Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Anuja P. Ajotikar, Malhar Kulkarni, and Peter M. Scharf
On the Resolution of Conflict between Accentual Rules
and Other Rules of Derivation in Pan.inian Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tanuja P. Ajotikar, Malhar Kulkarni, and Peter M. Scharf
Counterexamples (pratyudaharan.a) in Pan.inian Grammar . . . . . . . . . 23
Sharon Ben-Dor
On the Relation of the Kasikavrtti to the Mahabhas.ya . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Maria Piera Candotti

Natural and Grammatical Zero: The Case of Indeclinables . . . . . . . . . 99
o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe (Udayana Hegde)
:pa;a; a;Na;na;a;ya;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe Y;nua;pa;l+.b.Da;a;na;a;ma;nya:a;ea;pa;l+.Bya;ma;a;na;a;na;a:*.a
;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Yuto Kawamura
Illustrations of As.t.a dhyay 1.3.29 in the Mahabhas.ya
and the Bhat.t.ikavya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Masato Kobayashi
Patanjali on Borderline Cases of Compound Classification . . . . . . . . 175
Sowmya Krishnapur
The Vidvanmukhabhus.an.a: A Unique Work on the Mahabhas.ya . . . 195
Malhar Kulkarni, Anuja P. Ajotikar, Tanuja P. Ajotikar,
and Eivind Kahrs
Discussion on Some Important Variants in the pratyaharasutras
in the Kasikavrtti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Hideyo Ogawa
Bhartr.hari on A 3.2.60 tyadadis.u dr.so nalocane kan ca . . . . . . . . . . 237

vi

Contents

Junichi Ozono
Verb Suppletion and Pan.inis Grammar: On the Alternation
between ad and ghas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Peter M. Scharf
On the Status of Nominal Terminations in Upapada Compounds . . 291
Magorzata Sulich-Cowley
Alternative Solutions to the Problem of A. 8.2.3 na mu ne
in Pan.inis As.t.a dhyay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Yuki Tomonari
a krtigan.a: Mother for Grammatical Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Toru Yagi
On varttika 1 to Pan.ini 5.4.44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Preface
This volume presents fifteen articles, selected after careful consideration,
of the contributions submitted for publication in the proceedings of the
vyakaran.a section of the sixteenth World Sanskrit Conference, held in
Bangkok, Thailand, from June 28th to July 2nd 2015.
These contributions deal with various topics in the general sphere of
Pan.inis grammar (sabdanusa sana) and its tradition, from textual issues
to technical questions involving derivation within the Pan.inian system and
the history of thought concerning certain questions.
Three articles concern in particular the study of texts, their contents
and textual history. Udayana Hegde deals with a sample of verbal bases
(dhatu) which are not included in Pan.inis dhatupat.ha but the existence of
which is vouchsafed through their mention in sutras of the As.t.a dhyay and
by commentators, both Pan.inian and non-Pan.inian. Sowmya Krishnapur
introduces a unique text on Patanjalis Mahabhas.ya, Prayaga Venkat.a dri
Bhat.t.as Vidvanmukhabhus.an.a, a brief work that deals with a hnikas three
to nine of the Mahabhas.ya in ninety-seven verses. The important study
by Malhar Kulkarni, Anuja P. Ajotikar, Tanuja P. Ajotikar, and Eivind
Kahrs deals with manuscript sources and the testimonia of Jinendrabuddhis
Kasikavivaran.apanjikaalias Nyasaand Haradattas Padamanjar for the
Kasikavrtti on Pan.inis fourteen sutras listing a catalogue of sounds.

In a related vein, several authors deal with particular textual issues.

Tanuja P. Ajotikar, Malhar Kulkarni, and Peter Scharf consider ways in
which counterexamples (pratyudaharan.a) relative to provisions made in
Pan.inian rules are presented in the Kasikavrtti and propose a general prin
ciple: a counterexample should lack only one of the conditions for the application of the rule which it concerns. Sharon Ben-Dor treats of issues
surrounding the relation of the Kasikavrtti to the Mahabhas.ya. He seeks

in particular to explain how the authors of the Kasikavrtti dier on oc

casion from the opinions presented in the Mahabhas.ya, and confronts the
point of view that the authors of the Kasikavrtti followed a tradition inde
pendent from the one followed by Patanjali. Another work that does not
always accord with Patanjali is the Bhat.t.ikavaya. Yuto Kawamura consid-

viii

PREFACE

ers discussions in the Kasikavrtti and the Mahabhas.ya centering on two

middle aorists of the base r: one with a sigmatic stem (e.g., 3du. pl.

neg. imper. ma samrs.a tam, ma samrs.ata let them not come together),

the other with a stem in -a (e.g., 3pl. indic. samaranta have been fulfilled). After a thorough treatment of the discussions, including evidence
from the Candravyakaran.a, Kawamura suggests that Bhat.t.i made use of
an early vrtti in which A 3.1.56 (sarttisa styrtibhyas ca) received an in

terpretation dierent from the one Patanjali adopted, thus accounting for
samaranta in Bhat.t.ikavaya 8.16. Toru Yagi considers the use of certain
terms with the sux tasi, such as a ditas at the beginning, accounted for
in Katyayanas first varttika (tasiprakaran.a a dyadibhya upasankhyanam)
on A 5.4.44 (pratiyoge pancamyas tasih.), and svaratas with respect to accent and varn.atas with respect to a sound, used in a verse that Patanjali
quotes in the introductory section of the Mahabhas.ya. He proposes a particular interpretation of how the last terms are to be accounted for.
Other scholars deal with more technical theoretical issues. Two papers
deal with nominal composition in Pan.inis system. Starting from arguments
presented in the Mahabhas.ya, Masato Kobayashi takes up instances of possible conflict such that, for example, a compound is derived as a member
of the avyaybhava or the bahuvrhi class, and argues that the same general
principles which operate elsewhere in the As.t.a dhyay apply also for composition rules, which, nevertheless, also are stated in the section headed
by A 1.4.12 (a kad.a rad eka sanjna , vipratis.edhe paran karyam), so that
they also can involve extrinsic ordering. Peter Scharf takes up nominal
compounds called upapadasamasa: obligatory compounds consisting of a
nominal pada that includes a derivate formed from a verbal base with a krt

ax and a syntactically cooccurring pada (upapada). He proposes a way

of accounting for an apparent conflict: the choice of nominal ending in an
upapada is governed by the occurrence of a krt ax, but the introduction of

such an ax may require the occurrence of a nominal ending in an upapada.

Resolving a conflict is also the subject treated by Anuja P. Ajotikar, Malhar
Kulkarni, and Peter Scharf. Here the conflict is between a replacement rule
and an accentual rule in deriving a form such as pac`anti (3pl. pres. act.)
they cook, are cooking: A 6.1.97 (ato gun.e [apadantat 97, pararupam

PREFACE

ix

94, ekah. purvaparayoh. 84]) and A 6.1.186 (tasyanudattennidadupdesa l

lasarvadhatukam anudattam ahnvinoh.). At the outset of deriving pac`anti,
the base pac, with a high-pitched vowel (A 6.1.162: dhatoh. [anta udattah.
159]), is followed by lat. (A 3.2.123: vartamane lat.); this ax is replaced
by jhi (A 3.4.78: tiptasjhi . . . [lasya 77]), whose vowel is high-pitched
(A 3.1.3: a dyudattas ca); consequently, the initial vowel of anti, gotten
by replacing jh with ant (A 7.1.3: jhontah. [angasya 6.4.1]), could also
be high-pitched. In accordance with a general principle, the accent of this
ending would supersede the base accent: pac-anti instead of pac-anti. The
ending also conditions the introduction of the stem ax sap (A 3.1.68:
kartari sap [sarvadhatuke 67]), which is low-pitched (A 3.1.4: anudattau
suppitau): pac-a-anti. It is necessary now to determine which of two operations should apply: (a) a possible sequence -a a - is replaced by the second vowel alone, according to A 6.1.97; or (b) the sarvadhatuka ax anti
following pac-a-, which ends in a vowel that is low-pitched from the outset, is given a low-pitched initial vowel, so that the high pitch of the base
vowel is not superseded: pac-a-anti. If (b) takes precedence, (a) subsequently applies, so that the two vowels -a a- are then both replaced by the
latter, giving a final form with high pitch on the base vowel: pac-`anti. If,
on the other hand, (a) applies first, (b) cannot then apply, since pacanti
does not have an ending following a discrete vowel of a stem. In his Svara . a argues that (a) does in fact take precedence, and
prakriya, Ramacandra Ses
he proposes ways of still arriving at the appropriate result. Ajotikar, Kulkarni, and Scharf present the main part of Ramacandras argumentation, disagree with him, and suggest another resolution to the conflict. Magorzata
Sulich-Cowely takes up the problems mentioned by Pan.inyas concerning
one sutra, A 8.2.3 (na mu ne), and proposes a novel solution: the sutra itself
is redundant.
Two other studies take us farther afield. Junichi Ozono deals with the
way Pan.ini treats verbal suppletion, with particular emphasis on the suppletive bases ad and ghas (eat, consume), and considers not only Pan.inis
grammar but also its Vedic background. Yuki Tomonari treats the type of
listing, referred to as a krtigan.a, in which instances of a type are given in
stead of an exhaustive ordered set of items. He deals in particular with what

PREFACE

the Mmamsaka
Prabhakara has to say concerning a krtigan.as.

Finally, two studies concern historical relations between the earliest Pan.inyas represented by Katyayana and Patanjali and later thinking represented
by Bhartrhari. Maria Piera Candotti proposes to recognize a switch in the

conceptualization of zero (lopa: adarsanam

lopah. [A 1.1.60] the absence
[of an entity is called] lopa) among Pan.inian grammarians: from zero
being intended to meet the requirements of semantic compositionality to
its becoming a device for identifying the specific limits of zero-derivation.
Hideyo Ogawa considers the derivation of tadrs/tadrsa similar to x and

associated semantic issues. The base drs included in the derivates drs (drs

of such compounds can be considered to mean
kvin) and drsa (drs-kan)

simply see, look. However, the derivates -drs and -drsa cannot be consid

ered to signify an agent, as is the norm for krt axes (A 3.4.67: kartari krt),

if the base has these meanings, so that Pan.ini specifies that drs not be used

in the sense of perceiving (analocane). One may surmise that Pan.ini considered drs in such derivates to have a dierent conventional sense, appear
ing; Pan.inyas such as Bhat.t.oji consider that, despite the fact that Pan.ini
does derive compounds like tadrs/tadrsa, these are actually unanalyzable

conventional items with a particular meaning. Now, under the assumption that drs in these derivates signifies an act of perceiving, Katyayana

objects that the agentive meaning required is not possible, and suggests instead that tadrs/tadrsa be treated as derivates with taddhita suxes in the

sense like (ivarthe). On the other hand, Patanjali proposes to treat these
as derivates referring to an agent which was earlier an object (karmakartr

object-agent). This presupposes a semantic analysis of drs which allows

one to assume, for example, related utterances (1) tam ivemam

pasyanti
janah. people (janah.) perceive (pasyanti) X (imam this one [acc. sg.])
as like Y (tam iva like that one), (2) soyam
sa iva drsyamanas tam

ivatmanam
pasyati X (soyam this one [nom. sg.]), while being perceived (drsyamanah.) as like Y (sa iva), shows himself (atmanam) as like

Y (tam iva). The person referred to by tadrk (nom. sg. masc.) simi
lar to that is the one referred to as an object relative to the act of seeing
in (1) and as the agent of showing himself in (2), where pasyati is equivalent to a causative: he causes people to view him as being like another

PREFACE

xi

person. Bhartrhari elaborates on this theme in a series of verses in the

Sadhanasamuddesa of the Vakyapadya. Ogawa gives us a thorough and

careful presentation of what Bhartrhari says, together with its background

in the Mahabhas.ya.
The studies included in this volume thus clearly oer a rich array of
topics that should interest students of Indian thinking in linguistics and language philosophy.
On behalf of Hideyo Ogawa and myself, I express sincere thanks for the
cooperation of contributors to this volume during the rather long exchanges
involving their articles. I personally also wish to extend my deep thanks to
Hideyo Ogawa, not only for his collaboration in the editorial process and
communications with authors but also for having taken upon himself the
task of composing the final text in LaTex. We both hope that this volume
will serve to extend and deepen studies in vyakaran.a.
George Cardona
July 2016

Acknowledgments
The sixteenth World Sanskrit Conference was supported by and held in
honor of HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand, whom we
first of all thank heartily.
The conference owed its success to Professor Chirapat Prapandvidya of
Silpakorn University, the chair of the conference, whom we genuinely appreciate.
The publication of this vyakaran.a volume was made possible through
grants from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, the Government of India, and we would like to acknowledge here the generosity of
that organization.
We thank Dr. Amarjiva Lochan, University of Delhi, for valuable advice
about publishing this volume.
We wish to thank Mr. Parmil Mittal of D. K. Publishers for his professionalism as well as accommodative spirit.
My special thanks are also due to Professor Peter M. Scharf for his assistance in editing this volume with LaTeX. Softwares provided by the
Sanskrit Library (http://sanskritlibrary.org) headed by him were
a great help toward editing this volume with LaTeX very much.
Finally, I am grateful to Professor George Cardona for his careful reading
of contributions and suggestions to authors.
Hideyo Ogawa
July 2016

Contributors
Anuja P. Ajotikar

Tanuja P. Ajotikar

Sharon Ben-Dor

Maria Piera Candotti

Udayana Hegde

Eivind Kahrs
Yuto Kawamura

Masato Kobayashi

Sowmya Krishnapur

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

The Sanskrit Library
Department of South Asian Studies, Harvard University
anujaajotikar@gmail.com
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
The Sanskrit Library
Department of South Asian Studies, Harvard University
gtanu30@gmail.com
Department of World Cultures, University
of Helsinki
sharonbendor@yahoo.com
Section de langues slaves et de lAsie du
Sud, Universite de Lausanne
mariapiera.candotti@unil.ch
Faculty of Languages, Karnataka Samskrit
University
udayanahegde@gmail.com
Queens College, University of Cambridge
egk1000@cam.ac.uk
Department of Indological Studies, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto University
ykawamura0619@gmail.com
Department of Linguistics, Graduate
School of Humanities and Social Sciences,
University of Tokyo
masatok@L.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Department of Sanskrit, University of
Madras
sowmya.krishnapur@gmail.com

xvi

Malhar Kulkarni

Hideyo Ogawa

Junichi Ozono

Peter M. Scharf

Magorzata Sulich-Cowley

Yuki Tomonari
Toru Yagi

CONTRIBUTORS

Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

malhar@iitb.ac.in
malharku@gmail.com
Department of Indian Philosophy, Graduate
School of Letters, Hiroshima University
hogawa@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Department of Indology and History of Indian Buddhism, Graduate School of Arts
and Letters, Tohoku University
junichiozono@gmail.com
The Sanskrit Library
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Department of South Asian Studies, Harvard University
scharf@sanskritlibrary.org
Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of
Warsaw
malgorzata sulich@yahoo.it
The Nakamura Hajime Eastern Institute
mitriibhaavii@gmail.com
Osaka Gakuin University
tyagi@ogu.ac.jp

:pa;a; a;Na;na;a;ya;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe Y;nua;pa;l+.b.Da;a;na;a;ma;nya:a;ea;pa;l+.Bya;ma;a;na;a;na;a:*.a ;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma

:pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a
o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe

Abstract: In his As.t.a dhyay, Pan.ini refers to sets of items called dhatu,
as in A. 1.3.1 bhuvadayo dhatavah., which are listed in an appendix
called dhatupa.tha. Bhat.t.oji Dks.ita and earlier Pan.inian commentators note that there are also some roots which, though not listed in
the Pan.inian dhatupat.ha as known by its commentators, are referred
to in sutras of the As.t.a dhyay, hence referred to as sautra roots. In
addition, under particular root entries, Ks.rasvamin and other commentators of the dhatupat.ha take note of similar roots which have
variant forms (pa.thantara other readings), in Pan.inian and nonPan.inian dhatupat.has. In the present paper, I study a sample of such
roots, with a view to answering two questions: (1) Who included
these roots in their dhatupat.has?; (2) where can one find these actually used?
Keywords: Vaiyakaran.asiddhantakaumud, Pan.ini, dhatu, sautradhatu,
Daiva

:pra;ya;ea;ga;Za:=+Na;a ;
a;h ;vEa;ya;a;k+.=+Na;a I+.a;ta ;
a;h :pra;a;sa:;d ;ea;a;H :pa;a; a;Na;a;na;na;a A;;a;Dya;a;ya;a ;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;a
;Da;a;tua;pa;a;F+.(a :pa;
a;F+.taH v.ya;va;h;a:=+pa;Tea ;
a;va;d;a;ma;a;na;a;ya;aH ga;a;va;Ra;Nya;aH .sa;mua;a;.ca;tMa v.ya;va;~Ta;a;pa;nMa
.tea;na kx+:tMa ma;h;ta;a (ra;mea;Na ;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d;a;Ma . ca Ba;*+:ea;a:ja;d ;a;a;[a;tEaH .sUa:a;a;Na;Ma .sa:*:e +.pea;Na
v.ya;a;K.ya;a;nMa kx+:tMa ;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma .+.pa;a; a;Na :pra;d; a;ZRa;ta;a;a;na *: +:a;.ca;t,a :pra;ya;ea;ga;a;(a :pra;d; a;ZRa;ta;aH ta:a
d ;a;a;[a;tEa;BRUa;va;a;d;ya;ea ;Da;a;ta;va I+.a;ta .sUa:a;~ya v.ya;a;K.ya;a;na;a;va;sa:=e .~ta;}Bva;a;d ;a;na;a;mua;
a;d;tk+.=+Nea;na

140

o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe

.sa;Ea:a;a;Na;Ma ;Da;a;tua;tvMa :]a;a;pya;tea . cua;lu +.}.pa;a;d ;a;na;Ma tua ba;hu;l+.mea;ta; a;a;d;ZRa;na;m,a I+.a;ta ga;Na;sUa:ea;Na .sa;*:" +.h
I+.tyua;+:m,a1 ba;hu;l+.mea;ta; a;a;d;ZRa;na;m,a I+.a;ta va;.ca;na;ma;sma;ByMa nUa;a;Ma :pa:;d ;a;tMa :pra;d;ZRa;ya;a;ta A:a
:pa;a; a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe A;pa;
a;F+.ta;a A;
a;pa :ke+:.ca;na ;Da;a;ta;va;ea ;
a;va;d;a;nta I+.a;ta :]a;a;ya;tea .tea;Sua :ke+:.ca;na
.sa;Ea:a;a ;Da;a;ta;vaH .sa;vRa;
a;va;
a;d;ta;aH A;nyeaY;
a;pa ba;h;va;ea ;Da;a;ta;va o+.pa;l+.[ya;ntea .tea;Sa;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;a;(a
dx;Zya;ntea :de;va;mEa:ea;ya;[a;a:=+~va;a;}ya;a;
a;d;a;Ba;=e +tea ;Da;a;ta;vaH :pa;
a;F+.ta;aH :pa;a; a;Na;na;a;ya;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe Y;pa;
a;F+.ta;a;na;
a;pa ba;hU;n,a ;Da;a;tUa;n,a Ba;*+:ea;a:ja;d ;a;a;[a;ta;aH :pa;a;F+.a;nta:=;+.pea;Na;ea;
a;+:Ka;nta;eaY;*: +.a;ku+:vRa;a;nta
/ /
:pa;a; a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe Y;pa;
a;F+.ta;a;na;a;ma;
a;pa ;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga A;a;sa;a;
a;d;tya;nea;na;a;va;ga;}ya;tea .tea;Sa;Ma
. ca ;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :ke+:a;.ca;d;a;sma;n,
/ / /  a :pa:ea .sa;*:x +.h;a;ta;aH A:a ta;a;dx;Za;a ;Da;a;ta;vaH :pra;a;Da;a;nyea;na :pa:=+a;mxa;Zya;ntea
O;;tea . ca ;Da;a;ta;vaH ;kE H :pa;
a;F+.ta;a;~tea;Sa;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;(a *: +:ea;pa;l+.[ya;ta I+.tya:a :pra;~ta;ea;Sya;tea
I+.mea :pra;~tua;ta;a ;Da;a;ta;vaH

A;Sa ga;a;ta;d ;a;ya;a;d;a;nea;Sua +.a;taH

. ca;Na d;a;nea d;Ba

;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a :pa;Za ga;a;ta;na;a;Za;na;ya;eaH ma;ea;[a A;sa;nea .=+Za .sa;mUa;h;
a;k+.=+Na;Za;b.de;Sua
d ;a;a;Ea l+.ea;l . ca;l+.nea bua;a;ga . ca;l+.nea Za;*:x ga;ta;Ea Za;dR ku+:a;tsa;te
/ /  a Za;b.de ; a;Za;a;Ka

Zua ga;ta;Ea Zua;k ga;ta;Ea .sa;a;a;taH .sua;Kea .sxa;Bua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a .sxa;}Bua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a
ga;ta;Ea .~ta;}Bua :pra;a;ta;Ga;a;tea .~tUa;pa .sa;mua;.cC"+.a;yea :a;=+:
/a;f .=+:ea;h;nea .~ya;l ;
a;va;ta;keR

:=e;jxa
ga;ta;Ea
.sea;lx
.~va;tRa

ga;tya;Ma;.ca I+.tya;a;d;ya;ea ;Da;a;ta;va O;;ta;a;va;ta;a;sa;*:x +.h;a;ta;aH O;;tea;Sa;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;pra;d;ZRa;nMa ;a;na;ba;nDeaY;a;sma;n,

/// a
;
a;k+:ya;tea A;nyeaY;pa;a;dx;Za;a ;Da;a;ta;va;ea ba;h;va;ea ;
a;va;d;a;ntea .tea;Sa;a;ma;
a;pa ;
a;va;vea;.ca;na;ma:a Ba;
a;va;Sya;a;ta

1. A;Sa ga;a;ta;d ;a;ya;a;d;a;nea;Sua

Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH A;sa ga;a;ta;d ;a;ya;a;d;a;nea;Sua I+.tya;~ya :pa;a;F+.Bea;d;eaY;ya;m,a A;a;Sa;a;kH
A;a;
a;Sa;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na (A.sa;Da;a;tua;va;t,a)

2. +.a;taH
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe Y;pa;
a;F+.ta;~ya;a;pya;~ya +.tea:=+a;ya;z,2 I+.a;ta A;nua;va;a;d;a:;d ;a;tua;tvMa
ba;ea;Dya;m,a .jua;gua;p~ya;a;ya;a;ma;ya;a;ma;a;ta ba;h;vaH kx+:pa;a;ya;Ma . cea;tyea;ke3 +.ta;a;ya;kH +.ta;a;a;ya;k+:a
BUa;va;a;
a;d;sUa:ea :pra;Ea;Q+ma;na;ea:=+ma;a (:pxa. 63, 64)
:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.29
3
tua. +.a;taH .sa;Ea:a;ea ;Da;a;tua;GRxa;Na;a;ya;Ma va;tRa;tea (k+:a; a;Za;k+:a 3.1.29) na;a:a kx+:pa;a;ya;Ma ;Gxa;Na;Za;b.dH
;
a;k+:nta;
a;hR .jua;gua;psa;a;ya;a;m,a (:pa;d;ma:*+:
=+a 3.1.29) ;Gxa;Na;a;ya;Ma va;tRa;ta I+.a;ta ;Gax ;Na;a .jua;gua;psa;a (nya;a;saH
3.1.29)
1
2

;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a

141

A;tRa;kH A;a;tRa;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na +.tea:=+a;ya;

a;z+.a;ta .sUa:ea;Na .~va;a;TRa IR +.ya;z, A;a;ya;a;d;ya
A;a;DRa;Da;a;tua;ke va;a4 I+.a;ta IR +.ya;z, ;
a;va;k+:pea;na Ba;va;a;ta

3. . ca;Na d;a;nea
A;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .sa;a;ya;Na;a;.ca;a;yeRa;Na Bva;a;
a;d;ga;Nea5 . ca;Na Za;Na (ra;Na d;a;nea . ca I+.tya:a :pa;
a;F+.taH o+.+.*.a
. ca; a;Na;(ra;Nya;eaH . ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:ya;eaH :he;tua;ma;a;NNa;.
/ / / ca;eaY;Ba;a;va;a;t~va;a;TeRa tua :Na;Ea na;a;nyea ;a;ma;ta;eaY;he ;ta;Ea I+.a;ta
;a;ma:va;a;na;Sea;Da;a;a ta;ya;ea:a:=+ma;a;va;nua;va;a;d;a;
a;va;a;ta ;Da;a;tva;nta:=+BUa;ta;a;vea;ta;Ea6 I+.a;ta A;~ya va;a;k+.a;~ya
:pa;ya;Ra;l+.ea;.ca;na;ya;a :]a;a;ya;tea . ca;Na ;Da;a;tua;(a ;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;
a;pa va;tRa;ta I+.a;ta (:pa;a; a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe
Bva;a;d;a;vea;va . ca;Na;Da;a;tua;dR x ;Zya;tea na . cua:=+a;d;Ea) A;ya;ma;a;Ba;pra;a;yaH kx+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a;ya;Ma dx;Zya;tea7
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:a;pa;ya;Ra;l+.ea;.ca;na;ya;a . cua:=+a;d;a;va;
a;pa k+:(a;na . ca;Na;Da;a;tua:=+~ta;a;a;ta :]a;a;ya;tea [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d;a;a;
a;d;Sua ta;~ya;a;nua;pa;l+.}Ba;a;t,a na ta;~ya .+.pa;a; a;Na ;a;l+.a;Ka;ta;a;
 a;na ta;~ya
.sa:vea tua . ca;a;Na;kH-; a;Na;k+:a, ;a;.ca;.ca;a;Na;a;ya;Sa;kH-;
a;Sa;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na . ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k-k+:Na;Da;a;tua;va;t,a (159) :]ea;ya;a;a;na I+.a;ta A;~ya . ca . ca;Na;Da;a;ta;eaH . ca;a;Na;kH . ca;a; a;Na;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na
.+.pa;a; a;Na Ba;va;a;nta
/ /

4. A;a;q+.}ba:=H ;
a;va;q+.}ba;na;m,a
A;a;q+.}ba:=H ;
a;va;q+.}ba;na:*.ae;a;ta :pra;a;sa:;d ;Ea Za;b.d;Ea ;
a;k+:ntva;na;ya;eaH Za;b.d;ya;ea;mRUa;l+.Da;a;tuaH .q+.
a;ba
I+.a;ta :pa;a; a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe .nEa;va dx;Zya;tea A;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH [a;a:=+~va;a;a;ma;na;a :pa;
a;F+.taH 8 .q+.
a;ba
;
a;q+.
a;ba I+.a;ta . ca;ndH ;
a;va;q+.}ba;ya;a;ta A;a;q+.}ba:=H ;
a;q+.}ba;ya;a;ta ;
a;q+.}ba;m,a Za;a;~:a;k+:l+.hH I+.a;ta
[a;a:=+~va;a;ma;a9 :pra;d; a;ZRa;ta;pra;ya;ea;ga;a;nua;sa;a:=e+Na .q+.
a;ba;
a;q+.
a;ba;Da;a;tva;ea:=+
a;pa :pa;a;FH .sa;ma;a;.ca;a;na I+.a;ta
:pra;a;ta;Ba;a;a;ta

:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.31
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 1.525 (:pxa. 196 :pMa. 5)
6
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 1.525 (:pxa. 196 :pMa. 7)
7 x
k+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a :pxa. 473 ;a;f. B
8
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.121 (:pxa. 304 :pMa. 19)
9
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.121 (:pxa. 304 :pMa. 21)
4

o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe

142

5. d;Ba ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH :pa;a; a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe na :pa;
a;F+.taH
. ca10

;
a;k+:ntua l+.
a;pa;d;a;Ba;Bya;Ma

I+.tya;nea;na va;a;a;tRa;ke+:na;a;yMa ;Da;a;tua:=+~ta;a;tya;nua;ma;a;pya;tea d;Ba;a;a;ta I+.a;ta le +.q+.nta:+.pa;m,a11

A:a . ca Zea;Sa;a;tk+:tRa;a:= :pa:=+smEa;pa;d;m,a12 I+.a;ta .sUa:ea;Na :pa:=+smEa;pa;d;m,a le +.q+.a;de ;Za;~ya;a;q+.a;ga;mea

Za;
a;pa O;;k+:a;de ;Zea . ca13 d;Ba;a;ta;a;a;ta .+.pa;m,a .sa;a;ya;Na;Ba;a;Sya;~Ta;a;
a;d;va:=+Na;a;d;~ya ;
a;hM ;sa;a;TRa;k+:tvMa
;a;sa:;d M ;
a;hM ;sa;a;TRa;k+:tva;a;a .sa;k+:mRa;k+:tva;m,a d;a;BaH .sa;Ea:a;ea ;Da;a;tua;vRa:*.a;nea ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;Ma . ca I+.a;ta
:pra;
a;k+:ya;a;sa;vRa;~vea I+.a;ta kx+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a14 [a;a:=+~va;a;a;ma;na;a d;Ba ;
a;d;a;Ba ;a;ta;pa ;a;f;pa ;
a;q+.pa
;a;~ta;pa
/ /  [ea;pea I+.a;ta . cua:=+a;d;Ea :pa;F:a;tea15 O;;vMa tua d;a;Ba;ya;a;ta I+.a;ta .+.pa;m,a d;a;ByaH I+.tya;~ya
;Da;a;ta;ea;
a;vRa;Zea;Sa:+.pa;m,a A;du;pa;Da;tvea;na :pa;va;ga;Ra;nta;tvea;na :pa;ea:=+du;pa;Da;a;t,a16 I+.a;ta :pra;a;Ma ya;tpra;tya;yMa
ba;a;a;Da;tva;a l+.
a;pa;d;a;Ba;Bya;Ma . ca17 I+.a;ta va;.ca;na;a;NNya;t,a A;va;d;a;ByaH I+.tya;~ya ;
a;hM ;~yaH I+.tya;TRaH

6. :pa;Za ga;a;ta;na;a;Za;na;ya;eaH

Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH :pa;a; a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe na :pa;
a;F+.taH A;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH ;
a;d;k+:mRa;kH
.ja;pa:ja;Ba;d;h;d;Za;Ba:*+;pa;Za;M
a . ca18 I+.tya:a;ea;pa;a;d;a;na;a;tsa;Ea:a;eaY;ya;a;ma;a;ta :]a;a;ya;tea A;yMa ;Da;a;tua;gRa;ta;a;va
;k+:mRa;kH na;a;Za;nea .sa;k+:mRa;kH A;a;na:*: +.a;a:=+k+:a;~va;~ya ;Da;a;ta;ea:=+nua;pa;a- d;a;na;a;t,a Zea;Sa;a;tk+:tRa;a:=

:pa:=+smEa;pa;d;m,a19 I+.a;ta .sUa:ea;Na :pa:=+smEa;pa;

a;d;tva;mUa;h:a;m,a :pa;sa;Da;a;tua;dR ;ntya;a;ntaH .sa;Ea:a;ea ga;tya;TRaH
I+.a;ta ma;a;Da;vaH ta;a;l+.v.ya;a;ntaH I+.a;ta k+:a; a;Za;k+:a I+.tyua;M ba;a;l+.ma;na;ea:=+ma;a;ya;a;m,a20
:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.124 va;a. 3
;a;l+.z+.TeRa le +.f, (:pa;a..sUa. 3.4.7) .sa;a;ya;Na;Ba;a;Syea na ta;a na;Za;a;nta
/ / na d;Ba;a;a;ta ta;~k+.=+ea (.:vea.
6.28.3) I+.tya:a va;tRa;ma;a;na;~ya d;Ba;a;a;ta;Za;b.d;~ya ;
a;hM ;~ya;a;
a;d;a;ta ;a;l+.z+.ntea;na;a;TRaH :pra;a;ta;pa;a;
a;d;taH ;
a;k+.*.a
ta;~k+.=H . ca;ea:=+eaY;
a;pa na d;Ba;a;a;ta A;sma;d ;a;ya;a ga;a na ;
a;hM ;~ya;a;t,a I+.a;ta ma;a;Da;va;~tua (+.ga;TRa;d ;a;
a;pa;k+:a
6.28.6) ;
a;h;na;~ta;a;a;ta ;
a;va;vxa;Na;ea;a;ta
12
:pa;a..sUa.1.3.78
13
le +.f;ea;q+.a;f;Ea (:pa;a..sUa. 3.4.98) k+:tRa;a:= Za;p,a (:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.68) A;kH .sa;va;NeRa d ;a;GRaH (:pa;a..sUa.
6.1.101)
14 x
k+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a :pxa. 720
15
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.121 (:pxa. 304 :pMa. 21)
16
:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.9
17
:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.124 va;a. 3
18
:pa;a..sUa. 7.4.56
19
:pa;a..sUa. 7.1.59
20
ba;a;l+.ma;na;ea:=+ma;a .sUa. 2638 (3:O; Ba;a;gea :pxa. 471)
10
11

;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a

143

7. bua;a;ga vua;a;ga va:jRa;nea

Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Nya;Ma21 :pa;
a;F+.taH Bua;a;ga Ba:jRanea I+.tyea;ke I+.a;ta [a;a:=+~va;a;ma;a

8. ma;ea;[a A;sa;nea
. ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH ;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d;a;a;ma;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .nEa;va;a;va;l+.ea;k+.a;tea [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Nya;Ma22
;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;pea23 ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa:a;Ea24 . ca;ea;pa;a:aH ma;ea;[a;ya;a;ta Za:=+a;a;na;tyua;d;a;h:=+NMa [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Nya;Ma
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa:a;Ea . ca dx;Zya;tea ;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;pea tua ma;ea;[a;ya;tya.~:a;a;ma;tyua;d;a;&+.ta;m,a

9. .=+Za .sa;mUa;h;
a;k+.=+Na;Za;b.de;Sua
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH txa:$va;tk+:ea;uH 25 ;a;~:
/ a;ya;Ma . ca I+.a;ta .sUa:a;ya;ea;Ba;Ra;Syea26 .=+ a;Za:=+sma;a;ya;a;
a;va;Zea;Sea;Na;ea;pa;
a;d;H .sa .=+a; a;ZaH .=+a;ZmaH
/ / /  .=+Za;na;a I+.tyea;vMa;
a;va;Sa;ya I+.tyua;+:m,a ta:a . ca :pra;d ;a;pea27
.=+ a;Za;lu +.Za;a A;pa;
a;F+.ta;a;va;
a;pa Ba;a;Sya;k+:a:=+va;.ca;na;a:;d ;a;tUa ba;ea:;d ;v.ya;Ea I+.a;ta v.ya;a;K.ya;a;ta;m,a A;nea;na
:]a;a;ya;teaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH :pa;a; a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe na :pa;
a;F+.ta I+.a;ta na;a;gea;Za;Ba;*e+:na tua ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe
:pa;
a;F+.ta;a;va;a;.ca;a;yeRa;Nea;a;ta ba;ea:;d ;v.ya;a;
a;va;tya;TRaH 28 I+.tyua;+:m,a A;a;sma;npa;[e
///
a .=+Za;Da;a;tua;Da;Ra;tua;pa;a;Fe
:pUa;va :pa;
a;F+.taH :pa;(a ;a;u+:a I+.tya;va;sea;ya;m,a l+.ea;k+:pra;ya;ea;ga;a;nua;sa;a:=e+Na;a:a;a;TRa;a;na;deR ;ZaH kx+:taH
Ba;a;Sa;a;pra;ya;ea;ga;a;j.]a;a;ya;tea o+.+.+.pa:a;ya;
a;va;Sa;ya O;;va;a;~ya :pra;ya;ea;ga I+.a;ta A;nyea;Sua ;
a:a;Svea;va;a;TeRa;Sua
:pra;ya;ea;ga I+.a;ta Ba;a;Syea o+.+:tva;a;NNua;txa:ja;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na na .sa;}Ba;va;nta;a;a;ta

10.

:=e;jxa d ;a;a;Ea

Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH ;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d;a;Ma .nEa;va dx;Zya;tea [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Nya;Ma29 . ca;nd+sa;mma;ta[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.93 (:pxa. 36 :pMa. 7)
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.176 (:pxa. 313 :pMa. 12)
23
;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;paH 10.168 (:pxa. 152 :pMa. 3)
24
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 10.173 (:pxa. 559 :pMa. 14)
25
:pa;a..sUa. 1.3.58
26
ma;h;a;Ba;a;Sya;m,a 7.1.9576 (.sa;a;ma;a;;ma;a;Dya;a;ya;Ba;a;gea :pxa. 90 :pMa. 12)
27
:pra;d ;a;paH 7.1.9576 (.sa;a;ma;a;;ma;a;Dya;a;ya;Ba;a;gea :pxa.90 :pMa. 17)
28
o+.+a;ea;taH 7.1.9576 (.sa;a;ma;a;;ma;a;Dya;a;ya;Ba;a;gea :pxa. 90 :pMa. 2526)
29
O;:jxa Brea:jxa Bra;a:jxa d ;a;a;Ea ([a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.111)
21

22

o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe

144

;pa;a;F+.tvea;na;ea;pa;a:aH 30 ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa:a;Ea31 o+.+:m,a A:a :=e+a:ja:=+

a;pa *: +:a;.ca;t,a :pa;F:a;tea
ta;d;na;a;SRa;a;ma;va I+.a;ta

11. l+.ea;l . ca;l+.nea

;
a;va:(;a;gua;Na;a;d;ZRa;.ca;}.pUa;g{a;nTa;a;d;Ea32 l+.ea;l+.+:a;l+.a;b.ia;a; a;a;ssa:=+nta;a;a;ta
:pra;ya;ea;ga;ea va;tRa;tea ; a;Za;Zua;pa;a;l+.va;Da;ma;h;a;k+:a;v.yea txa;ta;a;yea .sa;geRa l+.ea;l+.;u ;ja;a;k+:a:=+a;bxa;h:a:=+*: +.m,a33
+a;va;a;t,a l+.ea;l I+.a;ta k+:(a;na ;Da;a;tua:=+~ta;a;tya;*: +.a
I+.a;ta :pra;ya;ea;ga;ea dx;Zya;tea O;;va:*.a :pra;ya;ea;ga;ba;a;hu;ya;sa;;
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH

;
a;k+:ya;tea lu +.f ;
a;va;l+.ea;q+.nea34 I+.tya:a;a;h vxa; a:a;k+:a:=H 35 BUa;sUa:ea .sua;Da;a;k+.=H lu +.l ;
a;va;l+.ea;q+.nea
I+.a;ta l+.a;nta;eaY;
a;pa dx;Zya;tea l+.ea;l+.;u ;ja;a;k+:a:= I+.a;ta ma;a;GaH .q+.l+.ya;ea;=e +k+:tva;sma:=+Na;a;ma;a;ta va;a
:pra;a;ta;
a;va;Dea;ya;a;ma;a;ta

12. Za;*:x ga;ta;Ea

Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:ea;na36 :pa;
a;F+.taH Za;*: +.=+tea vxa;Sa;BaH I+.va A;a;.ca:=+a;ta Za;*: +.=H
vxa;Sa;BaH Za;*: +.=+a ga;EaH C+.nd;ea;
a;va;Zea;Sa;(a I+.a;ta ta:a dx;Zya;tea37 A;nya:a;a;yMa ;Da;a;tua;nRa dx;Zya;tea
Za;*: +.=+ma;a;NaH Za;*: +:a:=+Sya;ma;a;NaH I+.tya;~ya ;
a;va;Zea;Sa:+.pa;a;Nya;a;tma;nea;pa;
a;d;tva;a;t,a Za;*: +.=+kH
Za;*: +:a:=+k+:a ; a;Za;Za;*: +:a:=+Sa;a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na A;.cRa :pUa:ja;a;ya;a;m,a I+.a;ta;va;t,a

13. Za;dR ku+:a;tsa;te

/ /  a Za;b.de
A;yMa Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:ea ;Da;a;tuaH k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:ea;na :pa;F:a;tea38 Za;dR ;ta I+.tya;~ya;a;pa;a;nMa tya:ja;ta;a;tya;TRaH
k+:Ea;mua;d;a;a;
a;d;Sva;yMa

;Da;a;tua;nRa

dx;Zya;tea

Za;dR ;ma;a;naH

Za;
a;dR ;Sya;ma;a;Na

.+.pa;a;Nya;a;tma;nea;pa;
a;d;tva;a;t,a Za;dR ;kH Za;
a;dR ;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na
:=e;jxa I+.a;ta . ca;ndH ([a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a :pxa. 37 :pMa. 15)
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 1.111 (:pxa. 89 :pMa. 3)
32
;
a;va:(;a;gua;Na;a;d;ZRa;.ca;}.pUaH (;+e a;kH 1
33
; a;Za;Zua;pa;a;l+.va;Da;m,a 3.72
34
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 1.211 (:pxa. 111 :pMa. 4)
35
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 1.211 (:pxa. 67 :pMa. 1920)
36
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH 1.412
37
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH :pxa. 67 :pMa. 1920
38
:pa;dR k+:dR ga;dR Za;dR ku+:a;tsa;te
/ /  a Za;b.de (k+:a;Za;kxt=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH 1.394)
30

31

I+.tya;~ya

;Da;a;ta;eaH

;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a

145

14. ; a;Za;a;Ka
 ga;ta;Ea
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH o+.Ka o+.a;Ka.
 . . I+.tya;a;sma;n,
/ / /  a d;Nq+.ke (128155) :pa;a;F+.a;nta:=+tvea;na
k+:Ea;mua;d;a;Ma :pa;
a;F+.taH

ta:a h:au;+:m,a I+.h Ka;a;ntea;Sua :a:=+Ka a;Ka ;

a:a;a;Ka
 ; a;Za;a;Ka
 I+.tya;
a;pa

. ca;tua:=H :ke+:a;.ca;tpa;F+.a;nta

/ / I+.a;ta ; a;Za:*;+. n,a nta;a, ; a;Za;
a:*;+. Sya;n,a nta;a ta;a I+.a;ta Za;ta;a:= ;
a;va;Zea;SaH
:pa:=+smEa;pa;
a;d;tva;a;t,a ; a;Za:*;+. k H ; a;Za;
a:*;+. k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na

15. Zua ga;ta;Ea

Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH Za;a;k+:f;a;ya;nea;na [a;a:=+~va;a;a;ma;na;a39 . ca :pa;
a;F+.taH k+:Ea;mua;d;a;a;
a;d;Sva;yMa na
dx;Zya;tea .sua I+.a;ta :de;vaH (ra;a;kx+:SNa;l +.a;l+.a;Zua;k+:mua;a;na;(a;a;h40 A;pa:=e :pua;naH Zua .~:ua ga;ta;Ea I;a;ta
:pa;F+.a;nta
/ / ta;Ta;a . ca Zua du du .sua ga;ta;Ea I+.a;ta Za;a;k+:f;a;ya;naH [a;a:=+~va;a;ma;a tua Zua (rua ga;ta;Ea I+.a;ta
:pa;
a;F+.tva;a Za;va;a;ta Zxa;*: +.a :pra:=+ea;hH A;a;Zxa;Na;ea;a;ta . cEa:a;a;ya 41 I+.a;ta . ca o+.d;a;&+.tya (rua (ra;va;Nea I+.tya;~ya
.~Ta;a;nea .~:ua ga;ta;Ea42 I+.tya;
a;pa :pa;pa;a;F na . ca;a;nyaH Zua;dR x ;Zya;tea o+.Na;a;
a;d;vxa:a;Ea43 tua .sua ga;ta;a;
a;va;a;ta
.sa;Ea:a I+.tyua;+:m,a

16. Zua;k ga;ta;Ea

Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tua;mERa:ea;ya44 [a;a:=+~va;a;a;ma45 :pra;Bxa;a;ta;a;BaH :pa;
a;F+.taH k+:Ea;mua;d;a;Ma tua na dx;Zya;tea
ma;a;Da;va;eaY;
a;pa tMa na;a;nua;mea;nea .sa h:a;~ya :pa;a;F+.eaY;na;a;SRa I+.va :pra;ta;a;ya;tea46 I+.tya;a;h

17. .sa;a;a;taH .sua;Kea

. ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH k+:a; a;Za;k+:a;vxa:a;a;vua;M .sa;a;a;taH .sa;Ea:a;ea ;Da;a;tuaH 47 I+.a;ta ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tuaZua (rua ga;ta;Ea ([a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.671)
;dE ;va;m,a :pxa. 27 :pMa. 1718
41
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a :pxa. 142 :pMa. 1718
42
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.673 (:pxa. 151 :pMa. 2)
43
o+va;l+.d:a;a;ya;ea;Na;a;
a;d;vxa; a:aH 2.25
44
;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;paH 1.82 (:pxa. 13 :pMa. 11)
45
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.86 (:pxa. 34 :pMa. 4)
46
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 1.86 (:pxa. 81 :pMa. 14)
47
k+:a; a;Za;k+:a;vxa; a:aH 3.1.138
39

40

o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe

146

;vxa:a;a;vua;+:m,a ;a:ja;nea;nd+h:=+d:a;Ea .sa;a;a;ta;heR ;tua;ma;NNya;ntaH I+.a;ta48 I+.a;ta .sa;vRa:a .sa;a;a;ta;a:=+a;ta
I+.k+:a ;a;na;deR ;ZaH na tva;a;
a;d;ta;a .sa;a;ta I+.tyea;va ;Da;a;tua;~va:+.pa;m,a Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:tvea .sa;ta I+.a;ta
:pa;
a;F+.ta;v.ya;m,a

ya;ta;~tua .sa;a;a;ta;a:=+a;ta :pa;F:a;tea A;ta;eaY;yMa . cua:=+a;

a;d:=+tya;va;sea;ya;m,a

A;nua;pa;sa;ga;Ra;
a;+:}.pa;
a;va;nd;Da;a;a:=+pa;a;a:=:vea;d;au;de ;a:ja;a;na;sa;a;a;ta;sa;a;
a;h;Bya;(a 49 I+.a ;ta Za;pra;tya;yea ; a;Za;tva;a;t,a
Za;
a;pa :pa:=;+.pea :Nea:=+ya;a;de ;Zea .sa;a;ta;ya I+.a;ta .+.pa;a;sa;a:;d H

18. .sxa;Bua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .sa;a;
a;d;pa;a;FH [a;a:=+~va;a;a;ma;naH .sa;mma;taH 50 ;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;pea51 k+:Ea;mua;d;a;Ma52
. ca :Sa;ea;pa;de ;Za;tvea;na :pa;
a;F+.taH .sa;BRa;a;ta .sa;BRa;kH .sa;a;BRa;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na

19.

.sxa;nBua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a

Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH :Sxa;}Bua I+.a;ta mEa:ea;ya;sa;a;ya;Na;Ea53 .sxa;nBua I+.a;ta [a;a:=+~va;a;a;ma;pra;Bxa;ta;yaH 54
O;;ta;a;va;pya;Sa;ea;pa;de ;Za;Ea .sxa;va:jRa;m,a55 I+.tya;nea;na;a;TRa;k+:~ya;a;
a;pa g{a;h;Na;a;
a;d;a;ta [a;a:=+~va;a;ma;a56 .sxa;}Ba;a;ta
.sxa;}Ba;kH .sxa;a;}Ba;k+:
/ / /  a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na

20.

.sea;lx ga;ta;Ea

Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH Zea;lx I+.a;ta ;Da;a;tua;v.ya;a;K.ya;a;va;sa:=e ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa:a;a;vua;+:m,a A:a
:ke+:a;.ca;t,a .sea;lx I+.a;ta :pa;F+.a;nta
/ / .sea;l+.tea;~tua d;ntya;a;de H :pa;a;FH :Sa;ea;pa;de ;Za;pa;yRua;d;a;sa;va;a;k+.aeY;nua;pa;a;d;a;na;a;d;na;a;SRaH 57 I+.a;ta
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 1.33 (:pax . 65 :pMa. 3132)
:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.138
50
.sxa;Bua .sxa;nBua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;Ta;ERa ([a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.291)
51 x
:Sa;Bua :Sxa;nBua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;Ta;ERa (;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;paH 1.283) :Sxa;Bua :Sxa;}Bua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;Ta;ERa (ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH
1.286)
52 x
:Sa;Bua :Sxa;nBua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;Ta;ERa (;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d ;a ;Da;a;tua;sa;* +;a;a
430431 [3:O; Ba;a;gea :pax . 134])
53
;a;f. 5051 d+;v.yea
54
;a;f. 50 d+;v.ya;a
55
ma;h;a;Ba;a;Sya;m,a 6.1.64 (:Sa;+a;Dya;a;ya;Ba;a;gea :pxa. 588 :pMa. 3)
56
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.291 (:pxa. 65 :pMa. 20)
57
A:a *: +:a;.ca;t,a Kea;lx :Sea;lx .sea;lx I+.tya;
a;pa a;yaH :pa;F:a;ntea ta:a Kea;l+.a;taH mEa:ea;ya;a;d;a;nua;sa;a:=e+Na;a;g{ea
48

49

;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a

21.

147

.~ta;nBua :pra;a;ta;Ga;a;tea

A;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .sa;Ea;va;a;

a;d;kH k+.aE;ya;a;
a;d;k+:(a .sa;Ea:a;eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .~ta;}Bua;a;sa;vua;sa;h;Ma . ca;
a;z58
I+.tya:a o+.pa;a:aH

kx+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a;ya;a;mua;.cya;tea ;Da;a;ta;ea:+:
a;d;tk+.=+Na;a;t,a +:a;
a;d;Sua :pra;tya;yea;Sua

:pra;ya;ea;ga;eaY;~ya;a;~ta;a;a;ta :]a;a;ya;tea O;;va;m,a, A;va;a;a;a;l+.}ba;na;a;

a;va;dU;yRa;ya;eaH (8.3.68) I+.tya;a;
a;d;Sua
k+:a;yRa;
a;va;Da;a;na;a;t,a .~ta;}Bua;a;sa;vua(8.3.114) I+.tya:a . ca;
a;z :Satva;a;na;Sea;Da;a;a .sa;ma;~ta;a;nya;
a;pa
;a;ta;z+.nta;kx+:d;nta:+.pa;a;Nya;sma;a;t,a Ba;va;nta;a;a;ta :]a;a;ya;tea59 I+.a;ta .~ta;B.au;va;n,a, .~ta;B.a;n,a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na
.+.pa;a; a;Na .~ta;}Bua;~tua;}Bua;~k+:}Bua;~ku+:}Bua;~ku+:VByaH (au;(a60 I+.a;ta (auH (a;a . ca

22.

.~tUa;pa .sa;mua;.cC"+.a;yea

;dE ;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Nya;Ma :pa;
a;F+.taH 61 ta:a . ca;ea;M .~tua;pa I+.a;ta du;gRaH I+.a;ta
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe :x;pa .sa;mua;.cC"+.a;yea I+.a;ta ;dE ;va;a;
a;d;k+:ea ;Da;a;tuaH 62 ta;ma;a;Da;kx+:tya
.sa;}.pa;a;d;ke+:na;ea;M .~tUa;pa I+.a;ta k+:a;ta:n:a;a A;nyea . ca :ke+:.ca;na ;vEa;ya;a;k+.=+Na;aH 63 I+.a;ta ma;a;Da;va;a;ya-

;Da;a;tua;vxa:a;Ea ;
a;q+.pa [ea;pea64 I+.tya:a;ea;+:m,a I+.h *: +:a;.ca;t,a .~tUa;pa .sa;mua;.cC"+.a;yea I+.a;ta :pa;F:a;tea
ta;d;na;a;SRa;m,a .~tyaH :pra;sa;a:=+Na;mua;a65 I+.a;ta .~tya;a;ya;teaH ya;pra;tya;yea ya;k+:a:=+~ya o+.k+:a:=e .sa;}.pra;sa;a:=+Nea
d ;a;GeRa . ca .~tUa;pa;Za;b.d;v.yua;tpa;a;d;na;a;t,a A;ta O;;va A;a:ea;ya;mEa:ea;ya;a;d;ya;eaY;
a;pa na :pa;F+.a;nta
/ / 66 I+.a;ta
o+.+:m,a .~tUa;pya;n,a -nta;a A;~ya ;Da;a;ta;eaH ;
a;va;Zea;SaH ;
a;d;va;a;
a;d;tva;a;t,a .~tUa;pa;kH -.~tUa;
a;pa;k+:a
I+.tya;a;d ;a;nya;nya;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na

:pa;
a;F+.Sya;ntea .sea;l+.tea;~tua d;nta;ya;a;de H :pa;a;FH :Sa;ea;pa;de ;Za;pa;yRua;d;a;sa;va;a;k+.aeY;nua;pa;a;d;a;na;a;d;na;a;SRaH
(ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 1.353 :pxa. 150 :pMa. 910)
58
:pa;a..sUa. 8.3.114
59 x
k+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a :pxa. 1386
60
:pa;a..sUa. 3.2.82
61
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 4.125 (:pxa. 231 :pMa. 17)
62
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH 3.88
63
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH :pxa. 144 ;a;f. 2
64
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 4.129 (:pxa. 441 :pMa. 12)
65
o+.Na;a;
a;d;sUa:a;a; a;Na 3.25
66
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH :pxa. 441 :pMa. 1517

o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe

148

:a;=+:
/a;f .=+:ae ;h;nea

23.

. ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH

A;yMa :pa;a;FH [a;a:=+ta:=+

a;*: +.Nya;Ma .~va;a;kx+:taH

ta:a . ca;ea;M ;a;sma;f

///

I+.tyea;ke67 I+.a;ta A;nya I+.mMa ;Da;a;tMua na :pa;F+.a;nta

/ / .sa;vRa:a ;a;sma;f
/ / /  I+.a;ta :pa;a;F+.Bea;dH

A;~ya :pa;a;F+.Zua:;d ;ta;a;

a;va;Sa;yea [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a;a;f;ppa;Nya;Ma k+:ta;ma;eaY:a Zua:;d H :pa;a;FH I+.a;ta :de;va;a O;;va
:]a;a;tua;ma;hR ;a;nta
/ / I+.tyua;+:m,a .=+:ea;f;ya;a;ta I+.a;ta .+.pa;m,a

24.

.~ya;l ;
a;va;ta;keR

. ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH

nya;a;sa;k+:a:=H na;a;.ca;a;yRa:=+a:ja;a;tvR
/ a;#sMa;yua;+.:]a;a;tya;a;K.yea;ByaH 68 I+.a;ta

.sUa:ea .~ya;l ;
a;va;ta;keR A;sma;a;ua:=+a;
a;d; a;Na:ja;nta;a;t,a :pa;.ca;a;d;a;a;.ca .~ya;a;l+.Za;b.d;eaY;nta;ea;d;a:aH 69 I+.a;ta
v.yua;tpa;a;d;ya;a;ma;a;sa .~ya;a;l+.k H I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na

25.

.~va;tRa ga;tya;Ma . ca

. ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .~va;tRa ga;tya;Ma . ca . ca;k+:a:=+a;tkx+:.cC"+ja;a;va;nea . cea;a;ta .~va;a;ma;a70 .tea;nEa;va
:Sa;ea:pa;de ;ZaH I+.a;ta na;nd ;a (;a;Bra ga;ta;Ea . ca I+.a ;ta d;Ea;ga;RaH I+.tya;pyua;+:m,a71 ma;a;Dava;k+:Ea;mua;d ;a;kx+:ta;Ea
(;a;tRa ga;tya;a;a;ma;tya;a;h;tuaH 72 .~va;tRa;ya;a;ta .~va;tRa;kH .~va;a;tRa;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a; a;Na
I+.tTMa

:pa;a; a;Na;na;a;ya;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe Y;pa;

a;F+.ta;a;na;a;ma;
a;pa

;Da;a;tUa;na;a;mua;pa;a;de ;ya;ta;a;ya;a

A;pa;a:=+h;a;yRa;ta;a

.sa;vERa:=+pya;Byua;pa;ga;nta;v.yEa;va Ba;va;a;ta

:pa;a; a;Na;nyua;M :pra;ma;a;NMa na tua :pua;na:=+pa:=M . ca;nd+Ba;ea:ja;a;
a;d;Za;a;~:Ma
:ke Y;pya;a;hu;~ta;+:a;Ga;M na Ka;lu ba;hu;
a;va;d;a;ma;a;~ta
/ /  ;a;na;mRUa;l+.va;a;k+.a;m,a
ba;+:*: +.a;k+:a:=+Bea;d;ea Ba;va;a;ta gua;Na;va;Za;a;t,a :pa;a; a;Na;neaH :pra;a;k, k+:TMa;va;a
:pUa;va;eRa;a;M :pa;a; a;Na;a;nMa;(a;a;pya;nua;va;d;a;ta ;
a;va:=+ea;DeaY;
a;pa k+:pya;ea ;
a;va;k+:paH 73
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.31 (:pxa. 295 :pMa. 1)
:pa;a..sUa. 6.2.133
69
nya;a;saH 6.2.133 (5:O; Ba;a;gea :pxa. 121 :pMa. 89)
70
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.74 (:pxa. 299 :pMa. 18)
71
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.74 (:pxa. 299 :pMa. 20)
72
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa; a:aH 10.74, ;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d ;a ;Da;a;tua;sa;* +;a;a
1623 (3:O; Ba;a;gea :pxa. 393)
73
A;pa;a; a;Na;na;a;ya;pra;a;ma;a;Nya;sa;a;Da;na;m,a 1
67

68

;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a

149

:pa:=+a;ma;ZRa;g{a;nTa;sUa;.ca;a
A;pa;a; a;Na;na;a;ya;pra;a;ma;a;Nya;sa;a;Da;na;m,a

(ra;a;na;a:=+a;ya;Na;Ba;*+:pa;a;d;pra;Na;a;tMa :pra;
a;k+:ya;a;sa;vRa;~va;m,a .sa;}.pa;a;d;kH :pra;ea;P. :ke. ;
a;pa.
na;a:=+a;ya;a;Na;
a;pa;Sa;a:=+ea;f ;a gua:+:va;ayua:= gua:+:va;a;yua:= :de;va;~va;m,a 1998 :pra;Ta;mMa
:pa;a:=+ a;Za;;m,a

A;;a;Dya;a;ya;a
:pa;a; a;Na;a;na;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;a A;;a;Dya;a;ya;a (:pa;d;.cCe +.dvxa; a:ava;a;a;tRa;k;a;f;ppa;Na;a .sa;
a;h;ta;a)
.sa;}.pa;a;d;kH :pra;ea ga;ea;pa;a;l+.da;pa;a;Nqe +.yaH . ca;tua;Ta .sMa;~k+.=+Na;m,a va;a:=+a;Na;sa;a
. ca;Ea;Ka;}ba;a .sua:=+Ba;a:=+ta;a :pra;k+:a;Za;na 1992
o+.Na;a;
a;d;sUa:a;a; a;Na
o+.Na;a;
a;d;sUa:a;a; a;Na (ea;ta;va;a;a;sa;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;vxa; a:a;yua;ta;a;a;na ;a;ta. .=+a. ;a;.ca;nta;a;ma; a;Na;na;a
.sMa;pa;a;
a;d;ta;a;a;na ma;d+pua:=+a ma;d+pua:=+a;
a;va:(;a;
a;va;d;a;a;l+.yaH 1933 (:pua;na;mRua;d+Na;m,a
na;va;a ;
a;d; +:a na;va:=+*: 1992)
+.gvea;dH

+.gvea;d;sMa;
a;h;ta;a (ra;a;ma;tsa;a;ya;Na;a;.ca;a;yRa;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;Ba;a;Sya;sa;mea;ta;a :pa:*.a Ba;a;ga;aH

:pua;Nea ;vEa;
a;d;k+:sMa;Za;ea;Da;na;ma;Nq+.l+.m,a 19331951
+.ga;TRa;d ;a;
a;pa;k+:a

(ra;a;vea;*: +.f;a;yRa;ta;nUa;;
+vea;na (ra;a;ma;a;Da;vea;na ;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;a A;pra;k+:a; a;Za;ta;pUa;va;Ra +.gvea;d;sMa;
a;h;ta;a;v.ya;a;K.ya;a +.ga;TRa;sa;a;
a;pa;k+:a .sa;}.pa;a;d;kH l+.[ma;Na;~va:+.paH . ca;tua;Ta;eRa

Ba;a;gaH va;a:=+a;Na;sa;a ma;ea;ta;a;l+.a;l ba;na;a:=+sa;a;d;a;sa 1955

k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;v.ya;a;K.ya;a;na;m,a
(ra;a;.ca;a;va;a:=+
a;va;kx+:ta;k+:na;Ra;f;kf ;a;k+:a;ya;aH
x
x
.sMa;~k+:ta:+.pa;a;nta:=+m,a .sMa;~k+:ta:+.pa;a;nta:=+kta;Ra yua;a;Da;
a;;=+ea ma;a;ma;Ma;sa;kH
A:ja;mea:= Ba;a:=+ta;a;ya:pra;a;.cya;
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150
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19892005
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151

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19871988
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1975