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Thermal Lab
ABSTRACT
Objective of this experiment is to conduct performance test
on two stage reciprocating air compressor and to plot graphs between Volumetric Efficiency Vs pressure ratio, Adiabatic Efficiency Vs pressure ratio and Isothermal Efficiency Vs pressure
ratio at various delivery pressure.
NOMENCLATURE
A - Area of cross section of LP cylinder
a - Area of orifice
Cd - Coefficient of discharge
D - Diameter of LP Cylinder
d2 - Diameter of the orifice
Ha - Head causing flow in m of air
Hw - Orifice meter manometer reading
hw - Stabilization tank manometer reading
K - Energy meter constant
L - Torque Arm Length
lb - Barometer reading in mm of Hg
Nm - Speed of motor in rpm
Nc - Speed of compressor crank in rpm
Pa - Atmospheric pressure
Pg - Delivery gauge pressure in kgf/cm2
Pr - Pressure ratio
P0 - Pressure of air at NTP
P1 - Absolute inlet pressure
P2 - Delivery pressure
R - Characteristic gas constant
S - Spring balance reading
T - Torque of the motor
T0 - Temperature of air at NTP
T1 - Temperature of suction in K
T2 - Temperature at delivery
t - Time for 20 impulses in sec
INTRODUCTION
An air compressor is a device that converts power (usually
from an electric motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline engine)
into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing air, which,
on command, can be released in quick bursts [1] The Air
Compressor on which experiment was conducted, is a two stage,
reciprocating type.
Two stage compressor are those air compressor in which
compression of air from initial pressure to final pressure is carried out in two cylinders. The air is sucked from atmosphere and
compressed in the first cylinder. The compressed air then passes
through the air cooler into the second stage cylinder, where the
air is further compressed. The air further goes to the air reservoir through safety valve, which operates the electrical switch,
when the pressure exceeds the limit. The test unit consists of an
air chamber containing an orifice plate, manometer, compressor,
and an electrical dynamometer type induction motor.
1
THEORY
A reciprocating compressor or piston compressor is a
positive-displacement compressor that uses pistons driven by a
crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure.
The intake gas enters the suction manifold, then flows into
the compression cylinder where it gets compressed by a piston
driven in a reciprocating motion via a crankshaft, and is then
discharged. Applications include oil refineries, gas pipelines,
chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and refrigeration
plants. One specialty application is the blowing of plastic bottles
made of polyethylene terephthalate. It is also used to start the
auxillary and main engines of the ship.
Since, the experiment involves measuring the volumetric ,
adiabatic and isothermal inefficiencies and outlet pressures and
temperatures were measured. The inefficiencies are calculated
as followsThe atmospheric pressure is calculated using the barometer
reading,
Pa =
Density of air,
a =
From Bernoullis equation we can easily see that the volume of air actually compressed,
p
V1 = Cd A 2gHa
Ha =
Hw w
a
(6)
(7)
where,
(1)
w =density of water=1000kg/m3
Hw =Orifice meter manometer reading in m of water
Cd is the coefficient of discharge = 0.6 (Given)
A=Area of the orifice =
d22
4
Vs =
(2)
(8)
Although the volumetric efficiency could have been calculated as ratio of V1 and Vs it will not be useful to compare
efficiency between different compressors operating at different
temperatures and pressure thus we need to find the volume
with respect to a standard temperature thus we use the NTP
conditions. It is important to note that we could have chosen any
reference temperature.
(5)
where,
R=characteristic gas constant=287.14 J/kgK
T1 =Temperature at suction in K
Where,
Ib =Barometer reading in mm of Hg.
As the air enters the compressor it has a pressure less than
the atmospheric pressure.The pressure is measured by using the
manometer reading.
Absolute Inlet Pressure,
P1 = (Pa w hw )N/m2
P1
RT1
(3)
Vo =
where
Pg =Delivery pressure gauge reading in kg f /cm2
P1V1 To 3
m /s
Po T1
(9)
Vo
100
Vs
(10)
where To = 273K,
Po = 1.03 104 9.81Pa
Pressure ratio
Volumetric Efficiency,
Pr =
P2
P1
(4)
2
2NT
watts
60
(11)
where,
N=speed of the motor in rpm,
T=Torque=load X arm length
Figure 1.
Wact =
20 3600 1000
watts
20K
where
K=Energy meter constant=1600 impulses/kWh
t=time for 20 impulses in seconds
inlet pressure
P1 = (99470.56 9810 0.214)N/m2
(13)
P1 = 97371.22
iso =
Wiso
Wact
(14)
delivery pressure,
P2 = 99470.56 + 7 104 9.84N/m2
1
P1V1 P2
Wadia =
1 watts
1
P1
P2 = 786170N/m2
(15)
Head causing flow
Adiabatic efficiency ,
Ha =
adia =
Wadia
Wact
18.7 1000
m
1.1009
(16)
Ha = 169.84 m
3
Sl
Gauge
Orifice side
Suction Side
Spring
Speed
Speed
Temp
Absolute
Absolute
Pressure
No.
Pressure
Manometer
Manometer
balance
of
of
at
inlet
delivery
ratio
Reading
Reading
Reading
motor
compressor
Delivery
pressure
pressure
Pg
h1
h2
Hw
h1
h2
hw
Nm
Nc
T2
P1
P2
kgf/cm2
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
Kg
rpm
rpm
Pa
Pa
21.7
21.7
35.8
60.2
24.4
5.2
1463
947.7
347
97077
295671
3.05
0.8
20.9
20.1
36.8
59.4
22.6
5.4
1452
941.7
356
97254
393771
4.05
1.1
20.6
19.5
37
59
22
5.7
1455
943.2
367
97312
491871
5.05
1.3
20.5
19.2
37.2
58.8
21.6
6.8
1447
937.5
376
97352
589971
6.06
1.4
20.3
18.9
37.3
58.7
21.4
1442
934
385
97371
688071
7.07
1.5
20.2
18.7
37.3
58.7
21.4
7.7
1436
931.4
394
97371
786171
8.07
Sl
Density
Head
Volume of
Volume
Volume
No
of
Causing
air actually
of air
of air
air
flow
compressed
at NTP
Swept
Torque
Pr
Volumetric
Time
Temp
Actual work
Isothermal
efficiency
for 20
at
done per
work done
impulse
inlet
second
per second
vol
T1
Wiso
sec
Watts
Watts
Watts
Ha
V1
Vo
Vs
kg/m3
m of air
m3 /sec
m3 /sec
m3 /sec
1.0941
198.3
0.00661
0.00561
0.00619
11.73
90.6
16.09
309
1796.6
2796.8
757.1
1.0961
183.4
0.00636
0.00541
0.00615
12.18
87.9
14.66
309
1851.7
3069.6
916.2
1.1003
177.2
0.00625
0.00534
0.00616
12.86
86.6
13.88
308
1958.6
3242.1
1046.3
1.1008
174.4
0.00620
0.00530
0.00613
15.34
86.5
13.38
308
2323.7
3363.2
1153.3
1.1010
171.7
0.00615
0.00526
0.00610
15.79
86.1
12.69
308
2383.8
3546.1
1246
1.1010
169.8
0.00612
0.00523
0.00609
17.37
85.9
12.06
308
2611.3
3731.3
1331.1
swept Volume
Vs = 6.08 103 m3 /s
Volumetric Efficiency,
Vo
Vs
adiabatic work
Isothermal
Adiabatic
Volumetric
ratio
efficiency
efficiency
efficiency
Wadia
iso
adia
vol
Watts
3.04
-841.98
25.569
30.1
90.642
4.04
-1063.27
28.178
34.6
87.872
5.04
-1253.68
30.406
38.7
86.579
6.05
-1422.92
32.348
42.3
86.45
7.05
-1569.34
33.038
44.3
86.102
8.05
-1702.57
33.36
45.6
85.885
Pr
V1 = 6.11 103 m3 /s
Pressure
100
= 85.885%
1. using Dynamometer-
Wact
Wact = 2609.22 W
20
3600
1000 watts
1600 12.06
Wact = 3731.34 W
isothermal work done,
Wiso = 97371.22 6.11 103 ln
786170
watts
97371.22
Wiso = 1244..7889 W
Isothermal Efficiency,
iso = 33.36%
Figure 2.
umetric Efficiency
Adiabatic work,
97371.22 6.11 103
Wadia =
1 1.4
"
786170
97371.22
1.41
1.4
1
INFERENCE
1. Volumetric Efficiency refers to the ratio of the volume entering the conpressor to the volume swept.Now, as Pr increases,
compressibility effects dominate and lesser volume enters inside
because it faces greater pressure relative to entry pressure.Thus
Volumetric efficieny must decrease as Pr increases.
2.Isothermal Efficiency is the ratio of the work done in the
isothermal process to the actual work done. Actual work done
consists of work done against dissipative forces plus work done
(17)
Wadia = 1702.57 W
Adiabatic efficiency ,
adia = 45.6 %
5
REFERENCES
[1] klenck,Thomas 30 July 2010,How it works:Air Compressor
Popular Mechanics
Vo
100
Vs
P1V1 To
Po T1 LANc
Nc
Hw
P1
T1
m.s.e
0.06131
0.133879
0.002925
0.009402
0.147579
0.059809
0.140105
0.002831
0.009114
0.152636
0.058835
0.142291
0.002787
0.009009
0.154264
0.059102
0.144292
0.002782
0.008995
0.156211