BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
Jnanabharathi, Bangalore 560 056

CBCS REGULATIONS
AND
PROPOSED SYLLABUS

MSc, APPLIED GEOLOGY

(Semester Scheme)
(Effective from the Academic Year 2014-15)

BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore 560 056

REGULATIONS
DURATION OF THE COURSE: Four Semesters (Two Academic Years)
ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION
For admission to MSc Applied Geology course there shall be two modes of admission:
Mode I: 50% of the seats are reserved for those who have studied Geology at BSc degree and
should have secured 50% of marks in Geology and an aggregate of 50% in the optional subjects.
Mode II: 50% of the remaining seats are reserved for those who have studied BSc with any
other optional subjects and should have secured 50% marks in aggregate. In case of SC/ST
students, relaxation is allowed as per the university regulations. If vacancy arises in either of the
modes, inter mode filling up of seats may be allowed.
ATTENDANCE, LEAVE, PROGRESS AND CONDUCT

As existing in the regulations of Bangalore University applicable to P.G. courses in Science.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
I SEMESTER (THEORY)

Paper Code
HAGT 101
HAGT 102
HAGT 103
HAGT 104
SAGT 105

Paper Title
Crystallography
and Mineralogy
Geodynamics and
Geomorphology
Structural Geology
Palaeontology and
Stratigraphy
Environmental
Geology

Duration
Instruction of Exams
(hrs)/Week (hrs)

Marks
Credits
IA+Exam

Total

30+70

100

30+70

100

4
4

3
3

30+70
30+70

100
100

4
4

30+70

100

PRACTICALS
Paper Code

HAGP 106
HAGP 107

Paper Title

Instruction Duration Practicals Records & Total

(hrs)/Week of Exams
Viva-voce
(hrs)
8
4
70
30(20+10) 100

Crystallography,
Mineralogy
and
Geomorphology
Structural Geology 8
and Palaeontology

70

30(20+10)
Total

Credits
4

100

700

26

II SEMESTER (THEORY)
Paper Code

Instruction
(hrs)/Week

Paper Title

Duration
of Exams
(hrs)

Marks

Credits

IA+Exam Total
HAGT 201

Igneous
Petrology
Geochemistry

and 4

30+70

100

HAGT 202

Fuel Geology

30+70

100

HAGT 203

Exploration Geology

30+70

100

HAGT 204

Remote Sensing and GIS

30+70

100

SAGT 205

Sequence Stratigraphy
Engineering Geology

and 3

30+70

100

PRACTICALS
Instruction Duration
Practicals Records & Total
(hrs)/Week of Exams
Viva-voce
Credits
(hrs)

Paper Code

Paper Title

HAGP 206

Igneous
8
Petrology,
Petrochemical
Calculation and
Geochemical
Exploration

70

30(20+10)

100

HAGP 207

Geophysical
8
Exploration,
Remote Sensing
and GIS

70

30(20+10)

100

Total

700

26

III SEMESTER (THEORY)

Duration
Marks
Credits
Instruction of Exams
(hrs)/Week (hrs)
IA+Exam Total

Paper Code

Paper Title

HAGT 301

Sedimentary
Petrology

Metamorphic 4

30+70

100

HAGT 302

Stratigraphy of India and Mineral 4

Economics

30+70

100

HAGT 303

Mining Geology
Processing

30+70

100

OE 304

The World of Rocks and Minerals

OR

30+70

100

OE 304

and

and

Mineral 4
4

Water Resources

PRACTICALS
Paper
Code

Instruction Duration Practicals Records & Total

(hrs)/Week of Exams
Viva-voce
(hrs)

Paper Title

HAGP 305

Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Petrology

HAGP 306

Environmental
Geology,
Geostatistics
Surveying

Credits

and 8

70

30(20+10)

100

70

30(20+10)

100

600

24

and
Total

IV SEMESTER (THEORY)
Duration of Marks
Paper
Code

Credits

Instruction Exams (hrs)

(hrs)/Week

Paper Title

IA+Exam

Total

HAGT 401

Hydrogeology
Meteorology

and 4

30+70

100

HAGT 402

Micropalaeontology and 4
Marine Geology

30+70

100

HAGT 403

Ore
Geology
and 4
Analytical Techniques

30+70

100

HAGT 404

Dissertation (Evaluation 8
and Viva-voce)

30
100
(viva)+70
(Evaluation)

PRACTICALS
Instruction Duration Practicals Records & Total
(hrs)/Week of Exams
Viva-voce
(hrs)

Paper Code

Paper Title

Credits

HAGP 405

Hydrogeology and 8
Meteorology
and
Micropalaeontology

70

30(20+10)

100

HAGP 406

Ore Geology, Ore 8

Reserve Estimation
and Field Report
Evaluation

65

10+5

100

600

24

20

Total

Note: Each theory paper shall be taught 4 hours/week. Each practical paper shall be conducted 4 times a week with 3 hours
duration.
HAGP, Hard Core Applied Geology Practical; HAGT, Hard Core Applied Geology Theory; IA, Internal Assessment; OE, Open
Elective; SAGT, Soft Core Applied Geology Theory.

Total Credits 100, Total Marks 2600

DECLARATION
CANDIDATES

OF

RESULTS

AND

CLASSIFICATION

OF

SUCCESSFUL

The results of successful candidates at the end of each semester shall be declared on the basis of
percentage of aggregate marks and in terms of Grade Point Average (GPA) and alpha-sign grade.
The results at the end of the fourth semester shall also be classified on the basis of percentage of
aggregate marks and on the basis of the Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) obtained in all
the four semesters and corresponding overall alpha sign grade. An eight point grading system,
alpha-sign grade as described below shall be adopted.
First class with distinction

70% and above (A+,A++or O)

First class

60% and above but less than 70% (A)

High second class

55% and above but less than 60% (B+)

Second class

50% and above but less than 55% (B)

Pass class

40% and above but less than 50% (C)

EIGHT POINT ALPHA-SIGN GRADING SCALE

Grade Point <4
Avg.

4 <5

5< 5.5

5.5 < 6

6 <7

7 <8

8< 9

910

Alpha-Sign
Grade

B+

A+

A++

Note on Continuous Evaluation

1.

The breakup of the continuous evaluation marks are as follows:

Theory tests

15

Assignment

10

Attendance

05

Total

30 marks

a. Continuous tests
One hour every week, is put aside in the timetable as a test period. These tests start
after completion of the first month of course work. These tests go in a sequential order,
such that in the first week, the students have a test in paper I, the second week in paper
II, in the third week in paper III and in the fourth week in paper IV and V. The cycle
keeps repeating such that every student appears for three tests in every theory paper.
All tests are compulsory. Since it is in the timetable and the students know the schedule
of tests before hand, they are prepared for the tests. If the test day happens to be a
holiday, the test is shifted to another period in the week itself, based on the convenience
of the students and the teacher concerned. The test is generally for 15 marks and
consists of objective type questions and / or short notes. These test marks are entered in
5

the register kept in the office by the teacher concerned. For the purpose of continuous
evaluation, the total of the three tests are calculated and then converted taking into
account that the maximum for continuous tests is only 15 marks. Previously, three tests
were given and the best two were taken for calculation. This was to ensure that students
who had missed one test for genuine reasons test if they had done the first two tests
well, thus defeating the very purpose of continuous evaluation.
However, whether the best two or all three should be taken into consideration for
calculation can be decided at the level of the departmental council. If need be, one
repeat test can be given at the end of the semester to all those students who have
missed any one test, so that the average of three tests can still be calculated. This can be
held at the convenience of the department.
b. Assignment
Every student submits an assignment/makes a presentation to the class/conducts a
seminar etc for every paper. The list of topics is given at the beginning of the semester
and students choose their topic. This is evaluated by the subject teacher for 10 marks
and these marks are entered in the Internal Marks Register.
c.

Attendance
Minimum percentage of attendance to be able to write the exam is 75%. Marks for
attendance are as follows:
95 100%

05

90 94%

04

85 89%

03

80 84%

02

75 80%

01

Every month, the percentage of attendance for each student is read out in class, so that
students who are on the borderline can make up.
2.

Practicals
Record

20

Viva-voce

10

Total

30 marks

The format of giving marks for attendance is the same as for the theory papers.
At the end of the semester, the continuous evaluation marks are put up on the Notice Board
and students are asked to verify the marks and bring any discrepancies to the notice of the
chairperson. The Internal Marks Register can also be checked by the students to ensure that
the marks entered are correct.

I SEMESTER
PAPER HAGT 101: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY (1:3 or 4 hrs/wk)
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
52 hrs
Introduction
Space lattice
Crystal elements, symmetry in crystals
Hermann-Mauguin notation and indices
Classification of crystals into 32 classes
Crystal forms
Crystal projections
Twinning
X-ray crystallography
MINERALOGY
Physical properties of minerals
Structure of silicates
Classification of minerals based on chemical composition
Study of the following groups of minerals and their industrial applications:
Ortho and ring silicates: olivine, garnet.
Chain silicates: pyroxene and amphiboles
Ring silicates: epidote
Sheet silicates: mica and clay minerals
Frame work silicates: feldspars, feldspathoids and quartz
Native elements, oxides, hydroxides and carbonates.
Gemstones
Principles of optics
Optical instruments and accessories
Pleochroism
Birefergence
Isotropism and anisotropism
Extinction angle
Optic axial angle, optic orientation

1 hr
1 hr
1 hr
1 hr
3 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
1 hr
1 hr
3 hrs
3 hrs

3 hrs
4 hrs
3 hrs
3 hrs
3 hrs
4 hrs
3 hrs
3 hrs
3 hrs
3 hrs

REFERENCES
Phillips, F.C, 2001: An introduction to crystallography, John Wiley and Sons.
Tareen, J.A and Kutty, 2000: Elements of Crystallography, T.R.N. University Press.
Azaroff, 1974: Elements of X-ray Crystallography, McGraw Hill Book Company.
Woolfson, M.M, 1996: An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography, Cambridge University.
Wahlstom, 2002: Optical X-ray Crystallography, B.B. Elsevier Scientific Company.
Donald Bloss, 1999: Optical X-ray Crystallography, Mineralogical Society of America.
Dana, 2003: Text Book of Mineralogy, Wiley Bastern Ltd.
Deer, W.A, Howie, R.A and Zussman. J, 1996 : The Rock Forming Minerals, Longman.
Klien, C and Huribut, Jr. C.S, 2003 : Manual of Mineralogy, John Wiley.

PAPER HAGT 102: GEODYNAMICS AND GEOMORPHOLOGY (2:2 or 4 hrs/wk)

GEODYNAMICS
52 hrs
The broad features of the Earth including layered structure.
The Continental Crust: Structure based on seismological data
Isostatic equilibrium and Gravity anomalies
The Oceanic Crust: structure based on seismic data, velocity - depth distribution. Ocean floor
spreading, oceanic ridges and continental margins.
Dynamic evolution of continental and oceanic crust.
The Mantle: Seismological methods of investigating mantle structure. Temperature-depth
distribution. Composition of mantle.
The Core: Its Structure, Physical state and composition. The earths magnetic field, main field
and secular variation.
Terrestrial Heat Flow: Measurement of heat flow. The pattern of heat flow. Thermal properties
of rocks. The Earths internal sources of heat. Transfer of heat within the earth.
Plate Tectonics: Continental drift Geological and palaeomagnetic lines of evidence, ocean
floor spreading, subduction zone, collision of continents, mid-oceanic ridges and transform
faults.
The Origin of Earths Surface Features: Contraction hypothesis. Expanding earth hypothesis.
The convection hypothesis.
Orogeny and epirogeny processes, anatomy of orogenic belts.
Tectonic elements of Indian subcontinent.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Introduction and concepts in Geomorphology.
Geomorphic processes Epigene processes: degradation and aggradation. Hypogene processes Diastrophism and volcanism: Extra terrestrial processes - meteorites and tektites.
Weathering Mechanical, chemical, biological weathering. Factors controlling weathering.
Soil formation - soil profile, classification and geomorphic significance.
8

2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs

6 hrs
2 hrs
1 hr
1 hr
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
3 hrs

Slope: slope profiles, hill, Slope development, slope stability.

Drainage Basin: Drainage network, basin morphology, basin denudation and evolution. 2 hrs
Fluvial Processes: River channels, sediment in channels, the Quasi - equilibrium condition,
channel patterns, rivers, equilibrium and time.
Fluvial Land Forms: Flood plain, fluvial terrain, fans and pediments, deltas.
Eolian Processes and Landforms: Erosional and depositional landforms.
Glacial Processes and Landforms: Erosional and deposition features.
Karst Processes and Landforms: Process and controls, drainage characteristics, surficial
landforms and limestone caves.
Coastal Processes and Landforms: Processes, beaches, coastal topography, shoreline changes.
Geomorphology of Indian sub-continent.

2 hrs

2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2hrs
1 hr
2 hrs

REFERENCES
Moores. E and Twiss. R.J., 2000: Tectonics. Freeman.
Keary. P and Vine. F.J., 2003: Global Tectonics. Blackwell.
Storetvedt. K.N., 2005: Our Evolving Planet: Earths History in New Perspective. Bergen (Norway).
Alma Mater Fortag.
Valdiya. K.S., 1998: Dynamic Himalaya. Universities Press. Hyderabad.
Summerfield. M.A., 2000: Geomorphology and Global Tectonics. Springer Verlag.
Naqvi, S.M. 2005, Geology and Evolution of the Indian Plate (From Headen to Holocene-4 Ga to 4Ka).
Capital Publishing Company.
Willam.D, Thornbury, 2004: Principles of Geomorphology. Wiley Eastern.
Drury, G.H. 2006: Essays in Geomorphology. Heinman Educational Books Ltd.
Hart, M.G. 2000: Geomorphology Pure and Applied. Allen and Unwin
Walther Penck, 2004: Morphological analysis of Landforms. Hafner Publishing Co.
Derbyshire, E. Gregory, K.J. and J.R. Hills, 2000: Geomorphological process. Dawson & Sons Ltd.
Manglesdorf, Weib Scheurmann, 1990: River Morphology. Springer - Verlag.
Anderson, M.G. (Ed) 2000: Modelling of Geomorphological Systems. John Wiley.
Hemalatha Singh, 2002: Study in Applied Geomorphology. Anupam Publishing.
Condie, K.C 2001: Plate Tectonic and Crustal Evolution. Elsevier Publications.
Condie, K.C 2005: Earth as an evolving Planetary System. Elsevier Publications.
Monroe, 2006: Physical Geology Exploring the Earth. Elsevier Publications.

PAPER HAGT 103: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY (4 or 4 hrs/wk)

52 hrs
Introduction Geological structures and their significance
3hrs
Concept of stress and strain, Strain ellipsoid and geological significance
5 hrs
Folds, types of folds, classification, geometry of folds, mechanism of folding, superimposed
folds. Recognition of folds in field.
8 hrs
9

Faults, geometrical and genetic classification of faults, gravity faults, normal faults, thrust faults
and strike slip faults, recognition of faults in the field.
8 hrs
Joints, types of joints, classification of joints.
6 hrs
Cleavage, Schistosity, Foliation, lineation and their relation to major structures.
8 hrs
Unconformities, types, recognition and significance.
6 hrs
Shear zones, types of shear zones and geometry of shear zones.
5 hrs
Dating of structural events.
3 hrs
REFERENCES
Badgley, P.C., 1998: Structure and Tectonics. Harper and Row.
Ramsay, J.G., 2000: Folding and Fracturing of rocks. McGraw Hill.
Hobbs, B.E., Means. W.D. and Williams. P.F: 2000: An Outline of Structural Geology. John Willey.
Davis, G.R. and Reynolds, R.J. 2004: Structural Geology of Rocks and Region. John Willey.
Ramsay, J.G and Hubber. M.I. 2002: Modern Structural Geology, Volume-I and II. Academic Press.
Price, N.J. and Cosgrove. J.W, 2003: Analysis of Geological Structure, Cambridge University Press.
Bayley, B., 2005: Mechanics in Structural Geology, Springer Verlag.
Ghosh, S.K, 2004: Structural Geology Fundamentals of Modern Developments, Pergamon Press.
George, H. Davis and Stephen J Reynolds, 1996: Structural Geology of Rocks and regions. Wiley.

PAPER HAGT 104: PALAEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY (2:2 or 4 hrs/wk)

PALAEONTOLOGY
52 hrs
Classification of fossils
2 hrs
Habitats and marine environments
2 hrs
Fossils definition, types of fossils
Fossilization: mode of preservation and their importance
2 hrs
Origin and evolution of life
2 hrs
Study of the following groups of invertebrate fossils: Corals, Graptolites, Brachiopods,
Lamellibranches, Cephalopods, Echinoids and Trilobites
14 hrs
A general review of Vertebrates through geologic time
3 hrs
A general review of plant fossils through geologic time
3 hrs
STRATIGARAPHY
Concepts in stratigraphy: Basic principles and definitions. Concept of time and resolution.
Stratigraphic classification and code of nomenclature. Stratigraphic correlation.
5 hrs
Stratification and stratigraphic column. Concept of facies including Walther's Law of facies
succession.
4 hrs
Graphical representation of stratigraphic data; Applications of stratigraphy: Techniques in
stratigraphic correlation (local, regional and intercontinental).
4 hrs
10

Elements of magneto- seismic-, sequence-, isotope- and high resolution event stratigraphy. 5 hrs
World stratigraphy; Brief description of principal stratigraphic units
of the world in type areas only.
7 hrs
REFERENCES
McAlester, L.A, 1969: History of life. Prentice Hall Inc.,
Moore, R.C., Lalicker, C.G., Fischer, A.G, 2004: Invertebrate fossils. McGraw, Hill, Book Co,
Ruap, D.M, Stanley, S.M, 1999: Principles of Palaeontology.W.H. Freeman and Co, Toppan Co.
Ltd.
Shrock, R.A. 2002: Principles of Invertebrate Paleontology. Twenhofel. Company, Ltd.
Romer, A.S. 2004: Vertebrate Palaeontology, (3rd edition).Chicago University Press.
Woods H, 1982: Palaeontology Invetebrate. CBS Publications and distributors.
PAPER SAGT 105: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY (3 or 4 hrs/wk)
52 hrs
Introduction, concept of ecosystem, impacts of circulation in atmosphere and oceans on climate.
Evolution of atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere and their mutual relationship with
lithosphere.
Records of palaeo temperature, global warming caused due to indiscrete use of fossil fuels;
volcanic eruptions and deforestation.
Humans as center of biosphere, change in humanenvironment relationship. Impact of major
human activities on the environment, impact assessment of degradation.
Contamination of surface water and groundwater due to industrialization, urbanization and
agriculture.
Water logging problems due to construction of canals, reservoirs and dams.
Soil profiles and soil quality degradation due to irrigation, use of fertilizers and pesticides.
Impact of exploration of natural earths resources on environment: Mineral resources and Energy
resources.
Environmental pollution; causes, effects and control of soil, water, air and noise.
Wastes: Sources, types and waste disposal and management (domestic, municipal, agricultural,
industrial, biomedical, nuclear waste, etc.)
Important environmental legislation
2 hrs
REFERENCES
Valdiya. K.S, 2001: Environmental Geology-Indian context. Tata McGraw Hill.
Keller. E.A, 2004: Environmental Geology. Bell and Howell USA.
Bryant.E., 1999: Natural Hazards. Cambridge University Press.
Subramaniam. V. 2001: Textbook in Environmental Science. Narosa International
Bell. F.G. 2003: Geological Hazards. Routeledge, London.

11

4 hrs
5 hrs
4 hrs
2 hrs
4 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
4 hrs
5 hrs
7 hrs

Smith. K. 2002: Environmental Hazards. Routeledge, London.

Carla, 2006: Environmental Geology. Prentice Hall
Valdia, K.S, 2004: Geology, Environment and Society. McGraw Hill

PRACTICALS
PAPER
HAGP
106:
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY,
MINERALOGY
AND
GEOMORPHOLOGY (1:2:1)
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY
Study of 32 point groups. Representation of symmetry on stereogram. Study of forms.
Stereographic projections. Axial ratios and axial angles.
Study of minerals belonging to major groups and their identification based on megascopic
characters and etch tests. Calculation of structural formula.
Determination of the following properties by classical methods: extinction angle, birefringence,
pleochroism and optic sign of rock-forming minerals.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Morphometric analysis. Preparation of slope maps. Construction of block diagrams.
Interpretation of geomorphic features. Topographic profiling.
PAPER HAGP 107: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY
STURCTURAL GEOLOGY (2:2)
Topographic maps, preparation of contour maps, study of geological maps. Tracing of outcrops,
construction of geological cross sections. Dip and strike problems. Calculation of thickness of
strata. Interpretation of underground structures from borehole data. Stereographic projection.
PALAEONTOLOGY
Mode of preservation study of the following genera: Corals, Brachiopods, Cephalopods,
Echinoderms , Trilobites and plant fossils.
FIELD WORK: During the I semester, the students have to participate compulsorily in a
mapping programme for about 10 days and submit a detailed field report, which will be
evaluated in IV semester.

II SEMESTER
PAPER HAGT 201: IGNEOUS PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY
(3:1 or 4 hrs/wk)
Introduction Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks
Classification of igneous rocks CIPW and IUGS
Magma generation in the crust and mantle
Physical properties of magma temperature, density and viscosity

52 hrs
5 hrs
3 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
12

Magma chamber processes: convection fractional crystallization,

assimilation, mixing of magmas
Phase equilibria in igneous systems binary and ternary
Petrological aspects of the following groups:
Granite granodiorite diorite
Syenite nepheline syenite
Ultramafic rocks, layered complexes and anorthosite
Lamprophyre, carbonatite and kimberlite
Rhyolite dacite andesite
Trachyte and phonolite
Basalt and its types
Komatiites
GEOCHEMISTRY
Introduction definition, role of geochemistry in geological studies.
Abundance of elements in earth.
Meteorites and their characteristics.
Geochmical classification of elements.
Major, trace and REE and their petrogenetic significance
in understanding the igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic processes.
Radiogenic stable isotopes and their petrogenetic significance.

5 hrs
3 hrs
2 hrs
2 hr
3 hrs
3 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
4 hrs
1 hrs
1 hr
1 hr
2 hrs
1 hr
5 hrs
3 hrs

REFERENCES
Turner and Verhoogen, 2001: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, McGraw Hill
Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D. and R.J. Pankhurst, 2002: The Interpretation of Igneous rocks, Allen and Unwin,
London
Barth, T.F.W, 2003: Igneous Petrology. John Wiley and Sons.
Pankhurst, 2000: Igneous and Metamorphic rocks, Prentice Hall.
H. Rollinson, 2005: Using Geochemical data, Longman Sci. and Technical.
John. D. Winter, 2001: An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic petrology, Prentice Hall.
Loren. A. Raymond, 2002: Petrology: The study of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks,
McGraw Hill, New York.
Bose, M.K. 1997: Igneous Petrology, World Press.
Mason. B and Moore. C.B, 2003: Introduction to Geochemistry. Wiley Eastern.
Krauskopf. K.B, 2007: Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw Hill.
Faure. G., 2003: Principles of Isotope Geology. John Wiley.
Hoefs, J, 2001: Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer Verlag.
Marshall. C.P and Fairbridge. R.W., 1999: Encyclopedia of Geochemistry. Kulwer Academic.
Govett, G.J.S (Ed), 2005: Hand Book of Exploration Geochemistry. Elsevier.

13

Nordstorm, D.K and Munoz, J.L, 2004: Geochemical Thermodynamics. Blackwell.

Henderson. P, 2000: Inorganic Geochemistry. Pergamon Press.
H. Rollinson, 2005: Using Geochemical data. Longman Sci. and Technical.

PAPER HAGT 202: FUEL GEOLOGY (4 or 4 hrs/wk)

52 hrs
Introduction, definition, types and importance.
Petroleum Geology
Introduction and occurrence of petroleum.
Reservoir
Traps structural, stratigraphic and combination traps: salt domes.
The origin, composition and different fractions, migration and accumulation of oil and gas.
Transformation of organic matter into kerogen, organic maturation, thermal cracking of
kerogen.
Prospecting for oil and gas, drilling and logging procedures.
Petroliferous basins of India and world. Geology of the productive oil fields of India. Future
prospects and the economic scenario.
Coal Geology
Introduction historical review.
Origin, types and classification.
Geology of coal coal as rock, types of coal, sapropelic coal, coal, boghead coal, channel coal,
humic coal, peat, lignite, (or brown coal), sub-bitminous coal (lignitous coal), bitminous coal,
semi-anthracite, anthracite, unusual coal type, paper coal, coloured coal.
Mode of Occurrence
Structures in coal seams: banding, cleats, coal ball, eye coal, cone in cone structure, shark tooth
and saw tooth structure.
Coal through ages: coal-forming epochs in the geological past (Carboniferous, Permian,
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary). Geological and geographical distribution of coal
deposits in India. Detail geology for some important coal fields in India.
Coal Properties
Characteristic of coal: physical and chemical characteristics, proximate analysis, moisture,
volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, ultimate analysis, carbon and hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
sulphur, phosphorous and caloric value.
Petrographic Characteristics
Macroscopic ingredients and microscopic constituents, application of coal petrology in
petroleum exploration and its application in solving industrial and geological problems.
Classification of Coal
Methods of coal prospecting and estimation of coal reserves. Coal production and problems of
coal industry in India.
Evaluation of coal characteristics, commercial coal classification systems.
14

2 hrs
2 hrs
5 hrs

5 hrs
3 hrs
5 hrs

1 hrs

2 hrs

1hrs

3 hrs

3 hrs

3 hrs

3 hrs

Indian coal grading.

Preparation of coal for industrial purposes, coal carbonization, coal gasification and coal
hydrogenation.
Genetic Aspects of Coal
Origin of coal: accumulation of vegetable matter, accumulation of plant debris, in situ theory,
drift theory, transformation of vegetable matter into coal, biochemical stage, coalification,
mechanistic theories, cellulose and lignin theory and coalification concept of Mazumdar.
Coal Bed Methane
A new energy resource. Maturation of coal and generation of methane in coal beds.
Fundamentals of coal bed methane exploration and production.
Disturbance in coal seams, heat affected in coals, gases in coal seams
Nuclear Geology
Radioactive minerals as source of energy. Mode of occurrence and sources of radioactive
substances.
Methods of prospecting and productive geological horizons in India.
Global scenario on power generation.

1 hr
2 hrs

3 hrs

2 hrs
1 hrs

2 hrs
2 hrs

REFERENCES
Durrance, E.M, 2000: Radioactivity in Geology, Principles and Application. Ellis Hoorwool.
Taylor, G.H., Teichmuller. M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Little, R and Robert, P, 2000: Organic
petrology. Gebruder Born traeger, Stuttgart.
Chandra D, Singh, R.M and Singh M.P,2000: Textbook of coal(Indian context) Tara Book Agency,
Varanasi.
Singh, M.P (Ed), 2002: Coal and Organic petrology. Hindustan Pub. Corp. New Delhi.
Stach, E., Mackowshy, M.T.H., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D., Teichmuller, M. and Teichmuller, R, 2005:
Stachs Text book of coal petrology. Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.
Holson G.D and Tiratsoo, E.N, 2004: Introduction to Petroleum Geology. Gulf Publication, Houston,
Texas.
Tissot, B.P and Welte, D.H, 2003: Petroleum formation and Occurrence. Springer-Verlag.
Selley, R.C, 1999: Elements of Petroleum Geology. Academic press.
Davis, 2002: Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. Wiley.
Roedder. E, 2006: Fluid Inclusions. Wiley.

PAPER HAGT 203: EXPLORATION GEOLOGY (2:2 or 4 hrs/wk)

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION
52 hrs
Introduction, Study of physical properties of rocks and minerals related to geophysics.
geophysical anomalies.
3 hrs
Electrical prospecting: Electrical properties of rocks and minerals. Direct current method.
Instruments used in electrical prospecting. Application of electrical methods in groundwater
investigation.
5 hrs
15

Gravity prospecting: Earth gravity field. Regional and local gravity anomalies. Instruments
used in gravity prospecting, principles of gravimeters. Types of corrections applied in gravity
data. Interpretation of gravity anomalies.
Magnetic prospecting: Magnetic properties of rocks and minerals. Earths magnetic field.
Regional and local anomalies. Magnetic balances and Torsion magnetometers. Airborne
magnetometers. Interpretation of magnetic anomalies.
Seismic prospecting: Elastic properties of rocks. Different types of elastic waves. Refraction
techniques. Time-distance relation for horizontal interfaces. Effects of dipping beds and faults.
Seismic instruments. Data acquisition and processing.
Well logging: Description of a borehole environment. Different techniques of logging.
GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION
Introduction: Application of geochemisty in mineral exploration. Geochemical sampling media
and scales of geochemical survey.
Basic principles involved in geochemical prospecting, geochemical environments, geochemical
dispersion, geochemical anomaly, geochemical mobility, geochemical reactions, indicators and
path finders and principles of interpretations.
Mode of occurrence of trace elements.
Methods of sample decomposition.
Primary dispersion patterns of deep-seated. Epigenetic anomalies in bedrock - diffusion and
leakage halos.
Secondary dispersion patterns: Mechanical and biological dispersion, syngenetic and epigenetic
dispersion.
Dispersion of elements in residual overburden: Anomalies in gossans, soils.
Geochemical drainage survey: Orientation survey, choice of material to be sampled, sample
layout, collection and processing of samples, preparation of anomaly maps, interpretation of
data.
Geochemical soil survey: Orientation survey, field operations, sampling layout; processing of
samples and interpretation of data.
Biogeochemical and geobotanical survey: Biogeochemical anomalies, surveying techniques.
Geobotanical indicators, geobotanical anomalies.
REFERENCES
Dobrin, M.B. 2001: Introduction to Geophysical prospecting. McGraw Hill, Inc.
Parasnis, D.S. 2000: Principles of Applied Geophysics. Chapman and Hall, New York
Bhimasankaran, V.L.S. and V.K. Gaur, 1977: Lectures on exploration Geophysics for Geologists and
Engineers. AEG Pub. Hyderabad.
Bhimasankaran, V.L.S. 1978: Geophysical case histories of India. AEG Pub. Hyderabad.
Ramachandra Rao, M. B. 1975: Outline on Geophysical prospecting A manual for geologist.
Prasaranga, University of Mysore, Mysore.
Grant F.S. and G.F. West, 2000: Interpretation theory of Applied Geophysics. McGraw Hill Ltd. London.
Sharma, P.V. 2004: Geophysical Methods in Geology. Elsevier, Inc.

16

5 hrs

5 hrs

5 hrs
3 hrs

2 hrs

4 hrs
1 hr
1 hr
3 hrs
3 hrs
3 hrs

3 hrs
3 hrs
3 hrs

Reynolds, J.M. 2005: An introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. Wiley.

Brain Mason and Carleton B Moore, 2002: Principles of Geochemistry. John Wiley and Sons.
Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. and J.S. Webb, 2005: Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. Aca. Press.
Ginsberg, I.I. 2000: Principles of Geochemical Prospecting. Pergamen.
Wedephol, K.M. 1975: Handbook of Geochemistry. Springer Veslay.
Rankama. K and Sahama. G, 1990: Geochemistry. Chicago University press.
Faure. G, 2003: Principles of Isotope Geochemistry, Wiley.

PAPER HAGT 204: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS (3:1 or 4 hrs/wk)

52 hrs
REMOTE SENSING
Fundamental concepts of electromagnetic energy and electromagnetic spectrum.
Radiation laws, Black body radiation, emissivity.
Atmospheric effects-Interaction of earth surface features with electromagnetic radiation.
Spectral signatures of vegetation, water and soil.
Remote sensing platforms ground-based, airborne and space borne-satellite systems
and orbits low and high altitudes.
Sensor systems imaging and non-imaging types of sensors, optical sensors.
Types of scanners multispectral scanner and push broom scanner.
Characteristics of sensors; Resolution spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal.
Satellite remote sensing global and IRS mission.
Visual interpretation techniques of Images.
Digital Image Processing: Objectives, radiometric correction, geometric correction,
image registration, image enhancement, ratioing, filtering techniques. Image
classification supervised, unsupervised. Geological applications, image processing
systems.
Application of remote sensing geology lithological, structural mapping.
Geomorphology, water resource studies and mineral exploration.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Introduction: Map and an aerial photograph, types and geometry of photograph.

1 hr
2 hr
2 hrs
2 hr
2 hr
2 hrs
2 hr
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
6 hrs

3 hrs

Scale, ground coordinates relief displacement, flying height and tilt displacement in
aerial photograph.
4 hrs
Stereoscopy, Stereoscope, vertical exaggeration and height determinations.

2 hrs

Digital Photogrammetry: Definition of digital photogrammetric images, creation of

digital images, automatic measurement of fiducial marks, automated photogrammetric
point measurement, automated surface modeling and digital photogrammetric work
station, overview of digital photogrammetric hardware and software.
4 hrs

17

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

Principles of GIS and its applications to study of natural resources.
Advantages and disadvantages of raster and vector GIS
Web enabled GIS
GIS software packages: ISRO-GIS, IDRISI, ArcGIS, AutoCAD map, MapInfo.

13 hrs

REFERENCES
Sabbins, F.F., 1985: Remote Sensing Principles and Applications. Freeman.
Drury. S.A, 2002: Image Interpretations in Geology. Allen and Unwin.
Lillesand. T.M and Kieffer. R.W, 2005: Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Willey.
PaineD.P,2004: Aerial Photography
Willey.

and Image Interpretation for Resource Management.

Gupta. R.P, 1999: Remote Sensing in Geology. Springer Verlag.

PAPER SAGT 205: SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

(2:1 or 4 hrs/wk)
52 hrs
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
Introduction to concepts, terminology and significance.
4 hrs
Depositional system, sequence, unconformity
3 hrs
Systems tracts: lowstand systems tracts (LST), lowstand submarine fans,
LST-prograding wedge; transgressive systems tract (TST)
Highstand system tract (HST)
6 hrs
Parasequence, parasequence set, progradational parasequence set, aggradational parasequence
set, retrogradational parasequence set; sequence boundary (SB); flooding surfaces (FS),
maximum flooding surface (MFS)
6 hrs
Type 1 sequence, type 2 sequence.
4 hrs
Application of sequence stratigraphy in Petroleum exploration with case studies.
3 hrs
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Role of geology in civil engineering and mining
2 hrs
Engineering properties of rocks and soils.
3 hrs
Geological consideration for dam and reservoir sites.
2 hrs
Geological consideration for tunneling, highway and bridge construction.
3 hrs
Mass movement with special emphasis to landslides and hill slope stability.
2 hrs
Seismic zones of India, Design of seismic resistant buildings.
1 hr

18

REFERENCES
An Online Guide to Sequence Stratigraphy, UGA Stratigraphy lab
Catuneanu, Octavian, William E. Galloway, Christopher G. St. C. Kendall, Andrew D. Miall,
Henry W. Posamentier, Andr Strasser, and Maurice E. Tucker, 2011, sequence stratigraphy:
Methodology and Nomenclature, Newsletters on stratigraphy, Vol. 44/3, 173245 Stuttgart
(November 2011 50 figures and 1 table)
Posamentier, H.W., Jervey, M.T., Vail, P.R., 1988, eustatic controls on clastic deposition. I.
Conceptual framework. In: Wilgus, C.K., Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G.St.C., Posamentier, H.W.,
Ross, C.A., Van Wagoner, J.C. (Eds.), Sea Level Changes An Integrated Approach, vol. 42.
SEPM Special Publication, pp. 110 124.
Van Wagoner, J.C., Posamentier, H.W., Mitchum, R.M., Vail, P.R., Sarg, J.F., Loutit, T.S.,
Hardenbol, J., 1988, An overview of sequence stratigraphy and key definitions. In: Wilgus, C.K.,
Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G.St.C., Posamentier, H.W., Ross, C.A., Van Wagoner, J.C. (Eds.),
Sea Level ChangesAn Integrated Approach, vol. 42. SEPM Special Publication, pp. 3945.
Van Wagoner, J.C., Mitchum, R.M., Campion, K.M., Rahmanian, V.D., 1990. Siliciclastic
sequence stratigraphy in Well Logs, Cores, and Outcrops: Concepts for High-Resolution
Correlation of Time AndFacies. AAPG Methods Explor.Ser., 7.
Hampson, G.J., Davies, S. J., Elliott, T., Flint, S. S. and Stollhofen, H. 1999. Incised valley fill
sandstone bodies in Upper Carboniferous fluvio-deltaic strata: recognition and reservoir
characterisation of Southern North Sea analogues. In: Petroleum Geology of NW Europe:
Proceedings of the 5th Conference. (Edited by Fleet, A.J. and Boldy, S.A.R.). The Geological
Society, London. 771-788.
Bryant, I.D. 1996. The Application of Physical Measurements to Constrain Reservoir-Scale
Sequence Stratigraphic Models. In: Howell, J.A. and Aitken, J.F (eds). High Resolution Sequence
Stratigraphy: Innovations and Applications. Geology Society Special Publication 104. 51-64
Catuneanu, Octavian (2003). Sequence stratigraphy of clastic systems. St. John's Nfld.:
Geological Association of Canada. ISBN 0-919216-90-0.
Bell, 2007: Engineering Geology. Elsevier Publications.
Gokhale, K V G K, 2005: Principles of Engineering Geology. BS Publicatios.
Blyth, F.G.H. and de Freitas, M.H, 2006: A Geology for Engineers. Elsevier.
Parbin Singh, 2002: Engineering and General Geology. S.K. Kataria Publishers, Delhi.
PRACTICALS
PAPER HAGP 206: IGNEOUS PETROLOGY, PETROCHEMICAL CALCULATION
AND GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION (2:2)
1) Megascopic and microscopic study of different Igneous rocks (Granite, Diorite, Syenite,
Gabbro, Anorthosite, Ultramafic rocks, Lamprophyres, Basalts, andesites, Dacite, Trachyte and
Phonolite)
2) Petrochemical Calculations: Niggli values, Niggli bases and norm classification: Plotting of
chemical data on different variation diagrams.

19

3) Geochemical Exploration: Delineation of back ground, threshold and anomalous zones based
on litho geochemical, soil and drainage survey data. Geochemical maps and their interpretation
for mineral exploration. Demonstration of geological sample analysis using XRF, AAS,
Spectrophotometer and Flame Photometer, pH and conductivity determination and relation using
probability graph paper for separating population, Identification of UV minerals.
PAPER HAGP 207: GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION, REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
(2:1:1)
GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION: Use of resistivity meter. Interpretation of resistivity
curves 2 layer and 3 layer cases. Selection of sites for well location. Solution of direct
problems in gravity and magnetic methods. Interpretation of seismic data from timedistance
curves: Horizontal beds 2 layer and 3 layer studies, dipping beds.
REMOTE SENSING AND GIS: Visual interpretation of satellite imagery. Study of colour
composites. Preparation of maps based on satellite imagery.
Image processing technique, application of GIS. GIS software packages: ERDAS, ArcGIS,
MapInfo.
III SEMESTER
PAPER HAGT 301: SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
(2:2 or 4 hrs/wk)
52 hrs
SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY
Introduction, composition , classification, relative abundance of common sediments; texture,
particle size of dettrital rocks, concepts of size, shape and roundness, Frame work geometry of
dettrital sediments
5 hrs
Structures: mechanical (primary), chemical and organic structures
4 hrs
Sedimentary environments and facies: continental alluvial, lacustrine; aeolian and glacial
sedimentary systems
4 hrs
Conglomerates, Breccias, Sandstone, Greywackes, Limestone, Shale, Evaporites
9 hrs
Palaeocurrents
1 hr
Provenance
2 hrs
METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
Introduction, agents and types of metamorphism
Texture and classification of metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic zones, depth zone concept and metamorphic grades
Facies concept facies of thermal, regional and high pressure metamorphism
Ultra high temperature and ultra high pressure metamorphism
Chemographic phase relations in metamorphic systems
Role of fluids in metamorphism and metasomatism

3 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
6 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
20

Geothermobarometry
Khoandalite, Amphibolite and Eclogite
Anatexis and Migmatites
Charnockites

1 hr
2 hrs
1 hr
2 hrs

REFERENCES
Allen, P, 2001: Earth surface process. Blackwell.
Nichols, G, 2002: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Blackwell.
Reading, H.G, 1996: Sedimentary Environments. Blackwell.
Davis, R.A, Jr. 1992: Depositional systems. Prentice hall
Einsele, G, 2002: Sedimentary Basins. Springer Verlag
Pettijohn, F.J, 2006: Sedimentary Rocks. Harper and Row, New York
Sengupta, S, 2004: Introduction to Sedimentology. Oxford and IBH Publ.
Boggs Sam Jr, 1995: Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy. Prentice Hall.
Bhattacharya, A and Chakraborty, C, 2000: Analysis of sedimentary Succession. Oxford-IBH.
Miall, A.D, 2000: Principles of Sedimentary Basin analysis. Springer-Verlag.
Turner and Verhoogen, 2001: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill
Vernon, 2000: Metamorphic Processes. Allen and Unwin, London.
Turner, F.J, 1980: Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill
Bhaskar Rao, 2001: Metamorphic Petrology. Oxford and IBH
Miyashiro, 2004: Metamorphic Petrology. Allen and Unwin, London
Pankhurst, 2000: Igneous and Metamorphic rocks. Prentice Hall
John. D. Winter, 2001: An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic petrology. Prentice Hall.
Loren. A. Raymond, 2002: Petrology: The study of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks.
McGraw Hill, New York.

PAPER HAGT 302: STRATIGRAPHY OF INDIA AND MINERAL ECONOMICS

(3:1 or 4 hrs/wk)
52 hrs
STRATIGRAPHY OF INDIA
Physiographic divisions of Indian Peninsular
2 hrs
Structure and tectonics of India
2 hrs
Tectonic evolution of the following cratonic blocks: Dharwar, Baster, Singbhum, Bundelkhand,
Aravalli, and Marwar.
Mobile belts: Eastern Ghats, Pandyan and Satpura.
8 hrs
The Archean Group:
Archean Basement Complex: Peninsular Gneiss of Karnataka, Banded Gneissic Complex of
Rajasthan, Older Metamorphics of Eastern India.
4 hrs
Green schist belts of Karnataka: Sargurs and Dharwar Supergroup.
3 hrs
21

Aravalli Supergroup, Dungargarah Supergroup, Iron Ore Group. Delhi Supergroup,

Cuddapah Supergroup and Vindhyan Supergroup : Basin configuration, stratigraphy and
sedimentary evolution.
4 hrs
Palaeozoic,Paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions prevailing in Indian subcontinent during
Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.
5 hrs
Igneous activity in Indian subcontinent in relation to break up of Gondwanaland. Mountain building
activities in Indian subcontinent during Cenozoic Era.
3 hrs
Archean-Proterozoic, Proterozoic-Cambrian, Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
problems in Indian subcontinent.
8 hrs
MINERAL ECONOMICS
Introduction, concept and importance.
2 hrs
Significance of minerals in national economy, demand and supply
2 hrs
Strategic, Critical and Essential Minerals.
1 hr
Conservation and substitution of minerals.
2 hrs
International status of mineral trade, supply, demand, monopolies,
embargo and cartels.
3 hrs
Mineral legislation of India, Mineral Concession rules of India, taxation system.
2 hrs
National Mineral Policy.
1 hr
REFERENCES
Hedberg, 2004: International Stratigraphic Guide. John Wiley and Sons.
Krishnan, M.S. 1982: Geology of India and Burma. CBS Publications.

Geology of India by M.Ramakrishnan and R.Vaidyanadhan Vol. I & II, Geological Society of India,
Bangalore, 2008/2010.
Rama Rao B, 1962: Hand Book of Geology of Mysore State, Bangalore Printing & Pub. Co. Ltd

Sharma N.L and Ram K.S, 2003: Introduction to Indias Economic minerals. Hindustan Pub.
Corp. NewDelhi
Sinha R.K, 2004: A treatise on industrial minerals of India. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
Sinha,R. K and Sharma, N.L. 2000: Mineral Economics. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
Wadia, D.N, 1998: Geology of India. Tata, McGraw, Hill Publishing Co.

Lowering, T.S, 2007: Minerals in World affairs. Academic press.

PAPER HAGT 303: MINING GEOLOGY AND MINERAL PROCESSING
(2:2 or 4 hrs/wk)
52 hrs
MINING GEOLOGY
Mining Its scope changing facets of mining in relation to exploration and metallurgy.
1 hr

22

An overview of different exploration strategies: Geological, Geochemical, Geophysical,

Geobotonical and Remote sensing approach and their merits and limitations.
2 hrs
Guides in the Ore search; Lithological, structural, geomorphological,mineralogical (including
alteration patterns) features useful in mineral explorations.
4 hrs
Sampling techniques Channel sampling methods; chip, muck and car sampling.
3 hrs
Drilling relevance of drilling in geological investigations. Methods of drilling Diamond core
drilling, rotary drilling, churn and other drilling methods.
3 hrs
Drill cores their logging methods and interpretations of drill core data.
1 hr
Techniques of ore reserve estimation
2 hrs
Mining in the past and the present.
1 hr
Open cost mining Alluvial and marine mining methods.
2 hrs
Underground mining Mine layout, shaft sinking, Drives and cross cut, Winzes and other
auxiliary developments.
2 hrs
Underground mining methods Stoping, Breast stoping.
3 hrs
Blasting and explosives used in mining.
1 hr
Mine support and ventilation.
1hr
Mining hazards.
1 hr
MINERAL PROCESSING
Introduction: Scope and objectives of the processing of metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Comminution: Principles of Comminution, Theory and grindability.
Crushers: Primary Crushers Jaw Crushers, Gyratory Crushers, The Cone and Impact Crushers,
Rotary Coal Breakers.
Grinding methods.
Screening: Performance of Screens Factors Affecting Screen Performance. Screen types
Stationary screens, Moving screens.
Classification: Principles of Classification Free settling, Hindered Settling, Types of Classifiers
- Hydraulic Classifiers, Horizontal Current Classifiers.
Gravity Concentration: Principles of gravity concentration Gravity Seperators, Jigs, Shaking
Tables, Pneumatic Tables.
Heavy Medium Seperation (HMS): The Heavy medium Liquids, Suspensions, Seperating
vessels Gravitational vessels, Centrifugal Separators.
Froth flotation, principles of flotation anionic collectors, cationic collectors, frothers,
regulators. The importance of pH, the importance of pulp potential. Control of flotation plants.
Magnetic separation methods: principles and functional techniques.
Dewatering: sedimentation coagulation and flocculation, selective flocculation, gravity
sedimentation, high-capacity thickeners, centrifugal sedimentation, filtration.
Tailings disposal: methods of disposal of tailings; tailing dams.

23

1 hr
2 hrs
3 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
3 hrs
2 hrs
3 hrs
1 hr

REFFERENCES
Park, Jr, C.F and Macdiarmid. 2005: Ore Deposits. MS book company.
Krishnaswamy, S, 2001: Indian Mineral Resources. Oxford.
William C. Peter, 2000: Exploration and mining Geology. McGraw Hill
Mckinstry, H.F, 1999: Mining Geology. Prentice-Hall
Arogyaswamy, R.R, 1982, Progress in Mining Geology. IBH
Chung C.P, 2004: Handbook of Drilling. McGraw Hill.
Balasundaram, M.S, 2002: Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. McGraw Hill
Gauden, A.M, 2004: Principles of Mineral Dressing. McGraw Hill
Venkatachalam S 1999: Recent Developments in Mineral processing Techniques. McGraw Hill
Brookes, R.P, 1997: Geobotanical and Bio Geochemical Exploration. IBH.
Strahler and Strahler, 2002: Environmental Geosciences. Elsevier, Inc.
Down, C.G. and Stocks, J, 2000: Environmental Impact of Mining. Springer Verlag.

PAPER OE 304: THE WORLD OF ROCKS AND MINERALS (4 or 4 hrs/wk)

Introduction to Geology
Minerals: Definition, Formation, Classification
Physical properties of minerals
Study of some important groups of minerals Quartz, Feldspar, Mica,
Garnet, Amphibole and Pyroxene group.
Ore minerals: Metallic and non-metallic minerals and their industrial
Application
Distribution of important metallic and non-metallic minerals deposits in
India Iron, Manganese, Chromium, Gold, Copper, Aluminium, Lead and Zinc.
Mica, Asbestos, Magnesite, Clay, Kyanite, Diamond and Corundum
Gemstones: Definition, Physical and Optical properties of precious and
Semiprecious varieties of gemstones, Gemstone deposits of India.
Rocks: Definition, Classification Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorpic
Forms of Igneous rocks, Intrusive and extrusive rocks, Study of
some common Igneous rocks
Texture and classification of sedimentary rocks; primary and secondary
sedimentary structures; study of some common sedimentary rocks
Textures and classification of metamorphic; study of some common
metamorphic rocks.
Uses of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

52 hrs
1 hr
3 hrs
3 hrs
5 hrs
6 hrs

8 hrs
4 hrs
4 hrs
3 hrs
5 hrs
5 hrs
4 hrs

24

REFERENCES
Dana, 2003 : Text Book of Mineralogy, Wiley Bastern Ltd.
Deer, W.A, Howie, R.A and Zussman. J, 1996: The Rock Forming Minerals, Longman.
Klien, C and Huribut, Jr. C.S, 2003: Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley.
Loren. A. Raymond, 2002: Petrology: The study of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks,
McGraw Hill, New York.
Turner, F.J, 1980: Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill.
Turner and Verhoogen, 2001: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, McGraw Hill.
Pettijohn, F.J, 2006: Sedimentary Rocks. Harper and Row, New York
Sengupta, S, 2004: Introduction to Sedimentology. Oxford and IBH Pu

PAPER OE 304: WATER RESOURCES (4 or 4 hrs/wk)

52 hrs
Hydrological Cycle: precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration,
runoff, infiltration measurements and instruments.
10 hrs
Surface Water Resources: description of surface water resources including ponds, lakes,
streams, rivers and storage reservoirs and selection of suitable site for a reservoir, factors
governing the selection, distribution of water.
Vertical distribution of groundwater, groundwater reservoirs aquifers, aquiclude, aquifuge and
aquitard.
Global water budget, Indias water budget, precipitation and its types.
Subsurface water regime, types of aquifers.
Geological factors, governing the occurrence of groundwater, groundwater movement.
Hydrogeological properties of rocks.
Method of groundwater exploration.
22 hrs
Groundwater management and recharge methods.
Groundwater recharge, artificial recharge water harvesting, watershedwasteland management,
structures, contours, bunds, contour barriers (vegetative and stones), contour trench, check dams,
percolation pond and irrigation tanks.
20 hrs
Water harvesting techniques in dry land areas, contour bunds for tress, semicircular bunds,
permeable rock dams, background technical detail and construction.
REFERENCES
Davies. S.N and De Wiest, R J M, 2000: Hydrogeology. John Wiley.
Raghunath. H.M, 2002: Groundwater Hydrology. Wiley Eastern.
Todd. D.K, 2000: Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley.
Karanth K.R, 2003: Groundwater Assessment Development and Management. Tata McGraw Hill.
Walton, W.C, 2004: Groundwater Resource Evaluation. McGraw Hill.
Freeze R.A. and J.A. Cherry, 2001: Groundwater. Prentice Hall, New Jersy.
Herman Bouwer, 2005: Groundwater Hydrology. McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo.

25

Fetter, C.W, 2004: Applied Hydrogeology- 2nd Ed. C.B.S.Publ., New Delhi.
Subramanya K, 2003: Engineering Hydrology. Tata McGraw Hill, Publ, company ltd. NewDelhi
Maitra, M.K. and Ghose, N.C. 1992: Groundwater Management an application. Ashish publishing
house, New Delhi.

PRACTICALS
PAPER HAGP 305: SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY (2:2)
Sedimentary Petrology: Study of primary, secondary and biogenic sedimentary structures in
hand-specimens; Megascopic and microscopic study of clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic Petrology: Megascopic and microscopic study of different metamorphic rocks.
Estimation of pressure and temperature using different models of geothermobarometry.
PAPER HAGP 306: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, GEOSTATISTICS AND
SURVEYING (2:1:1)
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY: Analysis of alkalinity, acidity, pH and conductivity
(electrical) in water samples. Determination of i) Dissolved Oxygen, ii) Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) iii) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Water sample analysis Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, NO3, HCO3, CaCO3 and F by Volumetric/Ionmeter/AAS methods.
Presentation of chemical analysis data and plotting chemical classification diagrams.
Evaluation of environmental impact assessment of air and groundwater pollution.
Geostatistics: Graphical representation of data. Construction of histogram, frequency polygons
and related curves. Measures of central tendency and dispersion. Correlation and regression, time
series significant test. Probability distribution and its types, sampling techniques infinite and
finite population.
SURVEYING: Chain, Prismatic Compass Radiating and Intersection, Plane Table Radiating
and Intersection method.
FIELD PROGRAMME
During the III semester, the students shall carry out a field program of about 10 days, during
which they have to study some typical geological sections, visit important mines and collect
samples. A detailed field reports have to be submit separately. Both the reports that is,
fieldwork/mapping program conducted in I Semester and field tour of III Semester will be
evaluated in IV Semester.
IV SEMESTER
PAPER HAGT 401: HYDROGEOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY (3:1 or 4 hrs/wk)
HYDROGEOLOGY
52 hrs
Hydrological Cycle: Precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, runoff, hydrograph,
infiltration measurements and instruments.
6 hrs
Vertical distribution of groundwater, groundwater reservoirs- aquifers, aquiclude, aquifuge and
aquitard.
2 hrs
26

Types of aquifers confined, unconfined, semi-confined (leaky), perched and coastal.

Hydrological Properties of Rocks: Porosity, specific yield, specific retention, hydraulic
conductivity, transmissivity and storativity. Water table contour maps and flow-net analysis.
Well Hydraulics: Darcys law and flow equations. Methods of pumping tests, drawdown, cone
of depression, safe yield and delayed yield. Radial flow to wells under Steady and Unsteady state
in confined and unconfined aquifers. Evaluation of aquifer parameters.
Water Well Technology: Development and maintenance of wells.
Water management in rural and urban areas, salt water intrusion in coastal regions G-H
relation, remedial measures and hydrofracturing.
Artificial recharge of groundwater, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, problems of
overexploitation.
Groundwater Quality: Chemical constituents of groundwater. Graphical representation and
hydrochemical facies, water contaminants and pollutants. Water quality standards and
parameters for various uses. Water harvesting.
Hydrogeochemical zones of India and Groundwater provinces of India
METEOROLOGY
Climatology: Earth and Sun relationship, latitudinal and seasonal variations of insolation.
Atmosphere: Composition and structure
Climatic changes, Green house warming and Stratospheric ozone depletion.
Temperature, Humidity, wind.
Types of clouds, cloud top temperatures, winds and rainfall temperature.
Palaeoclimatology, climatic zones of India.
Meteorological Satellites and their applications in detection of cyclones.
Weather analysis and their interpretation. Weather station

2 hrs
5 hrs

7 hrs

3 hrs
5 hrs

4 hrs
5 hrs
1 hr
1 hr
2 hrs
1 hr
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs

REFERENCES
Davies. S.N and De Wiest, R J M, 2000: Hydrogeology. John Wiley.
Raghunath. H.M, 2002: Groundwater Hydrology. Wiley Eastern.
Todd. D.K, 2000: Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley.
Karanth K.R, 2003: Groundwater Assessment Development and Management. Tata McGraw Hill.
Walton, W.C, 2004: Groundwater Resource Evaluation. McGraw Hill.
Freeze R.A. and J.A. Cherry, 2001: Groundwater. Prentice Hall, New Jersy.
Herman Bouwer, 2005: Groundwater Hydrology. McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo.
Fetter, C.W, 2004: Applied Hydrogeology- 2nd Ed. C.B.S.Publ., New Delhi.
Subramanya K, 2003: Engineering Hydrology. Tata McGraw Hill, Publ, company ltd. NewDelhi
Maitra, M.K. and Ghose, N.C. 1992: Groundwater Management an application. Ashish publishing
house, New Delhi.

27

PAPER HAGT 402: MICROPALAEONTOLOGY AND MARINE GEOLOGY

(2:2 or 4 hrs/wk)
MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

52 hrs

Introduction Field sampling and collection, separation of microfossils from rock matrix and modern
sediments, picking and mounting of microfossils.
5 hrs
Morphology, classification and evolution of foraminifera

5 hrs

Application of micropaleontology in hydrocarbon exploration.

5 hrs

Palaeoenvironmental interpretation using microfossils

5 hrs

Morphology and Geological distribution of Ostracoda, Calcareous Nannofossils, Algae, Marine Diatoms,
Dinoflagellates, Spores and Pollen.
2hrs

MARINE GEOLOGY
Introduction to Marine Geology
2 hrs
Ocean morphology: Continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise. Deep ocean floor and
various topographic features: ridges, sea mounts, coral reefs and Atools-types of coral reefs,
trenches and canyons.
8 hrs
Oceanic Circulation: Causes of ocean currents, Surface currents, Deep currents, currents of the
Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean. Currents of the Artic and Antarctic ocean, mirror currents.
Waves- Waves erosion, classification of waves
8hrs
Major components of marine sediments and distribution of marine microfossils.
2 hrs
Mineral Resources of the Oceans: Placers deposits and aggregates; Authigenic minerals and
sediments-ferromangenese nodules (Polymetallic nodules) and encrustations, factors determining
and distributions of nodules, phosphorites, organic deposits-Petroleum, metalliferous sediments
and hydrothermal ores.
8 hrs
REFERENCES
Haq, B.V. and Boersma, A, 2002: Introduction to Marine Micropalaeontology. Elsevier.
Haynes, J.R., 2001: Foraminifera. John Wiley.
Bignot, G. 2003: Elements of Micropalaeontology. Graham and Trotman.
Rayond.C. Moore, 2000: Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology. Part C, vol 1 and vol 2, GWS
and UKP.
Jain, P.C and Anantharaman, M.S, 1995: In Introduction to Palaeontology Evolution and Animal
distribution. Vishal Publications.
PAPER HAGT 403: ORE GEOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(3:1 or 4 hrs/wk)
ORE GENESIS
Modern concepts of ore genesis and their evolution.
Metallogenic epochs, periods and distribution of major ore deposits.
Metallogeny and plate tectonics.

52 hrs

3 hrs
28

Classification of ore deposits. Relationship of ore and host rocks, textures, zoning and
paragenesis of ores.
Ore-bearing fluids, their source and origin and behaviour.
Wall rock alteration; controls of ore deposition with case studies.
Fluid inclusion studies; Methodology and application in ore genesis.
Study of major ore associations with Indian examples.
Ores of igneous affiliation:
1. Ores of mafic and ultramafic association
2. Ores of felsic association
Ores of metamorphic affiliation.
Ores of sedimentary affiliation.
Chemical and clastic sedimentation, stratiform, strata bound Mn-Fe, non-ferrous ores, placers
and palaeoplacers and structural ore deposits.
Ores related to weathering and weathered surfaces Laterite, bauxite, Ni/Au Laterites
Mineral wealth of ocean basins. Contemporary ore-forming systems black smokers,
mineralization in sea floor.
Mode of occurrence, mineralogy, genesis and distribution of the following metalliferrous
deposits in India: Fe, Mn nodule, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al, Mg, Au, Sn, W and U, their deposits of
India.
ORE MICROSCOPY
Preparation of sample for reflected light microscopy and electron microprobe analysis.
Principles of ore microscopy.
Transmitted light microscopy versus reflected light microscopy.
Microscopic properties of ore minerals.
Study of ore textures.
Quantitative ore microscopic properties.
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs

2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs
2 hrs

8 hrs
2 hrs
1 hrs
1 hrs
1 hrs
2 hr
1 hrs

Sample preparation.

2 hrs

Dissolution procedures for geological samples-partial and total digestions.

2 hrs

Chemical separation of elements, classical and rapid methods.

2 hrs

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.

1 hrs

X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (energy dispersive & wave length dispersive) and X-ray
diffractometry.
2 hrs
Scintillation Counter, SEM, ICP, EPMA, Fluid inclusion studies.

2 hrs

REFFERENCES
Craig, J.M and Vaughan, 2001: Ore Petrography and mineralogy. Wiley.
Evans, A.M, 2003: Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals. Blackwell.
Sawkins, F.J, 1984: Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics. Springer Verlag.

29

Stanton, R.L, 1999: Ore Petrography. McGraw Hill.

Torling, D.H, 2004: Economic Geology and Geotectonics. Blackwell Sci. Publ.
Barnes, H.L, 2006: Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. John Wiley.
Klemm, D.D and Schneider, H.J, 1999: Time and strata bound ore deposits. Springer Verlag.
Guilbert, J.M and Park, Jr. C.F, 1986: The Geology of ore deposits. Freeman.
Mookerjee, A, 2000: Ore genesis a Holistic Approach. Allied Publisher.
Krishnaswamy. S, 1988: Indias Mineral deposits. (revised by R.K Singh) Oxford University Press.
Henderson. P, 2000: Inorganic Geochemistry. Pergamon Press.
H. Rollinson, 2005: Using Geochemical data. Longman Sci. and Technical.

PAPER HAGT 404: DISSERTATION (4 or 4 hrs/wk)

52 hrs
The student will select a topic of his/her interest and a detailed investigation/study will be carried
out including mapping, analysis and interpretation of the data to finalize the dissertation work.
Evaluation of Dissertation and viva-voce will be conducted.
PRACTICALS
PAPER
HAGP

405:

HYDROGEOLOGY,

METEOROLOGY

AND

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY (2:1:1)

HYDROGEOLOGY
Calculation of average depth of precipitation, Determination of evaporation and
evapotranspiration, Water budget calculations, River discharge estimations, Construction of
hydrographs, separation of different components of a hydrograph. Calculation of porosity,
Determination of specific capacity, Calculation of aquifer parameters using Theiss, Jacob,
Papadopulos-Cooper methods. Selection of sites for wells using hydrogeomorphological
techniques.
METEOROLOGY
Instruments used to determine meteorological parameters, Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed.
Determination of Missing Rainfall data and rain gauging station. Problems on meteorological
parameters. Study of weather plotting symbols, Interpretation of weather maps and Assessment
of weather data.
MICROPALAEONTOLOGY
Processing of samples, picking and mounting of fauna. Study of morphological characters of
selected microfossils. Preparation of thin sections of selected larger microfossils.
PAPER HAGP 406: ORE GEOLOGY, ORE RESERVE ESTIMATION AND FIELD
REPORT EVALUATION (2:2)
ORE GEOLOGY
Megascopic study of structures and fabrics of different ores and their associations. Mineralogical
and textural studies of common ore minerals under ore-microscope Petrological study of other

30

industrial and non-metallic ore minerals. Exercises in the determination of reflectivity and micro
hardness of common ore minerals.
ORE RESERVE ESTIMATION
Different methods of ore reserve estimations: grid (both limited and unlimited areas), triangular,
polygonal methods.
Ore reserve estimation of vein type ore bodies.
Borehole problems; estimation of ore reserves: simple bedded, folded and faulted ore bodies.
FIELD REPORTS OF I AND III SEMESTERS WILL BE EVALUATED.
*****************

31