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A New Single-Phase Controlled Rectifier Using

Single-Phase Matrix Converter Topology


Incorporating Active Power Filter
Rahimi Baharom

Mustafar Kamal Hamzah


Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
mustafar@,salam. uitm. edu. my

Faculty of Electrical Engineering


Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
mie_2344@,yahoo. com. my

Abstract :- This paper presents application of single-phase matrix single-phase output at the intersections. Each switch-cell uses
converter (SPMC) as a single-phase AC-DC controlled rectifier common emitter anti-parallel IGBT, diode pair [6,7,9 & 10] as
incorporating Active Power Filter to ensure that the supply shown in Fig. 3. The four switching state used, can be
current is continuous, sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage, manipulate to controlled AC-DC converter in this work (Fig. 3
For basic rectifier operation, PWM technique was used to
calculate the switch duty ratio to synthesize the output. Safe
commutation strategy was developed to avoid voltage spikes due
to inductive load. Basic loads represented by R load, RL load and

to 6)

3. THE SPMC AS A CONTROLLEDRECTIFIER

Classical rectifier normally uses bridge-diode (Fig. 1) without


non-linear loads are used for this investigation. Selected affording any control function, thus are major contributor to
simulations and experimental results are presented to verify the power factor and current distortion problems resulting in poor
proposed concept.
overall power factor, heating effects, device malfunction and
destruction of other equipments [11]. Therefore the demand for
1. INTRODUCTION
high quality power supply has shown an increase in the
The development of advanced power semiconductor devices, provision of unity power factor supply [14].
increased usage of power switching circuits [1] and other
To implement SPMC as a controlled rectifier, only State 1 and
power electronic applications are becoming a common place 4 9
[9] are used, making State 2 and 3 redundant. However, these
within mdem
comercial
nd indutrial aenvironment
~4redundant
switches could be used to add features to the
particularly in applications for AC-DC conversions,
controlled rectifier operation that may include, amongst others;
Matrix Converter (MC) has been described to offer an "all safe-commutation and unity power factor operation particularly
silicon" solution for AC-AC conversion, removing the need for when RL load are used. Fig. 7 & 8 illustrates operations that
reactive energy storage components used in conventional include safe commutation arrangements as indicated by the
rectifier-inverter based system [2,3,4] and hence an attractive dotted-line.
alternative converter. Previous works are based on three-phase
4. COMMUTATION PROBLEMS
circuit topologies. The Single-phase matrix converter (SPMC)
was first realized by Zuckerberger [5] with other works on AC- Matrix converter is very simple in structure and has powerful
AC [6] and DC-DC conversion [7].
controllability but commutation problem and complex control
has
kept it from being utilized in industry [8]. The use of Pulse
In this work the SPMC topology are used to operate as aWitMouaonsinFg9ashewtcnglorhmn
controlled rectifier by suitable switching schemes. IGBTs are
Tsthconvrtr,reuls ith p ssib re asaltcurnt af
used for the main power switching device. Simple resistive loas arevused, durin switch turn-off d esrifindrfeene
load is initially used, followed by simple inductive load.
.'
Commutation problems that lead to switching spikes are also [12]. Theoretically the switching sequence in the SPMC must
discussed with safe commutation algorithm proposed. The be instantaneous and simultaneous; unfortunately impossible
for practical realization due to the tur-off IGBT characteristic,
rectifier boost technique was incorporated to compensate the where
the tailing-off of the collector current will create a short
input current to achieve a waveform that is continuous,
circuit
with the next switch turn-on. This problem occurs when
sinusoidal and in-phase with the supply voltage,
inductive loads are used. PWM switching will result in current
2. SINGLE-PHASE MATRIX CONVERTER
and voltage spikes being generated that will destroy the
switches
use due to stress.
Safe commutation strategy in this
oki insilsrtdi
i.78adtesicigsqec
The single-phase matrix converter (SPMC) as shown in Fig. 3
consists of a matrix of input and output lines with four
bidirectional switches connecting the single-phase input to theanwveomiFg.1wthstcngttsofTbe.

.ointhmiv

1 -4244-0743-5/07/$20.OO 2007 I EEE

874

3bXnlCiW~EQUN .Tg|

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?

ldc

~~~

lac

Vin

~~~~~~~~~Loador

Id4

other

K 2KI
~ ~ ~ ~~
~ ~ ~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~Vi(t)

Sla

Sib

S2a

Sla

Sib

S2

S3a

S3b

S4a,

S2b

S3a

S4b

Figure 3 State 1 AC Input (Positive)

S3b

S4a

S2a

Sib

Sla

S3b

S3a

S2b

Sa

S4b

V(s)

Sib

S2a

S2b

S3a

R
S3b

L
S4a

S4b

SaS

2bb

R
*S3

L
S4a

S4b

Sla

V(s

, S3a

Figure 7: Positive with Commutation (State 1)

Control switch (PWM)


Sla_______________

S3b

State
I

~~Sla

Commutation Switch "ON"


_53b
S4a&______________

54a &53b

T
T_____
A

Sla & S2b

771111Fs
1|[INF-U
S3b_111DD[1DGFGD1DI7IDD1D[ VG[[DPWM
WITH

Sla

COMMUTATION

I2
lFI

F]

Figure 10: Switching Pattern Commutation Strategy

Sib

Sa

S2b

S4a

S4b

La

S3a

S3b

Figure 6 State 4 AC Input


(Negative)
Reference signal
(adjustable)

Output PWM pulse train

Fig. 9 PWM waveform

ON

OFF

OFF

OFF

ON

OFF

OFF

OFF

_2

ON

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

ON

OFF

I T

|3

OFF

ON

OFF

OFF

OFF

ON

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

ON

OFF

ON

OFF

OFF

....

~~~~~~SYNTHESIZED
OUTPUT

Sla

Table 2: Switching Table for Active Current Wave Shaping Technique


Switches
Sla Sib S2a S2b S3a S3b S4a S4b

AC INPUT

VI

ES4bI

_______________________ T

Figure 8:Negative with Commutation (State 2)

Table 1: Switch Table for Commutation Strategy

L______

Triangular wave
signal (carrier signal)

Sla

1'

V(S)

Figure 5 State 3 AC Input (Positive)

Figure 4 State 2 AC Input


(Negative)

E S3b

Load

S4b

-LA

Figure 2:Single-phase matrix converter topology

LodV(S)

LodV(S)

V(S)

'S3a F

Fig 1: (b) Output Waveform of (a)

S2b

~IPRLE

~~~~~~~3VO(t)F-c
~~~~c
~ _S4

rec-tifiertsjI
converterte
caaiiv

Fig 1: (a) Single-phase diode bridge rectifier with


capacitive output filter

2COMMON

2a F
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Sl
ANTIEMTE
AT
ES2b

~~

~
E Slb

~~Mains

~ ~ ~ switch

Blocking
8 supply Reclilier |sth
~

Mainsmarx
su
uply

Single- phas

phas

matrix converter T
rc

-down...

Step

Step

load

qtransformer

Figure 11: Typical Rectifier

875

transformer

load

Figure 12 : Proposed Rectifier Using SPMC

current wave shaping technique are shown in Table 2. This


boost-charging strategy involves fast switching action of the
switching devices which are piloted by Pulse Width
Mdltin
techniqe
thate cr out inth
curetcont
loop
(cC
Sine
cuffrent control loop (CCL). Since instantaneous
instantaneous sintch
switching
action is required from the SPMC to make the supply current
follow the sinusoidal reference current closely, the current
contol loo responseftime must be fast. A switchng
fre n lof 15klonse then posted By sicrea ingt
of the supply current the average DC capacitor

5. SPMC INCORPORATING ACTIVE POWER


FILTER OPERATION
Investigations in the rectifier operation are generalized for
any types of DC load filtered by a capacitor as illustrated in
Fig IIfr tyia oprtin wit Fig 12 as th rooe
witFig.31,frwv
1
was e .prps
11tfortypical operatio,
wit
nFg
hpn

(PWice)

SPMC~~~~~~~~~
fute.eal
~

operation. Classical rectifier (Fig. 11) with DC capacitor filter


has a setback in that it draws discontinuous supply current
waveform with high harmonics content. As a result it
contributes to high total harmonic distortion (THD) level and
low total effective supply power factor affecting the quality of
the

power

supply
system. the

eampltude
avoltage
can be ncreased to a higher value. Furthermore if the
amltude of te supply curr ireued average DC

~~amplitude

of the supply current iS reduced average DC


capacitor voltage will also be reduced. This shows that
average DC capacitor voltage is directly proportional to the
amplitude of the mains current. Therefore, correct amplitude
of the mains current and average DC capacitor value can be
manipulated so that the power delivered is equal to the power
absorb by the load and switching losses whilst maintaining
constant DC capacitor voltage. This is done by having a
voltage control loop (VCL). In this control loop, the time
response required by the voltage control loop may not be as
fast as for the CCL.

power supply system.

To solve this problem, a series active power filter (SAPF)


arrangement was proposed to suppress the harmonic current
drawn by rectifier with a capacitor-filtered load (typical case:
motor driver) [13]. For current wave shaping operation,
energy is initially stored by the inductor by turning "ON"
switches Sla and S3a during positive cycle whilst S3b and
S3b during negative cycle as shown in Fig. 13 and 15
respectively. This is then followed by charging up the
capacitor by turning "ON" the switches of SI a and S4a during
positive cycle whilst S3b and S2b for the negative cycle as
shown in Fig. 14 and 16. The switching states for active
Sia

Sib

S3a

S3b

V(s)

S2

S2b

S4a

S4b

Sla

Sib

S3a

S3b

V(s)

Figure 13: Positive Cycle with


Current Wave Shaping (Statel)

S2

S2b

S4a

S4b

S2a

,Sb

S3a

S3b

V(s)

Figure 14: Positive Cycle with


Current Wave Shaping (State2)

S2a

S2b

S4a

S4b

Sia

Sib

S3a

kS3b

V(s)

IC

Figure 15 Negative Cycle with


Current Wave Shaping (State 3)

S2a

2b

S4a

S4b

Figure 16 Negative Cycle with


Current Wave Shaping (State 4)

Sla

V 1

SIb

9 S1 b

S2a
S2a

S2b

REFERENCE SIGNAL

9 S2b

SlA
SUPPLY

S3a

S3b

Reference

coto op

Signal

current

S4a

To switches

CARRI ER

S4b

CURRENTCURENTS3E

RL

SENSOR

PWM SEQUENCE

REFERENCE
SIGNAL

Figure 17: Current Controller


Arrangements

Figure 18: Switching Pattern with active current


wave shaping

CURRENT CONTROL

LOOP

Operatorl

Figure 19: SPMC incorporates with Active Current Wave Shaping


using MLS

determined in this work. Further investigations are carried out


6. SIMULATION IMPLEMENTATION
In this simulation implementation, Power System Block Set on the use of input LC filters and subsequently the SPMC with
filter to compensate
distorted
current
powersiuoia
supply votg
PSB)used
inMSan
an inphsthewit
th sply
(PSB) in MLS and PSpice are
to model and simulate the tobcm
circuit. The AC-DC rectifier was supplied by 50V (rms) AC resutn witalowtal harmoncsedistorti (uD).
voltage source; the load takes the form of a pure resistive
7. EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION
200Q2. Fig. 19 to 23 shows the various simulation models
s
developed. In the simulation the modulation index is varied Thmarxcnetribulwth8evs-lokgIG
0.1 inof sTeps ofTz
untl
repeatn
the combination of the two IGBTs and two power diodes
T .0,5kz
fromenie
frequncie
kz0.1 0h
h rswitchige
m otg where
connected in the common-emitter configuration. Furthermore
and current, frequency spectrum and power losses were also

Sicrueomoendsmlaeteactive

1k.

876

inductive (RL) loads without the output capacitor filter. With


pure resistive load no spikes are apparent (Fig. 24 & 34). Upon
the introduction of inductive load, damaging spikes was
observed (Fig. 25, 27 & 35). Implementation of the
commutation strategy as proposed has resulted in spikes being
eliminated (Fig. 26, 28 & 36) whilst Fig. 29 & 37 shows results
relating to the introduction of input LC filter. Fig. 30 33
illustrates investigations on the output capacitor filter that

input filter consisting of a capacitor and inductor paralleled


with damping resistor which had no effect on the fundamental
displacement factor is employed in order to reduce the highfrequency components in the input current. The control
systems consist of PIC16F84A and PIC16F877, which is used
to generate PWM and for CCL operation respectively.
8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results are presented in this section arranged in accordance
to the following; pure resistor load, effect of inductance, safecommutation strategy and active power filter implementations.
Investigations on changes to modulation index with variation in
frequencies from 1kHz up to 15kHz are recorded. The rms
voltage and current, frequency spectrum and power losses were
also determined in this work. Results from computer
simulations and experimental verifications are presented in Fig.
24 - 39. In these studies it has been observed that the supply
current has been improved from a THD of over 123.65% to a
THD level of below 4%0 with almost unity power factor
operation achieved.
In the first part of this section represents investigations on
n
eitv and
strategy implementation for resistive
commutation

shows waveform of the supply current without compensation


that is pulsating discontinuous and non-sinusoidal in nature
(Fig. 30 & 38). Implementation of compensation results with
Fig. 31 & 39, where the supply current has shown significant
improvements. The waveform is now continuous, sinusoidal
and in-phase with the supply voltage. Thus, Fig. 41 illustrates
investigations on the input and output power versus modulation
index. The result shows that the input and output power with
variation in modulation index. From this investigation, the total
power loss is less than 8% at a modulation index of 0.1. It has
also been found that this losses decreases with an increasing
the modulation index. Fig. 42 shows the Total Harmonics
Distortion (0 ) level versus modulation index for 1 kflz
(0
tatexthe TUD
ency and the result shows that
.switing ffrequency
THD k)
switching
will
be decreased by an increase in modulation index value. (/%)
A cIIII3 C1

andsthemreultsow

commutation~~staeyipeetto.o
~~~
3
VS2A

SiB
SlA

subtractor

CD Pi

pnl

3~ S2

In2

>1

RationalOutr

PI Controller
S3A

_
S3

Li
4-

S4B
S4

PODicet

pelational

OuiZ

IGBT1 ffi

Repeating

D1

Sequencel

D2

IGBT2

<

C2

2t1

C D N1

Figure 22 Bidirectional Switch

Figure 21 Current Control Loop Arrangement

Figure 20: SPMC Arrangement

Current
sensor

Fiue 23" :MCwth% CCL in P>SPC

circuit

Subtractor

Proportional

-r! ?

Integral

:..877. .

Figure 24 Output voltage of R load from


MLS for 1kHz

Figure 25 Output voltage of RL


load without commutation

Figure 26 Output voltage for RL


load with safe commutation

Figure 27: Output current of


rectifier without commutation

Figure 28: Output current of rectifier with


commutation

Figure 29: Supply current with input


filter

Figure 30: Pulsating supply current

Figure 31: Supply Current with


Boost Compensation

Figure 34: Output Voltage of R load

Figure 35 Output voltage of RL


load without commutation

Figure 38: Pulsating Supply Current


Waveform

Figure 39: Supply Current with


Boost Compensation

40

'50

40

20

30
20

10
0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.O5

Figure 32: Supply Voltage

0.01

0.06

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Figure 33: Output Voltage

0.06

~Supply

Supply

Figure 36 Output voltage of RL load with


safe commutation strategy
Output voltage (rms) versus Modulation

Figure 37: Supply Current


Waveform with input LC filter

200THD

n put/output power versus modu lation index

index

40

15

1S |

10~ ~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~
4inpLAt

30~~~~~~

versus modulation index

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~150t
4-.
o

q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S
0.2

n i ation index

Figure 40: Output voltage versus modulation index


from MLS

9. CONCLUSION

0
oA
0.
nxp(itllatiofl index

Figure 41: Input and output power versus


modulation index

could
ThispaeSPMC topology
that.the

be
operation
rectifier
illusctratles
Thisepaper
operated as a controlled rectifier operation incorporated with
active power filter. Inherent commutation problems that leadl to
switching spikes were presented with safe commutation
algorithm proposed. Satisfactory agreement between simulated
and laboratory results were described. Active current wave-

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Modulation index

0.8

1 0.9

Figure 42: THD (%) versus modulation index from


MLS

shaping technique was also investigated to ensure that the


supply current waveform is continuous, sinusoidal and in phase
supply voltage. In the work presented, the SPMC was
with
shownthetonbe
a versatile topology that has been shown to
oprt asacnole rcifrwthuty oer atr

oeainbyn h ietA-C cnetradfu


qudatD chpeoerins

878

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Gyugyi,L and PellyiB.R "Static Powe Chrers, To

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Conversion with
with a Matrix
Matrix Converter," Proceedings
of
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