A

PROJECT REPORT
On

CHANDIGARH TOURISM

Submitted in partial fulfilment of Bachelor of Science in

Information Technology
Affiliated from

H.N.B GARHWAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN

STITUTE OF

Under the Supervision of

Submitted By
MR. ABHIJEET KUMAR
BHAN
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
SHEIKH

SAMEER
UMAIR ASHRAF

BEEHIVE COLLEGE OF ADVANCED STUDIES , DEHRADUN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am highly grateful to Beehive College of Advanced Studies , Dehradun, for
providing this opportunity to carry out the six month practical training at
Chandigarh Tourism
The constant guidance and encouragement received from Mr. Abhijeet Kumar
the HOD Dehradun has been of great help in carrying out the project work and
is acknowledged with reverential thanks.

I also express my gratitude to all faculty members of B.SC IT department for

their intellectual support throughout the course of this work.
Finally, I am indebted to all whosoever have contributed in this report work.
Changes are always welcomed as there is always scope for improvement.

SAMEER BHAN
UMAIR ASHRAF SHEIKH

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Industrial Training Report entitled ("Chandigarh
Tourism") submitted by me at Uttaranchal Institute of Management for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology of Beehive
college of Advanced Studies is an authentic record of my own work completed
during the 6-months Industrial Training during the period.

SAMEER BHAN
UMAIR ASHRAF
SHEIKH
Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the
best of our knowledge and belief.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr.No.

DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATION

1.

2.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

PAGE NO.
1-4

5-8

INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY
3.1) PHP
3.

3.2) CSS

9-12

3.3) Wamp
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
4.1)
4.2)
4.3)
4.4)
4.5)
4.

4.6)
4.7)
4.8)

5.

5.1)
5.2)
5.3)
5.4)

Identification of Need
Preliminary Investigation
Feasibility Study
Project Planning
Project Scheduling (PERT Chart and Gantt
Chart both)
Software requirement specifications (SRS)
Software Engineering Paradigm applied
Data models (like DFD), Control Flow
diagrams,
State
Diagrams/Sequence
diagrams, Entity Relationship Model, Class
Diagrams/CRC
Models/Collaboration
Diagrams/Use-case
Diagrams/Activity
Diagrams depending upon your project
requirements
SYSTEM DESIGN

13-

Modularisation details
Data integrity and constraints
Database design
User Interface Design

TESTING
6.

6.1)
6.2)

Testing techniques and Testing strategies used

Test reports for Unit Test Cases and System
Test Cases
SYSTEM SECURITY MEASURE

7.

7.1)
7.2)

Database/data security
Creation of User profiles and access rights

8.

Cost Estimation of the Project along with Cost

Estimation Model

9.

REPORTS

10.

Future scope and further enhancement of the Project

11.
12.

CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFRENCES

COMPANY PROFILE

Profile of the Organisation

6

Edlive Technologies We are a rapidly growing Chandigarh based IT Company

having development facilitates at Mohali (Punjab), providing solutions into
Software Development, Hardware Networking, Design & Implementation.
Our efficient and experienced team is a greatest resource with latest
infrastructure that houses a team of young and competitive professionals having
experience in providing dedicated and high end solutions to our clients. Our
products and service are user friendly and with a proactive approach to our
clients need with strong follow up and interaction with clients during their
project construction. Following a complete software development life cycle and
dividing a channelized system with different phases like requirement gathering
and

analysis,

designing,

development,

testing

live,

deployment

and

maintenance.

Clients of our company?

We always thank our clients for demonstrating their trust in us and it will
remain our constant endeavor to keep improving our services in order to exceed
their level of satisfaction for quality services.
- Unido Infrastructure
- Sepal India Real Estate
- SkyMart

- Punjabi Dress Den

- Gyan Sagar Hospital
- Synergy Hospital

What We Do
We are one of the leading Web Solution Company in India and have been
regularly facilitating many of our National and International Clients. We are
dedicated to provide the value for money services and 100% satisfaction to our
clients with our Web Design, Development and Marketing services. We build
Custom Websites that deliver results.

Reasonable Web Design

If you need a website but dont know how to go about it, we can help. Studies
reveal that people often decide within 10 seconds of visiting your website
whether they want to do business with you or not. We build websites that are
appealing by the look and feel, reflect YOUR Business and Services and are
easy for your visitors to use, and affordable & easy for you to maintain. This
means you dont need to compromise on your requirements. By our expertise
we ensure all your needs are met and highest quality is delivered. If your
website is not Search Engine Friendly and not well put together in terms of look
and feel, navigation and content the visitors are most likely to abandon the site
in the first few seconds thus resulting in high bounce rate. We make your design
8

memorable and easy to navigate because in current scenario your website is not
just a set of pages; your website is your Sales tool that can make or break your
existence.

Web Development
With an experience of our qualified developers we have been able to develop
and deliver customized and unique web solutions starting from simple corporate
websites to ecommerce solutions, extensive web-based applications, CMS, etc
across various industries and also providing Offshore services to many of our
International clients. Web development is a broad term for any activity related
to developing a web site. Under website development services we use modern
web development platforms and software tools such as: Ajax-Javascripting,
PHP, MySQL, Joomla, Wordpress, Drupal, OS Commerce, ASP.Net,
XHTML, HTML and CSS.

Web Designing
Web site Design, Corporate branding Solutions, Multimedia Design Solutions,
we are here to work with you help to achieve your goals.

Introduction of the Project

Web Applications are programs that can be executed either on a web server for
server side scripts or in a web browser for client side scripting. In addition, web
applications can support online commercial transaction popularly known as ecommerce. Our web portal, CHANDIGARH TOURISM is an advertising site
which will be accessed through browser of a web application. A Web
application can either be

Static

Dynamic

Static Web Applications:

These applications contain pure HTML code. Thus, they can only give a
particular output rather than being flexible at run time. Thus, these applications
lose their edger over stronger Dynamic web applications, which can be quite
flexible according to their inputs.
10

Dynamic Web Application:

A dynamic web application can have either client side scripting or server side
scripting or both. Client side scripting enables you to develop Web pages that
can dynamically respond to user input without having to interact with the web
server. Examples of client side scripting are JavaScript and VBScript.
Server side scripting web applications provide Dynamic content to users based
on the information stored in a remote location, such as a backend Database. It
includes code written in server side scripting languages such as PHP.
A server side script is executed on the web server. When browser request for an
HTML page containing a server side script, the web server to which the request
is sent and then sends the result to the browser. For example, if a web page is to
display the current time of the system in which the web site is hosted then you
need to use the server side scripting.
Since we will be using dynamic web applications in our web portal we will be
using PHP technology which is a server side scripting.

Objective of the Project

The purpose of this document is to present a detailed description of the
Chandigarh Tourism System. It will explain the purpose and features of the
system, the interfaces of the system, what the system will do, the constraints
under which it must operate and how the system will react to external stimuli.
11

This document is intended for both the stakeholders and the developers of the
system and will be proposed to the Regional Historical Society for its approval.

Scope of the Project

The scope of any project defines how it can be used in future and what
functions we can perform using that project. Scope of any project will also
clarify the idea of that what a project is of about. Thus it is the scope of a project
which determines the only goal for that project. The basis for development of
any new system is recognition or identification of a need for improving an
information system or procedure.
This portal a Chandigarh Tourism system which provides all the information
that is required by a tourist while visiting the city Chandigarh. This system is
designed to help the tourists and make them easy to find the places and all those
perspectives like Important information, events, nearby restaurants, hotels etc.
All the companies, hotels are listed at one place which helps the tourist to
differentiate between multiple choices and choose the best one. This portal
provides the climatic condition in the Chandigarh and nearby malls and the
market places to visit. This software is very vast as it updates in the regular
intervals based on the new information about any entity is required to add. More
specifically, this system is designed to allow a tourist to view and communicate
with a group of information centers and transport agents to make his/her visit

12

successful. This system contains a reliable database which is handled by an

administrator. This database holds all the information about the tourist agents,
information centers. If the tourist wants to enquire something he/she can ask for
help by first registering themselves and creating new account.

Definitions, acronyms & abbreviations

1. Admin: The main administrator who handles the database and updates the
software according to the required needs.
2.
3.

Listing: It is a list of all the information centers and tourism places.

Events: These are the festivals or functions that are organized in the

Chandigarh.
4.

User: She/he is the tourist who wants to visit or who is in the city and

searching their necessities.

5. Database: Collection of all the information monitored by this system.

Introduction to Technology

13

Introduction to PHP:
PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language originally designed for
Web development to produce dynamic Web pages. It is among one of the first
developed server-side scripting languages to be embedded into an HTML
source document, rather than calling an external file to process data. Ultimately,
the code is interpreted by a Web server with a PHP processor module which
generates the resulting Web page. It also has evolved to include a command-line
interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications. PHP
can be deployed on most Web servers and also as a standalone shell on almost
every operating system and platform free of charge. A competitor to Microsoft's
Active Server Pages (ASP) server-side script engine and similar languages, PHP
is installed on more than 20 million Web sites and 1 million Web servers.
PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. The main
implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the
formal reference to the PHP language. HP is free software released under the
PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License
(GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP

What is PHP:
PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor
PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP

14

 PHP scripts are executed on the server

PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid,
PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.)
PHP is an open source software
PHP is free to download and use

Design Features:15

 Open Source (Only one file encrypted) .

Nice layout from start.
Support Most payment vendors.
Unlimited level of categories.
Unique Extra Fields that is also sortable.
Large user community.
Uses Template and language system that keeps your customize.
Regions Module is included (using Ajax).
Picture Gallery.
Publishing tool for custom pages by you.
Easy code.
Normalized Database Layout

Cascading Style Sheet(CSS):

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet. Its a mark up language used in all of
todays website designs which allows you to alter the way a website is
formatted through a cascade of elements specified on a style sheet or rule
sheet. A cascading style sheet is an external or internal rule sheet.
This rule sheet tells one or several pages of a website how to display
information. With CSS, the way to style a website is endless. CSS also makes
16

creating a multifunctional, user friendly and consistent website easy, even for a
beginner.
Recognizing the basic form and function of CSS is key to adding style to the
included elements. For every element in your website, you have a tag which
separates each bit of information on a web page. For instance, you may want to
add a paragraph.

Introduction of Wampserver:WampServer is a Windows web development environment. It allows you to

create web applications with Apache2, PHP and a MySQL database.

WAMPSERVER:

System Analysis
Identification of Need
17

When you asked to computerise a system, as a requirement of the data

processing or the information need, it is necessary to analyze the system from
different angles. While satisfying such need, the analysis of the system is the
basic necessity for an efficient system design. The need for analysis stems from
the following point of view.

System Objective
System Boundaries
System Importance
Nature of The System
Role of the System as an Interface
Participation of Users
Understanding of Resource Needs
Assessment of Feasibility

Preliminary Investigation
When the request for the software is made, the first system activity the
preliminary Investigation begins. This activity has three parts:
Request clarification
Feasibility Study
Request approval

Request clarification:
Many requests from management in the project are not clearly defined.
Therefore, it becomes necessary that registration request must be examined and
clarified properly before considering investigation.
18

Feasibility Study:
The feasibility study is carried out by a small group of people who are familiar
with all information of the Orbisrealty project, understand the parts of the
business or organization that will be involved or affected by the project, and are
skilled in the system analysis and design process.

Request Approval:
It is not necessary that all request projects are desirable or feasible. However,
those projects that are feasible and desirable should be put into a schedule.
In some cases, development can start immediately, although usually system staff
members are busy on other ongoing projects. After a project request is
approved, its cost, priority, completion time and personal requirements are
estimated and used to determine where to add it to any existing project list.
Later on, when the other projects have been completed, the proposed
application development can be initiated.

Feasibility analysis
Feasibility study is made to see if the project on completion will serve the
purpose of the organization for the amount of work, effort and the time that
spend on it. Feasibility study lets the developer foresee the future of the project
and the usefulness. A feasibility study of a system proposal is according to its
19

workability, which is the impact on the organization, ability to meet their user
needs and effective use of resources. Thus when a new application is proposed
it normally goes through a feasibility study before it is approved for
development. The document provide the feasibility of the project that is being
designed and lists various areas that were considered very carefully during the
feasibility study of this project such as Technical, Economic and Operational
feasibilities.

Technical feasibility:
The system is evaluated from the technical point of view first. The assessment
of this feasibility is based on an outline design of the system requirement in the
terms of input, output, programs and procedures. Having identified an outline
system, the investigation must go on to suggest the type of equipment, required
method developing the system, of running the system once it has been designed.
Technical issues raised during the investigation are:
Does the existing technology sufficient for the suggested one?
Can the system expand if developed?
The project is developed such that the necessary functions and performance are
achieved within the constraints. The project is developed within latest
technology. Through the technology may become obsolete after some period of
time, due to the fact that never version of same software supports older

20

versions, the system may still be used. So there are minimal constraints
involved with this project. My system is technically feasible for running the
project.

Economic feasibility:
Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the
effectiveness of a new system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis,
the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a
candidate system and compare them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, then
the decision is made to design and implement the system. An entrepreneur must
accurately weigh the cost versus benefits before taking an action.

Cost-based study:
It is important to identify cost and benefit factors, which can be categorized as
follows: 1. Development costs; and 2. Operating costs. This is an analysis of the
costs to be incurred in the system and the benefits derivable out of the system.
Time-based study: This is an analysis of the time required to achieve a return on
investments. The future value of a project is also a factor.

Legal feasibility:
Determines whether the proposed system conflicts with legal requirements, e.g.
a data processing system must comply with the local Data Protection Acts.

21

Operational feasibility:
Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves the
problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope
definition and how it satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements
analysis phase of system development.

Schedule feasibility:
A project will fail if it takes too long to be completed before it is useful.
Typically this means estimating how long the system will take to develop, and if
it can be completed in a given time period using some methods like payback
period. Schedule feasibility is a measure of how reasonable the project timetable
is. Given our technical expertise, are the project deadlines reasonable? Some
projects are initiated with specific deadlines.

Project Planning
Project planning is part of project management, which relates to the use of
schedules such as Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress within
the project environment.

22

Initially, the project scope is defined and the appropriate methods for
completing the project are determined. Following this step, the durations for the
various tasks necessary to complete the work are listed and grouped into a work
breakdown structure. Project planning is often used to organize different areas
of a project, including project plans, workloads and the management of teams
and individuals.

Project Scheduling
In project management, a schedule is a listing of a project's milestones,
activities, and deliverables, usually with intended start and finish dates. Those
items are often estimated in terms of resource allocation, budget and duration,
linked by dependencies and scheduled events. A schedule is commonly used in
project planning and project portfolio management parts of project
management. Elements on a schedule may be closely related to the work
breakdown structure (WBS) terminal elements, the Statement of work, or a
Contract Data Requirements List.

Software requirement Specification

It includes SRS document i.e. Software Requirement Specification. An SRS
document should clearly include the following:
Functional requirements of the system
Non functional requirements of the system
23

Functional description:
Home -This is main module of the project, in this module the basic information
is defined.
Important Information- This Module tell about all the important information
about the Chandigarh.
Events- This will tell about all the events held in the Chandigarh.
User account- In this module various users can create, access their account and
add events but without admin allow that event will not publish.

Non-Functional Requirements:
This includes the characteristics that cant be expressed such as correctness,
completeness, security, verifiability etc.

Software Engineering Paradigm Applied

A paradigm is the model of a process. It defines the flow of activities that occur
as the process progresses from start to end. In the context of software
engineering, a paradigm provides a framework that identifies major activities
(sometime called phases), detailed work tasks, milestones and deliverables.

Data Model
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

24

 Data movement shown by tagged arrows.

Transformation or process of data shown by named bubbles.
Sources and destination of data represented by named rectangles.
Static storage or data at rest denoted by an open rectangle that is named.

DFD Symbols
A square defines a source of destination or system data.

An arrow line identifies the data flow or data in motion. It is a pipeline

through which information flows.

A circle or bubble represents a process transform incoming data flow

in to outgoing data flow.

A horizontal line represents data stored or data at rest or a temporary

rest repository of data.

25

DFD 0

BROWSER

TOURIST
BROWSE

CHANDIGA
RH
TOURISM
PORTAL

Fig 1.1

DFD 1
ADMIN

LOGIN TO ADMIN
PANEL

MAKE
CHANGES
IN THE
PANEL

SAVE AND
BROWSE

Fig 1.2

DFD 2
Tourist
searches for
information

Browse the
portal and take
information

Events

26

Companies

Hotels

Hospitals

Education

Take the
information
and revisit
portal

Fig 1.3
In the above diagram, the admins are responsible for handling all kind of data
whose storage is required. The listers handle the data related to the companies
that are in Chandigarh. Hence, provide the list of no. of companies in the
Chandigarh. The additional information handler controls all the directions,
nearby markets, restaurants, malls, taxi agents, and important contact numbers.
An event handler provides information about all the events or functions that are
organized in the Chandigarh for example: Rose Festival. Information collector
collects all the information from three information providers and gives to the
administrators for the storage or updation. The tourist/user can register them for
keeping track of future updating and can enquire their questions via email. The

27

accommodation provides the information about the hotels according to the

prices from cheap to medium to expensive.

Sequence Diagram

User Customer

Authentication/
Authorization
Authorization

::GUI
GUI

User/Candidate
Customer
Database
Database

Enter user Details

submit query
validity check
error or success message

Enter user
Details

Enter Inquiry Successfully

Sequence diagram for project:- The below given sequence diagram describes
the processing of portal and the modules used in the portal. The admins are
responsible for handling all kind of data whose storage is required. The listers
handle the data related to the companies that are in Chandigarh. Hence, provide
the list of no. of companies in the Chandigarh. The additional information
handler controls all the directions, nearby markets, restaurants, malls, taxi
agents, and important contact numbers.

Server

Panel

Databa
se

Admin

Context
collector
s

Browse
r28

Creates database
For the website
Uploads the website through
Graphical interface.
Provides information
About hotels in Chandigarh
Searches

Register to
website for

for
information

Provides information
About companies and
Information centers
in Chandigarh.
Upload information and updates
Information time by time.
Provides information
About events organized
in Chandigarh and
touristagents.etc
GPS handling for maps
To check nearby malls,
Markets, restaurants.
Chandigarh Tourism web site on the browser
Fig 1.3

Upload information and updates Information time by time.

Provides information about events organized in Chandigarh and
touristagents.etc
GPS handling for maps to check nearby malls,Markets, restaurants.
Chandigarh Tourism web site on the browser

29

Use Case Diagram

Listing

Additional
Information

Information collector

ADMIN

Accom
modatio
DATABASE

Event Handler
Chandigarh tourism system

Admin 1

Admin 2

Tourist/
User

The Chandigarh tourism systems have four actors and two administrators handle
the database. The admins are responsible for handling all kind of data whose
storage is required. The listers handle the data related to the companies that are
in Chandigarh. Hence, provide the list of no. of companies in the Chandigarh.
The additional information handler controls all the directions, nearby markets,
restaurants, malls, taxi agents, and important contact numbers. An event handler
provides information about all the events or functions that are organized in the
Chandigarh for example: Rose Festival. Information collector collects all the
information from three information providers and gives to the administrators for
the storage or updation. The tourist/user can register them for keeping track of
30

future updating and can enquire their questions via email. The accommodation
provides the information about the hotels according to the prices from cheap to
medium to expensive. Information collector collects all the information from
three information providers and gives to the administrators for the storage or
updation.

Modules
Module 1: Admin Login Interface
The administrator handles the database storage and the users who are logged in
to the software and checks they are existing users and ne users. An admin also
handles the updating criteria. Therefore, admin unit is the base of the software
who have all information about the software.

Module 2: User Login Interface

In this module, an interface is designed for the users where a user can create
his/her own account and login into the portal to add on their events and access
the information and can update themselves regarding any kind of events in
Chandigarh and festivals too.
Step 1: User creates its own account if he/she has no account by using signup
form.

31

Step2: After creating user can login and write on testimonials and updates their
events if they are organizing in the city.
Step 3: After work completion they can logout and their session.

Module 3: Important Information

The information collector collects information from the 4 actors who are
responsible for collecting information regarding listing companies, additional
information, event handler, accommodation facilities, Eating Places etc.

Module 4: Testimonial and User Event Uploading

The two interfaces are created for the tourists as well as organizers where tourist
can share their experience and give their reviews and the organizers updates or
upload their events which are organized by them.

Module 5: Contact form

The contact form is created for the users so that they can enquire anything if
they doubt on the companys email by using their details. The company then
replies to them according to the requirements of the tourists. The contact form
holds the fields name, email, contact number, message.

Module 6: Social Links :- The pages are created on the social websites
named Facebook, twitter where user can share their experience, upload pictures

32

and promotes Chandigarh tourism portal. The links holds the Chandigarh logo
picture along with the name Chandigarh Tourism.

Module 7: Database Connectivity

The whole data and user data are stored on the database named chdtourim
with all the tables required for it. It is a backup of the project where everything
is handled. There are 20 tables in the database with a specific name which
uniquely identifies the storage of particular table. The tables have one primary
key on the id which differentiates each entry in the table. By using Id field we
can join two tables together for working procedure.There are 20 tables in the
database with a specific name which uniquely identifies the storage of particular
table. The tables have one primary key on the id which differentiates each entry
in the table. By using Id field we can join two tables together for working
procedure.

System Design
Modularisation Details
33

The concept of functional independence is a direct outgrowth of modularity and

the concepts of abstraction and information hiding. The principle of information
hiding suggests that modules be characterized by design decisions that (each)
hides from all others. In other words modules should be specified and designed
so that information (procedure and data) contained within a module is
inaccessible to other modules that have no need for such information.

Data Integrity and Constraints

Data integrity refers to maintaining and assuring the accuracy and consistency
of data over its entire life-cycle and is a critical aspect to the design,
implementation and usage of any system which stores, processes, or retrieves
data. The term data integrity is broad in scope and may have widely different
meanings depending on the specific context even under the same general
umbrella of computing.
A constraint is something that plays the part of a physical, social or financial
restriction. It is a derived form of the intransitive verb form constrained.
Project constraints:- The Chandigarh Tourism is constrained by the system
interface to the Apache Server where this system html pages, style sheets,
coding is handled and executes it on the World Wide Web. Another constraint of
this system is the browser where it is opened and check by the user. Since there
are multiple browsers like Firefox, Google chrome, Safari etc. and multiple

34

browser manufacturers, the interface will most likely not be the same for every
one of them. Also, there may be a difference between what browsing features
each of them provide. The Internet connection is also a constraint for the
application. Since the application fetches data from the database over the
Internet, it is crucial that there is an Internet connection for the application to
function. The Chandigarh Tourism will be constrained by the capacity of the
database.

Database Design
Database design is the process of producing a detailed data model of a
database. This logical data model contains all the needed logical and physical
design choices and physical storage parameters needed to generate a design in a
data definition language, which can then be used to create a database.
The process of doing database design generally consists of a number of steps
which will be carried out by the database designer. Usually, the designer must:
Determine the relationships between the different data elements.
Superimpose a logical structure upon the data on the basis of these
relationships.

User Interface Design

35

User interface design (UID) is the design of websites, computers, appliances,

machines, mobile communication devices, and software applications with the
focus on the user's experience and interaction. The goal of user interface design
is to make the user's interaction as simple and efficient as possible, in terms of
accomplishing user goalswhat is often called user-centered design.

Logical Design
The logical flow of a system and define the boundaries of a system. It includes
the following steps:
Reviews the current physical system its data flows, file content,
volumes, Frequencies etc.
Prepares output specifications that is, determines the format, content
and Frequency of reports.
Prepares input specifications format, content and most of the input
functions.
Prepares edit, security and control specifications.
Specifies the implementation plan.
Prepares a logical design walk through of the information flow, output,
input, Controls and implementation plan.
Reviews benefits, costs, target dates and system constraints.
36

Physical Design
Physical system produces the working systems by define the design
specifications that tell the programmers exactly what the candidate system must
do. It includes the following steps.
Design the physical system.
Specify input and output media.
Design the database and specify backup procedures.
Design physical information flow through the system and a physical
design
Plan system implementation.
Prepare a conversion schedule and target date.
Determine training procedures, courses and timetable.
Devise a test and implementation plan and specify any new
hardware/software.
Update benefits , costs , conversion date and system constraints.

Design/Specification activities

37

 Concept formulation.
Problem understanding.
High level requirements proposals.
Feasibility study.
Requirements engineering.
Architectural design.

Objectives
Input Design is the process of converting a user-oriented description of
the input into a computer-based system. This design is important to avoid
errors in the data input process and show the correct direction to the
management for getting correct information from the computerized
system.
It is achieved by creating user-friendly screens for the data entry to
handle large volume of data. The goal of designing input is to make data
entry easier and to be free from errors. The data entry screen is designed
in such a way that all the data manipulates can be performed. It also
provides record viewing facilities.
When the data is entered it will check for its validity. Data can be entered
with the help of screens. Appropriate messages are provided as when
needed so that the user will not be in maize of instant. Thus the objective
of input design is to create an input layout that is easy to follow.

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Output Design:- A quality output is one, which meets the requirements of

the end user and presents the information clearly. In any system results of
processing are communicated to the users and to other system through outputs.
In output design it is determined how the information is to be displaced for
immediate need and also the hard copy output. It is the most important and
direct source information to the user.
Designing computer output should proceed in an organized, well thought
out manner; the right output must be developed while ensuring that each
output element is designed so that people will find the system can use
easily and effectively. When
analysis design computer output, they should Identify the specific output
that is needed to meet the requirements.
Select methods for presenting information.
Create document, report, or other formats that contain information
produced by the system.
The output form of an information system should accomplish one or more of
the following objectives.
Convey information about past activities, current status or projections of
the Future.
Signal important events, opportunities, problems, or warnings.
Trigger an action.
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 Confirm an action.

User interfaces
At the first time when an user open the browser and write the domain of product
the home page of Chandigarh Tourism will appear that will show all the links
which the product is provided about Chandigarh and one register page where an
user can register him/her for an enquiry. The user see 5 options to select
according to her/his wish. These 5 options are *additional information: holds
information about taxi agents, maps, visiting places etc. *listing: holds
information of all the companies in Chandigarh, information centers in
Chandigarh.*Event: holds information about all those events which are
organized in Chandigarh seasonally and occasionally.*Accommodation: holds
the information about all the hotels in the Chandigarh to live.

Hardware interfaces
Since neither Chandigarh tourism nor database have any designated hardware, it
does not have any direct hardware interfaces. The web pages are managed by
the Apache Server in the system and the hardware connection to the database
server is managed by the underlying operating system on the mobile phone,
Laptops, PCs and the web server.

Software interfaces

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The Chandigarh communicates with the GPS application in order to get

geographical information about where the user is located and the visual
representation of it, and with the database in order to get the information about
the restaurants. The communication between the database and the web
application consists of operation concerning both reading and modifying the
data, while the communication between the database and the application
consists of only reading operations.

Communication interfaces
The communication between the different parts of the system is important since
they depend on each other. However, in what way the communication is
achieved is not important for the system and is therefore handled by the
underlying operating systems for both the Chandigarh Tourism Website and the
webserver.

Performance requirements
The requirements in this section provide a detailed specification of the user
interaction with the software and measurements placed on the system
performance.

Testing
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Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with

information about the quality of the product or service under test. Software
testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow
the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation.
Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a
computer program/application/product:

meets the requirements that guided its design and development,

works as expected,
can be implemented with the same characteristics,
and satisfies the needs of stakeholders.

Testing Techniques and Testing Strategies Used

Alpha Testing:- Alpha testing is simulated or actual operational testing by
potential users/customers or an independent test team at the developers' site.
Alpha testing is often employed for off-the-shelf software as a form of internal
acceptance testing, before the software goes to beta testing.[38]

Beta Testing:- Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a
form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as
beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming
team. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can
ensure the product has few faults or bugs. Sometimes, beta versions are made

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`available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number
of future users.

Testing Strategies
Testing is the set of activities that can be planned in advance and conducted
systematically. To define these activities templates are provided by different
testing strategies. All the strategies have following characteristics:
A software team should conduct effective formal reviews. This eliminates
many errors before testing starts.
Testing begins at component level and worksoutward towards the
integration of entire computer based system.
Different testing techniques are appropriate at different points in time.
Testing is conducted by the developer and for large project, an
independent test group.
Testing and debugging are different activities, but debugging must be
included in any testing strategy.

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

REQUIREMENTS
Hardware Configuration
1. Pentium IV Processor or above

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2. 512 MB RAM
3. 40GB HDD
4. 1024 * 768 Resolution Color Monitor
5. Internet Modem or router
6. Printer

Software Configuration
1. OS: Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8.
2. WAMP Server.
3. Adobe Dreamweaver CS3.
4. Adobe Photoshop CS3.
5. Firebug.

Technologies Used
1. Front End
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
2. Back end
MySQL
PHP Core

Introduction to Mysql
MySQL is a database. The data in MySQL is stored in database objects called
tables. A table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of columns
and rows. Databases are useful when storing information categorically. A
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company may have a database with the following tables: "Employees",

"Products", "Customers" and "Orders".
MySQL is a relational database system. If you can believe many diehard
MySQL fans, MySQL is faster, more reliable, and cheaper -- or, simply put,
better -- than any other database system (including commercial systems such as
Oracle and DB2). Many MySQL opponents continue to challenge this
viewpoint, going even so far as to assert that MySQL is not even a relational
database system.
We can safely say that there is a large bandwidth of opinion.
The fact is that there is an ever increasing number of MySQL users, and
the overwhelming majority of them are quite satisfied with MySQL. Thus
for these users we may say that MySQL is good enough.
It is also the fact, however, that MySQL still lacks a number of features
that are taken for granted with other database systems. If you require such
features, then MySQL is (at least for the present) not the database system
for you. MySQL is not a panacea.

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Features of Mysql:The following list shows the most important properties of MySQL.

Relational Database System: Like almost all other database systems on

the market, MySQL is a relational database system.

Client/Server Architecture: MySQL is a client/server system. There is a

database server (MySQL) and arbitrarily many clients (application programs),
which communicate with the server; that is, they query data, save changes, etc.
The clients can run on the same computer as the server or on another computer
(communication via a local network or the Internet).

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SQL compatibility: MySQL supports as its database language -- as its name

suggests SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL is a standardized language
for querying and updating data and for the administration of a database.

Unicode: MySQL has supported all conceivable character sets since version
4.1, including Latin-1, Latin-2, and Unicode (either in the variant UTF8 or
UCS2).

User interface: There are a number of convenient user interfaces for

administering a MySQL server.

Full-text search: Full-text search simplifies and accelerates the search for
words that are located within a text field. If you employ MySQL for storing text
(such as in an Internet discussion group), you can use full-text search to
implement simply an efficient search function.

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System Security measures (Implementation of

security for the project developed)
Database Details:
Name of the database: chdtourism
Number of tables: 18tables.

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Table Structure of itcompanies

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Table Structure of event

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Table Structure of religiousplaces

Table Structure of hospital

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Creation of User profiles and access rights:-

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Access Rights:- User have only one access that is Insertion. User can only
insert the data. But without the admin Permission that will not be shown on the
portal.

Cost Estimation of the Project along with Cost

Estimation Model
COST ANALYSIS
The most common way of carrying out an economic assessment of a
proposed information system, or other development, is by comparing the
expected costs of development and operation of the system with the benefit
of having it in place.

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Most costs are relatively easy to identify and quantity in approximate

monetary terms. It is helpful to categorize costs according to where they
originate in the life of the project.

COST ANALYSIS
1. Development Costs:
Include the salaries and other employment costs of the staff involved in
the development project and all associated costs.

2. Setup Costs:
Include the costs of putting the system into place. These consist mainly of
the costs of any new hardware and ancillary equipments but will also
include costs of file conversion, recruitment and staff training.

3. Operational Costs:
Consist of the costs of operating the system, once it has been installed.
We have calculated cost of the project by using CONSTRUCTIVE COST
MODEL (COCOMO). COCOMO is a hierarchy of software cost estimation
models, which include basic, intermediate and detailed sub models.
Three modes of software development are considered in our model organic,
semi-detached and embedded:
In the organic mode, a small team of experienced developers develops
software in a very familiar environment. The size of the software
development in this mode ranges from small to medium.

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 In the embedded mode of software development, the project has tight

constraints, which might be related to the target processor and its
interface with the associated hardware.
In semi detached mode is an intermediate mode between the organic
mode and embedded mode.
The basic COCOMO equations take the form:
E = ab(KLOC)bb ,
D = cb(E)db ,
Where,
E is effort applied in Person-Months,
D is Development time in months and
Coefficients ab, bb, cb and db are given in table.
TABLE : Coefficients Value for Cost Analysis

Project

ab

bb

cb

db

Organic

2.4

1.05

2.5

0.38

Semidetached 3.0

1.12

2.5

0.35

Embedded

1.20

2.5

0.32

3.6

Average staff size (SS) =

Persons.
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KLOC

Productivity (P) =

KLOC/PM

Calculations:
Total number of LOC in our project = 1058 LOC = 1.058 KLOC.
According to the number of LOC our project is in the category of organic mode,
so the values coefficients are:
ab = 2.40, bb = 1.05, cb = 2.50,db = 0.38
Thus,
E = 2.4(1.058)1.05 = 2.546 Person-month.
D = 2.5(2.546)0.38 = 3.56 Months.
SS = 2.546/3.56 = 0.715 Persons.
P = 1.058/2.546 = 0.415 KLOC/PM.

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Reports

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CODING
The design is complete; most of the major decisions about the system have been
made. The goal of the coding phase is to translate the design of the system into
code in a given programming language. For a given design, the aim of this
phase is to implement the design in the best possible manner. The coding phase
affects both testing and maintenance profoundly. A well written code reduces
the testing and maintenance effort. Since the testing and maintenance cost of
software are much higher than the coding cost, the goal of coding should be to
reduce the testing and maintenance effort. Hence, during coding the focus
should be on developing programs that are easy to write. Simplicity and clarity
should be strived for, during the coding phase.

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An important concept that helps the understand ability of programs is structured

programming. The goal of structured programming is to arrange the control
flow in the program. That is, program text should be organized as a sequence of
statements, and during execution, the statements are executed in the sequence in
the program.

Coding standards
Though at initial stages it seems like a burden to follow standard, its advantages
become visible once the software grows to few thousand lines spanning few
hundred files. Some of the advantages are: Programmer feels comfortable with
the code written by others, as it is similar to what he himself would have
written. Person joining the group at later stage can pickup the code easily (once
he is familiar with the standards).
If care is taken to define the standard in such a way that it avoids problematic
C++ idioms, then silly mistakes can be avoided. The problem with having
standard is that it takes time to get acquainted with it. And if care is not taken
during this transition period, then the resulting code will be a mix of standard
and programmer's natural style. This can be avoided by having regular code
review sessions.

Code Walkthrough:

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The level of the code walkthrough is determined by the extent of the code
changes to be reviewed. Complexity of the changes, extent of the changes, and
criticality of the changes all play into the decision of place/location of the code
walkthrough.

The Developer makes a recommendation for the appropriate

level of the code walkthrough.

The Project Lead may override that

recommendation. The various level/types of the code walkthrough are:

Waived: Code walkthrough is waived due to a very simple algorithm change
(or configuration file), and not in a critical point in the code.
Informal: Code is presented to the reviewer who simply reviews it "on-thespot". This is reserved for simple, confined, and non-critical changes.
Formal: Code is presented to the reviewer and the reviewer examines the code
and algorithms for proper style, format, and technique. This is reserved for
complex code changes of a critical nature and those changes that may impact
multiple subsystems.
In addition based on the complexity, extent, and criticality of the changes, as
well as the reviewer's knowledge of the design and implementation, the code
walkthrough may be conducted independently by the reviewer, rather than have
the developer do a presentation or be present. If the reviewer has questions,
then the reviewer is responsible for seeking out the developer to answer the
questions.

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Code Inspection:
Successful management of any process requires planning, measurement ,and
control. In programming development, these requirements translate into
defining the programming process in terms of a series of operations, each
operation having its own exit criteria. Next there must be some means of
measuring completeness of the product at any point of its development by
inspections or testing. And finally, the measured data must be used for
controlling the process. This approach is not only conceptually interesting, but
has been applied successfully in several programming projects embracing
systems and applications programming, both large and small.

Conclusion
The project Chandigarh tourism is a portal which provides all the information
about the city Chandigarh. The software takes care of all the requirements of an
average tourist visit and is capable to provide easy and effective storage of
information related to tourism that come up to the portal. The system also
provides the facility of backup as per the requirement.

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Bibliography
1. www.w3schools.com
2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
3. www.stackoverflow.com
4. www.jqueryui.com
5. http://docs.oracle.com/
6. Head-First Jquery

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