SupposethatthereisamajorproblemwiththesignalreceivedbyanintermediatepointinaSONETnetwork.Inthiscase,aspecialAlarmIndicaon
Signalistransmiedinlieuofthenormalsignaltomaintaintransmissionconnuity.AnAISindicatestothereceivingequipmentthatthereisa
transmissioninterruponlocatedat,orupstream,oftheequipmentoriginangtheAIS.NotethatiftheAISisfollowedupstreamstarngfromthe
receiver,itwillleadtothelocaonoftheerror.Inotherwords,theAISsignalisanimportantaidinfaultlocalizaon.Itisalsousedtodelivernewsof
defectsorfaultsacrosslayers.
ASONETSTEwilloriginateanAlarmIndicaonSignalLine(AISL)(MSAISinSDH)upondeteconofanLOSorLOFdefect.Therearetwovariantsofthe
AISLsignal.Thesimplestisavalidseconoverheadfollowedbyallonespaernintherestoftheframebytes(beforescrambling).TodetectAISL,it
issucienttolookatbits6,7,and8oftheK2byteandcheckforthe111paern.AsecondfunconoftheAISListoprovideasignalsuitablefor
normalclockrecoveryatdownstreamSTEsandLTEs.See[ANSI95a]forthedetailsoftheapplicaon,removal,anddeteconofAISL.
ASONETLTEwillgenerateanAlarmIndicaonsignalPath(AISP)upondeteconofanLOS,LOF,AISL,orLOPPdefect.AISP(AUAISinSDH)is
speciedasallonesintheSTSSPEaswellastheH1,H2,andH3bytes.STSpointerprocessorsdetectAISPas111...inbytesH1andH2inthree
consecuveframes.
ASONETSTSPTEwillgenerateanAlarmIndicaonsignalVT(AISV)forVTsoftheaectedSTSpathupondeteconofanLOS,LOF,AISL,LOPP,AISP,
orLOPVdefect.TheAISVsignalisspeciedasallonesintheenreVT,includingtheV1V4bytes.VTpointerprocessorsdetectAISVas111...in
bytesV1andV2inthreeconsecuveVTsuperframes.
TheSDHAISsignalsforitsvariouslayersarenearlyidencalasthoseofSONETindenionanduseasshowninTable35.

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3.6.2.2REMOTEDEFECTINDICATION
ThroughtheAISmechanism,SONETallowsthedownstreamenestobeinformedaboutproblemsupstreaminamelyfashion(intheorderof
milliseconds).TheAISsignalisgoodfortriggeringdownstreamproteconorrestoraonacons.Forquickrecoveryfromfaults,itisalsoimportantto
lettheupstreamnodeknowthatthereisareceponproblemdownstream.TheRemoteDefectIndicaon(RDI)signalisusedforthispurpose.The
precisedenionofRDI,asper[ANSI95a],is

Table35.SDHAISSignalsbyLayer

Layer

Type

MSn

MSAIS K2,bits6to8 111

111

VC3/4

AUAIS H1,H2

VC3/4TCM

IncAIS

VC11/12/2

TUAIS V1,V2

S11/12/2(VC11/12/2)

VC11/12/2

TUAIS V1,V2

SeeAnnexA/G.783[ITUT00b]

VC11/12/2TCM IncAIS

AISOverhead AISAcvaonPaern

SeeAnnexA/G.783[ITUT00b]

N1,bits1to4 1110

N2,bit4

AISDeacvaonPaern

1110

Asignaltransmiedattherstopportunityintheoutgoingdireconwhenaterminaldetectsspecicdefectsintheincomingsignal.
Atthelinelevel,theRDILcodeisreturnedtothetransmingLTEwhenthereceivingLTEhasdetectedanincominglinedefect.RDILisgenerated
within100msbyanLTEupondeteconofanLOS,LOF,orAISLdefect.RDILisindicatedbya110codeinbits6,7,8oftheK2byte(aerunscrambling).
AttheSTSpathlevel,theRDIPcodeisreturnedtothetransmingPTEwhenthereceivingPTEhasdetectedanincomingSTSpathdefect.Thereare
threeclassesofdefectsthattriggerRDIP:
1.Payloaddefects:ThesegenerallyindicateproblemsdetectedinadapngthepayloadbeingextractedfromtheSTSpathlayer.
2.Serverdefects:TheseindicateproblemsinoneofthelayersresponsiblefortransporngtheSTSpath.
3.Connecvitydefects:Thisonlyincludesthetraceidenermismatch(TIM)orunequippedcondions.
Table36showscurrentuseoftheG1byteforRDIPpurposes(consult[ANSI95a]fordetails).
TheremotedefectindicaonfortheVTpathlayer,RDIV,issimilartoRDIP.ItisusedtoreturnanindicaontothetransmingVTPTEthatthe
receivingVTPTEhasdetectedanincomingVTPathdefect.TherearethreeclassesofdefectsthattriggerRDIV:

Table36.RemoteDefectIndicatorPath(RDIP)viatheG1Byte

G1,bit5 G1,bit6 G1,bit7 Meaning


0

Remotepayloaddefect

Noremotedefect

1
0
1
Serverdefect
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Serverdefect

Remoteconnecvitydefect

1.Payloaddefects:ThesegenerallyindicateproblemsdetectedinadapngthepayloadbeingextractedfromtheVTpathlayer.
2.Serverdefects:ThesegenerallyindicateproblemsintheserverlayerstotheVTpathlayer.
3.Connecvitydefects:ThesegenerallyindicatethatthereisaconnecvityproblemwithintheVTpathlayer.
Formoreinformaon,see[ANSI95a]fordetails.RDIVusestheZ7bytes(bits6and7).
OnethingtonoteaboutRDIsignalsisthattheyarepeertopeerindicaons,thatis,theystaywithinthelayerthattheyaregenerated.TheAISand
RDIsignalsformthefastnocaonmechanismsforproteconandrestoraon,thatis,thesearetheprimarytriggers.Examplesoftheirusageare
giveninthenextchapter.TheRDIsignalsinvariousSDHlayersarenearlyidencaltothoseofSONETandtheyaresummarizedinTable37.

Table37.RDISignalsforVariousSDHLayers

Layer

RDI/ODI
Type Overhead

RDI/ODIAcvaon
Paern

RDI/ODIDeacvaon
Paern

MSn

RDI K2,bits6to8

110

110

S3D/4D(VC3/4TCMopon
2)

RDI N1,bit8,frame
73

S11/12/2(VC11/12/2)

RDI V5,bit8

S11D/12D/2D(VC11/12/2
TCM)

RDI N2,bit8,frame
73

3.6.3QualityMonitoring
3.6.3.1BLIPSANDBIPS
Thebiterrorratesaretypicallyextremelylowinopcalnetworks.Forexample,in1995,theassumedworstcasebiterrorrate(BER)forSONET
regeneratorseconengineeringwas1010,oroneerrorper10billionbits.Today,thatwouldbeconsideredquitehigh.Hence,forerrordeteconina
SONETframe,wecanassumeveryfewbiterrorsperframe.
Asanexample,thenumberofbitsinanSTS192frameis1,244,160(9rows90columnsperSTS1x8bits/byte192STS1).WithaBERof1010,itcan
beexpectedthattherewillbeonebiterrorinevery8038frames.Theprobabilityoftwoerrorsinthesameframeisfairlylow.Sincethebitrateofan
STS192signalis10Gbps(or1010bitspersecond),aBERof1010givesrisetoonebiterroreverysecondontheaverage.ThisiswhyaBERof1010is
consideredquitehightoday.
Figure310showsthegeneraltechniqueusedinSONETandSDHformonitoringbiterrorsinserviceovervariousporonsofthesignal.Thismethod
isknownastheBitInterleavedParity8Bits,orBIP8forshort.Althoughthenamesoundscomplex,theideaandcalculaonarerathersimple.InFigure
310,X1X5representsasetofbytesthatarebeingcheckedfortransmissionerrors.Foreverybitposioninthesebytes,aseparaterunningtallyofthe
parity(i.e.,thenumberof1sthatoccur)iskepttrackof.ThecorrespondingbitposionoftheBIP8byteissetto1iftheparityiscurrentlyoddanda

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zeroiftheparityiseven.TheBIP8byteissent,typicallyinthefollowingframe,tothedesnaon.ThedesnaonrecomputestheBIP8codebasedon
thecontentsofthereceivedframeandcomparesitwiththeBIP8received.Iftherearenobiterrors,thenthesetwocodesshouldmatch.Figure3
10(b)depictsthecasewhereoneofthebytes,X2,encountersasinglebiterrorduringtransmission,thatis,bit2changesfrom1to0.Inthiscase,the
receivedBIP8andtherecomputedBIP8dierbyasinglebitand,infact,thenumberofdieringbitscanbeusedasanesmateofthenumberofbit
errors.
Figure310.ExampleofBIP8CalculaonandErrorDetecon
NotethattheBIP8techniqueworkswellundertheassumponoflowbiterrorrates.Thestudyofgeneralmechanismsfor
errordeteconandcorreconusingredundantinformaonbitsisknownasalgebraiccodingtheory(see[Lin+83]).
BIP8isusedforerrormonitoringindierentSONET/SDHlayers.AttheSONETseconlayer,theB1bytecontainstheBIP8
calculatedoverallthebitsofthepreviousSTSNframe(aerscrambling).ThecomputedBIP8isplacedintheB1byteoftherstSTS1(before
scrambling).ThisbyteisdenedonlyfortherstSTS1ofanSTSNsignal.SDHusesthisbyteforthesamepurpose.Hence,theBIP8inthiscaseis
calculatedovertheenreSONETframeandcoversadierentnumberofbytesfordierentsignals,forexample,STS12vs.STS192.
AttheSONETlinelayer,BIP8iscalculatedoverallthebitsofthelineoverheadandtheSTS1SPE(beforescrambling).ThecomputedBIP8isplacedin
theB2byteofthenextSTS1frame(beforescrambling).ThisbyteisseparatelycomputedforalltheSTS1signalswithinanSTSNsignal.TheseNBIP8
bytesarecapableofdetecngfairlyhighbiterrorrates,upto103.Toseethis,consideranSTS1linesignal(i.e.,anSTS1framewithoutseconlayer
overhead).Thenumberofbytesinthissignalis804(9rows90columns6seconbytes).EachbitinthelineBIP8codeisusedtocover804bits
(whichareinthecorrespondingbitposionofthe804bytesinthelinesignal).SinceaBERof103meansanaverageofonebiterrorevery1000bits,
therewillbelessthanonebiterrorin804bits(ontheaverage).This,thelineBIP8codeissucientfordetecngtheseerrors.Note,however,that
BIP8(andanyparitybasederrordeteconmechanism)mayfailiftherearemulple,simultaneousbiterrors.
AttheSTSPathlevel,BIP8iscalculatedoverallthebitsofthepreviousSTSSPE(beforescrambling)andcarriedintheB3pathoverheadbyte.SDHuses
thisbyteforthesamepurposebutexcludesthexedstubytesinthecalculaon.ThepathBIP8,liketheseconBIP8,coversadierentnumberof
bytesdependingonthesizeoftheSTSpathsignal,thatis,STS3vs.STS12.
AttheVTpathlevel,2bitsoftheVTpathleveloverheadbyteV5areusedforcarryingaBIP2.ThetechniqueforthisisillustratedinFigure311.To
saveonoverhead,theparitycountsoveralltheoddandtheevenbitposionsarecombinedandrepresentedbythetwobitsoftheBIP2code,
respecvely.RecallthattheVTSPEisamulframespanningfourSONETframes.TheBIP2iscalculatedoverallbytesinthepreviousVTSPE,including
alloverheadbutthepointers(Figure311).
Figure311.BIPCalculaonattheVTPathLevel
LetusexaminehoweecvetheBIP2codeis.ThenumberofbitsintheVT1.5SPEis832([(9rows3columns)1
pointerbyte]8bits/byte4framesperSPE).EachbitoftheBIP2codecovershalfthebitsintheVT1.5SPE,thatis,416
bits.Hence,BIP2canhandleerrorratesof1in500bits(BERbetween102and103).Now,aVT6isfourmesthesizeof
theVT1.5.Inthiscase,eachparitybitcovers1664bits,handlingaBERslightlyworsethan104.

3.6.4RemoteErrorMonitoring
TheerrormonitoringcapabiliesprovidedbySONETandSDHenablesthereceivertoknowtheerrorcountandcomputetheBERonthereceivedsignal
atvariouslayers.Basedonthisinformaon,itisusefultoletthesenderlearnaboutthequalityofthesignalreceivedattheotherend.Thefollowing
mechanismsareusedforthispurpose.
TheSTS1lineREI(M0byte)isusedbythereceivertoreturnthenumberoferroredbitsdetectedatthelinelayertothesender.Thereceiverarrivesat
thisnumberbyconsideringthedierencebetweenthereceivedandtherecomputedBIP8(B2)codes.InthecaseofanSTSNsignal,theM1byteis
usedforconveyingtheREIinformaon.Clearly,upto8NerrorscouldbedetectedwithSTSNBIP8codes(aseachSTS1iscoveredbyitsownBIP8).
Butonlyacountofatmost255canbereportedinthesingleM1byte.Thus,insignalsofOC48andhigherrates,thenumber255isreturnedwhen255
ormoreerrorsaredetected.
Atthepathlayer,thereceiverusestherstfourbitsoftheG1pathoverheadtoreturnthenumberoferrorsdetected(usingthepathBIP8)tothe
sender.AttheVTpathlayer,thereceiverusesbit3oftheV5bytetoindicatethedeteconofoneormoreerrorstothesender.

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3.6.5PerformanceMeasures
Whenreceivingwordofaproblem,oneisinclinedtoasksomegeneralquesonssuchas:Howbadisit?Howlonghasitbeenthisway?andIsit
gengworseorbeer?Thefollowingterminologyisusedinthetransportworld.Ananomalyisacondionthatgivesthersthintofpossible
trouble.Adefectisanarmaonthatsomethinghasindeedgonewrong.Afailureisastatewheresomethinghastrulygonewrong.Whetheranevent
nocaonoranalarmissenttoamanagementsystemunderthesecondionsisaseparatemaer.PerformanceparametersinSONETandSDHare
usedtoquanfythesecondions.
ASONEToranSDHnetworkelementsupportsperformancemonitoring(PM)accordingtothelayeroffunconalityitprovides.ASONETnetwork
elementaccumulatesPMdatabasedonoverheadbitsattheSecon,Line,STSPath,andVTPathlayers.Inaddion,PMdataareavailableattheSONET
Physicallayerusingphysicalparameters.ThefollowingisasummaryofdierentperformanceparameterdenedinSONET.Similarperformance
parametersarealsomonitoredandmeasuredinSDH.ForadetailedtreatmentonPMparametersonSONETreferto[Telcordia00].

PhysicalLayerPerformanceParameters
Thephysicallayerperformancemeasurementenablesproacvemonitoringofthephysicaldevicestofacilitateearlyindicaonofaproblembeforea
failureoccurs.Severalphysicalparametersaremeasured,includinglaserbiascurrent,opcalpoweroutputbythetransmier,andopcalpoweratthe
receiver.AnotherimportantphysicallayerparameteristheLossofSignal(LOS)second,whichisthecountof1secondintervalscontainingoneormore
LOSdefects.

SeconLayerPerformanceParameters
ThefollowingseconlayerperformanceparametersaredenedinSONET.Notethatallseconlayerperformanceparametersaredenedforthenear
end.TherearenofarendparametersattheSeconlayer.
CodeViolaon(CVS):TheCVSparameterisacountofBIPerrorsdetectedattheseconlayer.UptoeightseconBIPerrorscanbe
detectedperSTSNframe.
ErroredSecond(ESS):TheESSparameterisacountofthenumberof1secondintervalsduringwhichatleastoneseconlayerBIPerror
wasdetected,oranSEF(seebelow)orLOSdefectwaspresent.
ErroredSecondTypeA(ESAS)andTypeB(ESBS):ESASisthecountof1secondintervalscontainingoneCVS,andnoSEForLOSdefects.
ESBSisthecountof1secondintervalscontainingmorethanonebutlessthanXCVSerrors,andnoSEForLOSdefects.Here,Xisauser
denednumber.
SeverelyErroredSecond(SESS):TheSESSparameterisacountof1secondintervalsduringwhichKormoreSeconlayerBIPerrorswere
detected,oranSEForLOSdefectwaspresent.Kdependsonthelinerateandcanbesetbytheuser.
SeverelyErroredFrameSecond(SEFSS):TheSEFSSparameterisacountof1secondintervalsduringwhichanSEFdefectwaspresent.An
SEFdefectisdetectedwhentheincomingsignalhasaminimumoffourconsecuveerroredframepaerns.AnSEFdefectisexpectedto
bepresentwhenanLOSorLOFdefectispresent.Buttheremaybesituaonswhenthisisnotthecase,andtheSEFSSparameterisonly
incrementedbasedonthepresenceoftheSEFdefect.

LineLayerPerformanceParameters
AttheSONETlinelayer,bothnearendandfarendparametersaremonitoredandmeasured.Farendlinelayerperformanceisconveyedbacktothe
nearendLTEviatheK2byte(RDIL)andtheM0orM1byte(REIL).Someoftheimportantnearendperformanceparametersaredenedbelow.The
farendparametersaredenedinasimilarfashion.
CodeViolaon(CVL):TheCVLparameterisacountofBIPerrorsdetectedatthelinelayer.Upto8NBIPerrorscanbedetectedperSTSN
frame.
ErroredSecond(ESL):TheESLparameterisacountof1secondintervalsduringwhichatleastonelinelayerBIPerrorwasdetectedoran
AISLdefectispresent.
ErroredSecondTypeA(ESAL)andTypeB(ESBL):ESAListhecountof1secondintervalscontainingoneCVLerrorandnoAISLdefects.

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ESBListhecountof1secondintervalscontainingXormoreCVLerrors,oroneormoreAISLdefects.Here,Xisauserdenednumber.
SeverelyErroredSecond(SESL):TheSESLparameterisacountof1secondintervalsduringwhichKormorelinelayerBIPerrorswere
detected,oranAISLdefectispresent.Kdependsonthelinerateandcanbesetbytheuser.
UnavailableSecond(UASL):Countof1secondintervalsduringwhichtheSONETlineisunavailable.Thelineisconsideredunavailableaer
theoccurrenceof10SESLs.
AISSecond(AISSL):Countof1secondintervalscontainingoneormoreAISLdefects.

PathLayerPerformanceParameters
BothSTSpathandVTpathperformanceparametersaremonitoredatthepathlayer.Also,bothnearendandfarendperformanceparametersare
measured.FarendSTSpathlayerperformanceisconveyedbacktothenearendSTSPTEusingbits1through4(REIP)and5through7(RDIP)ofthe
G1byte.FarendVTpathlayerperformanceisconveyedbacktothenearendVTPTEusingbit3oftheV5byte(REIV),andeitherbits5through7of
theZ7byteorbit8oftheV5byte(RDIV).SomeoftheimportantnearendSTSpathperformanceparametersaredenedbelow.Thefarend
parametersaredenedinasimilarfashion.
CodeViolaon(CVP):CountofBIP8errorsthataredetectedattheSTSpathlayer.
ErroredSecond(ESP):Countof1secondintervalscontainingoneormoreCVPerrors,oneormoreAISP,LOPP,TIMP,orUNEQPdefects.
ErroredSecondTypeA(ESAP)andTypeB(ESBP):ESAPisthecountof1secondintervalscontainingoneCVPerrorandnoAISP,LOPP,
TIMP,orUNEQPdefects.ESBPisthecountof1secondintervalscontainingmorethanonebutlessthanXCVPerrorsandnoAISP,LOP
P,TIMP,orUNEQPdefects.Here,Xisauserdenednumber.
SeverelyErroredSecond(SESP):Countof1secondintervalscontainingXormoreCVPerrors,oneormoreAISP,LOPP,TIMP,orUNEQP
defects.Here,Xisauserdenednumber.
UnavailableSecond(UASP):Countof1secondintervalsduringwhichtheSONETSTSpathisunavailable.Apathisconsideredunavailable
aertheoccurrenceof10SESs.
PointerJuscaonCounts:TomonitortheadaptaonofthepathpayloadsintotheSONETline,thepointerposiveandnegave
adjustmenteventsarecounted.Thenumberof1secondintervalsduringwhichapointeradjustmenteventoccursisalsokepttrackof.
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