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NOUN PHRASES: DEPENDENT WORDS


In a noun phrase, dependent words before the head are either determiners
(e.g. the, my, some) or premodifiers (e.g. adjectives). Dependent words after
the head are either complements or postmodifiers.
Noun phrases: determiners (a, the, my, his, some, this, etc.)
Determiners come first in a noun phrase (e.g. the big sensor). They include:
articles: a/an, the
demonstratives: this, that, these, those
possessive determiners: my, your, his, her, etc.
quantifiers: some, any, all, enough, no, every, etc.
numerals: one, two, three, etc.
interrogative words: which, what, whose
Determiners show the type of reference the noun phrase makes. The reference
may be definite (the), indefinite (a/an), demonstrative (this, that, these, those),
possessive (my, our, their, etc.). Determiners can also indicate number or
quantity (e.g. seven, all, some, no). (Determiners are in bold; heads are
underlined.):
This device is the photosensor.
Every time I see him hes describing some control systems.
Which lights are connected in the room?
Noun phrases: premodifiers (big, good, red)
Premodifiers consist of single adjectives, adjective phrases, single nouns and
noun phrases which are used before the head in a noun phrase.
Adjective premodifiers
Adjectives describe the qualities or features of a noun. Common adjectives
include nice, big, bad, happy, black, beautiful, new. (Adjectives and adjective
phrases are in bold; heads are underlined.):
An electric charge

Those solid-state devices

A positive terminal

This safety, automatic switch

Nouns acting as premodifiers


Nouns can act as premodifiers in noun phrases. They specify particular aspects
or features of the noun, such as type, material, etc. (Premodifier nouns are in
bold; heads are underlined.):

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Some battery terminals

Long-distance power lines

The voltage difference

the iron-core transformers

The circuit diagrams


Nouns which act as premodifiers are singular, even when the head is plural:
Four metal cylinders were attached to the machine.

Noun phrase modifiers indicating time or measurements are singular in form


even when their meaning is plural. Hyphens are normally used in the modifying
expression:
an eight-hour experiment
a three-month research
a two-litre bottle
Other noun phrase modifiers can be found as in the following examples:
- Verb (ING) + Noun:
Building block
Water cooling systems
Conducting path
- Adverb + Noun:
Physically small diodes
Negatively-charged region
- Past Participle + Noun:
Required current
Separated ions
Thin insulated laminations
-Genitive s + Noun:
The elements atomic number

Noun phrases: complements


Complements come immediately after the head in a noun phrase. They are
prepositional phrases or clauses which are necessary to complete the
meaning of the noun. Without the complement, we wouldnt understand what
the noun was referring to.

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Ingls Tcnico I I

PreHead

Head

Complement

Type

the

growth

in engineering environment

Prepositional
Phrase

the

information

on the devices and circuits

Prepositional
Phrase

the

bachelors degree

in mechanical engineering

Prepositional
Phrase

the

statistical quality control


techniques

to produce positive results

Infinitive Clause

nucleus

containing protons and neutrons

ING Clause

the

heat

generated by electronic circuits

those

engineers

who have not kept current in their


Relative Clause
field

Past Participle
Clause

Noun phrases: postmodifiers


Postmodifiers come after the head in a noun phrase. They consist of adverb
phrases, prepositional phrases and clauses. Postmodifiers give extra or specific
information about the noun (e.g. place, possession, identifying features). Unlike
complements, they are not necessary to complete the meaning.
Pre-Head

Head

Postmodifier

Type

A detailed

diagram

here

Adverb Phrase

a laminating

glass

with a polymer

Prepositional Phrase

that antique

cutting tool

she bought last year

Clause

Postmodifiers usually come after any complement in the noun phrase.


PreHead

Head

Complement

Stainless steel

which contain chromium


as well as other metals

of mild steel

weakness

Postmodifier
that do not rust
that takes place

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PreHead

Head

Ingls Tcnico I I

Complement

Postmodifier
progressively

Noun phrases: complements or postmodifiers?


Complements are necessary to complete the meaning of a noun. Postmodifiers
are not necessary; they give extra information about the noun which helps to
identify it or locate it in some way.
(Adapted from Noun phrases: dependent words from English Grammar Today
Cambridge University Press.)

Activity 1
Find in these sentences more examples:
1. Circuit temperature variations can affect gain, distorion or control
functions like a receiver or a transmitter.
2. The energy required to overcome the retentivity of the cores magnetic
material.
3. Specific grades of alloy steel include low alloy steels, which contain 90%
or more of iron, and up to approximately 10% of alloying metals.
4. The statistical process control provides inspectors with a sampling
system which is costly and time-consuming.
5. New engineering graduates normally work under the supervision of
experienced engineers.
Google Translate

Uso de Traductores Automticos


Traducir no es una tarea fcil, supone expresar en un idioma lo que un autor/escritor ha expresado en su
idioma original, debindose mantener fidelidad a la esencia y espritu del texto. La traduccin no es una
versin parecida de un contenido sino el producto de haber utilizado una tcnica de traduccin semnticomorfolgico-sintctica.
Las traducciones basadas en la utilizacin de traductores automticos son de dudosa fiabilidad. Si bien el
significado de una palabra no es nunca exactamente el mismo al pasar de un idioma al otro segn la voz del
diccionario, se puede hablar de errores entre el original y el texto traducido, de similitudes y diferencias al
utilizar los traductores automticos.
La traduccin no es una simple reproduccin mecnica, es por ello que planteamos al abordar un texto
traducido por un traductor automtico: la lectura que abarque las diferencias conceptuales, el anlisis y la
reflexin, para posteriormente interpretar el resultado de la traduccin y realizar la edicin utilizando todos
los conceptos semnticos, morfolgicos y sintcticos necesarios para alcanzar el objetivo final.
A continuacin se muestra un texto en Ingls y la versin de haberlo pasado por el traductor Google
Translate, sugerimos comparar la versin resultante y realizar la edicin correcta.

Ingeniera en Electrnica
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Ingls Tcnico I I

Mock exam 1
INGLS TCNICO II Evaluacin PARCIAL
A. Complete the paragraphs with the following words:

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OPPOSES

REVERSE

MOVING

Ingls Tcnico I I

VOLTAGE

MAGNET MAGNETIC

INDUCTION
A current through a coil produces a magnetic field. The __________action also
occurs. In the drawing below, a bar magnet moving toward a coil induces a
current in the coil:
The current flows and the_____________ difference is produced only when the
magnet is moving. If we hold the magnet still, the current stops. If we move the
____________away from the coil, the current flows in the opposite direction.
If the current is flowing in the same direction in the two drawings, the induced
current is producing a _____________field with its North pole at the end nearer
the magnet. This induced magnetic field is trying to repel the magnet (like
poles repel). It is trying to stop it from moving toward the coil.
The induced magnetic field ________________the motion of the magnet. When we
move the magnet away, the current reverses and the field reverses too. Now
there is a South pole near the North pole of the magnet. Unlike poles attract.
There is a force trying to prevent us from _________the magnet away.

B. Read the text Employers and employees responsibilities and


find:
a) 5 verbs in the passive form: 1 in FUTURE SIMPLE, 1 in the INFINITIVE
form, 1 in the CONTINUOUS form, 1 in SIMPLE PRESENT and 1 with a
MODAL verb.
b) One comparative adjective and one superlative adjective
c) A modal verb expressing obligation and one expressing advice
d) A compound noun
e) A sentence in simple future.
f) State the category of these words from the text. Underline the affixes.
Particularly- installation- equipment- safety- misuse
EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES RESPONSIBILITIES
All employers must, by law, maintain a safe place to work. To fulfill all the legal
obligations imposed upon them, employers must ensure that:

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Ingls Tcnico I I

The workplace must be provided with a safe means of access and exit so that
in the case of an emergency (such as fire) no one will be trapped. This is
particularly important when the workplace is not at ground level. Pedestrian
access and exits should be segregated from lorries delivering materials or
collecting finished work. The premises must be kept in good repair. Worn floor
coverings and stair treads are a major source of serious falls.
All plant and equipment must be safe so that it complies with the Machinery
Directive. It must be correctly installed and properly maintained.
A safe, healthy and comfortable working environment is provided, and that
the temperature and humidity is maintained at the correct levels for the work
being undertaken.
There is a company policy for adequate instruction, training and supervision
of employees. This must not only be concerned with safety procedures but also
with good working practices. Such instruction and training to be updated at
regular intervals.
There is a safety policy in force. This safety policy must be subject to regular
review. One of the more important innovations of the Health and Safety at Work
Act is contained in section 2(4) which provides for the appointment of safety
representatives from amongst the employees, who will represent them in
consultation with the employers, and have other prescribed functions.
All employees (including you) are as equally responsible for safety as are their
employers. Under the Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act, employees are
expected to take reasonable care for their own health and safety together with
the health and safety of other people with whom they work, and members of
the public who are affected by the work being performed.
Further, the misuse of, or interference with, equipment provided by an
employer for health and safety purposes is a criminal offence. It is up
to all workers to develop a sense of safety awareness by following the
example set by their instructors. Regrettably not all older workers
observe the safety regulations as closely as they should.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
The most common causes of electrical shock are shown in Fig. 1.1.
The installation and maintenance of electrical equipment must be
carried out only by a fully trained and registered electrician. The
installation and equipment must conform to international standards
and regulations as laid down in safety legislation and the codes of
practice and regulations published by the Institution of Electrical
Engineers (IEE).

Ingeniera en Electrnica
ANEXO - 2016

Ingls Tcnico I I

C. Read the text again and state if the following sentences are true
or false. Highlight the answer in the text.
When the workplace is not at ground level, a safe means of access and exit
should be provided.
The Health and Safety at Work Act states that the employees will be
represented by a safety representative at any instance of consultation with the
employers.
D. Now, translate the text in bold type.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Mock Exam 2
INGLS TCNICO II Evaluacin PARCIAL

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Ingls Tcnico I I

E. Complete the paragraphs with the following words:


MAGNETIZED

CURRENT

MAGNETIC

STRENGTH

EFFECT

When ____________travels through a wire, a magnetic field, made of lines of


force, is formed around the wire. If the wire is coiled, the lines of force link with
each other.
The result is a ____________field with the same shape as the field surrounding a
bar magnet. The_____________ of the field is determined by the number of turns
and the current through the coil. The field can be concentrated by placing a
steel

or

iron

CORE

in

the

centre

of

the

coil.

This

is

called

an

ELECTROMAGNET or SOLENOID.
If a soft iron core is used, it becomes only temporarily____________ when the
current is switched on, losing its magnetism when switched off.
This ______________is used in bells and buzzers, and in scrap yards for shifting
metal scrap around.
The field has a North and a South pole. It obeys the same rules as a bar
magnet. Like poles repel each other, unlike ones attract.
ELECTROMAGNETS

can react with bar magnets. This effect is used in

loudspeakers, moving coil meters etc.


A.1- Re-read the text and underline two conditional sentences and a
time clause.

F. Read the text below and find:


g) 1 verb in the IMPERATIVE form, 1 in SIMPLE PRESENT and 1 with a
MODAL verb.
h) A gerund acting as a VERB, one as an ADJECTIVE , one as a NOUN. Find a
preposition + gerund
i) Find 5 different linkers or linking phrases in the text and state their
function
j) A comparative adjective, a frequency adverb and an adverb of manner.
k) Identify at least two relative clauses/adverb clauses. State their function.

Ingeniera en Electrnica
ANEXO - 2016

Ingls Tcnico I I

A meter is a measuring instrument. An ammeter measures current, a voltmeter


measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and
an ohmmeter measures resistance. A multimeter combines these functions,
and possibly some additional ones as well, into a single instrument.
Think about the changes you would have to make to a practical circuit in order
to include the ammeter. To start with, you need to break the circuit so that the
ammeter can be connected in series. All the current flowing in the circuit must
pass through the ammeter, which must have very LOW resistance. Meters are
not supposed to alter the behaviour of the circuit, or at least not significantly..
Diagram C shows the same circuit after connecting a voltmeter:
A

to measure potential difference (voltage), the circuit is not changed:


the voltmeter is connected in parallel

voltmeters must have a HIGH resistance

This time, you do not need to break the circuit. The voltmeter is connected in
parallel between the two points where the measurement is to be made. Since
the voltmeter provides a parallel pathway, it should take as little
current as possible. In other words, a voltmeter should have a very
HIGH resistance.
It is the voltage measurement techniques which are used much more
often than current measurements.
The processing of electronic signals is usually thought of in voltage
terms. It is an added advantage that a voltage measurement is easier
to make. The original circuit does not need to be changed. Often, the
meter probes are connected simply by touching them to the points of
interest.

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Ingeniera en Electrnica
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Ingls Tcnico I I

What an ohmmeter does is to function with a circuit disconnected to a


power supply. If you want to measure the resistance of a particular
component, you must take it out of the circuit altogether and test it
separately.

G. Read the text again and state if the following sentences are true
or false. Highlight the answer in the text.
1) It is not necessary to break the circuit to allow the current to go through the
ammeter, which should be connected in series.
2) Due to the parallel pathway provided by the voltmeter, this should have
high resistance.
H. Now, translate the text in bold type.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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