QCS 2014

Section 06: Roadworks

Part
09: Recycled Aggregate for Roadworks

Page 1

RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR ROADWORKS ................................................................... 2

9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.5
9.6

GENERAL ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Scope
2
References
2
Definitions
3
SOURCE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
APPLICATIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR EARTH WORKS RELATED TO ROADS ------------ 4
Requirements of Materials
4
Compaction of Fill Material
5
RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR SUB-BASE MATERIAL ---------------------------------- 5
RECEYCLED AGGREGATE FOR BASE MATERIAL OF MINOR ROADS IN
VILLAGE AREAS AND TEMPORARY ROADS ----------------------------------------------- 6

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QCS 2014

Section 06: Roadworks

Part
09: Recycled Aggregate for Roadworks

Page 2

RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR ROADWORKS

9.1

GENERAL

9.1.1

Scope

The conditions of this part cover the requirements of recycled aggregate obtained from
demolition and excavation waste for use in roadworks.

Related Parts are:

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General
Earthworks
Unbound Pavement Materials

9.1.2

References

The following standards are referred to in this Part :

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Part 1,
Part 3,
Part 4,

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ASTM C88 ..................Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of

Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate

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ASTM C131 ................Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size

Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles
Machine
BS EN 933 Part 1 .......Determination
Aggregates

of

particle

size

distribution

Sieving

method

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ASTM C535 ................Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size

Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles
Machine

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BS 1377 Part 4 ...........Methods of test for Compaction-related tests, California Bearing Ratio
(CBR) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils

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ASTM D2419 ..............Standard Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine
Aggregate

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BS 1377 Part 3 ...........Standard Test Methods for Classification tests, Liquid Limit, Plastic
Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils

BS EN 933 Part 3. ......Methods of test for Determination of particle shape - Flakiness index
BS EN 933 Part 4. ......Methods of test for Determination of particle shape - Shape index

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BS EN 933 Part 5 .......Methods of test for Determination of percentage of crushed and

broken surfaces in coarse aggregate particles.
BS 1377 Part 3 ...........Methods of test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes: Chemical and
electro-chemical tests
BS EN 933-11:2009 ...Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Classification test for
the constituents of coarse recycled aggregate
BS EN 1097-2:2010...Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Methods
for the determination of resistance to fragmentation
QS 29 / 2012 ..............The general Conditions For Recycled Aggregate Obtained From
Building Demolition

QCS 2014

Section 06: Roadworks

Part
09: Recycled Aggregate for Roadworks

Page 3

Definitions

Demolition Waste: Waste Material obtained from Excavated and/or demolished concrete
structures.

Concrete Demolition Waste : Waste Produced by demolition of concrete structures in

general.

Demolition Waste from Hard Concrete : Waste obtained from demolition of hard concrete
members such as columns, foundations and other mass concrete blocks.

Excavation Waste : Waste obtained from excavated materials.

Mixed Demolition Waste : Waste material obtained from both excavated and demolished
concrete structures.

Mixed Aggregate : Recycled fine and coarse Aggregate combined together.

Recycled Aggregate: a materials produced by the reprocessing of reclaimed construction

and demolition waste. These include but are not limited to asphalt planings (i.e. the asphalt
layers of roads removed during roadworks, also known as RAP Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement), fill, selected fill, granular subbase and rock from construction excavations.

9.2

SOURCE

The debris pieces of blocks collected from road demolitions in various places should be
stock piled at suitable location where different types of materials can be separated.

The clean, tough, hard, durable, free from organic material and uncoated particles containing
no harmful materials in quantities sufficient to adversely affect construction works shall be
stock piled separately according to the required nominal sizes. The material free from pieces
of steel, plastic and wood.

The sources of aggregate should be regularly and thoroughly investigated to ensure the
quality of material is satisfactory. The aggregate shall be non-plastic and chemically stable.

9.3

APPLICATIONS

Carefully selected recycled aggregate can be used in many applications as shown below.

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9.1.3

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(a)
(b)

For manufacture of Hollow & Solid Blocks and Paving blocks for pedestrians.

(c)

For Earth works related to roads.

(d)

For Aggregate of sub-base materials.

(e)

For Minor Roads of village areas and temporary roads.

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For Non-structural Concrete (Grade SRC 20) for backing of kerbs, channels, edging
and quadrant in road work.

Recycled materials from construction or a construction process, or from existing pavement

layers shall be separated according to type for processing. The separate processed
materials shall be stored in stockpiles of no greater than 4000 tons and quarantined for
testing and approval by the Engineer prior to use.

QCS 2014

Section 06: Roadworks

Part
09: Recycled Aggregate for Roadworks

Page 4

Samples shall be taken of the recycled aggregate constituents for classification by handsorting the coarse aggregate particles in accordance with BS EN 933-11. The test shall be
carried out by a suitably trained laboratory technician who has demonstrated competence in
classifying the constituent classes in accordance with the test method.

Testing frequency shall be according to parts 3 and 4 of this section unless otherwise stated
by the Engineer.

Recycled aggregate shall be free from non-aggregate constituents such organics and shall
have a minimum amount of deleterious material which may affect its reuse.

The Percentage use of recycled aggregate shall not exceed the following:

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A maximum of 50% of recycled fine, and/or coarse and/or mixed aggregates whether
obtained from Concrete or mixed waste can be used for concrete works of less than
20 MPa strength or any other construction works but not for asphalt layers.

(b)

It is not allowed to use recycled Aggregate obtained from concrete or mixed demolition
wastes in asphalt mixes. Only Recycled Aggregate from excavated material can be
used in asphalt mixes.

(c)

A maximum of 100% of recycled aggregate obtained from excavated material can be

used in any of the above mentioned construction works.

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(a)

RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR EARTH WORKS RELATED TO ROADS

9.4.1

Requirements of Materials

Recycled material shall be tested according to the relevant parts of BS 1377 and shall be
within the limits of following table:

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Table 9.5
Specifications of Recycled Aggregate for use in
Earth Works Related to Roads

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Grading

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Requirement

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Particle Size
Organic Material (%)
Liquid Limit (%)
Plasticity Index (%)
Material Passing 0.075 mm (%)
Water Soluble Salts (%)
Acid Soluble Salts (%)
Soaked CBR Value
Swell (%)
Tree and Plant Stumps
Perishable Materials
Materials Subject to Spontaneous
Combustion
Material From Sabkha and Marshes

General Fill
(Filling on low level
areas)
Standard

Selected Fill
( Sub-grade)
Standard

Less than 75mm

2 max
40 max
11 max
40 max
5 max

Less than 75mm

2 max
35max
10 max
35 max
5 max

10 max
Free
Free

10 max
More than 15
2 max
Free
Free

Free

Free

Free

Free

QCS 2014

Section 06: Roadworks

Part
09: Recycled Aggregate for Roadworks

Page 5

Compaction of Fill Material

All Fill materials shall be placed in loose layers within the effective range of compaction of
the approved plant. The maximum permissible loose layer thickness shall be limited to
200mm.

The fill material shall be watered and mixed as necessary to ensure that prior to compaction,
the moisture content of the whole layer 3% of the optimum moisture content obtained at the
laboratory compaction test (LCT). The compaction of layer shall continue until a density of at
least 95% of the maximum dry density of LCT.

No layer shall be covered by the next layer until it has been tested, inspected and approved
by the Engineer.

9.5

RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR SUB-BASE MATERIAL

The following table illustrates the material requirements for unbound materials for roadworks.

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9.4.2

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Table 9.6
Requirements of Recycled Aggregate for Roadworks Unbound Layers

Requirement

Coarse Aggregate

Standard

Standard

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Fine Aggregate

More than 4.75mm

Less Than 4.0mm

More than 4.0mm

Less than 4.75mm

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Particle Size

Grading

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OR

0.5 max

Water Soluble Chlorides (%)

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Organic Material (%)

Liquid Limit (%) material
passing 0.425 or 0.500mm
Plasticity Index (%)material
passing 0.425 or 0.500mm
MaterialPassing0.075mm (%)

25 max

Sub-Base
Class C

Free
25 max

1.0 max

1.0 max

Acid Soluble Chlorides (%)

2.0 max

2.0 max

Water Soluble Sulphates (%)

Acid Soluble Sulphates SO 3(%)
Soaked CBR Value
Swell (%)
Tree and Plant Stumps
Perishable Marshes
Materials subject to
Spontaneous combustion
Material from Sabkha and
Marshes
Clay Balls
Ratio of Passing 0.075mm &
0.425mm (%)

1.5 max
3.0 max
Free
Free

1.5 max
3.0 max
80 min
1.0 max
Free
Free

Free

Free

Free

Free

Free

Free

Free

66

35 max

35 max

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6 max
-

Flakiness Index (%)

6 max
-

Free

Aggregate

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Raw Materials

QCS 2014

Section 06: Roadworks

Part
09: Recycled Aggregate for Roadworks

Page 6

Raw Materials

Production

Requirement
Coarse Aggregate

Elongation Index (%)

40 max

40 max

Los Angeles Abrasion (%)

40 max

40 max

Soundness - magnesium
sulphates, 5 cycles (%)

20 max

20 max

Sand Equivalent Value

25 min

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Mix Designs

The recycled aggregate shall be used in aggregate sub-base and base courses. The
fine and course aggregate shall be combined proportionately in order to achieve the
following class of grading:

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Aggregate

Fine Aggregate

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Table 9.7
Gradation of Recycled Aggregate for use in Subbase Layers

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63.0
50.0
37.5
25.0
19
9.5
4.75
2.36
0.425
0.075

100
90-100
50-85
35-65
25-50
15-30
5-15

Screening and Mixing

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(b)

Class C

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63.0
40.0
20.0
10.0
4.0
2.0
0.500
0.063

ASTM Sieve (mm)

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BS EN Sieve (mm)

Percentage Passing
(by Weight)

Screening is required for recycled materials used in the road base and sub base to
ensure that the designated gradation is attained.
Central Mixing plant is required for the mixing of materials.

9.6

RECEYCLED AGGREGATE FOR BASE MATERIAL OF MINOR ROADS IN

VILLAGE AREAS AND TEMPORARY ROADS

Recycled Aggregate for use in Asphalt layers of temporary and minor roads in village areas
shall be reclaimed from excavated natural soil which is mechanically and chemically stable
and of specifications in the following table:

QCS 2014

Section 06: Roadworks

Part
09: Recycled Aggregate for Roadworks

Page 7

Table 9.9
Specification of Recycled Aggregate for use in
Asphalt Layers for Village and Temporary Roads
Recycled Aggregate

Requirement

Standard
Less than 2.36 mm

Standard
More than 2.36mm

0.5 max

0.5 max

4 max
2.0 max
3.0 max
Free
-

2.0 max
2.0 max
3.0 max
Free
Free
Free
35 max
40 max
40 max
25 max

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18 max
30 min

The different sizes of material shall be separated by screening and re-combined together to
produce the all-in Recycled crushed aggregate, which shall achieve the following grading
limits :

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Coarse Aggregate

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Grading
Particle Size
Organic Material - including wood and materials
prone to disintegration (%)
Water Absorption Saturated surface dry (%)
Liquid Limit
Plasticity Index (%)
MaterialPassing0.075mm (%)
Acid Soluble Chlorides (%)
Acid Soluble Sulphates SO 3 (%)
Materials subject to Spontaneous combustion
Materials from Sabkha and Marshes
Clay Balls
Flakiness Index (%)
Elongation Index (%)
Los Angeles Abrasion (%)
Crushing Value (%)
Soundness - magnesium sulphates, 5 cycles (%)
Sand Equivalent Value

Fine Aggregate

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Table17.8

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Gradation of Recycled Crushed Aggregate for use in

Asphalt Layers for Village and Temporary Roads

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BS EN Sieve (mm)
63.0
40.0
20.0
10.0
4.0
2.0
0.500
0.063

BS Sieve (mm)

Percentage Passing (by weight)

50.0
37.5
19.0
9.5
4.75
2.36
0.600
0.075

100
95-100
60-80
40-60
25-40
15-30
8-22
5-12

Recycled aggregate for use in Asphalt layers of minor roads in village areas and temporary
roads shall be nonplastic.

The material shall wet during transporting and spreading in order to avoid segregation.
END OF PART