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Basic terms:
Prevalence = Number of existing cases of disease at a
point in time / Total population.
Notes:
Case
Design reports/
Case
series
Surveys
CaseControl *
Cohort*
RCT*
Identifying risk
Provides
factors in rare estimates of Strongest evidence
for the effect of a
diseases or
incidence,
diseases with
relative &
treatment without
+
the effect of
long latency attributable risk;
confounders
periods ;
good for
evaluation of
evaluating
(randomness of
exposure)
multiple
multiple effects
exposures of one exposure
Recall Bias due
Lack of
Results
to exposures
generalizability,
usually
in the past,
Causality
Selection Bias need to assess
come from
Selection Bias
cannot be
due to losses to compliance, the
one patient
if cases and
inferred
follow-up
effect of small
or from one
controls chosen
samples and losses
center
from different
to follow -up.
populations
*Causality criteria: These are the elements that suggest a causal relationship
between a factor and the onset of disease; they include Temporal sequence,
Biologic plausibility, Strength, C onsistency, Dose-response, Reversibility
(TeBSConDoR)
Prevalence of
disease;
Formulation
associations of
of
risk factors with
hypothes es
health
outcomes
For medians
ANOVA
Chi-square
Non-parametric
methods
Statistical tests
used to determine
whether a mean
differs from the
theoretical value or
from another
mean.
Z-test for n>30 and
t-test for n<30
ANalysis Of
VAriance
Statistical test
to determine if
there are
sign ificant
differences
between
variances of
multiple
samples
Statistical test
to determine
whether an
observed
association
between 2
categorical
variables
differs from the
theoretical
value or from
each other
+
a
c
b
d