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8/29/2016

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 52

An Introduction to Ecology and


the Biosphere

Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview: Discovering Ecology

Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions


between organisms and the environment

Monday, August 29th, 2016

Bellwork: What is climate?

Weather patterns in an area

Objective: to understand how climate


affects life on earth
Agenda:
Chapter 52 Notes
Biome Assignment
MB Ch 52 quiz is up until 9/2 11:59pm
Animal Care
Summer Assignment

Why are amphibians particularly


threatened?

These interactions determine the distribution of


organisms and their abundance
Modern ecology includes observation and
experimentation

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 52.2

Global ecology
Landscape ecology
Ecosystem ecology
Community ecology
Population ecology
Organismal ecology

Global ecology examines the influence of energy and


materials on organisms across the biosphere
Landscape ecology - exchanges of energy, materials,
and organisms across multiple ecosystems
Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and
chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic
components
Community ecology deals with the whole array of
interacting species in a community
Population ecology focuses on factors affecting
population size over time
Organismal ecology includes physiological,
evolutionary, and behavioral ecology
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8/29/2016

Concept 52.1: Earths climate varies by


latitude and season and is changing rapidly

The long-term prevailing weather conditions in an


area constitute its climate
Four major abiotic components of climate are
temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

Macroclimate consists of patterns on the global,


regional, and landscape level
Microclimate consists of very fine patterns, such
as those encountered by the community of
organisms underneath a fallen log
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Global Climate Patterns

determined by solar energy and the


planets movement in space
causes temperature variations, which drive
evaporation and the circulation of air and
water
This causes latitudinal variations in climate

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 52.3a

Atmosphere

90N (North Pole)


60N

Low angle of incoming sunlight

30N
23.5N (Tropic of
Cancer

Sun overhead at equinoxes

0 (Equator)

23.5S (Tropic of
Capricorn)
30S

Low angle of incoming sunlight

60S
90S (South Pole)

Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity

Global Climate Patterns

Rising air masses release water and cause high


precipitation, especially in the tropics
Dry, descending air masses create arid climates,
especially near 30
Air flowing close to Earths surface creates
predictable global wind patterns

Cooling trade winds blow from east to west in the tropics


prevailing westerlies blow from west to east in the
temperate zones

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 52.3b

Regional and Local Effects on Climate

66.5N (Arctic Circle)


60N

30N

Westerlies

30N

Northeast trades

Ascending
moist air
releases
moisture.

0
Southeast trades
30S

Westerlies

Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture.

Climate is affected by seasonality,


large bodies of water, and mountains

60S

66.5S (Antarctic Circle)

Global air circulation and precipitation patterns

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8/29/2016

Figure 52.4

Seasonality

Seasonal variations of light and


temperature increase steadily toward
the poles (WHY?)
Belts of wet and dry air straddling the
equator shift throughout the year with
the changing angle of the sun
Changing wind patterns affect ocean
currents

March equinox
December
solstice

Constant tilt
of 23.5
June solstice

60N

30N

0 (equator)
30S

September equinox

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bodies of Water

The trip around


What do we mean by the equinox?
When do they occur?
What do we mean by the solstices?
When do they occur?

Oceans, their currents, and large


lakes moderate the climate of nearby
terrestrial environments
The Gulf Stream carries warm water
from the equator to the North Atlantic

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 52.6

Circulation of surface water

Why is there a breeze at the ocean shoreline?

Labrador Current

California Current

30 N North Pacific
Subtropical Gyre

Gulf Stream

North Atlantic
Subtropical
Gyre

Equator
Indian
Ocean
Subtropical
Gyre

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

30 S

South Pacific
Subtropical Gyre

South
Atlantic
Subtropical
Gyre

Leeward side
of mountains

Air flow
Mountain
range
Ocean

8/29/2016

Mountains

Effect of large bodies of water and mountains on climate

Rising air releases moisture on the windward


side of a peak and creates a rain shadow as it
absorbs moisture on the leeward side
Mountains affect the amount of sunlight reaching an
area

In the Northern Hemisphere, south-facing slopes


receive more sunlight than north-facing slopes
Every 1,000 m increase in elevation produces a
temperature drop of approximately 6C

Leeward side
of mountains

Air flow
Mountain
range
Ocean

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Microclimate

fine-scale differences in the environment that


affect light and wind patterns
characterized by differences in

Abiotic factors, including nonliving attributes


such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients
Biotic factors, including other organisms that
are part of an individuals environment

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Biomes are major life zones characterized by


vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical
environment (aquatic biomes)

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 52.9

Concept 52.2: The structure and distribution of


terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and
disturbance

30N
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator

A climograph plots the temperature and


precipitation in a region

Tropic of Capricorn
30S

Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Temperate grassland

Concept 52.2: The structure and distribution


of terrestrial biomes are controlled by
climate and disturbance

Temperate broadleaf forest


Northern coniferous forest
Tundra
High mountains
Polar ice

Biomes are affected not just by average


temperature and precipitation, but also by the
pattern of temperature and precipitation through
the year

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8/29/2016

Annual mean temperature ( C)

Desert

Temperate grassland

Tropical forest

30
Temperate
broadleaf
forest

15

Northern
coniferous
forest

15

Arctic and
alpine
tundra
0

General Features of Terrestrial Biomes

Terrestrial biomes are often named for major


physical or climatic factors and for vegetation
Terrestrial biomes usually grade into each other,
without sharp boundaries
The area of intergradation, called an ecotone,
may be wide or narrow

100
200
300
400
Annual mean precipitation (cm)
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

General Features of Terrestrial Biomes


Vertical layering is an important feature

Example: a forest has an upper canopy, low-tree


layer, shrub understory, ground layer of herbaceous
plants, forest floor, and root layer

Layering of vegetation in all biomes provides


diverse habitats for animals

Similar characteristic can arise in distant biomes


through convergent evolution
Example: cacti in North America and euphorbs in
African deserts appear similar but are from different
evolutionary lineages
Cereus peruvianus

Biomes are dynamic and usually exhibit


extensive patchiness

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Disturbance and Terrestrial Biomes

Disturbance is an event that changes a


community

frequent fires can kill woody plants and maintain


the characteristic vegetation of a savanna
fires and outbreaks of pests create gaps in
forest that allow different species to grow

Fire suppression has changed the vegetation of


the Great Plains

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Euphorbia canariensis

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Terrestrial Biomes

Terrestrial biomes can be characterized by:

Distribution
Precipitation
Temperature
Plants and animals and their adaptations

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8/29/2016

Assignment!

Each pair of students gets 2 terrestrial or


aquatic biomes
Research the information from the book
Distribution (or Physical)
Precipitation (or Chemical)
Temperature
Plants and animals and their adaptations
How have humans impacted the biome?

Teach and learn from your fellow


students!

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