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Ch 28: The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia

I.
Foundations of the absolutist state
Mongols did rule Russia-Golden Horde-Tribute Payments
A.
The gathering of the Russian land
a.
Ivan III (or Ivan the Great, reigned 1462-1505) - Rus. indep. from Mongol rule, 1480
1.
Stopped paying tribute to the Mongols
2.
Made Moscow strong and powerful
3.
Marries people to form alliances and get land
4.
Trying to unify and consolidate power
5.
Acquired Muscovy and it tripled in Size
6.
Most important addition=Novgorod in 1470s
I.
Hub of Hanseatic League and fur trade
II.
Was an Autonomous city-state
III.
Merchants had strong ties to Poland and Lithuania
IV.
Wanted to make sure their wealth didnt strengthen neighboring
states
V.
Demanded city to acknowledge his authority in 1471
VI.
Merchants imposed a rebellion in 1478, but it was put down
b.
Princes of Moscow imposed rule on Russia
1.
Base at Moscow
2.
Acquired new territories through war, marriage, and purchase
c.
Cossacks
1.
Ivan consolidated his land by recruiting peasants and offering them freedom
to settle in newly acquired lands-known as Cossacks
2.
Had to join the military service, like the Janissaries and theme system
3.
Played a role in expansion
4.
Especially in the steppe lands, took their own campaigns of expansion and
extended Russian influence
5.
During 16th century, conquered the Volga River and moved across the Ural
Mountains
d.
Ivan built strong centralized government modeled after the Byzantine empire
1.
Wanted to appropriate the Byzantine legacy for his own purposes
2.
Married Sophia Palaeologus, niece of the last byzantine emperor
3.
Called himself tsar (Roman title "caesar") - head of the st. & Rus. Orthodox
church
4.
Byzantine rulers had used this title to signify imperial status
5.
Made byzantine symbol of double eagle, his symbol
6.
Adopted byzantine pomp and ceremony of the court
7.
Commissioned the kremlin
e.
The third rome
1.
Wanted to be Rome,
2.
Ivan=Head of state and head of church
3.
Claimed divine rule
4.
Expanding muscovite empire worked with the Russian Orthodox Church
5.
Moscow know as the third rome
6.
Orthodox monks claimed that Germanic invaders toppled the first rome,
Ottoman turks toppled the second rome(Constantinople(Byzantine)) and only
Moscow survived as the seat of the true Christian faith
B.
The time of troubles
1.
Tsarist court faced opposition from minor principalities facing absorption
a.
And Boyars-the elite military aristocracy comparable to feudal knights
2.
War/famine followed Ivan's death in 1598 w/o an heir; 15 yrs (1598-1613) of turmoil followed
a.
Mikhail Romanov chosen as new tsar in 1613; Romanov dynasty, lasted until 1917
b.
After Ivans death, no suitable heir, Russia fell into a civil war
c.
Poland and Sweden took advantage of famine and invaded
d.
Known as the furious fifteen
e.
2 pretenders to the throne-both claiming to be his son Dmitri
f.
Uprising led by the former slave
g.
1610, Polish and Swedish armies threatened Muscovy, volunteer armies took it upon
themselves to expel the invaders and elect a tsar

h.

II.

Mikhail Romanov chosen as new tsar in 1613, dynasty lasted until 1917 rarely facing
challenges to its legitimacy despite wide variety of tsars
3.
Ivan IV (reigned 1533-1584), Ivan III's grandson
a.
Known as Ivan the Terrible; notorious for erratic, often violent rule
b.
Ruled at 16
c.
Married into the boyar clan of the Romanovs
d.
Ruled with the help of the Chosen Council, the circle of advisors to load the proximity
to the tsar to their talents not families
e.
Inaugurated the assemblies of land, in which representatives would inform him of local
situations
f.
Boyars impeded efforts of reshaping the gov
g.
1564-Abdicated the throne in highly sensational fashion, claiming that the boyars
prevented him from governing effectively
h.
He was begged to return as long as he was given powers to deal with the boyars and
control over the oprichnina the land apart
i.
Confiscated large estates and redistributed them to supporters, 1564
j.
reign of terror - Oprichniki: new aristocracy and a private army of supporters; used
terror and cruelty to subdue civilian populations
1.
Hunt down treason and sweep it out of Russia
2.
Laid waste to numerous civilian populations, including Novgorod
3.
Weakened Russia
4.
Left state vulnerable to attacks from Poland in west and Mongols in southeast
5.
Ivan subjected the Oprichniki to the same punishments
6.
Possible Ivan had medical problems
C.
No Renaissance (1400s)or Reformation (1500s) - Mongol rule cut Rus. off from the West; no Catholics
Westernization and empire
A.
Limited trading rights of western European merchants in Russia
B.
Required foreign merchants to reside in Moscow
C.
Western Europeans in Russia, most lived in Germantown
D.
Like the Japan Tokugawa Shoguns because they want to guard against contaminating ideas from
Europe
1.
Russians were slightly more open to outside influences
E.
17th century Westernization
1.
Peter I (reigned 1682-1725): known as Peter the Great (progressive but autocratic)
a.
Lived in Germantown
b.
Developed a fascination for technology like shipbuilding
c.
More taken with innovations than government as a young boy
d.
As he got older, he entered court policies and established himself as a tsar
e.
imposed program of rapid modernization/westernization
1.
Industries to incorporate the most advanced science and technology
2.
Wanted Russia to match western European technological achievements
3.
Russians sent abroad to study; Peter himself traveled to Europe to study
government, military, and industry
4.
Architecture in western style and using western techniques
5.
He behaved crudely by European standards
6.
Peter observed western European Society and government at work, and
worked to remodel Russia along the same lines
7.
Too much of an autocrat to find interest in the institutions of representative
gov found in Europe
8.
Institured a policy of conscious westernization by selectively adopted western
European models and using them to guide Russia
f.
Military reform: to build powerful, modern army (modeled on Germanys)
1.
Wanted to make Russia one of Europes great military powers
2.
Offered better pay and modern weapons to peasants
3.
Provided forces with extensive training
4.
Aristocratic officers ordered to study mathematics and geometry
5.
Couldnt marry until they successfully completed their studies
6.
By his death, his leader was the largest in Europe
7.
Fought in the Great Northern War against Sweden
8.
Also wanted to create a Russian navy that would dominate the Baltic and
northern sea

9.
Used western shipbuilding technology
Bureaucratic reform: to facilitate collection of taxes
1.
Facilitate tax collection and encourage industrial production
2.
Russia has a small educated class
3.
Only nobles educated to serve as government officials (secular education)
4.
Table of Ranks allowed social mobility for civil servants by merit and service
I.
Permitted officials to move along the 14 stations according to merit
II.
Old titles disappeared
III.
Underscored the subservience of individuals to the state
IV.
Emphasized that the tsar was a servant of the state
h.
Social reform: challenged established customs
1.
Abolished the seclusion of women; encouraged social mixing of the sexes
2.
Abolished the terem
3.
Ordered subjects to wear western clothing; ordered men to shave beards
4.
These policies provoked spiritual protest among the conservative Russians
5.
Eventually allowed the men to keep their beards if they paid extra taxes
2.
St. Petersburg, the "window on the west" new capital on the Baltic Sea built by Peter in 1703
a.
Best symbol of westernization
b.
Rose near the site of a Swedish fort capital
c.
The city built on bones
d.
Haven for Russias navy
e.
Center of efficient government-Peter moved many buildings and invested a lot of
money
f.
Russia=2 capitals=Original is Moscow and New capital is St. Petersburg
The limits of westernization
1.
Catherine II (r. 1762-1795) -Married Peter's grandson, unpopular tsar; replaced him as ruler
(absolutist state)
a.
Continued the policy of Westernization
b.
Unhappy marriage with grandson of Peter the Great-relied on the tsarist court to
displace her husband
c.
Wanted to increase the effectiveness of the tsarist bureaucracy by appointing officials
with a modern European Style education
d.
Organized Russia into 50 admin provinces-supervised by a governor-general
e.
Spelled out rights and obligations of the Nobility and urban classes in the Charter of
Nobility and the Charter of the Towns
f.
Catherine was an autocrat
g.
Sought economic development, but wouldnt grant autonomy
h.
High respect for western European lands
i.
Encouraged travel
j.
Attracted to the ideals of the Enlightenment; corresponded with philosophes
1.
People are in control-everyone is equal
2.
Education for children (boys and girls) but not for serf children
3.
Vaccinations for smallpox
4.
Considered the philosophes ideas for liberal social reform, but wouldnt do it if
it would weaken her rule
k.
Rejected any changes that would weaken her autocratic rule
l.
Catherine=enlightened depot
m.
Wanted to improve subjects lives without detracting from her power
n.
Restricted punishments that landowners inflict on serfs
o.
Sought to eliminate common penalties
2.
Pugachev's rebellion in Caucasus (1773-1774)
a.
Cossacks, exiles, peasants, and serfs, led by Emelian Pugachev, protesting taxes
b.
Sought an end to taxes, gov supervision, military draft, right to possess land and elect
their own leaders
c.
Killed thousands of nobles, officials, and priests; crushed by imperial army, 1774
d.
Catherine beheaded Pugachev
3.
The end of Catherine's reforms opposed to anything that would weaken her power
a.
Pugachev's rebellion and French Revolution(behead the king) soured Catherine on
reform
b.
Ex-Storming of bastille by Parisian crowds
c.
Adopted conservative policies
g.

F.

d.

G.

H.

I.

J.

Reversed policy of westernization; tried to restrict foreign influence in Russia but was
not isolationist
e.
Gave nobles more control over their land and serfs
1.
Serfs were not slaves but could be sold as private property in Russia
2.
Also fixed occupational castes; sons forced into trades of their fathers
3.
Serfdom expands; unlike Europe
The Russian empire in Europe
1.
Ivan the Great=pushed westward into Poland, Lithuania, and Balkan peninsula
2.
Ivan the terrible=eastward into Siberia and former Mongol territories
3.
Poland-Lithuania (1790), a dual republican state; two societies, one king and parliament
a.
Poland-Lithuania was Roman Catholic, whereas Russia was Orthodox
b.
Tsars wanted to recapture the territories
c.
Biggest target=Poland
d.
Poland stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea
e.
When Ivan IV engulfed Russia, Poland-Lithuania were organized into a dualrepublican state with separate admin and legal systems
Absorption of Ukraine
1.
Animosity against Poland inspired union of Ukraine and Russia
2.
Bogdan Khmelnitsky united the peasants against the Polish rulers
3.
Russian cooperation with Khmelnitsky led to war with Poland
4.
Ended in 1667 with the partition of Ukraine and Kiev retuned to Russia
5.
Enter Mediterranean without charge
Partition of Poland
1.
Crippling Handicap- unanimous consent to make laws
2.
Generated instability that they couldnt defend themselves by the 18 th century
3.
Russia, Austria, and Prussia partitioned the state and absorbed it
4.
Absorbed large amounts of jews
5.
Tolerance of jews in 1265
6.
Poland was most important sanctuary for jews until Nazis
7.
Catherine II prohibited jews from moving out of territory unless they had official permission
a.
Motivated many jews to flee to US
8.
Russia expanded south into the Ottoman territories
9.
Pushed into Balkan regions
10.
Russia annexed the Crimea
11.
However, the British and French didnt like the Russian military advancing
12.
Slavic and Balkans relationship influenced the Balkan Peninsula
The Russian empire in Asia
1.
By late eighteenth century Russia controlled Volga River to Caspian Sea
2.
Expanded into central and Northern Asia bs Mongol empires had broken into khanates
3.
Ivan IV took Kaxan and Astrakan
4.
A lot of Turkish and Mongol people under Russian Rule
5.
The Caucasus
a.
Tsarists wanted warm-water ports so they pushed south to the Caucasus and Caspian
Sea
b.
Georgia was especially appealing to Russian Imperialist
c.
Russia soon absorbed Georgia
d.
Georgia became a favorite vacation spot
6.
Siberia less hospitable, but rich in resources, especially furs
a.
Forests and Tundras
b.
Conquest began in 1581 when Cossacks crossed the Ural Mountains
c.
Wanted to access furs
d.
Russian gov established small fortified settlements throughout Siberia that coerced
people to supply pelts on a regular occasion
e.
Home to 26 ethnic groups
f.
Some Siberians liked the new Russian technology and products, others didnt
g.
Yakut People led a revolt against Russian Oppression, but experienced a brutal
retribution
h.
People of Siberia also faced many contagious diseases
i.
Russian gov soon realized that they should protect the small peoples so they could
have their fur
j.
Peter the Great sent missionaries so they convert people to orthodox Christianity

k.

7.

8.

9.

Didnt gain many convert and once they converted, they were not obligated to pay
tribute
l.
Russians didnt generate zeal in religious missions
m.
Harsh terrain discouraged and limited Moscows long reach
n.
Serfdom did not extend to the Ural Mountains
o.
Russian Migrants nearly doubled the native population of Siberia
p.
Tsarist gov used Siberia as an immense prison and later labor camps
q.
Local peoples forced to pay tribute in furs at Russian forts
across Asia to the Pacific Ocean and west into Alaska and western Canada
a.
Vitus Bering undertook two maritime expeditions
b.
Sailed through the Bering Strait and Artic Ocean
c.
By 1800, began to explore the Pacific Ocean
d.
Built a small fort on Kauai
Muscovite Society before Westernization
a.
30x the size of France
b.
Rural Life
1.
Absence of manufacturing, developed trade
2.
Agriculture revolved around the peasant village
3.
Peasants lived in extended patriarchal families
4.
Male heads negotiated with land owners
5.
Peasant women tended to domestic chores and marriages
6.
Russian Women maintained control of dowries(more financial freedom)
7.
Some peasants were free(in newly conquered areas)
8.
In European Russia, most peasants werent free
9.
As empire expanded, the conditions of serfdom became more tight to ensure
the availability of a labor force
10.
Limited serfs rights
11.
Law code that placed serfs under control of landlords and tightened state
control over the Russian Labor Force by establishing a caste like system that
limited both occupational and geographical mobility
12.
Artisans and Merchants had to register their kids under their fathers
occupation
13.
Law code reflected the interests of nobility-they were at the top
14.
Serfs were once sold
c.
Catherine and the Nobility
1.
Gave nobles upper hand
2.
Needed noble support for her centralizing policies and to hire educated
people for gov
3.
Granted nobles reign of their domain
4.
Could issue punishment, deploy laborers, and levy taxes
5.
Strengthened tsarist authority
The Growth of Trade and Industry
a.
European Trade
1.
Interaction with European and Asian people stimulated trade and motivated
Peter to encourage the development of heavy industry
2.
Trade beginning that 16th-century after an English expedition made it into the
White sea
3.
The port of archangel became a flourishing city for merchants exchange
Russian furs, leather, and grain
b.
Asian Trade
1.
Russian expansion to the south and east led to increased trade with the
Asians
2.
Astrakhan became a home to many foreign merchants
3.
Increased foreign merchants=more resentment from Russian merchants
4.
Merchants held protests and demanded restrictions on the foreign merchants
5.
Foreign merchants required to reside and conduct business in approved
districts and by restricting them from trading lucrative commodities
6.
Didnt do much-some foreign merchants ignored rules and other bonded with
Russian merchants
c.
Industrial Development
1.
Policy of westernization increased foreigners

d.

III.

2.
Lured intelligent people from Europe to Russia
3.
Offered deals and loans to those who would establish factories
4.
Opening of 200 industrial plants
5.
Lack of cities and labor
6.
Drafted workers from serfs
Population Growth
1.
Peter laid foundations
2.
Growing pop=more urbanization
3.
St. Peters was largest city

Cultural Clashes
A.
Russian orthodox dispute between reformers who wanted to adapt stuff from European and Greek
Orthodox
B.
Russian Church fell under authority of the tsars
C.
Crisis in the Church
1.
Church Reforn
a.
Looked to the Orthodox Greece and eastern Europe
b.
Ceremonial plays became important
c.
Reformers wanted to Ichange religion according to the most accurate texts
2.
Patriarch Nikon
a.
Leader of the Reform party
b.
Established schools in latin and greek and church Slavonic
c.
Deep schism-3 vs 2 fingers with symbol of cross
d.
Seemed like they were turning their back on traditional ways and would be damned in
hell
3.
Avvakum and Old Belief
a.
Relgious Conservative
b.
Believed eligibility to receive grace was compromised
c.
Blamed serfdom on outsiders
d.
Didnt like tax collectors
e.
Associated with with the Tsar
f.
Outlawed his sectarianism
g.
Killed him at the stake
h.
Eventually reached a truce
4.
Tsarist Control over the Church
a.
Schism weakened the church
b.
Strengthened the tsarist state
c.
Church and political leaders often cooperated but wealth and power brought conflict
d.
Large Monasteries rivaled cities
e.
Some faithful places became military bases in time of duress
f.
Peter the Great established a council to oversee the Church
g.
Tsar selected members of the council, the bishops, and required clergy to support the
gov
h.
Russian Church became a department of the state gov
D.
Westerization of the Enlightenment In Russia
1.
Sponsored introduction of western European culture
2.
Education
a.
Peter established a system of education and founded academies
b.
Catherine continued the support of education
3.
Enlightenment Influences
a.
Catherine sponsored the Enlightenment
b.
Looked to despots in Prussia and Anatolia
c.
Demonstrated benefits of science with smallpox vaccine
d.
Russian lit flourished
e.
Class known as intelligentsia emerged
1.
Worked to influence public opinion and state policy
4.
The end of experimentation
a.
French revolution
b.
Catherine feared that efforts might inspire revolts
c.
Cut ties with western Europe intellectuals
E.
A rise in population of Europe

Europe had been decimated by the plague, 15 th and 16th centuries population levels were
growing (population pressure is not a good reason for migration to the New World); 1000 CE,
Eur. populations 36 M; by 1700 = 120 M (the largest % of inc. of any of the continents)
F.
A decrease in the population of the Americas
1.
time of Columbus 4 M in N. America; 21 M in Mexico; the Caribbean had 6 M; Central
America 6 M; S. America 30 M; by 1700 the w. hemisphere had only 13 M (down from 67 M)
G.
no overall population decrease occurred in Africa slave trade did not decimate populations; by 1700,
Africa had 60 M (double that of 1000); areas most affected were along the Atlantic coast
H.
Asia between 1000 and 1700CE, the populations more than doubled to a total of 415 M
I.
Environmental Changes
1.
Food from the Americas helped spur population growth
2.
Soil exhaustion plantations, in the Americas, tended to rely on single crops, a process that
depletes the soil; then move on to newly cleared land (shifting cultivation)
3.
Deforestation
a.
New World - Spanish first cut down forests in the Caribbean to make pastures for
cattle; then for plantations; in North America the coastal forests were the first to go
b.
Europe timber was needed for ship building, buildings, wagons, barrels, etc.; wood
shortage was made worse by the Little Ice Age that began in the 1590speople
burned wood to keep warm; encouraged use of coal
4.
Little Ice Age caused hardships that led to rebellion; contributed to the demise of Ming China
in the mid-17th century, etc.
Technology and Innovations
A.
Europe became a powerful force during this time period because of their willingness to adapt and use
three key innovations that existed in other parts of the world: gunpowder weapons, navigation, and
ship-building technology, and finally the printing press (which developed independently in Germany)
B.
Competition among Europeans resulted in big risks and innovations while the Japanese and Chinese
returned to more traditional lifestyles in order to maintain stability, and the Muslims, while retaining
powerful land-based empires, allowed innovations in shipping and weaponry to pass them by
C.
Using superior weapons and larger trading ships, the Europeans established new overseas trading
empires, moved lots of plants and animals, enslaved and transported people across oceans, and
generally transformed the interactions of the entire world
D.
Increased contact meant the spread of new ideas and technology and the exposure to new cultures
transformed both education and religion and transported those ideas to new areas
Changes and continuities in the Role of Women
A.
A number of powerful women took charge of some of the worlds empires
1.
Elizabeth I of England, Isabella of Spain, Nur Jahan of Mugal, India (most women shared their
power with their husbands)
2.
Most women saw little change
a.
Legally women were considered property of their husbands
b.
Inherited less than sons or brothers
c.
Had few legal rights
3.
Biggest change came from the mixing of cultures (mestizo, etc.) and racial categories began
to be more widely used in determining status or class
4.
Changes in trade and production placed a greater premium on male labor and jobs that
women had traditionally held, like textile weaving, were increasingly dominated by men
5.
Forced migration of males in African societies resulted in a disproportionate number of
females left behind in what were matrilineal societies; numbers reinforce polygyny (migration
of males in Christian areas of the world did not have the same effect because Christians do
not allow multiple marriages)
6.
Older or widowed women
a.
In Africa and Native American societies, councils of older women were part of the
decision-making process; Some were feared because they could not be controlled
7.
The Renaissance and Enlightenment created more educational opportunities for both groups,
but girls still lagged behind boys and the highest levels of education were only available for
men
8.
Protestant countries grew more puritanical in their regulation of sex, marriage, and illegitimacy
1.

IV.

V.

Why is Russia about 100 years behind Western Europe,Did not participate in the Renaissance partly due to Mongolian
control therefore did not incorporate humanist ideals such as those experienced in Western Europe

Which choice is most accurate about Ivan III "The Great",Repelled the Mongolian Yoke and added Novgorod to the
Muscovite principality and ruled as emperor and patriarch
To remove the old aristocracy from authority Ivan IV ruled with the help of his,Chosen Council
Which choice is most accurate about the final outcome of the Time of Troubles,Russians united under the Romanov
leadership in order to defeat Swedish invaders
The law code of Serfdom,Allowed Russian lords to sell serfs as if they were private property
Which statement is accurate about 16th century Eastern European conflicts such as those involving Poland, Lithuania
and Russia among others,Belarus and Ukraine shared the Orthodox faith with Russians and resentment toward
Catholic Polish landlords so they gravitated toward the empire in Moscow
The priest Avvakum,Supported the Old Belief movement and campaigned to restore traditional rituals
Which one of the following was NOT part Peters policy of Westernization,Political liberalization
Which choice is an example of bureaucratic reform by Peter The Great,Developed a system where administration
officials could advance by merit
Which choice is most accurate about reforms under Catherine the Great,The Charter of Nobility spelled out the rights
and obligations of the nobility
What is the significance of Russia expansion in to the Caucuses,Gained southern territory where they can influence
political events in Georgia and Azerbaijan
Which event caused the end to the reforms during Catherine The Great's time,French Revolution
Which choice identifies a peasant and cossack uprising against Catherine The Great,Pugachev rebellion
Cossacks were,Peasants that Ivan III sent into recently conquered lands
Which of the following was NOT one of the steps that Ivan III used in an attempt to carry on the legacy of
Byzantium,Adopt Roman Catholicism
In regards to gender relations, Russian women,Retained control of their dowries after marriage and thus had a
measure of financial independence
For peasants the main inspiration for migrating to Siberia was,The serfdom did not extend east of the Urais
Vitus Bering explored,Northern Asia as far as Kamchatka
Which choice is not an example of the influence of Italian or western architecture in Russia,The Lourve
Which choice is FALSE concerning education during this time period of Russia,The Tsar created a monastic order in
the 16th century that led to the Academy of sciences in the 17th century
After the arrival of the Europeans,East Asian societies largely controlled their own affairs until the nineteenth century

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