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Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

Mc lc
Phn I. c cht hc cng nghip
Phng php ly mu v phn tch cc cht c trong khng kh
Cacbon Oxyt (Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 352-89)
Cacbon ioxyt (Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 353-89)
11
Ozon
15
Amoniac
17
Nit ioxyt
19
Clo (TCVN 4877 - 89)
22
Hyrosunfua
26
Sunfua ioxyt (Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 351 - 89)
29
Axit xyanhydric (HCN)
33
Axit Clohydric
35
Axit Sunfuric
37
Hi kim
39
Benzen
41
Naphtalen
44
Metanol
47
Focmaldehyt
49
Phenol
51
Axeton
53
Este
55
Xng
58
Trinitro Toluen
60
Ch ((Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 354-89)
62
Ch Tetraetyl trong hi xng
66
Anhydrit Aseno
69
Asin (AsH3)
71
Thu ngn
73
Km
75
Anhydrit - Cromic
78
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Oxyt st
80
Mangan
83
Antimon
86
Nicotin
89
Ho cht tr su
91
Phn II. V sinh mi trng
94
Xc nh tng s Coliform bng phng php MPN
95
Xc nh tng s Fecal Coliform bng phng php MPN
99
Xc nh tng s Coliform bng k thut mng lc
103
Phng php pht hin nhanh tng s Coliform v Fecal Coliform
107
Hm lng st
109
Xc nh cng bng chun EDTA
113
Oxy ho
115
pH
117
Xc nh c ca nc (Phng php Nephelometric)
121
Xc nh trong Dienert
123
Xc nh hm lng Sunfat
124
kim
127
Xc nh Amoniac (NH4+) trong nc. Phng php ln mu trc tip vi

thuc th Nessler
129
Xc nh Nitrit (NO-2) trong nc. Phng php o mu vi thuc th

Griess
133
Xc nh Nitrat (NO-3) trong nc. Phng php o mu vi thuc th

isunfophenic
136
Xc nh Clorua bng phng php Mohr
140
Xc nh Pht phat (PO43-)
142
Xc nh Clo (Cl2) tha
146
K thut lm trong v kh trng nc
150
dn in
154
Xc nh cn l lng v khng tan trong nc bng phng php trng lng
155
Xc nh cn ho tan trong nc. Phng php khi lng
157
Xc nh cn ton phn trong nc bng phng php trng lng
159
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Phn I.
c cht hc cng nghip
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Phng php ly mu v phn tch

cc cht c trong khng kh
A. Phng php ly mu
1.Trc ht cn phi iu tra ni pht sinh ra hi kh c u? Trng thi tn ti
ca cht c dng no: kh, hi, kh dung hoc bi. Ngun hi kh sinh ra khu no:
nguyn liu, thnh phm, cht trung gian, hoc tp cht gy nn.
2. V tr ly mu
Ly mu mi trng lao ng, cn ly mu ngang tm h hp ngi tip xc. Cn
t my ht theo chiu h hp ca cng nhn (xui) hoc ngang tm h hp nhng thng gc
vi hng cht c bay ra (trnh ngc chiu).
Ni ly mu: gia khu vc cht c bay ra, ni i li cng nhn lm, trnh h thng
thng hi ca s.
- Khong cch 10m, 15m, hoc 100m, xt thy cn xc nh mc nhim do ngun
chnh gy ra.
Mi ni ly mu: nn ly hai mu song song cch nhau 20cm - Vic xc nh cc yu
t vi kh hu, cn thc hin ng thi qu trnh ly mu.
3. Nguyn tc ly mu
a. Bm khng kh c cht c vo trong mt dng c cha c th tch nht nh. l
k thut n gin.
b. Ht khng kh c cht c qua dng c gi li (phin lc hay ng hp th) phn
khng kh sch c i qua, phn c gi li.
4. K thut ly mu:
a. Bng dng c cha:
Ngi ta bm khng kh ti hin trng vo cc chai ly mu, gaz pipet. em v
phng th nghim a vo my nh Osrat, sc k kh phn tch.
b. Bng ng hp th:
ng hp th thng c dung tch 10ml, 25ml hoc 100ml, c hoc khng c mng
xp. Trong ng hp th cha mt lng (ml) dung dch hp th nht nh. Ht khng kh qua
dung dch hp th vi mt tc nht nh (F), o bng lu lng k. Th tch khng kh cn
ly (V) c tnh theo cng thc:
V = F. T
thu c th tch cn phi c ng h bm giy o T (pht). Cng thc trn
c tnh:
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V(l) = 1 pht x pht = (1)
Tc v th tch khng kh ly mt lng nh th no ty thuc tng cht c v k
thut phn tch, c th tng bi sau.
5. Bo qun v vn chuyn mu:
a. Khi ly mu bng dng c cha. Dng c ny c gi li trong cc hp g, c lt
cc cht xp, trnh b v, gi nguyn mang v phng th nghim phn tch.
Khi ly mu bng ng hp th: Sau khi ly mu xong, rt dung dch z hp th vo l
thu tinh nt mi, dung tch 25ml hoc 50ml. Khi vn chuyn t ng v tr ca hp cha l.
V phng th nghim t ngn mt t lnh, nn phn tch kp thi.
b. Ni chung nn c mu lu. Cc mu lu khng gi qu ba thng. Qu ba thng
nu khng c iu g ghi ngi lp bin bn hy mu.
B. Phng php phn tch:
Nng cc cht c trong khng kh c tnh theo cng thc:
C=
M
= mg/l
V
Phn tch tm ra ng hm lng cht c (M) c trong th tch khng kh z ly mu

(V).
c im ca khng kh hin trng c cha nhiu cht c khc nhau, li lun
khuch tn, hm lng li rt nh, thng mc microgam. V th cn phi c phng php
phn tch ph hp, c chnh xc va phi ( 5%).
Phng php phn tch thng dng l phng php chun v phng php so mu.
1.Phng php chun :
Phng php chun l phng php phn tch th tch da trn s tc dng ho hc
ca cc cht bng ng lng ca chng:
V1N1 = V2N2
Cht mt buret nh xung, cht hai bnh nn (c cht ch th). Khi phn ng hon
thnh, cht ch th i mu, khi c s tc dng ng lng. Cc dung dch chun thng
mc 0,1N
Trong phn tch cc cht c trong khng kh thng s dng k thut trung ho.
H+ + OH- = H2O
V phng php o Iot:
I2 + 2e- = 2IHai k thut trn qun trit bi sau, dng trong phn tch tng hi kh c c th.
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2. Phng php so mu:
a. Nguyn tc ca phng php da trn s tc dng ca dung dch phn tch vi
thuc th trong iu kin nht nh sinh ra mt mu. Cng mu sinh ra t l vi lng
cht c mt trong dung dch. Sau khi n nh mu, ng dung dch phn tch em so snh ng
dung dch cht chun bng mt thng hoc so bng quang k.
C nhiu cch so snh, nhng cch thng thng l so cc ng thang mu, c cng
mt th tch. Nhn mu ng phn tch bng mu ca ng thang mu l c.
b. Nhng iu ch trong k thut so mu:
- So mu vng nh sng trng thy nn so mu l trng, cn phi chn cc ng thu
tinh c trong sut nh nhau, kch thc ging nhau.
- Do s tin li ca phng php nn c th m rng ra so c, khc l so trn
nn en.
- Khi thc hin phn ng ln mu, cn phi c thi gian n nh v so snh vi thang
mu thc hin ng thi vi ng phn tch.
- i khi ngi ta dng thang mu nhn to thay th cho thang mu t nhin, s dng
bn v tin li trong phn tch nhanh.
3. Phng php quang ph hp th:
a. Cc mu nm trong vng nh sng trng thy nh: , vng, da cam, lc lam,
chm, tm, u c th soi my quang ph nhn thy. Ngoi ra cn c quang ph hp th vng
cc tm, vng hng ngoi. C s ca phng php quang ph hp th da trn nh lut
Lamber- Beer: Cc photon c hp th t l thun vi s phn t cht phn tch c trong
dung dch
I = I0 x 10-KCL
y:
I: Cng nh sng sau khi z qua ng cha dung dch
I0: l cng nh sng ban u
K: l hng s c trng cho dung dch v tn s nng lng pht ra.
C: Nng cht phn tch (mol/lit)
l: Chiu dy ca cng (cm)
Bin i cng thc trn:
T=
I
= 10-KCL l truyn nh sng
Io
Ly logarit: - LogT = log
I0
CKI = A
I
A: l mt quang hc
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Vy: Mt quang hc t l trc tip vi chiu dy ca cng v nng cht phn
tch trong dung dch.
b. K thut phn tch bng quang ph:
- ng dng sng pht ra ca tia pht x hp vi mu dung dch phn tch, o mt
quang hc. o mt quang hc ca thang mu c lng cht mu bit trc. S liu o xy
dng nn biu mu, trc tung l mt quang hc, trc honh l hm lng cht phn tch.
ng mu ng vi dng:
Y = ax + b
- So mt quang hc ca ng phn tch ng vi ng mu, tm ra hm lng tng
ng.
- S dng phng php quang ph hp th nhanh, tin li v chnh xc hn so mu
bng mt thng.
C. Cch tnh ton v biu din nng
1. Cng thc chung tnh nng l:
M
= mg/l
V0
C=
y:
- M tm c do phng php phn tch (mg)

- Vo: th tch khng kh ly mu quy v iu kin tiu chun (00C v 760mmHg)
Nh vy, khi ly mu nhit t0C v P mmHg, c tnh v th tch iu kin tiu
chun nh sau:
V0 =
P1V1 (273)
= lt
(273 + t1 )760
Trong :
- P1: p sut ta ni ly mu (mmHg)
- t1: Nhit ni ly mu (0C)
- V1: th tch khng kh ni ly mu ti t1, p1 (l)
2. Bin i cc nng :
Ngi ta c th bin din nng trong khng kh l mg/l hoc mg/m3v % hoc
PPM.
a. Bin i nng C mg/l ra nng %:
B% =
22,4 xCmg / l
Wmx10
Wm = Trng lng phn t cht phn tch.
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b. Bin i t nng Cmg/l ra nng PPM
PPM =
Cmg / lx 22.400
Wm
Wm = Trng lng phn t cht phn tch.

c. Cc bin i ngc li, tnh t cng thc trn m ra.
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Cacbon oxyt
(Tiu chun ngnh 52TCn 352 - 89)
I. Nguyn tc:
Khi cacbon oxyt tc dng vi Paladi clorua to thnh Paladi kim loi:
CO + PdCl2 + H2O = CO2 + 2 HCL + Pd
Cho thuc th Folinxiocant vi Paladi, thuc th s b kh chuyn mu vng thnh
mu xanh.
2H3PO4 .10MoO3 + 4HCL + 2Pd = 2PdCl2 +2 H2O +
[(MoO3 )4.(MoO2 )H 3PO4 ]
Da vo phn ng trn, phn tch cacbon oxyt bng phng php so mu hoc trc
quang.
II. Quy nh chung:

- Ho cht theo TCVN 1058-78
- Nc ct theo TCVN 2117 -77
- Cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,1mg
- Phng php xc nh mc thp nht 0,005mg cacbon oxyt sai s cho php 5%
III. Dng c ho cht:

1. Dng c:
- Bnh ht chn khng th tch 1 lt, 0,5 lt (z ngm dung dch sunfocromic, ra sch,
sy kh)
- ng sinh hn
- Bnh cu dung tch 1,500 lt.
- Bnh cu c ngn 0,500 lt.
- ng hnh tr 50ml
- Phu nh, giy lc
- Quang k c knh lc 65 hoc chnh sng mc 650-680mm.
- ng nghim 16 x 180mm
2.Ho cht:
- Paladi clorua
- Natri cacbonat
- Natri tungstat (Na2WO4 .2H2O)
- Natri molypdat (Na2MoO4)
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- Axit Clohydric (d = 1,18)
- Axit phophoric 85%
- Lithi sunfat (Li2SO4.2H2O)
IV. Chun b dung dch th:
1.Dung dch Paldi clorua 1%:
Paladiclorua tinh khit sy kh 1050C trong 1 gi, ngui. Cn 0,5g cho vo bnh
c ngn dung tch 500ml, thm 200ml nc ct, 2ml axit clohydric c, lc cho tan. Cui cng
thm nc ct vo 500ml.
2. Dung dch Natri cacbonat 20%
Cn 20g natri cacbonat pha vo bnh 100ml nc ct
3. Thuc th Folin xiocant (Photpho molipdic)
Cho vo bnh cu th tch 1500ml
- Natri tungstat (Na2WO4. 2H2O)
100g
25 g
25g
- Nc ct
700ml
Lc cho tan ht, sau thm:

- Axit clohydric (d = 1,18)
100ml
- Axit photphoric 85%
50ml
Lc u v un si 10 gi trong bnh cu, c lp ng sinh hn trn, trnh cn.

ngui, thm:
- Lithi sunfat (Li2SO4.2H2O)
150 g
- Nc ct:
50ml
- Brm:
2 git
un si thm 15 pht na (b ng sinh hn) loi cht Brm tha. ngui cho
nc ct va 1 lt. Gi li trong chai nu.
V. Cch tin hnh:
1. Chun b mu th:
Cho vo bnh mt lt (c vi thy tinh hoc kho vn): dung dch paladi clorua 1%
1ml. y nt k, ht chn khng, gn nt kn bng Parafin.
Mang bnh ti ni ly mu, m vi ly mu. Song song hai bnh cng mt lc. Kho
vi, lc, tip xc 4 gi.
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2. Dng biu mu:
Ly 5 bnh, th tch 500ml z ra k bng dung dch sunfocromic, nh s t 1 n 5.
Cho vo tng bnh dung dch Paladi clorua 1% tng ng hm lng cacbon oxyt theo
bng sau:
Chai s
1
D.D Paladi clorua 1%
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Hm lng CO (mg)
0,0314
0,0628
0,0942
0,1256
0,157
Dung dch
a vo chai mt lng Cacbon oxyt tha kh ht Paladi clorua trong bnh cu.
Cacbon oxyt c iu ch bng cch un axit Focmic vi axit sunfuaric c
HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2O
y nt li. tip xc trong 4 gi, thnh thong lc trnh cho kt ta en dnh ln
thnh bnh. em un cch thy 5 pht, bm khng kh sch vo ui ht kh Cacbon oxyt
tha, cho thm dung dch Paladi clorua 1% vo cho 1ml (0,8 - 0,6 - 0,4 - 0,2 - 0,0). Ly
thm mt bnh na v cho vo 1ml dung dch Paladi clorua 1%.
Cho vo bnh 1,5ml dung dch thuc th Folanh xiocant, trn u un cch thy 30
pht, trn mi bnh mt phu con thc hin nh iu 3 (cch xc nh v xy dng mt
th mu).
3. Cc xc nh:
Bnh ng mu tip xc vi dung dch Paldi clorua 1% trong 4 gi, cho thm vo
1,5ml thuc th Folinxiocant. Lc u ng thi lm mt mu trng: cho vo bnh khc 1ml
dung dch Paladi clorua 1%, 1,5 ml thuc th Folin xiocant.
un cch thy 30 pht, trn mi bnh c mt ci phu con, gi cho khi b cn. Thnh
thong lc cho tan ht ta. ngui, dn qua hai ng tr c ngn 50ml. Ra v trng bng 20
25 ml nc ct, c vo ng ong.
Cho thm vo mi ng 10ml dung dch Natri cacbonat 20% v nc ct va 50ml .
Trn u, lc.
Sau 10-15 pht, soi bng my quang k, dng knh lc mu (s 65) bc sng
max = 650 nanomet, n 680 nanomet cng thy tinh dy 1cm. S c c my quang k
i chiu vi th mu tnh nng cacbonoxyt.
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IV. Tnh kt qu:

Nng Cacbon oxyt trong khng kh (X) tnh bng mg/l theo cng thc:
X=
a
V
Trong :
a: Hm lng cacbon oxyt i chiu vi th mu hoc so mu vi thang mu tnh
bng mg
V: Th tch chai tnh bng lt.
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Cacbon dioxyt
(Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 353 - 89)
Phng php hp th bng baryt
I. Nguyn tc:
Cacbon dioxyt tc dng vi Baryhydroxyt to thnh ta Bary cacbonat:
CO2 + Ba (OH)2 = BaCO3 + H2O
Da vo nguyn tc trn, cho khng kh c cacbondioxyt tc dng vi mt lng
Baryhydroxyt, chun li lng Bary hydroxyt tha bng axit oxalic
Ba(OH)2 + HOOC -COOH = Ba (COO2) + H2O
Bit c lng Bary hydroxyt tha s tnh c lng Bary hydroxyt z tc dng v
do tnh c nng cacbon dioxyt trong khng kh.
II. Quy nh chung:
- Nc ct theo TCVN 2117-77
- chnh xc ca phng php 0,1%, sai s cho php trong phm v 5%
III. Dng c ho cht:
1. Dng c:
Chai 1000, 500ml nt thy tinh (ra sch ngm vo dung dch sunfocromic 5 gi, sau
ra li, trng nc ct, sy kh, ngui v y nt ngay). Bm cao su 100ml, Buret 25ml,
pipet 5, 10, 20ml.
2. Ho cht:
- Bary hydroxyt Ba (OH)2 . 2H2O
- Bary clorua
- Axit oxalic (H2C2O4.2H2O)
- Phenolphatlein
IV. Chun b dung dch thuc th:
1. Dung dch Baryt:
Cn Bary hydroxyt Ba (OH)2 . 2H2O: 1,40g
Bary clorua: 0,08g
Pha trong nc ct, thm vo va 1000ml
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2. Dung dch axit oxalic:
Cn 0,56 axit oxalic pha va 1 lt nc ct
1ml dung dch tng ng vi 0,1ml Cacbon dioxyt
3. Dung dch phenolphtalein 0,1%
Cn 0,1g phenolphtalein pha trong 100ml cn etylic 900
V. Tin hnh th:
1. Ly mu:
Mang chai n ni ly mu, bm khng kh vo chai gp 6 ln th tch chai. Xong rt
vo 20ml dung dch Baryt (b). y nt (hoc y k mang v cho Baryt) Lc. Mi im ly
hai mu song song.
2. Cch xc nh:
Sau 4 gi ly ra 10ml (a) cho vo bnh nn, nh vo 4git phenolphtalein v chun
bng dung dch axit oxalic n ht mu hng.
Ghi n ml dung dch axit oxalic z dng.
Song song lm mt mu chng vi 10ml (a) Baryt mi. Cng nh 4 git phenolphatlein
v chun vi dung dch axit oxalic ghi N ml dung dch axit oxalic z dng.
Ghi ch: Trong trng hp khng xut hin mu hng, cho php lm li vi Baryt gp
i (40ml). Hoc phi chuyn sang xc nh bng phng php hp th bng Bary saccharat
(mc 2).
VI. Tnh kt qu:
Nng cacbon dioxyt trong khng kh (X) tnh bng o/oo theo cng thc
X=
( N n).0,1.b.1000
a (V v)
Trong :
V: Th tch chai (ml)
v: Th tch dung dch Baryt cho vo chai (ml)
a: Th tch dung dch Baryt z hp th cacbon dioxyt em chun (10ml)
b: Th tch dung dch Baryt cho vo chai (20ml)
N: th tch dung dch axit oxalic em chun 10ml dung dch Baryt i chng
n: Th tch dung dch axit oxalic em chun 10ml dung dch Baryt phn tch
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Phng php hp th bng baRy saccharats
I. Nguyn tc:
Cacbon dioxyt hp th vo dung dch Bary saccharat, sau chun li lng tha
ca dung dch hp th bng axit oxalic. T tnh ra nng cacbon dioxyt trong khng kh.
II. Quy nh chung:
Theo mc II (phng php trn)
III. Dng c v ho cht:
1. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh:
- Lu lng k: 0-2,5 lt/pht (chia vch)
- ng hp th kiu Gelman-Buret 25ml
- Piper 5,10 v 20ml
- Bnh nn 100ml
2.
Ha cht:
- Bary hydroxyt Ba(OH)2 . 2H2O
- Axit oxalic
- Saccharose
- Phenolphtalein

1. Dung dch phenolphtalin 0,1%
Cn 0,1g phenolphtalein pha vo trong 100ml cn etylic 900C
2 . Dung dch axit oxalic.
Cn 5,632 axit oxalic (H2C2O4) pha vo trong 1 lt nc ct.
1ml tng ng vi 1 ml Cacbon dioxyt kh.
3. Dung dch Bary saccharat:
Nghin 10g Bary hydroxyt 20g saccharose to ra mt bt ng th, thm vo mt
phn nc ct un m (400C). Pha lozng ra 1 lt v lc. Trc khi dng, chun li bng
dung dch axit oxalic.
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V. Tin hnh th:
1. Ly mu:
Ly hai ng hp th, mi ng cha 10ml dung dch Bary saccharat (z chun) v thm
hai git phenolphtalein, lp ni tip. Ht thng kh qua vi tc 100ml/pht. Ly t 1-2l
khng kh. Ngng ly nu thy mu dung dch phai i, ghi li th tch khng kh z ly.
hm l, ging su cho php rng ng cao su ni vi ng hp th v ly mu ngay ti
ming l.
2. Cch xc nh:
Lng dung dch z cho khng kh qua, cha trong hai ng hp th cho vo bnh nn
cn thn, trng ng hp th bng nc ct ri vo bnh nn. Chun bng axit oxalic n
mt mu.
VI. Tnh kt qu:
Nng cacbon dioxyt khng kh (X) tnh bng phn nghn (%0) theo cng thc sau:
X=
( N n) x1x1000
V
Trong :
N:Th tch dung dch axit oxalic em chun 20ml dung dch Baryt sacchrat ban u
(ml)
n: Th tch dung dch axit oxalic em chun dung dch Bary sacchrat z hp th
cacbon dioxyt (ml)
V: Th tch khng kh ht (ml ) tnh iu kin tiu chun (00C, 760mmHg)
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Ozon
I. Nguyn tc
Phng php da vo s hp th ozon bng Kali iodua:
O3 + 2KI +H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2
v xc nh bng so mu, do iot sinh ra tc dng vi Dimetyl p-phenylendiamin thnh mu
hng.
nhy ca phng php 0,1mg/m3. Nng gii hn cho php ca ozon trong khng
kh 0,1mg/m3.
Cc oxyt nit v cht oxy ho gy tr gi vic xc nh ny.
II. Dng c v ho cht:
1. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh, lu lng k
- ng hp th mng xp
- ng so mu 120 x 15mm
- Bnh nh mc dung tch 25:50 v 100ml
- Cc pipet 1; 2; 5 v 10ml c chia vch tng ng vi 0,01, 0,02, 0,05 v 0,1ml.
2. Ho cht v thuc th:
- Dung dch Kali iodua 1%
- Dung dch Dimetyl p - phenylendiamin clohydrat 0,02%. Cn 0,02 ho cht ho tan
vo 100ml nc ct.
- Dung dch Iot 0,01N (chnh xc)
- Dung dch tiu chun.
Ly 10ml dung dch Iot 0,01N cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 50ml v thm vo
dung dch Kali iodua 1% cho n vch. C 1ml dung dch ny cha 0,254 mg Iot
Pha lozng ra bng dung dch Kali iodua c dung dch 1ml = 0,01mg iot. Dung dch
tiu chun ny pha ngay khi phn tch.
III. K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu:
Ht 10 lt khng kh cn xc nh qua ng hp th mng xp c cha 10ml dung dch
Kali iodua 1%, tc ht 1 lt/min.
2. Lp thang mu:
Tin hnh nh sau:
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S ng
DD. tiu chun (ml )
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DD KI 1% (ml)
4,8
4,6
4,4
4,2
4,0
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Hm lng Iot (mcg)
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
1,0
Hm lng ozon tng ng (mcg)
0,4
0,75
1,15
1,5
1,9
DD (ml)
DD Dimetyl p-phenylediamin (ml)
3. Phn tch:
Ly 5ml dung dch hp th cho vo ng so mu, thm vo 0,5ml dung dch Dimetyl pphenylendiamin v lc. yn ch ln mu. Sau 15 pht em so snh vi thang mu, tin
hnh ng thi.
IV. Tnh kt qu:
Hm lng ozon (x) trong khng kh tnh theo mg/l
X=
a.b
1
c.Vo 1000
Trong :
a: lng ozon tng ng ng thang mu (mcg)
b: Th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht, tnh v iu kin tiu chun (lt)
1
h s chuyn t
1000
mcg ra mg.
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Amoniac
I. Nguyn tc:
Khi cho amoniac tc dng vi thuc th Nessler c mt hp cht mu vng v nu
nng Amoniac cao th s c mu nu c, theo phn ng sau:
2K2(HgI4) + 3KOH + NH4OH (OHg2)NH2I +7KI +3H2O
nhy ca phng php l 0,001 mg trong 10ml ung dch. Phng php ny b
Hydrosunfua v Fomaldehyt gy tr ngi.
II. Dng c:
- Bnh ht
- ng hp th
- Pipet 1ml, 5ml, 10ml
- ng nghim so mu
III. Thuc th:
- Nc ct pha thuc th khng c c amoniac, phi kim tra trc khi dng.
- Dung dch hp th: dung dch hp th axit Sunfuaric N/100
- Dung dch tiu chun: 1ml dung dch cha 0,02mg amoniac. Cn 0,3142g
Amoniclorua thng hoa cho vo bnh cu 100ml, thm nc ct va 100ml. 1ml dung dch
ny cha 1mg NH3. Sau ly 2ml cho vo bnh cu 100ml, thm nc ct va 100ml ta
c dung dch 1ml cha 0,02 mg amoniac.
- Thuc th Nessler:
Trong bnh cu 1, dung tch 100ml cho 17g thu ngn II clorua, thm nc ct cho
100ml.
Trong bnh cu 2, dung tch 100ml cho 35g Kali Iodua, thm nc ct cho 100ml.
Sau dung dch bnh hai vo ng ong 1 lt ri dung dch bnh 1 vo t t n khi
c 1 kt ta khng tan dng li. Cho thm 60ml dung dch Natri hydroxyt 20%. Cui cng
ht dung dch trong bnh cu 1 vo. yn 24 gi, ri gn lp nc trong trn ra cho vo
chai nu bo qun.
Dung dch phi trong v c mu vng nht hoc khng mu.
IV. K thut:
1. Ly mu: Cho vo ng hp th 5ml dung dch hp th. Ly 5lt khng kh.
2. Pha thang mu:
Ly 10 ng nghim cng c lm theo bng
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S ng
DD. Tiu chun

1ml = 0,02 mg
0.1
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.00
2.5
Nc ct ml
4.9
4.75
4.5
4.25
4.0
3.75
3.5
3.00
2.5
Thuc
th
Nessler (git)
Hm
lng
amoniac (mg)
0.002
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.040
0.050
DD (ml
Thang mu ny c hai ngy.

3. Phn tch: Cho 5ml dung dch z hp th Amoniac vo ng nghim, thm 5 git thuc
th Nessler. Lc u, em so mu cng thang mu.
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng amoniac trong khng kh tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc:
a.b
= mg/l
c.V
0
Trong :
a: hm lng amoniac trong ng thang mu (mg)
b: Tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (lit)
Nng cho php ca NH3 trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,020mg/l.
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Nito Dioxyt
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php o mu da trn phn ng ca axit nit (HNO2) vi thuc th GriessIlesvay cho mt hp cht mu hng.
Trc ht Nit dioxyt c hp th vo dung dch Natri hydroxyt, sau thm axit
axetic chuyn thnh axit Nit
2NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O
NaNO2 + CH3COOH HNO2 +CH3COONa
Axit Nit tc dng vi axit Sunfanilic v -naphtylamin cho hp cht azoic mu
hng.
SOn H
3
C6H4
\ NH 2
/
+ NaNO2 + CH3COOH
C H / SO3Na
6 4 \ N =N
/ SO Na
3 CH3COO- + 2H2O
C6H4
\
N
=
N
CH3COO- + C10H7NH2
Naphtyla min
[C H
6
/ SO3Na
\ N =N C10H 6 NH 2
CH3COOH
Hp cht mu hng
nhy phng php: Vi 0,0005mg NO2Vi 0,001mg NO2II. Dng c:

- My ly mu khng kh hoc bnh ht, hoc chai ht chn khng (0,5-1 lt)
- ng hp th, ng nghim so mu
- Pipet 1ml, 2ml, 5ml
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III. Thuc th:
1. Thuc th Griess
a. Griess A : Cn 0,5g axit Sunfanilic cho vo 150ml dung dch Axit axetic lozng
(70ml axit Axetic c vi 500ml nc ct) un nh la cho tan.
b. Griess B: Cn 0,1g Naphtylamin cho vo 20ml nc ct. un cch thu 15 pht,
sau cht ly nc trong cho vo 150ml dung dch axit axetic lozng (nh trn).
Khi dng ty theo lng cn thit, ly cng th tch dung dch Griess A v Griess B
trn u, dung dch ny khng bo qun c lu.
2.Dung dch tiu chun Natri nitrit (NaNO2): Cn 0,15g Natri nitrit tinh khit v kh,
ho tan nc ct va 1 lt. Nh vy 1ml dung dch ny c cha 0,1mg nit dioxyt. Pha
lozng 1/20 c dung dch 1ml = 0,005 mg nit dioxyt.
Ch : Theo phn ng, c 2NO2 th cho 1NO2- do khi nh lng Nit dioxyt trong
khng kh phi nhn kt qu hai ln.
Th d: 1ml dung dch cha 0,005mg NO2- th tng ng vi 0,010mg kh NO2
3.Dung dch axit axetic 5N (axit axetic c pha lo[ng 1/3)
4.Dung dch Natri hydroxyt 0,5N hoc 0,1N. Nc ct dng phi m bo tt, khng
c mu vi thuc th Griess
IV. K thut:
1. Ly mu
a. Phng php chn khng: ly chai c th tch z bit (t 0,5-1 lt) c kho thy
tinh cm qua nt cao su. Cho vo chai 5ml dung dch Natri hydroxyt N/2. em ht chn
khng. Mang chai n ni cn ly mu m kho cho khng kh vo y chai. Lc chai trong
khong 20-30 pht hoc lu hn.
b. Phng php ng hp th: Cho vo ng hp th 5ml Natri hydroxyt N/2. Lp vo
h thng ly mu khng kh, tc 15 l/gi. Ly 5 lt khng kh.
2. Pha thang lo[ng:
Ly 10 ng nghim di 8cm, c ng knh bng nhau, nh s t 0 n 9
S ng
DD (ml
DD.
tiu
chun 1ml
= 0,005mg
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
NO2
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.6
2.0
Nc ct
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.4
2.0
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Thuc
Griess
th
Thuc
Griess
th
Hm lng
NO2(mg)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.015
0.016
0.017
Thang mu t nhin, ch nn dng 2 gi, lu mt mu.

3. Phn tch: Ly ra t 1-2ml dung dch z hp th NO2 cho vo ng so mu. Axit
ho bng axit Axetic. C 1ml Natri hydroxyt N/2 th thm 0,5ml axit Axetic 5N, cho nc ct
4ml. Cho thm 0,5ml Griess A v 0,5 Griess B. Lc u, 10 pht so mu vi thang mu.
V. Tnh kt ta:
Nng Nit dioxyt trong khng kh tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc:
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng NO2 trong ng thang mu (mg)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (lt)
Nng cho php ca NO2 trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,005mg/l
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Clo
(TCVN 4877-89)
I. Nguyn tc:
Clo oxy ho Orthor-Tolidin cho mt hn hp mu vng. Cn c vo cng mu, c
th nh lng clo bng phng php so mu mt thng hoc so mu bng quang k bc
sng 620nm. nhy ca phng php t 0,0003mg Clo.
II. Dng c v ho cht:
1.Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th 25ml kiu Gelman
- Chai ng dung dch 1000ml v 500ml
- Bnh nn 200ml
- ng nghim 10ml, di 120mm
- Pipet 1ml c chia n 0,01ml
- Pipet 3ml c chia n 0,05ml
- Bnh nh mc 100ml
2. Ho cht:
- Cloramin B
- Kali Iodua
- Axit axetic bng
- Natri thiosunfat
- Axit clohydric (d = 1,18)
- Axit sunfuric (d = 1,84)
- Tinh bt ho tan
- Orthor - Tolidin
- ng sunfat (CuSO4.2H2O)
- Kali dicromat
III. Chun b dung dch thuc th:
Dung dch chun:
1. Dung dch Cloramin B
Cn 5g Cloramin B, ho tan trong 100ml nc ct.
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ng vo chai nu v t lnh
Chun Clo:
Cho vo bnh nn dung tch 200ml
- Dung dch cloramin B: 10ml
- Nc ct: 50ml
- Dung dch Kali iodua 10% : 10ml
Lc u chun bng dung dch chun Natri thiosunfat 0.1N n khi c mu vng
nht, thm 3 git h tinh bt v tip tc chun n khi mt mu
Hm lng clo bng mg (X) trong 1ml dung dch c tnh:
X=
3,55.n
10
Trong :
3,55: Clo tng ng 1ml dung dch Natri thiosunfat 0,1N em chun
n: S ml dung dch Natri thiosunfat 0,1N z dng
10: S ml dung dch Cloramin B cho vo bnh nn em chun
2. Pha dung dch chun:
iu chnh dung dch c 1ml cha 1mg Clo. Sau pha tht ng 1ml c 0,010 mg
Clo. Mi khi phn tch phi pha v nh lng li.
3. Dung dch Orthor Tolidin
- Dung dch c:
Cho 0,1g Orthor- tolidin v 10ml axit clohydric c (d = 1,18) vo bnh nh mc
dung dch 100ml. Lc u, sau thm nc ct va 100ml.
4.Dung dch hp th:
Pha lozng dung dch trn ra 10 ln
5. Dung dch ng sunfat:
Cn 1,5g ng sunfat (CuSO4.5H2O) cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100ml, thm
mt t nc ct ri cho mt git axit Sunfuric c (d=1,84). Lc thm nc ct va 100ml.
6. Dung dch Kalidicoromat:
Cn 0,25g Kali dicromat cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100ml. Thm t nc ct.
Lc cho tan. Thm nc ct cho 100ml (dung dch a). T dung dch A pha thnh 2 dung
dch;
- Dung dch 1: t dung dch A pha lozng ra 5 ln
- Dung dch 2: T dung dch A pha lozng ra 10 ln
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7. Cch pha thang mu:
Thang mu t nhin: dng dng ng mu nu chn cch xc nh Clo bng cch
soi quang k.
Ly 10 ng nghim c c bng nhau, nh s th t t 0 n 9
Tin hnh nh sau:
S
ng
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
DD (ml
DD. tiu
chun 1ml
= 0,10mg
DD hp
th
Hm
lng Clo
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
2.97
2.95
2.92
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.70
2.60
2.50
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
yn trong 10 pht em soi my quang k, bc sng 420mm. Dng cng chiu dy

1cm. S liu thu c dng dng ng mu.
Thang mu nhn to: dng so mu chn cch xc nh Clo bng phng php so
mu bng mt thng
Chun b nh trn:
S
ng
0.2
0.3
0.6
1.2
2.0
2.8
1.3
2.4
2.7
DD (ml
DD.
dicromat 2
DD.
dicromat 1
DD. ng
Sunfat
0.01
0.02
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
Nc ct
2.79
2.68
2.2
1.6
0.8
0.0
0.9
0.3
0.0
Hm lng
Clo mg
0.0003 0.0005 0.0008
0.001
0.0015 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
Thang mu nhn to cn hn kn v bo qun ch tt, thi gian s dng 6 thng

III. Ly mu phn tch:
1. Ly mu
Cho ng hp th Gelman 6ml dung dch: hp th (Orthor Tolidin lozng). Ht khng
kh c Clo i qua vi tc 6l/gi. Khi no dung dch trong ng c mu vng th ngng. Ghi
th tch khng kh z ht.
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2. Phn tch:
Ly 3ml dung dch hp th cho vo ng nghim cng c vi thang mu. So mu vi
thang mu nhn to hoc soi my quang k bc sng 420nm v i chiu vi ng mu.
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng clo trong khng kh (X) tnh bng mg/l theo cng thc:
X=
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng Clo tng ng vi thang mu (nhn to) hoc ng mu (mg)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht iu kin tiu chun (lit)
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Hydrosunfua
I. Nguyn tc:
Hi H2S c hp th vo dung dch Cadimi Sunfat, cho tc dng vi dung dch pamino dimetyl anilin vi s c mt ca FeCl3 trong mi trng axit cho mu xanh metylen
H2S + 2
[NH C H
2
/N\
(CH3)2 NC6H 3 \ S
N (CH 3 ) 2 HCl ] + 6FeCl3
C6 H 3 N (CH 3 ) 2 Cl
+ NH4Cl + 6FeCl2 + 6HCl
Xanh metylen
Theo cng mu, ta c th nh lng H2S c mt trong khng kh bng phng
php so mu.
nhy ca phng php t 0,25mcg
Nng gii hn ca H2S trong khng kh vng lm vic 0,010mg/l
II. Dng c ho cht:
1.Dng c:
- Buret, pipet, ng nghim
- ng hp th Gelman
- Chai ng dung dch:
- My ly mu khng kh
2. Ho cht:
- Dung dch axit sunfuric 0,5N
- Dung dch axit clohydric 6N
- Dung dch Iot 0,1N
- Dung dch Natrithiosunfat 0,1N
- Dung dch hp th: cn 2,5 Cadmisunfat pha vo 500ml dung dch axit sunfuric 0,5N
- Dung dch H2S tiu chun
Ly vi git (NH4)2Sx (amonsunfua) va pha cho vo bnh nn, thm 20ml dung dch
Iot 0,1N v 2ml axit clohydric 6N, yn trong ti 5 pht. Dng Natrithiosunfat 0,1N chun
, c s liu n.
Tin hnh mu trng: ly 5ml dung dch hp th cho vo bnh nn, thm 20ml dung
dch Iot 0,1N v 2ml dung dch axit clohydric 6N. yn trong ti 5 pht. Dng Natri
thiosunfat 0,1N chun , vi ch th l h tinh bt. Ta c s liu n.
Tnh lng H2S
( N n) m
= mg H2S Trong 1 ml dung dch
V
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Trong :
N: S mol Na2S2O3 0,1N chun mu trng
n: S mol Na2S2O3 0,1N chun mu c (NH4)2Sx
m: s mg ca H2S tng ng vi 1ml Iot 0,1N (m=1,7)
V: s ml dung dch (NH4)Sx em chun . T dung dch (NH4)Sx trn sau khi z bit
lng tng ng H2S pha ra bng dung dch hp th c 1ml = 0,010mg H2S.
- Dung dch FeCl3 1%: cn 1g FeCl3 khan pha vo trong 100ml nc ct: trnh
thu phn ngi ta phi thm mt t axit Clohydric (d = 1,19).
- Dung dch p-amino dimetyl anilin:
a. Dung dch Metyl da cam 0,5%: Cn 0,5 metyl da cam cho vo bnh nh mc dung
tch 100ml, thm nc ct n vch, t ni cch thu 50-600C, khi tan ht, mang ra
nhit phng. Trc ht em dng, nng li 50-600C cho tan ht.
b.Dung dch p-amino dimetylanilin: Ly bnh nn dung tch 50ml cho vo 10ml dung
dch Metyl da cam 0,5% v 20ml dung dch axit clohydric (d = 1,19). Lc u cho tip vo 5g
bt km. H bnh trn ngn la. Hi Hydro bt u thot ra v dung dch trng dn. Khi cn
li mt t km cha tan ht, thm vo mt t axit clohydric z lozng 1:3. Qu trnh kh ko di
15 n 30 pht. Dung dch em lc qua bng thy tinh, cho vo dung dch lc trn 10ml HCl
d = 1,19 v 5,3ml dung dch FeCl3. Dung dch tr nn mu vng, bo qun trong ti. Dng
trong 3 thng.
III. Ly mu phn tch:
1.Ly mu: Trong ng hp th Gelman c cha 6ml dung dch hp th, ht khng kh
qua vi tc 500ml/pht. Ly t 15 n 20 lt khng kh.
2. Phn tch:
a. Ly 3ml dung dch z hp th, thm vo 0,5 ml dung dch p-aminodimetylanilin lc
u. Sau 10 pht so mu vi thang mu tin hnh ng thi hay soi my quang k bc sng
660nm.
b.Thang mu: chun b 7 ng nghim
S ng
DD (ml)
DD. H2S tiu chun

1ml = 0,10mg
0.025
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
DD hp th
2.975
2.95
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.4
0.5
0.5
0.05
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.00025
0.005
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.006
D.D
paminodimetylamin
Hm
(mg)
lng
H2S
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V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng hydrosunfua (X) trong khng kh tnh bng mg/l nh sau:
X=
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng H2S tng ng vi thang mu hoc biu mu (mg)
b: dung dch hp th em dng (ml)
c: dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ly mu (lt)
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Sunfua Dioxyt
(Tiu chun ngnh: 52 TCN 351-89 c hiu lc t 16-10-1989)
Tiu chun ny quy nh phng php xc nh Sunfua dioxyt trong khng kh vng
lm vic
Phng php xc nh ch gii hn mc thp nht 0,01mg/l khng kh.
I. Nguyn tc:
Hi sunfua dioxyt c hp th vo dung dch tetracloruamercurat, cho tc dng vi
thuc th p-rosanilin z axit ho bng axit clohydric, vi s c mt ca Focmaldehyt, to
thnh mu tm p -rosanilin metyl sunfonic axit, dng phng php so mu xc nh.
II. Quy nh chung:
- Nc ct theo TCVN 2117-77
- chnh xc mc microgam, sai s cho php 0,5%
1. Dng c:
- Chai ng dung dch dung tch 500ml
- Pipet 1:2 v 5ml c vch
- My ht khng kh
- My quang k c bc sng 548nm, cng dy 1cm
- ng hp th kiu Gelman, dung tch 25ml.
2. Ho cht:
- Thu ngn II clorua
- Kaliclorua
- Natri sunfit khan
- Iot kim loi
- Tinh bt tan
- P-Rosanilin
- Axit clohydric
- n-Butanol
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1. Dung dch hp th:
Ho tan 10,86gam thu ngn (II) clorua v 5,96 g kali clorua trong mt lt nc ct.
2. Dung dch sunfua dioxyt tiu chun:
a. Dung dch c:
Ly 20ml dung dch Natri sunfit bzo ho, thm vo 1 n 2ml axit sunfuaric 1/3 to ra
kh sunfua dioxyt. Sc kh sunfua dioxyt vo dung dch hp th. Chun hm lng sunfua
dioxyt trong dung dch .Cch lm nh sau:
Trong mt bnh nn 100ml cho vo:
- Dung dch Iot 0,1N: 10ml
- Axit sunfuaric 1/5: 10ml
- Nc ct: 20ml
Nh dung dch cha sunfua dioxyt t buret vo bnh nn, va nh va lc u chuyn
mu vng.Thm vo bnh nn 0,2ml dung dch h tinh bt 0,5%. Tip tc nh dung dch
sunfua dioxyt n khi mt mu. Nng dung dch sunfua dioxyt trong dung dch hp th:
1ml Iot 0,1N tng ng vi 3,203 mg sunfua dioxyt.
b. Dung dch chun
Ly dung dch cha sunfua dioxyt va chun xong em pha lozng bng dung dch
hp th trong mt bnh nh mc dung tch 100ml sao cho 1ml dung dch lozng cha
0,010mg sunfua dioxyt.
Dung dch gi c t 2 n 3 ngy
3. Dung dch p-rosanilin:
a. Dung dch gc:
Cn 0,06g p-rosanilin thm vo 25ml axitclohydric c (d = 1,18) pha lozng bng
nc ct va 100ml
b. Dung dch p-rosanilin phn tch:
Tinh ch: Ly 50ml dung dch p-rosanilin gc cho vo bnh chit v lc vi n-butanol
(z axit ho bng axit HCl 3N), chit ly phn mu: hai ln u mi ln 20ml v nhiu ln sau
mi ln 10ml n-butanol z axit ho. n tht mt mu. Lc dung dch qua bng thu tinh. Pha
ch: dung dch p-Rosanilin phn tch pha theo t l th tch nh sau:
Dung dch p-rosanilin tinh ch/Axit photphoric 3M/nc ct =1/1/3
4. Dung dch Focmaldehyt 0,2%
Ly 2,5 ml Focmaldehyt 40% pha vo 500ml nc ct pha trc khi dng.
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VI. Cch tin hnh
1. Ly mu
Ly hai ng hp th kiu Gelman mc ni tip, mi ng cho 5ml dung dch hp th,
ht khng kh c sunfua dioxyt i qua vi tc 500ml/pht. Ht chng 20 n 30lt khng
kh ty theo hm lng sunfua dioxyt trong khng kh vng lm vic. Ghi th tch khng kh
z ly.
2. Cch xc nh:
Trn dung dch hp th hai ng. Ly ra 1ml em phn tch. Tin hnh lm nh thang
mu
a. Pha thang mu:
Ly 7 ng nghim, tin hnh theo th t trong bng
S ng
DD. sunfua dioxyt

tiu chun 1ml =
10 g
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
DD hp th
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
DD
p-Rosanilin
phn tch
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
DD Focmaldehyt
0,2%
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Hm lng sunfua
dioxy g
1.0
2.0
5.0
10
15
20
DD (ml)
Lc u, sau 15 pht ng phn tch em so mu vi thang mu

b. Xc nh bng quang k:
Theo cch lm thang mu dng ng mu. ng phn tch rt vo ng dy 1cm, em
soi my quang k. Bc sng max = 548nm
VI. Tnh kt qu:
Nng sunfua dioxyt trong khng kh (X) tnh bng microgam/lt theo cng thc:
X=
a.b
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng sunfua dioxyt ng vi thang mu (microgam)
b: Tng dung dch hp th (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (1) quy v iu kin tiu chun (00C, 760mmHg)
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Axit xyanhydric (HCN)

I.Nguyn tc:
Axit xyanhydric v cc xyanua tc dng vi natri tetrahionat trong mi trng kim
to thnh natri sunfoxyanua.
NaOH + HCN NaCN + H2O
NaCN + Na2S2O6 + 2NaOH NaSCN + Na2SO4 + Na2S2O3 + H2O
Natri sunfoxyanua tc dng vi st III clorua to thnh st III sunfoxyanua mu .
3 NaSCN + FeCl3 Fe (SCN)3 + 3NaCl
p dng phng php so mu.
Phng php khng c hiu, cc cht gy tr ngi: axit axetic, axitsunfuar, sunfit...
nhy ca phng php: 0,002mg trong dung dch phn tch.
II. Dng c:
- ng hp th
- Bnh ht
- ng so mu: 18-120mm
III. Thuc th:
- Dung dch tiu chun: cn ng 0,2409g kali xyanua tinh khit cho vo 1000ml.
Thm nc ct va 1000ml. Lc cho tan. 1ml dung dch ny tng ng 0,1mg HCN
- Cn chun li dung dch bng dung dch bc Nitrat 0,1N. 1ml dung dch bc
Nitrat 0,1N tng ng vi 5,5 mg axit xyanhydric hoc 13 mg Kali xyanua hoc 9,8 mg
Natrixyanua
- Dung dch Natri hydroxyt 0,1N
- Dung dch Natri tetrathionat (Na2S4)6 1%. C th iu ch Natri tetrathionat t Natri
hyposunfit. Cho tc dng vi Iot theo phn ng:
2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Mun th cho 50g Na2S4O3 v 30g Iot cho vo ci tn nh thm t nc v khuy u
thnh mt cht lng st. Thm t 30 n 50ml cn 900, khuy v cho Natri tetrathionat lng
xung. Lc sy kh, c cht tinh th mu b nht, pha dung dch 1% trong nc.
- Dung dch amoni hydroxyt 10%
- Dung dch axit Nitric 2/3 trong nc (2 phn axit nitric d = 1,42 v 3 phn
nc)
- Dung dch st III clorua 10%
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IV. K thut:
a. Ly mu: cho vo ng hp th 5ml dung dch Natri hydroxyt 0,1N. Tc ht 25
l/gi. Th tch khng kh cn ly: 50 lt. Ghi nhit v p sut khng kh
b. Phn tch: Sau khi ly mu, ly ra 4ml phn tch. nh s v cho cc thuc th
v lm nh thang mu
c. Pha thang mu: Ly 10 ng so mu, nh s th t t 0-9 v cho cc dung dch
theo bng di y.
Sau khi cho cc dung dch trn, lc u. un cch thu 50-550C trong 5 pht
ngui: Cho thm vo mi ng (c ng phn tch) Axit Nitric 2/3: 1ml. St III clorua
10%: 0,2ml
Lc u, sau 10 pht so mu
S ng
DD.
tiu chun
1ml = 0,1mg HCN
0,02
0.,5
0.,0
0,15
0.,0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
DD NaOH 0,1N
3,98
3,95
3,90
3,85
3,80
3,75
3,70
3,65
3,60
0,030
0,35
0,040
DD (ml)
DD
Natritetra
thionat 1%
Tt c cc ng u cho 1ml
DD NH4OH 10%
Tt c cc ng u cho 1ml
Hm lng HCN
(mg)
0,002
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
IV. Tnh kt qu chung

Theo cng thc tnh chung:
X=
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
a: hm lng HCN trong ng thang mu (mg)

c. Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht quy v iu kin tiu chun (lt)
Nng ch php ca axit xyanhyric trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,0003mg/l
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Axit clohydric
I. Nguyn tc:
Bc nitrat tc dng vi axit clohydric cho bc clorua trng c hoc kt ta
AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3
So snh c vi thang mu z bit nh lng axit clohydric
II. Dng c:
- My ly mu khng kh
- ng hp th
- ng nghim
- Pipet cc loi
III. Thuc th:
- Dung dch tiu chun axit clohydric: Cn 0,1603g Natri clorua tinh khit v kh pha
vo 1 lt nc ct. 1ml dung dch ny tng ng vi 0,1 mg axit clohydric
- Dung dch axit nitric 1%
- Dung dch bc nitric 1%
- Dung dch hp th: nc ct hai ln.
IV. K thut:
1.Ly mu: Cho vo ng hp th 5ml nc ct hai ln. Lp vo my v ht vi tc
20lt/gi, th tch khng kh cn ly t 5 n 10 lt.
2. Pha thang mu:
Ly 10 ng nghim cng c, nh s t 0 n 9. Cho vo cc ng theo th t cc dung
dch sau:
S ng
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.4
DD HNO3 1%
DD AgNO3 1%
Nc ct
2.97
2.95
2.92
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.75
2.70
2.6
Hm lng HCl
( mg)
0.003
0.005
0.008
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.040
DD (ml
DD. tiu chun
1ml = 0,1mg
HCl
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3. Phn tch:
Ly 3ml dung dch trong ng hp th cho vo ng nghim, thm:
- 1ml dung dch HNO3 1%
- Bc nitrat 1% ml
Lc u 10 pht so c vi thang mu.
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng hi axit clohydric trong khng kh tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc:
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng HCl trong ng thang mu (mg)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht, tnh v iu kin tiu chun (lt)
Nng cho php ca axit clohydric trong khng kh ni lm vic l: 0,010mg/l.
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Axit Sunfuric
I. Nguyn tc:
Khi cho axit sunfuric tc dng vi bc clorua ta c tnh bari sunfat kt ta trng.
Nu nng axit thp th dung dch tr nn trng c. C th p dng php o c bng
mt thng hoc bng my. C ch phn ng:
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl
nhy ca phng php l 0,002 mg trong 3ml dung dch phn tch.
Cht tr ngi: sunfua dioxyt.
II. Dng c:
- My ly mu khng kh:
- ng hp th, ng nghim so mu loi nh
- Bnh cu 100ml c ngn
- Pipet cc loi
III. Thuc th:
- Dung dch tiu chun H2SO4 , cn 0,1776g Kali sunfat ho tan vi 100ml nc ct
trong bnh cu 100ml, c dung dch 1ml tng ng 0,100mg H2SO4
- Dung dch hp th: Natri hydroxyt 0,01N
- Dung dch HCl: 10%
- Dung dch BaCl2 10%
IV. K thut ly mu:
1.Ly mu: Trong ng hp th cho 5ml dung dch NaOH 0,01N. Lp vo my ly
mu, ht vi tc 20l/gi. Th tch khng kh cn ly l 10lt. Mi a im ly hai mu
song song cch nhau 20cm. Ghi nhit , p sut khng kh ni ly mu.
2. Pha thang mu:
Ly 10 ng nghim, nh s t 0-9, tin hnh theo bng
S ng
DD. tiu chun

1ml = 0,1mg
H2SO4
0,01
0,03
0,05
0,08
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
DD. HCl 10%
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
DD BaCl 10%
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
1,99
1,97
1,95
1,92
1,90
1,85
1,80
1,75
1,70
0,001
0,003
0,005
0,008
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
DD (ml
DD
0.01N
NaOH
Hm
lng
H2SO4 ( mg)
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Lc u cc ng. 10-15 pht, so c vi ng phn tch trn nn en. Thang mu
ch pha khi dng.
3. Phn tch:
Ly 2ml dung dch z hp th H2SO4 cho vo ng nghim so mu. Thm 0,5 ml dung
dch HCl 10% v 0,5ml dung dch BaCl2 10%. 10-15 pht sau so c vi thang mu.
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng mu axit sunfuric trong khng kh tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc:
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng axit sunfuric trong ng thang mu (mg)
b: tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
Nng cho php axit sunfuric trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,002mg/l
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Hi kim
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php xc nh hi kim da trn s chun ngc. Hm lng axit sunfuric
d trong dung dch hp th c xc nh bng chun Iot
3H2SO4 + KIO3 +5KI = 3K2SO4 + I2 + 3H2O
nhy ca phng php kim 0,5 mg/m3
Nng gii hn hi kim trong khng kh 0,5 mg/m3
II. Dng c:
- ng hp th mng xp
- My ly mu khng kh
- Micro buret c vch n 0,01ml
- Pipet 1ml v 2ml c chia vch n 0,01 v 0,02ml
- Bnh nn dung tch 25 v 50ml
- Bnh nh mc 100ml
III.Thuc th:
- Dung dch H2SO4: 0,01N v 0,05N
(i vi hi kim cao dng H2SO4 0,01N hp th)
- Dung dch KIO3: 0,8%
- Dung dch KI 5%
- Dung dch Na2SO4.5H2O 0,005N
- H tinh bt: 1%
IV. K thut
1.Ly mu: Cho 20ml dung dch H2SO4 vo ng hp th mng xp. Lp vo my ly
mu, ht t 50-100 lt khng kh vi tc 1 lt/pht.
2.Phn tch: Ly 2,5ml dung dch z hp th hi kim cho vo bnh thm 1,5ml dung
dch KIO3. Thm 0,3ml dung dch KI v lc k. Bnh em vo ni ti trong 10 pht. Sau
cho vo 3-4 git h tinh bt v chun bng Natri thiosunfat n mt mu.
Song song chun c mu trng.
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng hi kim trong khng kh tnh theo cng thc:
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C mg/m3 =
(a a1 )b.k .0,2.1000
Trong :
C.V0
a: lng dung dch Natri thiosunfat 0,005N dng chun dung dch hp th hi kim
(mu trng: ml)
a1: Lng dung dch Na2O3.5H2O 0,005N dng chun dung z hp th hi kim
(ml)
c: Th tch dung dch em phn tch (ml)
K: H s iu chnh dung dch Na2S2O3.5H2O
0,2: Lng kim tng ng 1ml Na2S2O3.5H2O : 0,005N (mg)
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Benzen
I. Nguyn tc:
Benzen trong khng kh c hp th vo hn hp Nitro ho tr thnh mDinitrobenzen.
C6H6 + 2HNO3 C6H4 (NO2)2 + 2H2O
m- Dinitrobenzen c chit ra bng ete etylic, cho tc dng vi axeton trong mi
trng kim to nn dn xut quinon mu tm .
O2N-
NO2
NO2
O2N
CH 2
H
||
C - CH3
Dng phng php so mu nh lng benzen trong khng kh. Phng php c th
xc nh hm lng Benzen mc thp nht = 0,002 mg Benzen
II. Dng c v ho cht
1. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th kiu Gelman
- Lu lng k (0-1,5 l/pht)
- Bnh chit dung tch 100ml
- ng so mu dung tch 20ml (c vch)
- ng lng dung tch 10ml (c vch)
- Bnh nn dung tch 100ml
- Pipet dung tch 1ml (chia 0,01ml)
2. Ho cht v thuc th:
- Axit sunfuric (d = 1,84) TKPT
- Amon nitrat khan TKPT
- Benzen mu TKPT
- Axeton TKPT
- Ete ettylic TKPT - Kali hydroxyt TKPT (hoc Natri hydroxyt TKPT)
1. Hn hp nitro ho:
a. Hn hp nitro ho c:
Trong bnh cu dung tch 150 ml cho:
- Amon nitrat z xy kh 800C, ngui: 10g
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- Axit sunfuric c (d = 1,84) 100ml
- Lc u cho tan ht, bo qun trong chai nt thy tinh
c. Hn hp Nitro ho lo[ng:
Pha lozng dung dch Nitro ho c trn nc ct theo t l 1:2 (1 dung dch c/2 nc
ct). Ngm bnh trong nc lnh gim nhit.
2. Dung dch Benzen tiu chun:
Trong bnh cu dung tch 50 ml c nt thy tinh, cho vo 16,5ml hn hp nitro ho
c. Cn bnh. Sau cho vo 2 n 3 git Benzen tinh khit, y nt. Lc u ri em cn
li. Hiu s ca trng lng sau v trc c Benzen s cho trng lng Benzen
yn t nht 4 gi. Lm lnh bnh v cho nc ct va 50 ml. Pha lozng dung
dch bng hn hp nitro ho lozng c 1ml = 0,1mg Benzen
Dung dch ny bo qun c hai thng ( ch mt)
3. Dung dch Kali hydroxyt 20%
Cn 20g kali hydroxit vin pha vo 100ml nc ct
1. Ly mu:
Mi a im ly hai mu song song, ng thi ghi t0 v P khng kh. Dng pipet 5ml
u c nt bng, ht 4ml hn hp Nitro ho c cho vo mt ng hp th. Ht khng kh qua
vi tc 100ml/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly t 2 n 4 lt. Khi ly mu xong dung
dch trong ng vo chai c nt thu tinh v mang v phng th nghim.
2. Phn tch:
Mu ly xong yn trong 4h (hoc c th un cch thu 500C trong 30 pht). Sau
ht 2ml cho vo bnh chit c cha sn 12ml nc ct z lm lnh. Trn u ri cho thm
10ml ete etylic, lc 10pht. lng 5 pht. B phn nc di. Ra ln na bng 10ml nc
ct. Lc 5 pht, lng, b nc. Phn ete etylic ly ring ra ng ong 10 ml v cho thm ete
etylic ng vch 10ml. Trn u ly t 1 n 3ml em phn tch.
Song song, ly 1ml dung dch Benzen tiu chun (1ml = 0,1mg) cho vo bnh chit vi
1,7 hn hp Nitro ho c v 12ml nc ct (z lm lnh). Thm 10ml ete etylic. Lc 10 pht,
lng 5 pht, gn b phn nc di. Ra bng10ml nc ct. Lc gn b phn nc. Phn
ete ly ra cho vo mt ng ong khc v thm ete cho va 10 ml.
Nh vy 1ml ete etylic c cha 0,010 mg Benzen, tin hnh ln mu theo nh lm
thang mu ca ng phn tch. Lc u cc ng, sau 20 pht, em so ng phn tch vi thang
mu.
3. Thang mu:
Ly 8 ng nghim nh s t 0 n 7 ln lt cho vo cc ng dung dch nh sau:
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S ng
DD.
Benzen tiu
chun 1ml = 0,010mg
0,20
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
Ete etylic
2,80
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
Axeton
Kali hydroxyt 20%
Hm lng Benzen
(mg)
0,002
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
DD (ml
Lc u cc ng. Sau 20 pht. em soi my quang k, cng dy 1cm, bc sng hp

th ti a max = 530nm. S liu trn em dng ng mu: trc tung l mt quang hc,
trc honh l hm lng Benzen (mg). So mt quang hc ng phn tch vi ng mu.
IV. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng Benzen trong khng kh (X) tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc sau:
X=
10a
nxV0
Trong :
a: Hm lng Benzen ng phn tch bng ng thang mu hoc ng mu (mg)
n: Th tch ete etylic ca mu th em phn tch (ml)
V0: Th tch khng kh z ht (tnh v iu kin tiu chun) (lt)
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Naphtalen
I. Nguyn tc:
Naphtalen c nitro ho thnh trinitro naphtalen. Cht ny trong mi trng kim nh
v ete-axeton s to mu hng. Tu theo cng , tnh c nng naphtalen trong khng
kh.
nhy ca phng php: 15mg/m3
Cc cht dzy vng thm nh: Benzen, Toluen, xylen c kh nng b nitro ho, to
thnh cht mu, cn tr vic xc nh ny.
II. Dng c ho cht
1.Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th Gelman
- ng so mu 150 15mm
- bnh chit V = 100ml
- Cc loi dng c thy tinh cn thit khc
2. Ho cht, thuc th
- Axit axetic glacial
- Axit sunfuric, dung dch 83%: 25,4ml nc ct v 100ml H2SO4 c d = 1,84
- Hn hp nitro ho: 10g NH4NO3 sy kh 800C, em ho tan trong 100ml dung dch
H2SO4 83%
- Axeton tinh khit
- Hn hp ete - axeton, t l 3:7 theo th tch
- Natri hydroxyt dung dch 5% v 10%
- Dung dch Naphtalen tiu chun.
Trong bnh nh mc dung tch 25ml, z c sn 0,2ml axit axetic glacial, ho tan
0,01g naphtalen. Lc cho ho tan trong vng hai pht, thm hn hp nitro ho n vch. Ta
nhn c dung dch: 1ml cha 0,4mg naphtalen. Bo qun ni nhit 15-180C. Dung dch
48 ting ng h. Khi phn tch li nhit phng.
II. K thut phn tch
1. Ly mu: khng kh c cha naphtalen qua ng hp th c cha 4ml hn hp nitro
ho vi tc 250ml/min. Th tch khng kh cn ly t 2-4 lt
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2. Phn tch:
a. Thang mu t nhin
Ly 1ml dung dch Naphtalen tiu chun v 1ml hn hp nitro ho vo bnh chit z
c sn 12ml nc ct v 12ml ete etylic. Lc, ra cho lp nc di ra ngoi. Lp ete li,
cho vo 5ml Natri hydroxyt 5%, ch tch lp, cho tip vo 10ml nc ct ra. tch lp
hn, cho lp di ra ngoi. Nhanh chng lp ete trn vo bnh nh mc 25ml, cho
axeton n vch. thm 1,4ml Natri hydroxyt 10%
Lc khong 15 pht, mu hng xut hin. Dung dch ny ng vi 1ml = 0,016 mg
Naphtalen
Pha thang mu nh sau: Thc hin trong 8 ng mu
S ng
DD. Naphtalen 0,016 ml (z

c NaOH 10%)
0,31
0,62
1,25
2,5
3,8
5,0
7,5
Hn hp ete axeton (3.7)
10
9,69
9,38
8,75
7,5
6,2
5,0
2,5
Hm lng Naphtalen ( mg)
0,005
0,01
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
DD (ml
Thang mu t nhin gi c 48 gi
b. Thang mu nhn to:
Thang mu nhn to s dng cc ho cht v dung mi sau y Fuschin bazic: 0,001%
- Orange G : 0,1%
- Nc ct hai ln
Tin hnh nh sau:
S ng
Fuschin bazin 0,001%
0,1
0,5
1,25
2,5
3,5
5,0
7,5
Orange 0,1%
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
Nc ct
10
9,9
9,48
8,71
7,44
6,42
4,9
2,38
DD (ml
c. Phn tch:
dung dch hp th vo bnh chit z c sn 12ml nc ct v 12ml ete etylic. Ra
ng hp th bng 2ml nc ct tip vo bnh chit. Lc, ch tch lp ra. Loi b lp di.
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Lp ete cn li cho tip 5ml dung dch Natri hydroxyt 5% v 10ml nc ct, dng ra tip vi
kim trn. Ch tch lp, cho lp di ra, phn ete cn li cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch
10ml, nu dung dch ny cn thiu, thm ete etylic n vch (10ml)
Trong ng so mu c sn 7ml axeton, cho vo 3ml ete hp th trn, tip theo 0,2ml
Natri hydroxyt 10%. Ch ln mu, em so snh vi thang mu.
III. Tnh kt ta:

Nng Naphalen trong khng kh (x) tnh bng mg/l nh sau:
X=
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: Hm lng Naphtalen so ng mu (mg)
b: Th tch dung dch ete chit sut naphtalen c nitro ho, sau khi hp th (ml)
c. Th tch ete cha trinitro naphtalen em phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht, tnh iu kin tiu chun (lit)
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METANOL
I. Nguyn tc:
Hi metanol c hp th vo nc ct, c oxy ho bng Kalipemanganat thnh
Focmadhyt v c xc nh so mu bng phn ng vi thuc th phenyhydrazin, vi s c
mt ca feri-xyanua trong mi trng axit mnh to mu hng.
Phng php c th o ti mc 100 g
Nng ti a cho php ca hi cn metylic trong khng kh l 0,050 mg/l. Phng
php c hiu i vi metanol
II. Dng c, ho cht
1. Dng c
- ng nghim so mu
- ng lng 50ml
- bm tim Hamilton 50 l
- in quang k
- Pipet cc loi
2. Ho cht:
- Dung dch pemanganat Kali: ho tan 1g KMnO4 trong mt t nc ct cho tan, sau
cho nc ct va 100ml
- Dung dch axit photphoric: Ly 25ml H3PO4 85% pha lozng ra 100ml
- Dung dch etanol 5%: dng alcohol etylic tuyt i khng c metanol pha lozng n
5%.
- Dung dch oxy gi: pha lozng dung dch 30% ra thnh dung dch 1,5%
- Dung dch phenyhydrazin clohydrat tinh khit: ho tan 1g vo 5ml nc ct, thm
vo 2ml axit clohydric c, lc k. Pha n 80ml nc ct, lc v thm va nc ct 100ml
- Dung dch Kali ferixyanua: ho tan 2g Kali ferixyanua trong mt t nc, sau cho
nc ct va 100ml
- Dung dch metanol tiu chun:
Dng ng tim Hamilton ht 0,5 l metanol (1 l = 0,793mg) pha vo 50ml nc
ct.
Ly 12,5ml pha lozng ra 100ml. Ta c dung dch tiu chun 1ml = 0,1mg metanol
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III.K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu: ly hai ng hp th ni lin, mi ng 5ml nc ct. Ht khng kh c
cha hi metanol vi tc 500ml/pht, ly mu t 1 n 5 lt khng kh l va.
2.Phn tch: Ty theo nng metanol c th ly 0,2 n 1ml z hp th em phn
tch (trn hai ng hp th vo nhau, ly t 0,2 n 1ml) Qu trnh ging nh thc hin
ng mu.
3.ng mu: Ly 6 ng lng dung dch 50ml thm vo ln lt theo th t: 0,1; 3;
6; 9; 12 ml dung dch metanol tiu chun. Pha lozng bng nc ct n 25ml. Thm 2ml dung
dch etanol 5%, 10ml dung dch KMnO4 v 2ml dung dch H3PO4. Trn u yn trong 1gi.
Cho thm dung dch oxy gi 1,5% n ht mu v pha lozng n 50ml bng nc ct.
Ly 10ml dung dch trn vo ng lng mi, thm 2ml dung dch phenylhydrazin
clohydrat. Trn v thm 1 ml dung dch Kaliferixyanua, sau ng 4 pht cho thm 4 ml HCl
c d = 1,18 yn trong 5 pht. Pha lozng n 50ml. em soi quang k ti max=
520nm. Ta c mt d kin mt quang hc, ng vi cc nng metanol 0; 0,1; 0,3; 0,6;
0,9 ;1,2 mg Metanol. Dng ng mu.
IV.Tnh kt qu
Nng hi metanol trong khng kh c tnh nh sau:
M=
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: lng metanol ng vi mu (mg)
b: dung dch hp th (ml)
c: dung dch ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: khng kh ly mu (lt)
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Focmaldehyt
I. Nguyn tc:
Focmaldehyt tc dng vi phenyl hydrazin to thnh Focmaldehyt hydranzin mu
hng. Trong mi trng axit, st (III) Ferixyanua s lm tng cng mu.
Phn ng nh sau:
C6H5NH.NH2 + HCHO C6H5NH-N=CH2 + H2O
nhy ca phng php di 0,001 mg trong dung dch phn tch: nng ti a
cho php ca Focmadehyt trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,005mg/l.
II. Dng c, thuc th:
1. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th
- ng nghim cng c 15 x 120mm
- Bnh nn 100-200ml
- ng ong 100-200ml
- Pipet 5-10ml
- Buret 25ml
2. Ho cht:
- Dung dch phenylhydrazin clohydrat 1% trong nc ct, nu khng c mui
clohydrat th pha dung dch nh sau:
Phenylhydrazin 1ml
Nc ct: 80ml
HCl c 2ml
Lc tan ri cho nc ct va 100ml
2. Dung dch Kali ferixyanua 2% trong nc ct
3. axit clohydric c (d=1,19)
4. Dung dch tiu chun Focmaldyhyt: pha lozng dung dch Focmol tinh khit (loi
30-40%) vi nc ct ra thnh 1%, sau nh lng dung dch Focmol lozng xc nh
hm lng Focmol. Ri pha vi nc ct c mt dung dch Focmol tiu chun 1ml dung
dch cha 0,010 mg Focmadehyt, cch chun Focmaldehyt nh sau:
Trong mt bnh nn cho vo
- Dung dch pha lozng ca Focmol 1ml
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- Nc ct 5ml
- Dung dch Iot 0,1N 10ml
- Gi tng git NaOH 1/10 n khi c mu vng nht, y nt. ch ti 5 pht. Sau
thm 1ml HCl c, chun bng Natri thiosunfat 0,1N vi ch th mu l h tinh bt 0,5%
Th d: Ht n ml Natri thiosunfat
Ta c 1ml Iot 0,1N tng ng 1,5mg Focmaldehyt. Hm lng Focmaldehyt trong 1ml
dung dch lozng:
(10- N) x 1,5mg
5 . Dung dch Iot 0,1N
6. Dung dch Natri thiosunfat
7. Dung dch h tinh bt 0,5%
1. Cho vo ng hp th 5ml nc ct mc vo my ht. Ht khng kh qua tc 15
lt/gi, th tch khng kh cn ly 5 lt. Ly 3 ml dung dch z hp th nh lng.
2. Thang mu pha nh sau:
S ng
DD. tiu chun Focmol (1ml c

0,010mg)
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Nc ct
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
Hm lng Focmol (mg)
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
DD (ml
Sau cho vo ng thang mu v cc ng phn tch 3ml Phenylhydrazin clohydrat;

0,5ml Kaliferi xyanua. Lc u yn 5 pht, cho mi ng 1ml HCl c. Trn u, sau 5 pht
em so mu.
III. Tnh kt qa:
Nng Focmaldehyt (X) trong khng kh tnh theo mg/l theo cng thc:
X=
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: lng Focmol ng phn tch ng vi ng thang mu (mg)
b: dung dch hp th (ml)
c:dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht ( iu kin tiu chun) (lt)
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Phenol
I. Nguyn tc:
Thuc th Para nitroanilin sau khi c diazo ho trong mi trng kim, thnh mt
phm vt mu. Phm vt ny tc dng vi phenol to thnh mt cht mi m c mu theo
phn ng
NO2C6H4NH2.HCl +HNO2 NO2C6H4N2Cl + 2H2O
NO2C6H4N2Cl + C6H5OH NO2C6H4N2C6H4OH +HCl
Tu theo lng phenol khc nhau, mu c th i t vng lc n nu . So snh vi
thang mu, ta c th xc nh c nng phenol trong khng kh. nhy ca phng
php l 0,2 g trong 5ml dung dch phn tch.
II. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th thng thng
- ng so mu c 120 x 15mm
- cc dng c thu tinh cn thit khc
III. Ho cht thuc th:
1.Dung dch hp th: Natri cacbonat 0,8%
2.dung dch Phenol tiu chun:
- Dung dch c bn: cn dng 0,5g phenol (z ct li) trong mt chn thu tinh, cho
vo bnh c ngn 500ml, thm t nc nng, lc cho tan. ngui ri thm nc ct va
500ml. Dung dch cha 1ml=1mg.
- Dung dch phn tch: Pha lozng dung dch c bn ra 100 ln, ta c dung dch phn
tch 1ml = 0,01mg.
3. Dung dch p. nitro anilin (pha lozng trc khi dng)
Cn 0,35g p.nitroanilin pha vo 70ml nc ct un si, thm 4ml dung dch HCl c.
ngui, thm 5ml dung dch Natri nitrit 25% diazo ho.
IV.K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu: cho vo hai ng hp th, m ng cha 5ml Natri cacbonat 0,8% lp ni
tip. Ht khng kh vi tc 500ml/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly 15lt.
2. Phn tch:
Ly 5ml dung dch hp th, em phn tch cng tin hnh ng thi vi thang mu.
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S ng
10
DD. tiu chun

1ml = 0,01mg
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,8
1,00
DD hp th
4,98
4,96
4,94
4,92
4,90
4,80
4,60
4,40
4,2
4,00
H.Lphenol
( g)
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
DD (ml
Lc u cc ng. Gi mi ng hai git dung dch p-nitro anilin. Sau 15 pht, so mu

trn nn trng (t vng lc n mu ).
V.Tnh kt qu:
Nng phenol trong khng kh (X) tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc sau:
X=
1
a.b
x
= mg/l
c.V0
1000
Trong :
a: hm lng phenol ng vi thang mu (mg)
b: Tng th dung dch hp th (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh, tnh iu kin tiu chun (lt)
1
= H s chuyn t g ra mg
1000
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AXETON
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php da trn s to thnh iodofoc khi cho axeton tc dng vi Iot trong dung
dch kim v so snh c vi thang mu:
CH3-CO -CH3 + 3I2 +4NaOH CHI3+ NaCH3COO + 3NaI + 3H2O
nhy ca phng php l 1 g trong th tch dung dch phn tch Aldehyt axetic
cho phn ng tng t khi hm lng ca n trong mu t 4-5 mg v ete etylic khi hm lng
n 7mg.
II. Dng c:
1. My ht khng kh
2. ng hp th Gelman
3. Cc dng c thy tinh cn thit khc.
III. Ho cht thuc th:
1. Dng c axeton tiu chun
- Dung dch c bn: Trong bnh cu 25ml, cho vo khong 10ml nc ct v cn
cn phn tch. Sau gi vo bnh cu 2 n 3 git axeton tinh khit v cn li bnh cu. Lc
bnh cu v cho nc ct n ngn (25ml). Tnh khi lng axeton c trong 1ml dung dch.
Pha lozng dung dch bng nc ct c dung dch mi: C 1ml dung dch c 1mg
axeton. Dung dch c trong 1 thng
- Dung dch phn tch: Pha lozng dung dch c bn ra 100 ln bng nc ct, c
1ml cha 10 g axeton dung dch c ba ngy.
2. Kali hydroxyt, dung dch 50%
3. Iot, dung dch 0,1N: Cn 12,7g Iot thng hoa v 15g Kaliclorua cho ho tan vo
bnh nh mc 1 lt vi 15ml nc ct. Lc cho tan ht v thm nc ct n ngn 1 lt .
IV. K thut:
1. Ly mu: ly hai ng hp th Gelman, mi ng cho 3ml nc ct, ni vi nhau v
trong hn hp lm lnh (nc ). Ht khng kh vi tc 250ml/pht. Th tch khng
kh cn ly 5 lt.
2. Phn tch: dung dch trong hai ng hp th dn lm mt v ly ra 2ml cho vo ng
so mu, cng kch thc vi cc ng thang mu, sau cc thuc th vo ng cng lm song
song vi thang mu.
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S
ng
DD.
tiu
chun 1ml =
10 g
0,1
0,3
0,5
0,7
1,0
1,3
1,5
1,7
2,0
Nc ct
1,9
1,7
1,5
1,3
1,0
0,7
0,5
0,3
0,0
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
DD Iot 0,1N
Hm
lng
HCl ( mg)
0,005
0,007
0,01
0,013
0,015
0,017
00,20
DD (ml
Kali hydroxyt
50%
0,001 0,003
Lc u cc ng , yn 5 pht. o c trn nn en
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng axeton trong khng kh (X) tnh theo cng thc
X=
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng axeton tng ng vi thang mu (mg)
Vo: Th tch khng kh ly mu (lit) (Tnh iu kin tiu chun)
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Este
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php da trn s x phng ho este vi kim trong mi trng alcol. Theo
phn ng
RCOOR1 + KOH RCOOK + R1OH
Tu theo tng lng kim z dng x phng ho este, tnh ra lng este. y l
phng php chung tnh lng cc este.
Cc dung mi thm, t xng (benzin) alcol, axeton, khng gy tr ngi. Cc hp cht
hu c halogen v axit gy tr ngi.
II. Dng c
- Ni cch thu
- Bnh cu c h thng ng sinh hn
- Bnh nn
- Cc dng c ly mu khng kh (my ht khng kh ng hp th)
III. Ho cht, thuc th
- Alcol etylic 96% (dung dch hp th)
- Dung dch KOH hoc NaOH 0,1N
- Dung dch HCl 0,02N
- Dung dch phenol phetalein 1% trong cn 96%.
IV. K thut phn tch:
a. Ly mu: Lp hai ng hp th vi nhau, mi ng hp th cho vo 10ml alcol 96%,
ht khng kh vi tc 250ml/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly 20lt, ghi nhit v p sut
khng kh.
b. Phn tch: cho tt c dung dch hp th vo bnh cu, trng mi ng hp th bng
5ml alcol v vo bnh cu. Cho thm vo bnh cu 10ml dung dch KOH hoc NaOH 0,1N
v t 3 n 4 git dung dch phenolphetalein. Lp ng sinh hn vo bnh cu v un nng
trong hai gi trn ni cch thy. Lm mt mu chng cng iu kin nh trn, vi 20ml alcol
96% v 10ml KOH hoc NaOH 0,1N.
Nu trong thi gian x phng ho dung dch trong bnh cu mt mu (do thiu kim)
th cho thm vo 5ml dung dch kim 0,1N na v tip tc x phng ho. Khi thm kim vo
mu phn tch , cng phi thm cng th tch vo mu chng.
Khi x phng ho xong, ngui bnh, trng ng sinh hn, t trn xung di bng
5ml nc ct.
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Ly bnh ra v chun bng dung dch HCl 0,02N vi ch th mu l phenol phtalein
Hiu s gia s lng HCl 0,02N z dng chun mu trng v mu phn tch
cho bit s lng kim z phn ng vi este
V. Tnh kt qu
Nng este trong khng kh tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc
X=
a a1 .K
= mg/l
V0
Trong :
a: s lng HCl 0,02N z dng chun mu chng (ml)
a1: s lng HCl 0,02 Nz dng chun mu phn tch (ml)
K: H s biu th lng mg este tng ng vi 1ml HCl 0,02N
Ph lc: Cch tnh h s

Theo phn ng x phng ho este vi kim:
RCOOR1 + KOH RCOOK + R1OH
Mt phn t este v mt phn t kim x phng ho. D , 1ml dung dch kim z
dng x phng ho este bng trng lng phn t este, nhn vi chun ca kim hay
axit
Th d: x phng ho etyl axetat (PTL: 88) bng dung dch kim 0,02N, 1ml axit tng
ng vi:
88 x 0,02 = 1,76mg etyl axetat
Nhng este c hai nhm axit th phi cn 2 phn t kim
COOR
1 + 2NaOH R(COONa) + 2R OH
R
2
1
COOR
1
Do , 1ml dung dch kim tng ng vi trng lng phn t este chia cho 2 v nhn
vi chun ca kim hay axit.
Th d: H s ca dimetyl phtalat bng:
194,18.0,02
= 1,94
2
Sau y l h s tng ng ca mt s este

- Metyl axetat
:1,48
- Etyl axetat
:1,74
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- Propyl axetat
: 2,04
- Butyl axetat
: 2,32
- Amyl axetat
: 2,6
- Vinyl axetat
: 1,72
- Dimety phtalat
: 1,94
- Dibutyl phtalat
: 2,78
- Metyl metacrylat
: 2,0
- DOP
: 3,9
Nu trong khng kh, ngoi hi este c cc hi axit chng hn axit-axetic, tt c cc

dung dch hp th trc khi x phng ho ly ra 5ml cho thm 1ml dung dch kim 0,1N , 2
git phenol phtalein v chun vi HCl 0,02N.
S lng HCl 0,02N z dng tnh chuyn ra ton th tch mu v b sung thm vo s
HCl 0,02N z dng chun mu phn tch sau khi x phng ho.
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Xng
I. nguyn tc chung:
Khi Anhydrit cromic tc dng vi xng s b kh thnh oxit cromic
HC
2CrO3
Cr2O3 + 3/2O2
Anhydrit cromic c mu vng chuyn thnh mu xanh l khi b kh thnh Oxit cromic
nhy ca phng php: 0,03 mg xng trong dung dch phn tch. Cc cht gy tr
gi l Axeton, cn, mt s hydrocacbon
II. Dng c:
- Bnh hp th loi nh (25ml)
- My ly mu khng kh
- pipet cc loi
- Bnh nh mc 25ml -100ml
- ng nghim, my so mu
III.Thuc th:
- Dung dch tiu chun: Xng trng (Nu khng dng xng em ct li) ho tan trong
dung dch axit axetic c 1ml dung dch tiu chun c 1ml xng. Dung dch ny c
7 ngy.
- Thuc th Anhydric cromic trong dung dch H2SO4 c: Cn 0,4g Anhydric cromic
trong chn thu tinh khu cho tan (c th thay th Anhydric cromic bng Kalibicromat,
Dung dch 3% trong axit sunfuric c)
- Axit sunfuric c d = 1,84 tinh khit
- Dung dch hp th: Axit axetic c tinh khit
(Thng dng loi c khng c hydrocacbon)
IV. K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu: cho vo hai ng hp th, mi ng 2ml dung dch axit axetic c. Ht
khng kh qua hai ng hp th (mc ni tip nhau) vi tc 0,1 l/pht. Ly t 3 n 6 lt
khng kh. Ghi iu kin nhit , p sut khng kh chuyn th tch khng kh v tiu
chun. Sau khi ngng ly mu, em dn dung dch trong hai ng hp th lm mt, lc u,
em v phn tch.
2.Phn tch: Ly 2ml dung dch hp th cho vo ng nghim so mu, thm 0,15ml
thuc th anhydric cromic, lc u nh nhng, cn thn trnh thuc th bm ln thnh ng.
Song song cng lm vi thang mu theo bng di y:
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3.
Pha thang mu:
Ly ng nghim u nhau v cng c nh ng phn tch, nh s th t t 0 n 5. Pha

theo bng sau
S ng
DD. tiu chun 1ml = 1mg
0,03
0,05
0,10
0,20
DD axetic c
1,97
1,95
1,90
1,80
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,03
0,05
0,10
0,20
DD (ml
Thuc th anhydric cromic

Hm lng xng (mg)
Lc u cc ng cn thn, khng thuc th bm trn thnh ng. Sau ly chun

cao su buc cc ng nghim li thnh b. (K c ng phn tch) t vo ni cch thu si
ng 4 pht. Mang ra lm lnh di vi nc hoc t trong chu nc lnh. Sau 10 pht so
mu.
C th thc hin so mu my quang sc k, hoc quang ph k ti bc sng =
600 nm, cng 1cm hoc 0,5cm
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng xng trong khng kh tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc:
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng xng trong ng phn tch (mg)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (lt) tnh v iu kin tiu chun
Hm lng xng ti a cho php trong khng kh khu vc sn xut l: 0,100mg/l nu
l xng c pha ch, v 0,300mg/l nu l xng khng pha ch.
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Trinitro Toluen
I. Nguyn tc:
Dung dch T.N.T trong cn hoc axeton tc dng vi kim to thnh mt cht mu tm.
Da trn phn ng ny, c th nh lng T.N.T theo phn ng o mu.
Tuy vy phng php khng c hiu, cc hp cht Polynitro ca nhn thm cng gy
tr ngi.
nhy ca phng php l 1 g trong 5ml dung dch phn tch. Nng ti a cho
php trong khng kh l 0,001mg/l.
II. Dng c
- My ly mu khng kh, ng hp th xp hai ci
- Pipet cc loi
- ng nghim, ng so mu
III. Thuc th:
- Alcol etylic 96%
- D.D NaOH 5% KOH 5%
- DD tiu chun T.N.T: pha trong cn, 1ml tng ng vi 0,1 mg T.N.T
IV. K thut:
1. Ly mu: Mc ni tip hai ng hp th xp, trong mi ng cho 20ml dung dch
hp th cn 96%. Ht khng kh vi tc 1-2 lt/pht. Ly t 30-50 lt khng kh. Dn hai
ng hp th lm mt em v phn tch.
2. Phn tch: Ly 5ml dung dch z ly mu khng kh c T.N.T em lm song song
cng thang mu theo bng di y:
S ng
DD. tiu chun T.N.T
0,01
0,03
0,05
0,07
0,09
0,10
0,20
Cn 960
4,99
4,97
4,95
4,93
4,91
4,90
4,80
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
10
20
DD (ml)
DD NaOH 5%
Hm lng T.N.T ( g)
Sau lc u cc ng nghim (c ng mu). 10 pht em so mu
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V. Tnh kt qu:
Hm lng T.N.T trong khng kh tnh ra g/l theo cng thc sau
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng tng ng vi thang mu ( g)
b: Tng dung dch phn tch (ml)
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Ch
(Tiu chun ngnh: 52 TCN 354-89 c hiu lc t 16-10-89)
Tiu chun ny quy nh phng php xc nh ch trong khng khi vng lm vic
Phng php ny ch xc nh mc thp nht 0,2 microgam (Pb)/lt khng kh
I. Nguyn tc:
Ch trong khng kh di dng kh dung hoc bi c ht vo dung dch axit nitric,
ng gi bi (allong) hoc giy lc c bit, chuyn thnh ch nitrat.
Khi cho ch (Pb2+) tc dng vi dithizon to thnh ch dithizonat. Ch dithizonat c
ho tan trong dung mi hu c cacbon tetraclorua em so mu hay o quang bc sng hp
th ti a max = 520nm.
II. Quy nh chung:
- ho cht theo TCVN 1058-78
- Nc ct ba ln theo TCVN 2117-77
- Dung mi phi c ct li trc khi dng
- Dng c thy tinh phi c lm sch, trng axit nitric, trng li bng nc ct ba
ln, em sy kh.
- chnh xc ca phng php mc microgam. Sai s cho php 5%
III. Dng c v ho cht
1. Dng c:
- Cn phn tch
- My quang k
- My ht khng kh
- Lu lng k (1 n 5 lt/pht v 5 n 20 lt/pht)
- ng gi bi (allonge)
- Giy lc v phin lc (loi Gelman)
- Chai nu nt mi (500ml v 1000ml)
- Bnh chit 100ml
- Bnh nh mc 100ml n 500ml
- ng so mu 20ml
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- Pipet cc loi
- Bnh Kejdaln 50ml
- Bnh hp th mng xp 100ml
2. Ho cht:
- Ch nitrat khan
- Clorofom
- Cacbon tetratlorua
- Axit nitric 65% (kim loi nng khng qu 0.00002%)
- Amon hydroxyt 20 n 30% NH3(kim loi nng khng qu 0,00005%)- Axit xitric
- Kalixyanua
- Dithizon
- Axit pecloric 60% (kim loi nng khng qu 0,00002%)
III. Chun b dung dch th:
1. Axit nitric 1/10
Pha lozng 100ml axit nitric c 65% ra 1 lt bng nc ct ba ln
2.Dung dch dithizon
Pha 10mg dithizon tinh khit trong 1 lt clorofom. Bo qun t lnh. Khi dng t li
nhit phng.
3. Dung dch Amon xitrat:
Ho tan 25g axit xitric trong 250ml nc ct, trung ho bng amon hydroxyt n im
cui c mu vi ch th phenol .
Pha lozng n 500ml bng nc ct ba ln. Chit bng dung dch dithizon trong
clorofom n cui cn mu xanh nht. Chit li bng clorofom n im cui khng mu.
4. Dung dch Kali xyanua:
Ho tan 10g Kali xyanua trong mt t nc ct v pha lozng n 100ml. Dung dch pha
dng trong ngy.
5. Dung dch ch mu:
a. Dung dch m: Ch nitrat c sy kh 1000C trong vng hai gi ngui cn
ng 1,598g. Ho tan trong axit Nitric 1/10 n va 1 lt (1ml=10mg Pb).
b. Dung dch chun: Ly 10ml dung dch m pha lozng ra n 1 lt bng axit nitric
1/10 (1ml=10microg Pb)
5. Dung dch ko ch: Trn 30ml dung dch kali xyanua vi 40ml dung dch amon xitrat
v 100ml amon hydroxyt c, thm vo 900ml nc ct ba ln. Dung dch ny dng
trong ngy.
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6. Dung dch hydroxylamin bzo ho:
Cn 85g hydroxylamin clohydrat pha vo 100ml nc ct ba ln.
V. Tin hnh th:
1. Ly mu v x l mu:
a. Dng kh dung: Bng bnh hp th mng xp cha 20ml axit nitric 1/10 ht khng
kh nhim ch i qua vi tc 1 lt/pht.
Ni c hm lng ch ln, th tch khng kh cn ly 30 lt
b. Dng bi: Ht bng giy lc. Giy lc t trong phin lc, ht khng kh qua vi tc
20 lt/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly l 200 lt tr ln. Ghi th tch khng kh z ht.
Giy lc z ly mu t phin lc cho vo bnh Kajdaln, thm 1 ml axit nitric c v 2ml
pecloric 60%, t ln bp in cho tan ht v si n c cn, ngui, thm vo 1ml axit
nitric c v 5ml nc ct, t ln ni cch thy cho bay ht NO2. Ly ra lm ngui, ong th
tch cn li nu t qu thm axit nitric 1/10 5ml phn tch.
Ht bng ng ht bi (allonge). ng gi bi z c nhi bng, ht khng kh qua vi
tc 20 lt/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly 200 lt tr ln. Ghi th tch khng kh z ht.
Dng a thy tinh y ngc bng t trong ng ht bi ra mt cc thy tinh. Dng 0,5ml
axit nitric 1/10 nng (60-700C ) ra allonge v dn vo cc. Ho tan ch bng bng axit
nitric 1/10 nng trn. Chit t ba n bn ln: ln th nht 10ml, cc ln sau mi ln 5 ml.
Dch chit ch cc t ln ni cch thu cho bc hi n cn. Sau cho vo 1ml axit nitric
c, trng u cc, thm 9ml nc ct ba ln. Ly 5ml em phn tch.
2. Cch xc nh:
a. Dng ng mu: Chun b 5 ng nghim c 5ml axit nitric 1/10 cha tng ng 0;
2; 4; 6; 8 microgam Pb. Thm vo mi ng 2 git hydroxylamin clohydrat bzo ho.
Xp sn 5 bnh chit dung tch 100ml, mi bnh cha 20ml dung dch ko ch. o
pH (pH = 11).
Thm vo mi bnh chit 10ml dung dch dithizon, lc u yn, gn b phn
clorofom. Ra ln th nht bng 5ml clorofom ln th hai bng 5ml cacbon tetra clorua.
Rt dung dch cha ch tng ng trong cc ng z nh du tng bnh. Lc u.
Thm 5ml cacbon tetra clorua. Lc u trong vng 2 pht. Chit ly phn ch dithizonat tan
trong cacbon tetra clorua. em soi my quang k vi bc sng hp th ti a max =
520nm. Thc hin n ln (n=20). Cc d kin thu c, dng ng mu.
b. Cch xc nh: Chun b bnh chit c 20ml dung dch ko ch. Thm vo 10ml
dung dch dithizon v thc hin nh phn trn.
Ly 5ml dung dch z hp th kh dung ch hoc dung dch z x l bi ch (z gi vo
2 git hydroxylamin clohydrat bzo ho). em thc hin tip nh phn dng ng mu.
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IV. Tnh kt qu:
1. Hm lng ch trong khng kh (X) tnh bng mg/l theo cng thc:
X=
a.b
x 1/1000
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng ch tng ng vi ng mu (microgam)
b: dung dch hp th ch (20ml)
c: dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (5ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht tnh v iu kin tiu chun (lt) (00C v 760mmHg)
1/1000: H s chuyn t microgam ( g) ra miligam (mg) ch
2.Lng ch trong mu bi (X) tnh bng phn trm theo cng thc:
X=
a.b
x 1/1000 x 100
c.M
Trong :
a: hm lng ch tng ng vi ng mu (microgam)
b: dung dch hp th ch (20ml)
c:dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (5ml)
1/1000: H s chuyn t microgam ( g) ra miligam (mg) ch
M: Lng bi em cn phn tch (mg)
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Ch Tetraetyl trong hi xng

I. Nguyn tc:
Ch tetraetyl c hp th vo dung dch It to thnh ch Iodua. Ion ch phn rz trong
dung dch kim (pH>9) c tc dng vi dithizon trong chlorofoc to thnh ch dithizonat
mu o, c bc sng hp th 510-520nm.
Phng php nh lng ch trn y va c th so mu, va c th soi my quang k.
T tnh ra hm lng ch tetraetyl trong hi xng.
K thut ny c hon thin, mi nh hng do phng php c z loi tr. nhy
t 1 g (tnh theo ch tetraetyl). Khong tuyn tnh t 1 n 10 g
II. Dng c, ho cht:
1.Dng c:
- Chai pha dung dch 0,5 v 1 lt
- Phu chit qu l dung tch 100ml v 500ml
- Bnh nn dung tch 50ml
- ng lng o 10, 25 v 500ml
- B ct dung mi
- Dng c thng hoa Iot
- My quang k
- Pipet 1-5 v 10ml
2. Ho cht:
- Nc ct ba ln
- Axit nitric c 65% (pA)
- Ch nitrat (pA)
- KaliIodua
- Iot kim loi, z thng hoa
- Kali xyanua (pA)
- Amon xitrat (tribasic)
- Natri sunfit khan
- Natri metadisunfit (Na2S2O5)
- Dithizon (pA)
- Chlorofoc (pA) c ct li
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- Cacbon tetraclorua (pA) c ct li
- Amoniac 28-30% (pA)
- Veselin trng (khng c ch)
III. Chun b dung dch, thuc th:
1. Dung dch ch tetraetyl chun (thay th bng lng tng ng ch nitrat)
a. Dung dch m: cn 105mg ch nitrat ho tan trong 100ml dung dch axit nitric 0,2N.
b. Dung dch lo=ng: Ly 1ml dung dch m pha lozng n 100ml bng axit nitric
0,2N
1ml tng ng 10mcg ch tetraetyl
2. Dung dch Iot hp th:
a. Dung dch Kaliiodua v cc loi ch: Cn 250 g kaliiodua cho vo 750ml nc ct
ba ln, lc cho tan ht, em loi ch.
Cch loi ch: Ly khong 1/3 dung dch Kali Iodua z pha vo phu chit 500ml, nh
vo vi git amoniac. Lc u. Th kim bng ch th Bromothymol xanh 0,1% (pH kim
mu xanh). Tip tc chit ch ra nhiu ln bng mc th tch 30ml dung dch dithizon pha
trong chlorofoc (4mg trong 100ml) cho n khi mu dung dch dithizon trong chlorofoc khng
i. Sau ra li ba ln bng mc 30ml chlorofoc v lc qua giy lc loi ht chlorofoc
cn li. Trung ho li dung dch Kalixyanua bng axit nitric 1N n mu vng ca ch th
Bromothymol xanh 0,1%.
b. Dung dch Iot: Cn 125 Iot va thng hoa ho tan vo ht th tch dung dch
Kalixyanua z x l ( 750ml) thm nc ct ba ln cho va 1lt.
3. Dung dch ACS1:
Trong mt cc s cho vo ng 10g Kalixyanua, 100g Natrisunfit v 20g Amonxitrat
(tribasic) thm 550ml nc ct ba ln. Khuy cho tan ht, em loi ch nh dung dch Kali
Iodua nhng khng trung ho bng axit nitric 1N.
4. Dung dch ACS2:
Cho vo phu chit dung tch na lt, 200ml amoniac c 30%, chun b sn 200ml
dung dch dithizon trong chlorofoc (4mg/100ml) v cho ln lt tng 50ml vo amoniac, lc
u loi b phn chlorofoc. Lc Amoniac, ly 180ml amoniac, thm vo 5g Natrimeta disunfit
v 30ml ACS1 lc u cho tan ht. Bo qun vo chai nu. S dng trong hai ngy.
IV.K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu: Hi xng bay trong khng kh c ht vo ng hp th thng cha
10ml Iot hp th. Tc ht 500ml/min. Th tch cn ly t 3-5lt.
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2. Phn tch
a. Xy dng ng mu: chun b
- Su phu chit 100ml z c ra k, sy kh. Xp theo th t t 0-1-2-3-4-5.
- Su bnh nn dung tch 50ml cng ra sch, sy kh nh trn, mi bnh cho vo
10ml dung dch Iot hp th, th t thm vo 0- 0,2- 0,4- 0,6- 0,8 v 1ml dung dch ch
tetraetyl tiu chun (1ml 10 mcg ch tetratyl) yn 5 pht.
Mi phu chit trn cho vo 25ml dung dch ACS2 , ra hai ln, mi ln 10ml cacbon
tetraclorua. dung dch tng ng bnh nn vo phu chit, trng bnh nn bng 3ml nc
ct, cng cho vo phu chit. Lc nh cho n mt mu. Cho vo 10ml cacbon tetraclorua, lc
mnh trong vng 3 pht. Rt lp mu di ra cc ng nghim. Hm lng ch tetraetyl
tng ng 0-2- 4- 6- 8- 10 mcg.
o mt quang hc, bc sng ti a max = 520nm, cng dy 1cm, s liu thu
c, dng ng mu
b. Phn tch:
Chun b hai phu chit, mt dng cho mu trng, mt dng cho phn tch. Quy trnh
tin hnh nh phn dng ng mu.
So snh mu vi thang mu tin hnh ng thi, hoc i chiu vi ng mu, soi
cng my quang k.
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng ch tetraetyl trong hi xng (trong khng kh) tnh theo cng thc:
(Et)4 Pb =
a
(mcg/l)
V0
Trong :
a: hm lng ch tetraetyl ng vi ng mu (mcg)
Vo: th tch khng kh z ht (l) tnh iu kin tiu chun (760mmHg v 00C)
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Anhydrit Aseno
I. Nguyn tc:
Anhydrit asen (ho tr As3+ c ho tan vo HNO3 chuyn thnh As5+ . Cht ny
tng tc vi amoni molypdat to thnh axit aseno molipdic, c tnh cht oxy ho mnh. Khi
gp cht kh nh axit ascorbic hoc hydrazin sunfat, to thnh phc cht mu xanh. o cng
mu ca dung dch phn tch, s tnh ra c nng anhydrit asen trong khng kh.
nhy ca phng php 0,03mg/m3
Silic khng gy tr gi phn ng. Ion pht pht cn tr phn ng ny.
II. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- Phin lc hoc giy lc (u ly mu)
- Cc dng c thy tinh cn thit
- My quang k hoc so mu
III. Ho cht v thuc th:
- HNO3: d = 1,4 khng c As, pha ra 1:2
- H2SO4: d20= 1,84 v 0,1N
- Amonimolypdat: Cn 0,3g mui (NH4)6 Mo7O24.4H2O. Ho tan trong 45 ml nc m
50-60 . Trong mt bnh ring khc cho vo 50ml nc ct v 4,5ml H2SO4 (1,84) v rt vo
bnh cha Amonimolypdat.
0
- Axit ascorbic: C6H8O6 5% trong nc

- Dung dch tiu chun: Cn 0,5660 Na3AsO4.12H2O cho vo bnh dung tch 100ml v
ho tan vo dung dch H2SO4 0,1N (dung dch c cha 0,5ml/100ml nc) sau cho vo
nc n vch 1ml dung dch c cha 1mg As5+ pha lozng tng ng bng nc dung dch m
c 0,01mg As/ml. Dung dch ny dng cho phn tch.
1. Ly mu:
Ly 50-100 lt khng kh vi tc t 7 n 10lt/pht qua giy lc, phin lc
Perdovinyl.
2. Phn tch:
Phin z ly mu cho vo cc thu tinh v thm 15ml dung dch HNO3 (1:2) un si
dung dch ny trn bp cch ct 2-3 pht. Lc qua phin nha. Nu l giy lc th ra hai ln
bng HNO3 (1:2). Cc c phin c ra bng mt t nc, thm nc ra vo phn u chn
ng dung dch un cch thu, bay hi dung dch trong chn n kh. Ly 1ml phn dung
dch trn cho vo ng thu tinh ln mu, thm 1ml dung dch:
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Amonimolipdat v 0,1ml axit Ascorbic, lc u v t vo ni cch thu si 2 pht.
Sau lnh so mu.
S ng
DD. tiu chun (ml)
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
DD H2SO4 0,1N (ml)
0,95
0,90
0,80
0,70
0,60
DD Amonimolipdat (ml)
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,50
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
DD (ml)
DD Ascorbic (ml)
Hm lng As ( mg)
Tnh hm lng As theo cng thc sau: quy theo As2O3 trong khng kh c tnh ra.
As2O3 mg/l =
1
a.b.k
x
c.V0
1000
Trong :
a: hm lng As tng ng vi ng mu (mg)
b: dung dch hp th hi Asen hay ml dung dch ra phin (ml)
c: Dung dch ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ly (lt)
K: H s tnh i hm lng As ra As2O3 = 1,32.
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ASIN (AsH3)
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php da trn s xy ho Asin bng Kalipemanganat thnh axit asenic v xc
nh so mu vi s to thnh ca phc cht mu xanh molypden.
nhy ca phng php ny l 0,001 mg dung dch phn tch. PH3 gy tr ngi.
II. Dng c
- Bnh ht ng hp th
- Pipet bnh cu
- ng so mu
- Ni cch thu
III. Thuc th:
Tt c cc thuc th u phi kim tra khng c P v As
- Dung dch H2SO4 0,1N v loi d = 1,84
- Dung dch KMnO4 0,05N
- Dung dch H2O2 1%
- Hn hp xy ho: trc khi phn tch, pha hn hp cng th tch dung dch KMnO4
0,05 N v dung dch H2SO4 0,1N.
- Dung dch amonimolypdat (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O
Trong bnh cu ho tan 0,34g amonimolypdat trong 45ml nc ct un nng 50-600C.
Trong bnh cu khc cho vo 50ml nc ct, 4,5ml dung dch H2SO4 c (d =1,84)v vo
bnh c cha amonimolipdat.
Dung dch axit ascorbic C6H8O6 5%
Dung dch tiu chun: Cn 0,5660g Natri asenat Na3AsO4.12H2O. Cho vo bnh cu
100ml ho tan bng nc z axit ho bng H2SO4 0,1N, thm nc n vch 100ml. 1ml dung
dch cha 1mg As. Pha lozng dung dch ny c dung dch 0,01mg/ml. Ch pha khi dng.
IV. K thut:
a. Ly mu: Ly hai ng hp th, mi ng cho 10ml dung dch hn hp oxy ho, ht
khng kh vi tc 1,5-2 lt/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly 15-20lt.
b. Phn tch: Chuyn dung dch trong cc ng hp th ra mt cc s, trng ng hp
th bng 3ml nc ct v vo cc s. cc s trn ni cch thu cho bc hi n khi cn
mt na th tch. Thm vi git Peroxyt hydro (H2O2) kh KMnO4 tha. Bc hi n cn.
Ho tan cn bng 3ml H2SO4 0,1N. Ly 1ml cho vo ng nghim thm 1ml dung dch
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amonimolypdat v 0,1ml dung dch axit ascorbic. Lc v khuy ng nghim trong ni cch
thy 2 pht. ngui v so snh cng mu vi thang mu.
c. Pha thang mu: Ly 10 ng nghim nh s th t t 0 n 9
- Cho dung dch tiu chun: 1ml = 0,01 mg As vo cc ng 0; 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4;
0,5; 0,6; 0,8; 1,0ml.
- Dung dch H2SO4 0,1N:
1; 0,95; 0,9; 0,8; 0,7; 0,6; 0,5; 0,4; 0,2; 0,0 ml. Mi ng thm 0,1ml dung dch
amonimolipdat v 0,1ml axit ascorbic. Lc u cch thy si 2 pht.
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng AsH3 trong khng kh tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc
AsH3 =
a.b.1,04
= mg/l
C.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng As trong ng phn tch (mg)
1,04: H s chuyn t As ra AsH3
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht, tnh iu kin tiu chun (lt).
Nng cho php AsH3 trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,0003mg/l.
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Thu ngn
I. Nguyn tc:
Hi thu ngn tc dng vi Iot trong dung dch KI theo phn ng
Hg +I2 = HgI2
HgI2 + 2KI = K2(HgI4)
Ta xc nh ion HgI4 bng cch cho tc dng vi mui ng to thnh cht phc
Cu2(HgI4) kt ta mu nht trn nn trng ca CuI.
K2(HgI4) + 10KI + 6CuSO4 = Cu2(HgI4) + 4CuI + 6K2SO4 +3I2
nhy ca phng php l: 0,1 microgam
Phng php c hiu.
II. Dng c thuc th:
1 Dng c
- my ht
- ng hp th
- bnh cu, bnh lng
- Pipet 0,1ml; 1ml; 5ml
2. Thuc th
- Dung dch hp th: ho tan 2,5g Iot thng hoa v 30g KI vi mt t nc ct v cui
cng cho 1lt.
- Dung dch Iot 0,1N
- Dung dch Na-sunfit Na2SO3.7H2O: 2,5N. Cn 32g Nasunfit ho tan trong 100ml
nc ct. Chun li bng dung dch Iot 0,1N.
- Dung dch Clorua ng CuCl2.2H2O dung dch 7% hoc ng sunfat CuSO4.5H2O:
dung dch 10%
- Dung dch hn hp: trong bnh lng 50ml, cho mt th tch ng II clorua v 5 th
tch Nasunfit dung dch 2,5-3N, lc u s to thnh kt ta. Dung dch ny ch pha khi dng.
- Dung dch tiu chun Hg: Cn chnh xc 0,0135g HgCl2 hoc 0,0266 HgCl2 cho vo
bnh cu c ngn 100ml, thm mt t dung dch hp th, lc cho tan v cui cng cho thm
va 100ml (bng dung dch hp th). Dung dch ny c 1ml tng ng 0,1mg Hg. Pha
lozng dung dch ra lm 100 ln c dung dch mi: 1ml tng ng vi 0,001mg Hg
(microgam).
1. Ly mu: Trong hai ng hp th Ricte mc ni tip, mi ng cho 2ml dung dch
hp th. Lp vo bnh ht v ht vi tc 40 l/gi. Th tch khng kh cn ly t 50-60 lt.
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Mi a im ly hai mu song song, ghi nhit v p sut khng kh. Ly mu
xong, dn dung dch trong hai ng hp th li. Khi ht khng kh qua dung dch hp th, Iot
trong dung dch s b cun theo lm cho dung dch mt mu. Do cn phi sn mt ng
hp th ngoi lm chng, khi no mu dung dch trong ng hp th ang ht b nht
th gi thm dung dch Iot 0,1N cho mu dung dch ngang vi mu dung dch trong ng
lm chng.
2.Phn tch:
Ly ng so mu c kch thc nh ng so mu ca thang mu, ht 1ml dung dch z
hp th Hg cho vo ng, thm 0,8 ml hn hp. 15 pht sau em so mu vi thang mu.
3. Thang mu:
S ng
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DD hp th
0,9
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
DD hn hp
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DD (ml)
DD. tiu chun
0,0011mg Hg
1ml
yn cho ta lng ri so snh hng ta

ng s 0 phi v mu (trng)
4. Cch tnh:
Nng thu ngn trong khng kh mg/l tnh theo cng thc:
a.b
1
x
= mg/l
c.V0
1000
Trong :
a: hm lng thu ngn c trong thang mu c mu tng ng vi ng phn tch
(mcg)
b: Th tch dung dch hp th z dng (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th z ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh 00C v 760mmHg (lt)
1
: h s i microgam ra miligam
1000
KHO TI LIU ATL
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Km
I. Nguyn tc:
Km trong khng kh di dng hi, kh dung hoc bi c hp th vo dung dch
axit sunfuric hoc giy lc c bit chuyn thnh km sunfat. Khi cho km sunfat tc dng vi
dithizon trong etanol tuyt i to thnh km dithizonat c mu hng . nh lng theo
phng php trc quang bc sng hp th ti a 530nm.
nhy ca phng php 0,2 mcg Zn
Phng php b ng gy tr ngi. Trong k thut y Natridietyl dithiocacbamat to
kt ta vi ng trong mi trng amoniac cho mu vng c tc dng pht hin ng c trong
mu.
II. Dng c:
- Cn phn tch
- My quang k
- ng nghim
- Chai nt mi
- Pipet cc loi
- Bnh nh mc
- ng hp th mng xp
- My ht ly mu
- u lc, giy lc ly mu dng bi.
III. Thuc th:
- Dung dch axit sunfuric 15%.
- Dung dch km tiu chun: Cn 0,088g ZnSO4.7H2O, ho tan vo dung dch H2SO4
3% trong bnh ng mc ti vch 100ml ta c 1ml = 0,2mg Zn (dung dch m).
- Ly 0,25ml dung dch m cho vo cc, nh thm 5ml dung dch NH4OH 10% cho
bay hi trn ni cch thu n kh. Sau cho tng phn nc ct vo ho tan v trng vo
bnh nh mc n vch 25ml.
1ml dung dch Zn tiu chun phn tch = 2mcg Zn
- Dung dch dithizon 0,04% trong cn tuyt i
- Dung dch NH4OH 25%, 20%, 10%
- Amon bisunfit:
+ Dung dch NH4OH 10%.
KHO TI LIU ATL
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+ iu ch SO2 v sc vo dung dch NH4OH 10% n bzo ho. xc nh xem
dung dch amoni bisunfit z bzo ho cha. Nh dung dch MgCl2 5% cho n khi no dung
dch Amon bisufit khng to nn kt ta Mg(OH)2 th c.
- Dung dch Kali sunfoxyanua 0,05N: Cn 0,48g KSCN ho tan trong 100ml nc ct
- Dung dch trilon B 5%
- Dung dch Natri dietyl dithiocacbamat 1%.
IV. K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu:
a. Hi km: Ht khng kh c hi km qua ng hp th mng xp c cha 20ml H2SO4
3% vi tc 1 l/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly 20 lt. Ly ra 5ml dung dch hp th em
dng.
b. Bi km: Khng kh c bi km c ht vo phin lc vi tc 10-15lt/pht. Th
tch khng kh cn ly 50 - 75lt.
Ly giy lc ra v em x l bng 1ml dung dch H2SO4 15% cho n tan hon ton,
sau pha lozng bng nc ct n th tch 20ml.
2. Phng php phn tch:
a. Pht hin ng trong mu: Ly 3ml dung dch hp th, cho vo 0,5ml dung dch
NH4OH 20%, 0,2ml dung dch trilon B v 0,1ml dung dch Natridietyl dithiocacbamat 1%.
Nu c ng s to kt ta mu vng. Nu dung dch vn trong chng t khng c ng.
b. Cch loi ng:
Ly 5ml dung dch hp th. Thm nc ct n 20ml, cho vo 0,5ml dung dch
NH4HSO3 bzo ho; un si, cho vo 0,3ml dung dch KSCN 0,05N un si sau lm lnh,
cho vo ng ly tm, thm nc 40ml. Quay ly tm trong 10 pht (hoc lc) ly dung dch
trong ra, c mu z loi ng.
c. Phn tch:
Ly ra 5ml dung dch hp th (hoc z loi ng nu mu c ln ng) cho bay hi
trn ni cch thu n cn. Sau thm vo 5ml dung dch NH4OH 10% un cn. Ly ra
ngui, ho tan bng 5ml nc ct 2 ln. Ly ra 1ml em phn tch ng thi vi thang mu.
S ng
DD. tiu chun 1ml =

2mg Zn
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,8
Nc ct
1,9
1,8
1,6
1,2
DD NaOH 0,01N
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
DD dithizon 0,04%
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
Hm lng Zn ( g)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,8
1,6
DD (ml)
KHO TI LIU ATL
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Lc v i ln mu sau 10 pht. o my quang k bc sng 530nm hoc so mu
vi thang mu
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng km trong khng kh:
a.b
1
.
c.V0 1000
Zn (g/l) =
Trong :
a: hm lng km ng vi thang mu ( g)
Vo: th tch dung dch ly mu, quy v iu kin tiu chun (lt)
Ghi ch: Nu tnh nng oxyt km (ZnO) th kt qu trn ta nhn vi h s 1,2.
KHO TI LIU ATL
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Anhydrit cromic
I. Nguyn tc:
Dung dch axit cromic, cromat hoc dicromat tc dng vi dung dch diphenyl cacbazit
trong cn s c mu hng. p dng phng php so mu vi thang mu nh lng
Anhydric cromic trong khng kh. Nu trong 10ml dung dch phn tch c 1mg st, c di
0,8mg Molipden th chng khng gy tr ngi cho phn ng:
nhy ca phng php l 0,0005mg trong 5ml dung dch phn tch.
II. Dng c:
- bnh ht my ly mu khng kh
- ng hp th xp (2 ci)
- ng so mu
- Pipet cc loi, bnh cu.
III. Thuc th:
- dung dch diphenyl cacbazit: Cn 1g diphenyl cacbazit cho vo bnh cu 250ml,
thm 20ml axit axetic tinh khit, ri thm cn 960 cho 250ml.
- Dung dch tiu chun Anhydrit cromic: Cn chnh xc 0,1471g Kali dicromat z sy
kh 1300C trong 2 gi, cho vo bnh cu 100ml. Thm nc ct va 100ml (1ml dung
dch ny tng ng vi 1mg anhydric cromic). Pha lozng dung dch ny ra lm 100 ln
c dung dch 1ml tng ng vi 0,010mg anhydrit cromic.
IV. K thut, phn tch:
1.
Ly mu
Hai ng hp th xp mc ni tip nhau v mc vi ng than hot trc khi lp vo my

ht. Mi ng hp th, cho vo 20ml nc ct. Bt my ht ly mu vi tc 20 l/gi. Th
tch khng kh cn ly l 50- 80lt. Ghi iu kin T0 khng kh hiu chnh th tch khng
kh z ly mu. Dn hai ng hp th lm mt sau khi kt thc ly mu, em mu v phng th
nghim phn tch
2.Phn tch:
Ly 5ml dung dch z hp th Anhydrit cromic cho vo ng so mu
KHO TI LIU ATL
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Pha thang mu theo bng sau:
S ng
0
DD. tiu chun CrO3
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
Nc ct
4,95
4,90
4,80
4,70
4,60
4,50
4,40
DD Diphenyl cacbazit
Hm lng Anhydric cromic

( g)
0,5
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
DD (ml)
Lc u, sau 20 pht sau, so mu vi ng phn tch

Tnh hm lng Anhydrit cromic theo cng thc:
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Anhydrit cromic trong khng kh.

a: hm lng Anhydrit cromcic tng ng vi thang mu (mg)
b: Tng dung dch phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht theo iu kin tiu chun (lt)
KHO TI LIU ATL
80
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Oxyt St
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php da trn phn ng to thnh phc cht st bng cch cho kt hp st vi
axit sunfoxalixylic trong mi trng amoniac. Phc cht st c xc nh bng phng php
o mu vi my hoc vi thang mu. Hp cht c mu vng cam.
Cc oxyt ca molipden, vanadi, crom khng gy tr ngi, cc cht gy tr ngi Cu, Ni
,CO.
nh hng ca Mn c loi tr trong qu trnh phn tch. nhy ca phng php:
1 microgam trong dung dch phn tch (Theo BKhovakaia) 0,1mg/m3 (Theo Peregud).
II.
Dng c:
- Ly mu khng kh dng giy lc c bit, patron, hoc bng thm nc, along
(bi), my ht khng kh.
- Ly mu bi ri: cc thy tinh tiu chun.
- Phn tch: bnh cu, Pipet, phu lc thy tinh xp (Phu buchner) ng so mu.
III. Thuc th:
- Axit sunfuric dung dch 10%
- Axit sunfo xalixylic dung dch 10% C7H6O6S.2H2O
- Amoniac NH4OH c
- Dung dch tiu chun st: cn 0,358g Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O ho tan va 100ml nc
ct, 1ml cha 0,1mg Fe2O3 . Pha lozng 100 ln dung dch c (dung dch 1ml cha
0,01mg Fe2O3).
IV.K thut:
1. Ly mu:
Ht khng kh qua giy lc patron, hoc kt hp giy lc c bng vi along. Tc
ht 10-15 l/pht. Th tch khng kh ht 200 lt.
- Bi trong khng kh: Nu l bi st, lm nh bi thng tc l dng along c bng.
- Bi ri: hng theo phng php thng thng, nhng tuyt i khng dng dng c
hng c th to ra g st.
2.Phn tch:
Sau khi z cn bit kt qu bi chung ri phn tch Fe2O3
- Bu ht: Ly bng h patron, chuyn giy lc ra cc thu tinh thm 10ml H2SO4 10%
un nng trn bp in, khuy cn thn sau p giy lc cho kit axit ri chuyn giy lc
sang phu thu tinh xp c my ht chn khng.
KHO TI LIU ATL
81
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Thm 10ml H2SO4 10% z un nng, cho ht chn khng. Thm vi ln na ly
kit st trong giy lc. Cc dung dch chit c dn vo ng ong v o th tch ton b.
- Bi ht: Ly bng h along thng: chuyn bng hoc bng c giy lc ra mt cc
s hoc chn bch kim. Nung hoc t chy ht cc cht hu c c tro trng ln Fe2O3.
Ho tan Fe2O3 bng H2SO4 10% un si 10 pht (si nh) gn dch trong sau khi yn, sang
mt ng ong. Trng chn bng H2SO4 nng mi ln 3- 4ml gn, trng li (tt c 3 ln) dn
dung dch trong (khng c cn) vo ng ong v o th tch ton b.
- Bi hng sau khi z tin hnh xc nh trng lng bi chung cn li trn giy lc z
bit trng lng.
Bi z sy kh trn giy lc, chuyn bi sang chn s hoc chn bch kim, chuyn
rt nh nhng cn thn khng ri ra ngoi giy lc z chuyn ht bi c t vo phu.
Gi vo phu 10ml H2SO4 10% z un nng tng t mt, ri chc thng giy lc cho bi cn
li cun theo axit chy xung chn di, trng thm vi ba ln, mi ln 2-3ml axit. p giy
cho kit axit. un nng dung dch trong chn cho n si nh 10 pht. Khuy nh, yn v
gn dung dch ra ng trong. Trng chn ba ln, mi ln 2-3ml H2SO4 10% un nng. o ton
b dung dch chit trong (Khng c cn)
Khi phn tch ly mu cc dung dch trn t 0,5ml- 4ml. Nu ly di 4ml th: Thm
H2SO410% 4ml. Thm 0,5ml dung dch axit sunfoxalixylic v 2ml NH4OH c. 5
pht sau so mu vi thang mu hoc o mu my, bc sng 420nm.
S ng
DD.
tiu chun
1ml = 0,01mg
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,5
2,0
DD H2SO4 10%
3,9
3,8
3,6
3,4
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,5
2,0
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
DD NH4OH c
Hm lng Fe2O3
(mg)
0,001
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
0,012
0,015
0,020
DD (ml)
DD axit
lixylic
sunfosa
V. Tnh kt qu
Cn xc nh
- Bi trng lng: mg/m3 (y)
- Bi hng: g/m2/24h (y)
-
KHO TI LIU ATL
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1. Hm lng Fe2O3 trong bi:
a.b
= X mg Fe2O3
C
a: Hm lng Fe2O3 trong mu phn tch (mg)

b: tng dung dch phn tch (ml)
c: Dung dch ly ra phn tch (ml)
2.
Nng bi Fe2O3 trong khng kh
XmgFe 2O3.1000
= mg/m3
V
3. T l Fe2O3 trong bi: (%)
xmgFe2O3.100
=%
ymgbui
Nu ly mu th (n gin) th:
xmgFe2O3.100
=%
mg bui da phan tich
Nng cho php ca oxyt st ln Flo v hp cht Mn trong khng kh l 4mg/m3
KHO TI LIU ATL
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Mangan
I. Nguyn tc:
Khi cho Mn tc dng vi amino perosunfat vi s c mt ca bc nitrat lm xc tc th
Mn s chuyn thnh axit manganic.
2MnSO4 + 5(NH4)2S2O8 + 8H2O = 2HMnO4 + 5(NH4)2SO4 + 7H2SO4
Kt qu ca phn ng trong dung dch xut hin mu tm, cng mu em so snh
vi thang mu.
Phng php ny b st gy tr ngi, nhng thm H3PO4 th trnh c nh hng.
nhy ca phng php : 0,8microgam/3 ml.
II. Dng c
- My ly mu khng kh
- Patron ly mu kh dng, ng knh 10mm hoc dng alonge z cho bng vo, o
sc cn khng cn cn (v khng c Patro).
- Bnh cu 250ml v 200ml
- Cc 25ml
- Pipet 1,5ml
- Ni cch thu, ni cch bt
- ng so mu
- Nhit k
- Giy lc, bt s = 30 v 50mm.
III. Thuc th:

1. Dung dch tiu chun: Trong mt bnh cu 250ml go vo 23,75ml dung dch
KMnO4 0,1N t buret. Thm 20ml dung dch H2SO4 1:9 (tc 10%). Trn buret khc cha dung
dch H2O2 0,3% gi vo bnh cu trn n khi mt mu KMnO4. Thm nc va 250ml lc
u 1ml dung dch ny (A) cha 0,1 mg Mn pha lozng dung dch ra 10 ln bng H2SO4 10%
c dung dch (B) 1ml cha 0,01 mg Mn. Dung dch n nh trong mt tun.
2. Axit sunfuric d = 1,82 pha lozng 1:9
3. Axit oxalic dung dch 8%
4. Hn hp axit sunfuric v axit oxalic (H2SO4 d = 1,82 cho vo axit oxalic 8% theo
t l 1:1 th tch, pha khi dng)
5. Amoni hoc Kali pesunfat (NH4)2S2O8 - K2S2O8 nu l amoni pesunfat th dng
loi kt tinh khng chy nc.
6.
Axit photphoric c (H3PO4)
KHO TI LIU ATL
84
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7.
Bc Nitrat dung dch 1% pha lozng ra 1% ln khi lm
8.
Kali pesunfat dung dch 0,1N (chnh xc)
IV. K thut: Ly mu dng Patron

1. Ly mu
Xc nh nng ti a mt ln ht 20 pht tc 2 l/pht
Xc nh nng trung bnh ngy, c 30 pht ly mt mu, trong 24h ly 12 mu, tc
0,5 l/pht, c th ly mu lin tc ngy m.
Dng alonge tc trung bnh 17 l/pht. Nu iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn khng
di chuyn v t thay i (ngi) th tc c th thp hn.
2. Phn tch
Ly giy lc ra khi patron, cho vo chn s hoc bt s, t cho giy chy ht trn
n hi. Bng trong patron cng ko ra thn trng, trong mt chn s hoc bt s (c th
dng chn bch kim) un thnh tro.
- Pha hn hp axit
- Cho 0,5ml hn hp vo bt s, trn u ri t trn ni cch ct, un nng t 2030pht(c qut) n khi si bt ca CO2 v CO, cho axit oxalic b ph hu v c khi trng
SO3 bc ra.
- Lm lnh bng cch rt vo chn 1ml nc ct.
- Lc dung dch vo mt ng ong, trng chn bng 2 ml nc ct trn u dung dch
ri o tng s dung dch.
- Ly dung dch ra so mu khi cho cc thuc th cn thit. Ly 1ml dung dch, thm
H2SO4 10% 3ml ri thm 0,3ml dung dch AgNO3 1%0 0,1ml dung dch H3PO4 lc u,
thm mt t kali pesunfat vo ng, cng cho mt lc vi thang mu.
3. Pha thang mu: ly 8 ng nghim so mu
S ng
DD. tiu chun 1ml

= 0,01mg
0,08
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DD H2SO4 10%
2,92
2,9
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
DD AgNO3 1%0
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
DD H3PO4
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,0008
0,001
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
DD (ml)
Hm lng Mn ( mg)
KHO TI LIU ATL
85
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Thm vo mi ng ca thang mu (c ng phn tch) mt t tinh th kali pesunfat
(dng u a thu tinh bt) lc u ng, t vo ni cch thu 700C trong 5 pht lm lnh
cc ng so mu. C th so mu bng my, bc sng 540nm.
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng mangan tnh ra mg/l hay mg/m3 theo cng thc :
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng Mn trong ng phn tch (mg)
b: Tng th tch dung dch z lc c (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ly mu (lt)
Nng ti a cho php ca kh dung hoc bi Mn trong khng kh 0,0003mg/l hay
0,3mg/m3. Khi chuyn t Mn ra MnO2 th nhn vi 1,58 (trong thc t thng l oxyt MnO2)
Nu tnh ra MnO2 th theo cng thc (mg/m3)
a.b.1,58.1000
= mg/m3
C.V
Nng cho php ca Mangan v cc hp cht ca n trong khng kh l 0,3mg/m3
KHO TI LIU ATL
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Antimon
I. Nguyn tc chung:
Vic xc nh v pht hin Antimon da trn c s phn ng c hiu v nhy ca hn
h SbCl-6 vi thuc th lc Malachit hayvi lc kim cng (diamo -green) (tetrametyl di- Paminotriphenyl cacbinol oxalat).Sn phm ny rt d chit ra bng Toluen, benzen hoc ete,
Izopropyl.
Lin kt ca phc cht halozen kim loi v thuc nhum to ra mu xanh da tri hoc
xanh. (Nhng cht ho tan c cha clo hoc oxy u khng dng c). Phng php quang
k c tin hnh vi =610nm. Gii hn xc nh l 0,1mg.
sbcl6-
h5c6
c6h5n(ch3)2
n(ch3)2
h5c6
sbcl6
c6h5n(ch3)2
n(ch3)2
II. Dng c, thuc th

1. Dng c:
- Bnh gn 100ml
- Cc s c np
KHO TI LIU ATL
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- Ni un cch ct, bp in
- ng nghim, pipet cc loi
- my so mu
2. Thuc th
- dung dch axit sunfuric 40%; 25%.
- Dung dch axit clohydric c 5N
- Dung dch NaNO2 5%
- Natri sunfat khan
- Toluen tinh khit phn tch
- Dung dch lc malachit 0,1% trong cn 960
- Dung dch mu antimon: Ho tan 100mg antimon kim loi mu. Cho vo 10ml axit
sunfuric c, trong 1 cc s. un cch ct cho ti khi dung dch mu trng, chuyn qua bnh
cu 100ml. Thm nc ct va 100ml ta c 1ml dung dch ny 1mg Sb. Ly dung dch
ny pha lozng bng axit sunfuric 40% c dung dch 1ml cha 10 g Sb.
III. Quy trnh phn tch:

1. Ly mu: ly ng hp th mng xp, cho vo 20ml dung dch axit sunfuric 40%.
Ht khng kh c cha hi antimon qua ng hp th vi tc 1 n 2 lt/pht. Th tch
khng kh cn ly l 40 lt. Khi phn tch ly ra 10ml dung dch hp th lm.
2. Phn tch:
a. ng mu: tin hnh chun b thang mu theo bng: Pha thang mu, ly 6 ng
nghim cng c.
S ng
DD. mu 1ml = 10 g
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
3,0
DD H2SO4 40%
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,0
DD HCl 5N (git)
DD NaOH 5% (git )
Lc malachit (git)
10
10
10
10
10
10
DD Na2SO4 khan (g)
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Toluen
Hm lng HCl ( mg)
10
15
20
30
DD (ml)
KHO TI LIU ATL
88
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Sau khi cho toluen vo lc 2 pht, lng 5 pht, em chit ra ng so mu ta c
thang mu:
b.X l mu: Mu Sb hp th xong, ly ra 10ml, un cch ct trong cc s y np
cho n khi va cn, thm axit sunfuric 40% va 4ml (sau khi z ngui cc s). Thm
vo 3ml dung dch HCl 5N v 2 git NaNO2 5%. Thm 10 git dung dch malachit, lc mnh
trong 2 pht. Cho 5ml toluen vo v lc u 2 pht chit. Chit lp toluen ra, lm sch bng
Na2SO4 (0,5g) v em soi my quang k bc sng = 610 nm, so vi thang mu c hm
lng Sb ca ng mu. Tnh hm lng Sb trong khng kh theo cng thc sau:
Sb (mg/l) =
a.b
1
.
c.V0 1000
Trong :
a: hm lng Sb tng ng vi ng mu ( g)
b: Dung dch hp th hi Sb (20ml)
c: Dung dch ly ra phn tch (10ml)
V0: Th tch khng kh z ly ht (lt)
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Nicotin
I. Nguyn tc:
Dung dch Nicotin trong cn tc dng vi Bromuaxyanozen, sau ln mu bng dung
dch Benzidin. Mu vng da cam ca phc cht c soi qua my bc sng 470nm.
Phng php c th pht hin mc vi g Nicotin.
II. Dng c, ho cht:

1. Dng c:
- My ly mu khng kh
- Dng c th nghim thy tinh thng thng
(Pipet cc loi, ng nghim)
- My so mu
- Cn etylic 700-900C
2. Ha cht:
- Dung dch bromoxianozen: cho 10ml nc Brom bo ho vo mt bnh nn 50ml.
Nh t t tng git dung dch kalixianua 20% vo bnh nn cho n khi mt mu ca Brom.
Dung dch pha khi dng.
- Dung dch Benzindin: Cn 0,5g Benzidin pha vo 10ml axit axetic 1% trong nc.
- Dung dch mu nicotin: Trong mt bnh nh mc 50ml nt mi cn vo 2 git
nicotin mu. Tnh lng nicotin trong dung dch ly pha c dung dch nicotin chun
nng 0,010mg/ml dung dch bng cn 700C ta c dung dch mu nicotin.
III. Ly mu:
Trong bnh hp th xp, cho vo 20ml cn etyl 700C. Ht khng kh ni cn kim tra
qua bnh hp th vi tc 0,5-1 l/pht. Ly t 30 lt n 100 lt khng kh. Rt dung dch z
hp th mu vo chai, em v phng th nghim phn tch.
IV. Phn tch:

Ly 5ml dung dch mu cho vo ng nghim ln mu. Thm vo 2 git axit axetic 1%,
thm 0,5 ml dung dch bromua xianozen mi pha, t trn ni cch thu 800C trong 2 pht,
thm 0,2ml thuc th Benzidin; sau thm 2 git axit axetic 1/2 ln mu vng cam. yn cho
ln mu sau 20 pht em so mu vi thang mu qua my so mu = 470nm.
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Thang mu c pha theo bng sau:
S ng
DD. Nicotin chun
0,5
1,5
2,5
DD cn etylic 700
4,5
3,5
2,5
DD axit axetic 1%
2 git
2 git
2 git
2 git
2 git
2 git
DD Bromoxyanozen
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
DD benzidin
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
DD axit axetic 1/2
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
10
15
20
25
DD (ml)
un cch thu 800 trong 2 pht
Hm lng Nicotin ( g)
Sau khi so mu ng th vi thang mu. Ghi kt qu tnh hm lng nicotin trong ng

th theo th ng mu chun tnh hm lng nicotin trong khng kh theo cng thc
sau:
Nicotin (mg/l) =
a.b
1
.
c.V0 1000
Trong :
a: hm lng nicotin tng ng vi thang mu
b: ml dung dch trong ng hp th z ly mu (20ml)
C: S ml dung dch ly ra phn tch (5ml)
V0: Th tch khng kh z ly qua ng hp th c tnh v iu kin chun (00C,
760mm Hg).
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Ho cht tr su
I. Cc ho cht tr su dng l dng tn ti trong khng kh:
Hin nay nc ta ho cht tr su (HCTS) c s dng ngy cng rng rzi song vic
kim sot HCTS cha c cht ch. V vy c rt nhiu loi HCTS t nhiu ngun khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, c th tp hp theo ba loi HCTS thng dng chnh l: loi clo hu c, loi
photpho hu c v loi cacbamat. Mt s loi khc na z c s dng nhng s liu khng
nhiu.
Trong nng nghip cc HCTS s dng thng tn ti trong khng kh dng hi, dng
kh s dng v dng bi, trong ch yu l dng hi v kh dung.
II. Phng php ly mu ho cht tr su trong khng kh:

Hin nay vic ly mu HCTS trong khng kh z c nhiu tin b do dng c v
phng php c ci tin. i vi vic phn tch HCTS trong khng kh th k thut ly mu
c vai tr c bit quan trng. Ngi ta s dng phin lc c bit hoc ng hp th ly
mu, cng c th kt hp c phin lc vi ng hp th ly mu khng kh c tt hn.
Trong iu kin nc ta c th tin hnh ly mu HCTS trong khng kh qua ng hp
th vo dung dch hp th.
Dung dch hp th thng dng l Etylenglycol, cng c th dng mt dung mi khc
thay th etylenglycol song vic ny cn phi cn nhc cho ph hp vi tng HCTS cng nh
quy trnh tin hnh phn tch c th.
Vi ng hp th, nn dng 2 ng hp th mng thu tinh xp mc ni tip cho mi ln
ly mu.
My ly mu bo m n nh c dng kh vo tc t 1 n 2 l/ pht. Thi gian
ly mu ty thuc vo HCTS c th cng nh dng tn ti v nng c on ca HCTS
nh ly trong khng kh, thng ngi ta ly t 25 n 50 lt khng kh hp th vo 20ml
dung dch hp th trong 2 ng hp th thu tinh xp. Ngoi ra vic ly mu phi tun theo k
thut ly mu khng kh nh i vi cc ho cht khc, mu phi c bo qun trong t lnh.
III. Nguyn tc phng php

Ho cht tr su c hp th vo dung dch hp th qua ng hp th thu tinh xp.
Sau em chit ra bng dung mi hu c, em lm sch ri nh lng bng my sc kh.
Cc HCTS loi clo hu c nn dng detector EDC, loi photpho hu c ln dng loi FPD,
loi cacbamat c th dng TCD pht hin v nh lng
IV. Dng c my mc:

1.Dng c ly mu:
- My ly mu khng kh c tc ht t 0,5- 4 lt/pht
- ng hp th mng xp c vch chia th tch, dung lng 50,1
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2. Dng c o: nhit , p sut khng kh, ng h o thi gian
- Bnh chit 125ml
- ng nghim loi 15ml c nt mi
- Ni un cch thu c r le khng ch nhit un
- Bnh cch thu y chm cu, loi dung tch 75ml, nt mi, c nt khp my vi
my ht chn khng c trc quay.
- My sc k kh
- Ct sc kh cc loi
V. Thuc th ho cht:
- Etyleglycol tinh khit dng cho sc kh
- Cc dung mi chit v s dng cho my sc k kh loi tinh khit dng cho phn
ng phn tch ho cht tr su bng phng php sc k kh.
- Nc ct ba ln
- Cc ho cht tr su lm cht chun phn tch trong sc k kh, c pha vi dung
mi theo hm lng ph hp tng loi.
VI. Tin hnh phn tch:

1. Chit : mu c chuyn vo bnh chit 125ml. Dng nc ct trng bnh ng
mu v pha lozng cho th tch pha phn cc trong phu chit va 60ml. Sau dng 12ml
n-hecxan trng bnh ng mu ri vo phu chit. Lc chit trong 2 pht, lng, tch
lp n-hecxan ring sau chit li lp nc 2 ln na vi lng n-hecxan tng t ln th
nht. Gp n-hecxan ca ba ln chit, lm khan nc trong n-hecxan bng 3g Na2SO4 khan sau
em bay hi, nc trong n-hecxan bng 3g Na2SO4 khan sau em bay hi, cch thy chn
khng 400C trong bnh y chm cu dung tch 75ml. Bay hi n-hecxan n cn khong
5ml. Sau tip tc bay hi phn n-hecxan cn li nhng dng dng nit trong bm nitr tinh
khit. Bay hi dung dch n-hecxan n cn khong 0,5ml (gn cn ht) trong ng nghim chia
vch th tch, thm n-hecxan vo cho 1ml, lc u ta c dung dch chit t mu c
th tim mu vo my sc k kh.
2. Tim mu vo sc k kh:
- Chn ct sc k c di ct, cht nhi ct, iu kin ho ct tu theo tng loi, ho
cht tr su t c hiu sut ct tch cao.
- Chn detector tu theo tng loi cht tr su thuc nhm cht no cho ph hp t
c nhy ln
- Chun b cc kh ph hp vi tng loi detector
- Tin hnh lp ct sc k kh vo my. Chy my n nh theo ch hng dn ca
tng ct v nhit u bm Injector, nhit ct, nhit detector.
- Bm dung mi (n-hecxan) lm mu.
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- Bm th ho cht tr su mu vo my kim tra nhy, n nh ca my.
- Khi my z hot ng n nh tin hnh bm dung mi, mu trng v mu th vo
my my pht hin qua mu cc pic. Nu pic c bin vt qu kh th gim lng mu
bm vo ngy.
3. Tnh ton:
Sau khi c cc s liu tch phn cc pic, tnh ton lng mu da theo cht chun:
Da trn cc d kin khi bm mu ta tnh lng ho cht tr su trong dch chit, ri
tnh hm lng ho cht tr su trong khng kh theo cng thc sau:
C=
C0
V
Trong :
C: hm lng thuc tr su trong khng kh ni ly mu
C0: hm lng thuc tr su c trong mu em phn tch (20ml dung dch hp th)
V: Th tch khng kh quy v iu kin tiu chun
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Phn II.
V sinh mi trng
Xc nh tng s coliform bng phng php mpn
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Coliform l nhng trc khun Gram m, hiu kh, k kh ty tin, khng nha bo, c
kh nng ln men lactose sinh ra axit, sinh hi 35-370C trong vng 48 gi. Chng c tm
thy trong phn ngi, ng vt v c trong mi trng nh t, nc, rau qu... chng c
coi l ch im v sinh quan trng, nht l i vi ngun nc z c x l. S c mt ca
Coliform chng minh rng bin php kh trng cha t hiu qu.
1. Vt liu
- Pipet khc vch 10ml - 1ml v khun
- Pipet pasteur v khun
- Que cy, n cn
- Nc mui sinh l 8,5% ng ng 9ml v khun
- Canh thang lactose lozng, ng ng 5ml, c ng sinh hi
Cng thc:
Pepton
5g
Cao tht
3g
Lactose
5g
Bromcresol purple
0,01g
Nc ct
1000ml
- Canh thang lactose c, ng ng 10ml, c ng sinh hi

Cng thc:
Pepton
10g
Cao tht
6g
Lactose
10g
Bromcresol purple
0,02g
Nc ct
1000ml
Sau khi ng ng sy hp 1220/15 pht sao cho pH = 6,9 0,2

- Canh thang BGBL (Brilliant Green Bile Lactose) ng ng 5ml, c ng sinh hi
Cng thc
Pepton
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Lactose
10g
Mui mt
1,5g
Brilliant Green
0,0133g
Nc ct
100ml
pH = 7,2
0,2
2. Tin hnh:
Chun b mu: Chn m mu nui cy tu theo ngun nc z x l hay khng,
sch hay b nhim bn
+ Trng hp nc z c x l, nc sch nn chn cy phng php 7 ng: sp xp
5 ng canh thang lactore c v 2 ng canh thang lactose lozng.
+ Trng hp nc cha x l, chn phng php cy nhiu ng xp 5 hng, mi
hng 3 hoc 5 ng, hng u l nhng ng canh thang lactose c v 4 hng sau l nhng ng
canh thang lactose lozng.
- Pha mu lozng:
+ Phng php 7 ng khng cn pha lozng mu
+ Phng php nhiu ng: pha lozng bng cch ht v khun 1ml mu nc nguyn
cho vo ng nc mui sinh l 8,5% cha 9ml c m mu pha lozng 10-1. Ht trn ln
xung 20-25 ln trn u mu nc mui. T m ny, li ht 1ml chuyn sang ng
nc mui th hai, c m pha lozng 10-2. C nh th pha lozng ti m cn thit. Mi
m thay pipet mi.
- Cy mu bc 1:
a.Phng php cy 7 ng:

- 5 ng canh thang lactose c, mi ng cy 10ml nc mu m nguyn cht.
- 1 ng canh thang lactose lozng, cy 1ml nc nguyn
- 1 ng canh thang lactose lozng cy 1ml nc m 10-1 hoc 0,1ml nc
nguyn .
b. Phng php cy nhiu ng:

Nu c iu kin nn cy mi hng 5 ng. Nu phi tit kim mi trng c th mi
hng 3 ng:
Hng th nht xp 3 ng canh thang lactose c, cy mi ng 10ml mu nc nguyn
cht.
Hng th hai xp 3 ng canh thang lactose lozng, cy mi ng 1ml mu nc nguyn
cht.
Hng th ba xp 3 ng canh thang lactose lozng, cy mi ng 1ml mu nc m
10
-1
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Hng th 4,5... c th cy n m cn thit
- Nui cy: m 370C/48 gi
3, ly ra c kt qu bc 1
c kt qu bc 1:
Nhng ng ln men lactose sinh axit, chuyn mu mi trng tm sang vng v sinh
hi trong ng sinh hi c coi l dng tnh (+). Ghi tt c nhng ng (+) theo cc m
cy.
V
d
phng
5 ng canh thang lactose c, cy 10ml (+)
- 1 ng canh thng lactose lozng (+)
ghi 1
- 1 ng canh thng lactose lozng (+)
ghi 1
php
ghi 5
ng
Kt qu s l 3 s: 5 1 1. Trng hn tt c cc ng (+) nh vy, cn tip tc pha lozng

v cy theo phng php nhiu ng, bt u bng nhc li m (+) lozng nht va cho,
y l 10-1 v t nht phi cy 2 m tip theo na l 10-2,10-3
V d phng php nhiu ng:
- 3 ng canh thang lactose c, cy 10ml, (+) c
ghi 3
- 3 ng canh thang lactose lozng, cy 1ml nc nguyn, (+) c 3
ghi 3
- 3 ng canh thang latose lozng, cy 1ml nc 10-1 (+) c 3
ghi 3
- 3 ng canh thang latose lozng, cy 1ml nc 10-2 ch (+) 2
ghi 2
- 3 ng canh thang latose lozng, cy 1ml nc 10-3, (-) c 3
ghi 0
Kt qu 5 s l: 3 3 3 2 0
Ch : Trng hp tt c cc ng cy u (+) cn pha lozng tip cy thm t nht 2

m na, nh z nu phn phng php 7 ng.
- Chn ng (+ ) cy chuyn tip: chn m pha lozng cao nht m tt c cc ng
cy, u cho kt qu (+), t ly 2 m pha lozng cao hn tip theo c kt qu 3 s.
V d trng hp trn 3 3 3 2 0 chn 3 2 0 . Tt c cc ng (+) 3 s ny u c
cy chuyn sang bc 2. Nu khng nm vng l lch mu nc, ln chn thm mt m c
hn cho tt c cc ng (+) cy chuyn sang bc 2.
- Cy chuyn: Dng que cy hoc pipet pasteur cy tng ng (+) sang cc ng canh
thang BGBL. Mi ng cn thay pitpet hoc kh trng k que cy.
V d trng hp trn: 3 2 0 chuyn 3 ng canh thang lactose cy 1ml mu nc m
10 v 2 cng 1 ml m 10-2 (+) sang 5 ng canh thang BGBL z ghi nhzn: a im,
thi gian, th tch mu. Nu cn c th cy ca 3 ng canh thang lactose (+) z cy 1 ml nc
m nguyn sang 3 ng canh thang BGBL. Tng cng s l 8 ng.
-1
t m 370C/48 gi
3, ly ra c kt qu.
3. Tnh ton v bo co kt qu
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Cc chn ng (+) v ghi kt qu tng t nh z nu trn. V d trng hp trn vi 8
ng trong :
- 3 ng cy chuyn t canh thang laxtose c cy 1ml mu nguyn u (+), ghi: 3
- 3 ng cy chuyn t canh thang lactose cy 1ml mu m 10-1 u (+) ghi: 3
- 2 ng cy chuyn t canh thang lactose cy 1ml mu m 10-2 ch (+) 1 ng: 1
Kt qu c 3 3 1 y s l 3 3 3 1 0, chn 3 s: 3 1 0. Thng c 3 bng s kim
tra s MPN cho:
1
Phng php cy 7 ng
Phng php cy nhiu ng, mi hng 3 ng- cn gi l phng php 9 ng
Phng php cy nhiu ng, mi hng 5 ng.
Trng hp c th trn tra bng phng php cy 9 ng s c s 43. Nhng do c

kt qu s u tin m 10-1 m bng s dng cho m u 10ml nguyn. Tc l z
pha lozng 100 ln, nn kt qu s l: tng s Coliform = 4300/100ml.
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Xc nh tng s FECal coliform bng phng php MPN

Fecal coliform l nhng coliform chu nhit, pht trin c nhit 44,50C 0,2.
Chng ch c th phn ngi v ng vt c mu nng. Bi vy, fecal coliform c coi l
ch im v sinh quan trng, nht l vi ngun nc khng c x l. S c mt ca vi khun
ny ngoi cnh chng t z c s nhim do phn ngi v ng vt mu nng.
1. Vt liu
- Bao gm tt c nhng vt liu cn thit xc nh coliform tng s
- Canh thang BGBL c th thay th bng mi trng tng t c mui mn v lactose.
V d mi trng m cc tc gi M thng dng: mi trng EC:
Cng thc:
Trypton
20g
Lactose
5g
Bilesalt mixture
1,5g
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
4g
Potassium dehydrogen phosphate
1,5g
Sodium chloride
5g
Nc ct
1g
pH = 6,9
0,2
Kh trng, ng ng... nh canh thang BGBL

Tu theo iu kin cho php, c th la chn mi trng thch hp
- Thm thch a Endo hoc mi trng tng t thay th
Cng thc:
Trypton
5g
Cao tht
3g
Lactose
10g
Fuchsin kim bzo ho trong cn
5ml
Dung dch Natri sulfite 10%
2,5g
Agar
15g
pH = 7,0 0,2
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Kh trng, sy hp 1220C trong 10 pht.
2. Tin hnh:
- Cc giai on chun b mu, pha lozng mu nui cy v c kt qu.. tng t nh
phng php xt nghim coliform tng s. Ch c hai im khc:
- Mi trng dng cy chuyn bc 2 ngoi canh thanh BGBL Coliform tng s
cn dng c thch a Endo: mi ng canh thang Lactose c, lozng (+) c chn la cy
chuyn sang canh thang BGBL th ng thi cy sang thch a Endo. tit kim mi ng
khng cn cy chuyn sang mt a Endo m c th chia a Endo thnh 3- 4 phn, cy c
3- 4 ng.
V d: c s cn cy chuyn: 332
1 - 1 m lN
Mu 1-1 ml N
1 - N /1 0 0
1 - 1 m N /1 0
Mu 1 10-1
Mu 1 10-2
- Tt c cc ng canh thanh BGBL v cc a thch Endo z c cy chuyn u em

t m 42.50C 0,5 trong 24 gi (ch khng phi 35-370C/48 gi nh z xt nghim
tng s coliform).
3. Tnh kt qu:
c kt qu v tnh ton s fecal coliform theo MPN ging nh vi coliform tng s.
Nhng kt qu fecal coliform (+) da vo c s canh thang (BGBL (+)) v s a Endo (+)
ngha l mi trng Endo chuyn sang tm hng, c nh kim.
Tra bng MPN tng ng v tnh: s fecal coliform/100 ml mu
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Bng 1: Ch s MPN cho phng php cy 7 ng:

5 ng 10ml, 1 ng 1ml v 1 ng 0,1ml
S ng (+)
MPN/100 ml
Gii hn tin cy
000
0-5,9
100
0,05-13
110
0,5-14
200
0,5-19
210
1,5-19
300
1,6-29
310
12
3,1-30
400
15
3,3-46
410
21
6,0-53
500
38
6,4-330
501
96
12,0-370
510
200
100,0 -3800
511
>240
Bng 2: Ch s MPN cho phng php cy

3 ng 10ml, 3 ng 0,1ml v 3 ng 0,1ml
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S ng (+)
MPN/100 ml
Gii hn tin cy
000
0,5-9
010
0,5-13
100
0,5-20
110
1-23
120
11
3-36
200
1-36
210
15
3-44
220
21
4-47
300
23
4-120
310
43
7-210
320
93
15-380
321
150
30-440
322
210
35-470
330
240
36-1.300
331
460
71-2.400
332
1.100
150-4.800
333
>2400
Bng 3: Ch s MPN cho phng php cy

5 ng 10ml, 5 ng 1ml v 5 ng 0,1ml
S ng (+)
MPN/100 ml
Gii hn tin cy
000
0,5-7
010
0,5-7
100
0,5-11
110
0,5-13
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200
1-17
210
2-21
220
1-19
300
2-25
310
11
4-34
320
14
5-46
330
17
3-31
400
13
5-46
410
17
7-67
420
22
9-80
430
27
12-96
440
34
7-70
500
23
11-93
510
33
17-126
520
49
25-187
530
79
35-302
540
130
68-754
550
240
551
348
118-1005
552
542
180-1405
553
918
303-3222
554
1609
635-5805
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Xc nh tng s coliform bng

k thut mng lc
K thut mng lc c th coi l k thut hng u trong cc k thut vi sinh - v sinh

mi trng, m bo nhanh nhy v chnh xc. K thut ny rt c li trong vic kim tra
gim st khn cp ngun cp nc, cng nh cc ngun nc t nhin sch nh nc ngm
su bi c th th nghim vi mt th tch mu tng i ln.
Mt hn ch ca k thut ny l kh tin hnh phn tch ngun nc c c ln
hoc cha nhiu tp khu. Thm na, nhng trang thit b chuyn dng cho k thut ny
khng phi lc no cng sn c.
K thut ny cn phi tin hnh song song vi k thut MPN xc nh kh nng p
dng v so snh kt qu.
Trong vic p dng k tht mng lc xc nh tng s coliform, ngoi vic a
vo nhng c tnh sinh vt ho hc z nu trong phn k thut MPN ra, ch yu y da
vo c tnh coliform c th pht trin trn mi trng thch Endo ln men Lactose to thnh
aldehit, hnh thnh khun lc hng c nh kim trong vng 24 gi nhit 35-370C v
phn ng Cytochrome oxydase (-), phn ng Galactosidase (+)
1.Vt liu:
Bao gm tt c dng c ho cht mi trng z nu trong k thut MPN xc nh
coliform v fecal coliform k c thch Endo. Ngai ra cn c:
- Thit b lc: C rt nhiu loi c loi ch dng c mt ln, c loi bng nha c
th kh trng bng nhit m, luc si.... dng li v cn bm nn (syringe), c loi bng
kim loi km theo qu bp cao su hoc my ht chn khng.
Nguyn tc cu to chung gm:
- Gi t gia mng lc v trng
- Phu lc v trng v thit b ht hoc thit b nn
Cc vt t trang thit b khc cn c:
- Mng lc: Mi mu cn 2 n 4 mng lc v trng
- My m khun lc
- T m, tt nht l t m nc, m bo m tng i t 90%
2.Tin hnh:
- Chun b mu: Kim tra l lch mu d kin th tch nc mu em lc. Nc
sch z x l kh trng c th lc 100ml hoc hn. Nu lc t hn 200ml nn chun b nc
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pha lozng v trng thm t u mng lc trc khi lc nc mu khi lc c th dn u
khp mng lc, to c khun lc pht trin ring r. Tm li, chn th tch mu lc sao
cho c c nhng khun lc lc ring r, tt nht l c khong 20-80 khun lc coliform trn
mt mng lc v tng s cc loi tp khun khng vt qu 200 khun lc trn mi mng lc.
- Lc mu: Lp t v trng mng lc ln trn a m ca gi bng kp v trng,
mt k ca mng lc quay ln trn (khng k th t mt nhn ln) sau khi z tho phu
lc ra. Phu lc z v trng c lp kht li trn mt mng lc, vn cht trnh nc r trn
ra da y phu, m khng lc qua mng lc. Rt nc mu vo phu theo th tch z chn.
Ht bng my ht chn khng hoc qu bp cao su cho cn ht nc. C tc gi dng nc
pha lozng v trng ra trng phu lc trnh b st vi khun bm dnh thnh phu. Nh
vy cn mt mng lc kim tra v trng nc pha lozng nh kh lc v cy mu.
- Cy mu: Tho bnh chn khng, tho phu lc v nhanh chng dng kp ly mng
lc z lc, t trn a mi trng thch Endo mt cch v trng.
- nui cy:
+ Tt nht nu c t m nc, cc a mi trng nui cy z c mng lc vo ti
nilon buc kn v ngm ngp trong nc, nhit 35 - 370C trong 22-24 gi.
+ T m khng kh 35 - 370C, cn theo di m tng i sao cho t 90%. C th
p ngc cc a mi trng nui cy trong t ( trnh bay hi lm kh mi trng), cng
35-370C trong 22-24 gi.
- V trng li b phn gi v phu lc sau mi mu bng luc si, xng hi, cn
t nhit. Tu iu kin, c tc gi em phi chng trong 2 pht di bc x cc tm, thy t
hiu qu dit trng 99,9%. Ni chung cn kim tra hiu qu cc bin php kh trng .
- C th trc khi cy trn thch Endo, t mng lc trn a hp lng c m ht cha
mi trng canh thang Lauryl tryptose trong 1,5-2 gi khuyn khch s phc hi coliform
ti nhit 35-370C, m tng i 90%. Giai on ny gi l giai on tng sinh.
- m s khun lc coliform: m tt c nhng khun lc hng c nh kim. nh
kim c th in hnh, ph ton b khun lc, hoc ch trn nh khun lc, hoc ch ra
khun lc. Dng my m (nu c) hoc m bng mt thng.
Lu sau 24 gi, nh kim s nht mu dn ri c th mt hn
- Xc nh coliform: Bi nhng trng hp sinh nh kim khng in hnh ca cc
khun lc coliform v ngc li vi khun noncoliform cng ngu nhin sinh nh kim nn cn
phi lm phn ng xc nh coliform. n gin nht l cy chuyn cc khun lc nh kim
sang canh thang BGBL kim tra kh nng ln men lactose gy chuyn axit mi trng v
sinh hi hoc kim tra c tnh Galactosidase (+) v Cytocrome Oxydase (-) ca coliform.
3.Tnh ton v bo kt qu
Tng s coliform/100ml:
= S khun lc coliform nh kim m c
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s ml nc mu lc
% coliform c xc nhn:
= S khun lc coliform c xc nhn
x 100
S khun lc nh kim kim tra

% coliform c kim tra:
= S khun lc coliform c kim tra x 100
Tng s khun lc nh kim
Trong :
- S khun lc coliform m c chnh l s khun lc c nh kim
- S khun lc coliform c xc nhn l s khun lc nh kim cy chuyn trn canh
thang BGBL cho lactose (+), Gas (+) hoc c phn ng Cytocrome Oxydase (-),
Galactosidese (+)
- S khun lc coliform c kim tra l s khun lc nh kim chn cy chuyn:
Nu mng lc c di 20 khun lc, nn chn t nht 5 khun lc cy chuyn. Tt
nht l cy chuyn tt c.
Nu mng lc c t 20-80 khun lc nh kim nh mong i l l tng nht m,
nn chn t nht 10% tng s khun lc ny cy chuyn. Nu mng lc trn 80 khun lc
nh kim trong 200 tng s cc loi khun lc hoc mc lan, mc thnh m khng th m
c, cn cy li v chn th tch mu thch hp.
V d c th:
Mu 1: Cy trn 3 mng lc: mng lc 1, lc 100ml m c 10 khun lc nh kim;
mng lc 2, lc 50ml m c 4 khun lc nh kim; mng lc 3 lc 10ml, m c khun
lc nh kim
Kt qu:
(10 + 4 + 0)
x 100 = Tng s coliform/100ml
(100 + 50 + 10)
Mu 2: Cng cy trn 3 mng lc: mng lc 1 lc 60ml, m c 30 khun lc nh

kim; mng lc 2 lc 30ml m c 9 khun lc nh kim; mng lc 3 lc 10ml m c 9
khun lc nh kim.
Kt qu:
30
x 100 = Tng s coliform/100ml
60
y ch chn mt mng lc c kt qu m ri vo khong 20- 80 khun lc nh d

tnh vi th tch lc hp l. iu ny cho thy, mc d y l k thut hng u, s m l s
biu th trc tip khun lc c trn mng lc, song khng phi l s tuyt i.
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Phng php pht hin nhanh tng s coliform v fecal
coliform
Trong thc t nhiu trng hp cn xc nh nhanh chng cht lng vi khun hc ca

ngun nc (c s c trong h thng, x l nc, trong h thng phn phi...) v vy khng
th thiu phng php pht hin nhanh. Yu cu phng php pht hin nhanh, phi c tin
cy, nhy, tng ng vi nhng phng php, nhng k thut tiu chun c s dng
thng ngy. Thc t, y chnh l nhng k thut thng thng c ci tin, i hi nhng
thit b, vt liu c bit. K thut pht hin v nh lng coliform v fecalcoliform trong 7
gi bng b KIT xch tay, c th s dng ngay ti thc a ang c ng dng rng rzi. V
c bn, k thut ny ging nh cc thao tc k thut mng lc.
1. Vt liu
B KIT kim tra mu nc vi nhng trang b km theo. y xin gii thiu
Oxfram- Delagua ca Anh m UNICEF z trang b cho mt s c s xt nghim v nc
Vit Nam.
2.Tin hnh:
- Pha mi trng: Mi trng cnh tranh Lauryl sulfate dng cho mng lc ca b
KIT ny l mi trng kh c cung cp km theo b KIT: cn 76,2g mi trng kh ny
cho vo 1 lt nc ct. Ho tan k v sy hp 1210C/10 pht.
- Bo qun mi trng z pha ch ni mt v ti, mi trng c th gi c hng
thng.
- Phn phi v trng vo mi hp lng nhm mt ming m thm ht mi trng.
Rt mi trng cho va ngp ming m, khong 2 - 2,5ml.
- Kh trng b lc: cho khong 1ml Methanol vo cc nhm, t v chy vi giy,
ri p ngc phu lc, y kht vo ming cc kh trng phu lc bng hi Formaldehye
sinh ra trong qu trnh chy thiu xy. Sau mi mu lc u phi kh trng li phu lc.
- Lc mu: Ty theo ngun nc z x l hay cha, sch hay bn m chn th tch lc
cn thit: 100ml nu l nc z kh trng, nc bn ch cn lc 10-20ml. Cn tnh ton th
tch lc sao cho c khong di 200 khun lc cc loi v <80 khun lc Coliform (nh k
thut mng lc z nu) trn mt mng lc.
+ Lp mng lc, vo gi ca phn lc z v trng mt c k ca mng lc quay
ln trn.
+ Lp kn cc b phn ca phu lc.
+ Rt mu nc vo phu theo th tch mu z chn.
+ Dng qu bp cao su, bp ht khng kh trong phu lc ht nc chy xung qua
mng lc, n khi cn nc th thi.
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- Cy mu: Ly mng lc ra, t trn ming m z ngm mi trng mt c k
ca mng lc quay ln trn.
- m nhit 420C 0,5 xc nh fecal Coliform trong 14-18 gi, ly ra c
kt qu. Nu cn, sau 7 gi c khun lc mc r trn mng lc v c th c kt qu s b
c.
- m nhit 35 - 370C xc nh Coliform tng s.
Ch : Mu u tin v mu cui cng sau khi cy xong khng c lch nhau qu 5
gi.
3. Kt qu
m tt c nhng khun lc mu vng c ng knh 1-3mm v tnh ton s khun lc
trn 100ml mu nc.
Nu s khun lc trn 200, kh m chnh xc c, cn cy li mu, th tch mu lc
cn t hn
Kt qu:
- Tng s Fecal Coliform/100 ml mu
(Nu 420C+0,5)
- Tng s Coliform/100 ml mu (nu 35-370C)
Cn ch : Ging nh cc k thut mng lc khc, mi mu t nht cn c ly trn
hai mng lc.
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Hm lng st
1.Gii thiu chung:

Hm lng st trong nc nhiu hay t ty thuc vo cu to a cht ca tng vng.
Khi hm lng st trong nc ln hn 1ml/lt s gy nh hng n mi v v mu sc ca
nc. Khi nc x l tt th hm lng st trong nc ch cn mc di 0,3mg/lt. Trong
nc ngho Oxy hoc nc c pH thp th st tn ti ch yu dng ion Fe2+ v Fe3+ khng
ng k. Khi tip xc vi khng kh hay cht xy ho Fe2+ b chuyn thnh Fe3+ ri thnh
Fe2O3
2.Ly mu v bo qun
Mu ly vo dng c sch, trc khi ly mu trng bng nc mu. Nu cha lm
ngay hoc kim nghim ring st II, st III th phi c nh mu bng 2ml axit HCl m c
bo qun.
3. Cc phng php :
A. Phng php so mu vi thuc th O. phenantrolin
3.1. Nguyn tc: pH 2 -3,5 st dng kh Fe+2+ tc dng vi O.phenantrolin hay cn
gi l 1,10-phenantrolin to thnh phc mu cam tun theo nh lut Lambe-Beer. mu
cu phc t l thun vi nng st phn ng. Mu ca phc bn trong 6 thng.
3.2 nh hng
- Cc kim loi nh Cu, Ni, Hg c nh hng nhng thng nhng nguyn t ny lng
khng ng k trong nc thin nhin.
Loi cc cht oxy ho bng cch thm mt lng d cht kh hydroxylamin.
- Cc cht l lng sau khi axit ho mu: lc loi b
- Cc cht mu: Nn ho tro mt th tch mu ri ho tan li axit HCl, sau tin
hnh ln mu.
3.3 .Dng c
- Spectrophotometer hay Colorimeter
- Knh lc bc sng
=510nm
- Cuvet 1cm hay ln hn
3.4 Ho cht
- Axit HCl m c, khng c st
- Dung dch Hydroxylamin 10%
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- Dung dch m axetat/axetic: Ho tan 250g amoni axetat trong 150ml nc. Thm
750ml axit axetic m c, thm nc va 1 lt.
- Dung dch Natri axetat: ho tan 200g Natri axetat trong nc ct, thm nc va
1 lt.
- Dung dch 1,10 - phenantrolin 0,1%: cn 100mg O.phenantrolin ho tan trong nc
ct, khuy, un nng 800C hoc thm hai git HCl m c s tan nhanh hn. Thm nc
va 100ml (1ml dung dch thuc th ny tc dng vi 100 g Fe+2)
- Dung dch st m: Cn chnh xc 1,4040g Fe(NH4)2 (SO4)2.6H2O, ho tan trong 50ml
nc, thm 20ml H2SO4 m c. Thm nc va 1 lt, 1ml dung dch = 200 g Fe.
- Dung dch st lm vic 1ml = 10 Fe: Dung dch trn pha lozng 20 ln, tc l ly
chnh xc 50ml dung dch st m pha thnh 1 lt.
3.5 .Tin hnh:

3.5.1
Xc nh st ton phn: Trong bnh nn 250ml lc mu tht mnh, ly
chnh xc 100ml mu, nu lng st ln hn 500 g th ly mt th tch t i, thm nc va
100ml
- Thm 2ml axit HCl m c, 1ml dung dch hydroxylamin 10% kh ht Fe3+
thnh Fe2+ . Lm lnh thm nc va 100ml.
- Thm 10ml dung dch m axetat v 10ml O.phenantrolin lc mnh, 10-15 pht
cho mu n nh ri o mt quang.
- Xy dng ng chun: bnh nh mc 100ml cho vo ln lt: Oml - 0,5ml - 1ml 5ml -20ml v 50 ml dung dch chun st 1ml = 10 gFe. Nng tng ng l: 0 - 0,05 - 0,1
- 0,5 - 2 v 5 mg/l Fe. o mt quang so vi mu trng. Lp th biu din s ph thuc
ca mt quang v nng . th l mt ng thng.
3.5.2
Xc nh st II:
Cn c nh mu bng 2ml dung dch axit HCl m c. Phi phn tch mu ngay.
- Ly chnh xc 100ml mu, thm 20ml dung dch O.phenantrolin 10ml dung dch
m axetat. Lc mnh, 5-10 pht cho mu n nh ri o mu nh lm xc nh st ton
phn
Ch : Nu lng st qua nhiu th ly chnh xc mt th tch mu t i.
3.6 Tnh kt qu:

Hm lng st tnh trong 1 lt:
=
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V
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Trong :
C: lng tnh theo ng chun (mg)
V: Th tch mu ly phn tch (ml)
B. Phng php chun vi Trilon B:

Nguyn tc: Trong mi trng axit, ion st III kt hp vi axit sunfo salisilic cho mt
phc cht mu tm. Khi dung dch c Trilon B, n s kt hp vi Fe3+ ca phc Sunfosalisilat
st lm mt mu. im kt thc l lc dung dch chuyn t mu tm thnh mt mu hoc mu
vng tu thuc vo hm lng Fe3+. Phng php p dng cho mu c hm lng st cao.
nh hng: mu c lng ln Cu, Al v dung dch c mu. Loi b bng cch xy
ho.
Dng c
- Pipet, buret
- Bnh nn 250ml
Ho cht:
- Axit HCl m c
- Dung dch Kali pesunphat hay amoni pesunphat bzo ho
- Dung dch axit sunfo salisilic 10%: Cn 10g axit sunfo salisilic, ho tan trong 35ml
dung dch NaOH 2N, thm nc va 100ml.
- Dung dch Trilon B 0,02N
Tin hnh:
- Trong bnh nn dung tch 250ml ly chnh xc 50ml mu, axit ho bng 1ml dung
dch axit HCl m c (sao cho pH khong 2-3). Oxy ho bng 5ml dung dch pesunphat bzo
ho. Thm 2ml dung dch axit sunfo salisilic dung dch c mu tm, un nng n khong
500C.
- Chun bng dung dch Trilon B n khng mu hay hi vng. Ghi s ml dung
dch chun ht.
Tnh kt qu:
- Lng st (mg/l)=
V .0,789.1000
50
- Trong :
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1ml trilon B 0,02 tng ng 0,789mg Fe2O3
V: s ml dung dch trilon B 0,02N dng ht
4.
Nhn nh kt qu
- Tiu chun cho php ca Fe l nh hn 0,3mg/l

- Hm lng Fe t 0,3 -1mg/l: c th chp nhn c
- Hm lng Fe ln hn 1mg/l: phi x l.
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Xc nh cng bng chun Edta
1.Gii thiu chung:

cng ca nc gy ra s c mt ca ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ l ch yu, ngoi ra cn do
cc ion a ho tr khc. cng c 2 loi, cng cacbonat v cng khng c cacbonat, v lin
quan cht ch ti kim ca nc. Tng t kim, cng ca nc c biu th bng
lng CaCO3 tng ng hoc bng c.
2.Phng php
2.1. Nguyn tc:
Ti pH = 10 0,2; ion Ca2+, Mg2+ to phc vi ch th mu Eriocrom enT c mu
ru vang (anh o).
- EDTA to phc bn hn vi Ca2+ v Mg2+ nn chim Ca2+, Mg2+ ca phc trn.
- Khi phn ng kt thc, mu dung dch chuyn t mu ru sang mu xanh l.
2.2 nh hng:
- Ion st, Mangan khi hm lng ln loi b bng thm 5ml Trietanolamin trc khi
chun .
- C th khi thm dung dch m vo, pH ca dung dch tng gy kt ta, khc phc
bng 1 trong cc cch sau:
+Pha lozng dung dch mu
+ Xc nh s b cng trc, sau thm khong 90% dung dch chun ri mi
thm dung dch m tin hnh chun tip.
+ Axit ho mu ui CO2 trc khi chnh pH bng dung dch m. Lng axit thm
vo tnh theo kim ca mu.
2.3 .Dng c:
- Buret, pipet
- Bnh nn 125 ml
- Bnh nh mc 50ml
2.4 . Ho cht:
- Dung dch chun Trilon B 0,1N: Cn chnh xc 18,6g Trilon B pha lozng trong nc
ct va 1000ml. Chun li bng dung dch Canxi chun 0,1N.
- Dung dch chun Trilon B 0,02N: Ly chnh xc 200ml dung dch trn pha lozng
thnh 1000ml nc ct. Trc khi lm cn chun li dung dch canxi chun.
- Dung dch Canxi chun 1ml =1mg CaCO3:
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Cn 1g bt CaCO3 hon tan trong dung dch HCl 1:1 n tan ht. Thm 200ml nc
ct v un si trong vi pht ui ht CO2. Lm lnh iu chnh pH n trung tnh bng
dung dch NH4OH 3N hay dung dch HCl 1:1 vi ch th mety da cam. Thm nc ct va
1 lt, 1ml dung dch ny tng ng 1ml dung dch Trilon B 0,02N.
- Dung dch m pH =10: ha tan NH4Cl trong 143 ml dung dch NH4OH m c,
thm 1,25g mui Mg ca EDTA. Thm nc va 250ml. Nu khng c sn mui Mg ca
EDTA iu ch bng cch ho tan 1,17g TrilonB v 780 mg MgSO4 trong 50ml nc ct.
Chuyn dung dch ny vo dung dch c 16,9g NH4Cl v 143 ml NH4OH m c.
Thm nc va 250ml. Dung dch ny lm phn bit mu ti im kt thc r hn.
- Dung dch ch th mu Eriocrom en T: Ho tan 0,5g ch th trong 100g
trietanolamin. (Nu khng c trietanolamin c th thay th bng cch pha nh sau: 0,3g
eriocrom en T, m amoniac 5ml, cn 900 va 100ml).
2.5 Tin hnh:

- Ly 50ml mu nc (nu c cng cao th dong lng mu t hn ri pha lozng
thnh 50ml)
- Thm 2ml dung dch m: 3-4 git dung dch ch th
- Ti im kt thc mu chuyn hn t o ru sang xanh l
2.6 .Tnh kt qu
- Theo CaCO3: V x 1000 mg/l
(1ml dung dch EDTA 0,02N =1mg CaCO3)
- Theo c = V x 1.1235
Trong :
V: Th tch dung dch chun Trilon B 0,02N phn ng
2.7 . Nhn nh kt qu
- Mu nc c cng tnh theo CaCO3 > 150mg/l tng ng 8.40 c l nc cng
- Hm lng CaCO3 > 300mg/l tong ng 16.80 c l nc rt cng
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oxy ho
1.
Gii thiu chung
Cc cht b oxy ho trong nc gm 3 nhm: Nhm cacbon hu c t thc vt, ng

vt, c th vi sinh.. ,nhm thuc chu trnh nit v nhm cc cht v c nh sunphua, ion st II.
Nng cc cht ny tng ng vi lng oxy tiu th do cc cht oxy ho mnh gii
phng ra dng oxy ho chng.
2.
Phng php :
2.1. Nguyn tc:

- Trong mi trng axit, cc cht hu c b oxy ho bi KMnO4. Lng oxy tiu th
tng ng vi lng KMnO4 phn ng v c xc nh bng phng php chun ngc,
dng axit oxalic.
2.2 nh hng: Cc cht kh trong nc lm tng xy ho nh NH4+, ion Fe++,
sunfua, NO2- loi bng axit sunfuric, so vi mu trng.
2.3 Dng c:
- Buret, pipet, bp in, bnh nn 250ml
2.4 Ho cht:
- Axit H2SO4 m c
- Dung dch chun KMnO4 0,1N: Cn chnh xc 3,20g KMnO4, ho tan trong nc ct
2 ln trong bnh nh mc 1 lt, pha lozng va 1 lt. Bo qun trong chai nt mi mu nu.
- Dung dch KMnO4 0,02N: Ly 200ml dung dch KMnO4 0,1N pha lozng trong nc
ct 2 ln. Pha lozng bng nc ct va 1 lt. Bo qun trong chai nu v thng xuyn kim
tra chun.
- Dung dch axit oxalic 0,1N: Cn chnh xc 6,304g (COOH)2.2H2O ho tan trong
nc ct 2 ln. Pha lozng bng nc ct va 1 lt.
- Dung dch axit oxalic 0,02N: ly chnh xc 200ml dung dch oxalic 0,1N pha lozng
bng nc cht va 1lt. (Dung dch ny lu d b hng)
2.5 Tin hnh:

Trc khi tin hnh kim nghim mu, cn kim tra li chun ca dung dch
KMnO4 0,02N bng dung dch axit oxalic 0,02N.
2.5.1 Thc hin trong mi trng axit:

- Trong bnh nn dung tch 250ml, ly chnh xc 100ml mu nc hay mt lng t
hn pha lozng vi nc ct thnh 100ml (nu nc bn)
- Axit ho bng 2ml axit H2SO4 m c hay 5ml H2SO4 1:3. Thm 10ml dung dch
KMnO4 0,02N.
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- un si, duy tr dung dch si trong 10 pht
- Ly bnh ra, thm tc khc 10ml dung dch axit oxalic 0,02N
- Chun axit oxalic d bng dung dch KMnO4 0,02N n khi xut hin mu hng
nht. Ghi s ml dung dch KMnO4 0,02N z chun ht l n ml.
- Song song thc hin mt mu trng vi nc ct, ghi kt qu hn n1 ml dung dch
KMnO4 0,02N.
2.5.2 Thc hin mi trng kim: phn bit cht hu c ng vt

- Ly chnh xc 100ml mu nc, thm 10ml NaHCO3 12%, thm 10ml dung dch
KMnO4 0,02N
- un si, duy tr nhit si trong 10 pht
- Thm 5ml dung dch axit H2SO4 1:3 v 10ml dung dch axit oxalic 0,02N
- Chun axit oxalic bng dung dch KMnO4 0,02N n mu hng nht
- Song song thc hin mu trng vi nc ct
2.6 Tnh kt qu:

- Lng oxy tiu th d oxy ho nc:
mgO2/l =
(n n1).0,02.8.100
V
Trong :
n: s ml KMnO4 0,02N chun mu kim nghim
n1: S ml KMnO4 0,02 N chun mu trng
8: S mg oxy do 1ml dung dch KMnO4 N gii phng ra
V: s ml mu kim nghim
Hm lng cht hu c:
-
2 mg/lt: nc sch
- T 2-3mg/lt: tm c
- Trn 3mg/lt: khng m bo v sinh
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pH
I. i cng
Gi tr pH l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht xc nh cht lng ca nc
v mt ho hc. Vic x l nc k c nc sch v nc thi lun phi da vo gi tr pH
lm trung ho, lm mm nc, lm kt ta, ng t, kh trng v kim tra n mn...
Nc tinh khit 250C [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 v pH = pOH =7, mi trng trung tnh
Cc dung dch axit c [H+] > 10-7M nn c pH <7
Cc dung dch kim c [OH-] < 10 -7 M nn c pH >7
pH ca nc dng cho n ung v sinh hot ca Vit Nam thng t khi ti 8,5. mt
s ni t chua mn v min trung du nc ta c pH 6 c th ti pH 4
Tiu chun nc dng cho n ung v sinh hot ca Vit Nam t 6-8,5
II. Cc phng php xc nh pH:

- Phng php o mu
- Phng php in k
1.
Phng php o mu:
1.1 . Nguyn tc: dng ch th hn hp axit-baz c kh nng i mu tu thuc vo

pH dung dch, trong mi thnh phn ca cht ch th c khong i mu xc nh. Kt qu
oc so snh vi thang mu tiu chun. Lu : Ch th hn hp ch cho php xc nh gi tr
pH t 4,0 - 8,0.
1.2 . nh hng cn tr: Nu nc kh b c, c cha cc cht xy ho kh s cn
tr vic xc nh.
1.3 . Ho cht v dng c:

a. Cht ch th hn hp
- Dung dch metyl : Cn 0,1g metyl pha trong 7,4ml dung dch NaOH 0,05N.
Thm vo 100ml etylic 900, lc u, thm nc ct va 500ml.
- Dung dch Bromthymol xanh: cn 0,2 g Bromthymol xanh pha trong 7,6ml dung dch
NaOH 0,05N, ru cn etylic 900 100ml, lc u thm nc ct va 500ml.
Trn 2 dung dch trn vi nhau theo t l :
- Metyl : 1
- Bromothylmol xanh: 2
iu chnh pH hn hp ch th trn bng my o pH v dung dch HCl hoc NaOH rt
lozng n pH 7
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1.4 Pha thang mu gi:
Cc dung dch:
- Pha dung dch HCl 1% tinh khit trong nc ct hai ln
- Cn chnh xc 59,5g CoCl2.6H2O pha trong 1000ml dung dch HCl 1%
- Cn chnh xc 45,05g FeCl3.6H2O pha trong 1000ml dung dch HCl 1%
- Cn 400g CuCl2 pha trong 1000ml HCl 1%
- Cn 200 ng sunfat (CuSO4.5H2O) pha trong 1000ml HCl 1%. Khi chun b xong
cc dung dch trn, tin hnh pha thang mu theo bng sau:
Bng pha thang mu hn hp (trang bn)
1.5. Cc dung dch [ chun b lm thang mu gi c cho vo cc ng nghim c

ng knh 16mm. Cc ng nghim phi lm bng thu tinh trung tnh, ra sch lm kh.
Nc ra ng phi sch , trng nc cn nhiu ln thnh ng sau khi ra sch khng cn
vt kim hoc axit m phi hon ton trung tnh. Sau khi np dung dch, gn kn, dzn nhzn vo
ng, ghi gi tr pH tng ng vi ng . Thang mu bo qun rt tt c th bn ti 5 nm.
Bng pha thang mu gi
Dung dch
CoCl2
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CuCl2 CuSO4
Nc ct 2
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ln
pH
40
9,6
0,3
0,1
4,2
9,15
0,54
0,4
4,4
8,05
0,65
0,3
4,6
7,25
0,90
0,85
4,8
6,05
1,50
2,45
5,0
5,25
2,80
1,96
5,2
3,85
4,00
2,15
5,4
2,60
4,70
2,70
5,6
1,65
5,55
2,80
5,8
1,35
5,85
0,05
2,75
6,0
1,30
5,50
0,15
3,05
6,2
1,40
5,50
0,25
2,85
6,4
1,40
5,50
0,40
3,20
6,6
1,40
4,25
0,70
3,70
6,8
1,80
3,05
1,00
0,40
3,65
7,0
1,80
2,50
1,15
1,05
3,40
7,2
2,10
1,80
1,75
1,10
3,25
7,4
2,20
1,60
1,80
1,90
2,50
7,6
2,20
1,10
2,25
2,20
2,20
7,8
2,20
1,05
2,20
3,10
1,45
8,0
2,20
1,00
2,10
4,00
0,70
1.6.
Tin hnh xc nh:
Cho vo ng nghim c kch thc v trong ng nht vi ng ng thang mu gi

0,6ml ch th hn hp, thm 10ml nc ct th. Lc u, mu pht trin y (1-2 pht)
ri so vi thang mu tiu chun. pH ca mu th l pH ca ng nghim trong thang c
mu tng ng hoc gn nht i vi mu ca mu th.
2.
Xc nh pH bng phng php in
2.1 Nguyn tc:
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Phng php in th xc nh pH vi in cc thu tinh da trn s o hiu in th
xut hin trn b mt phn cch mng thy tinh v dung dch. Dng in cc thu tinh c th
o chnh xc nng ion H+ loi b nhng hn ch m phng php o mu khng khc phc
c
chnh xc ca phng php ph thuc vo cht lng ca in cc thu tinh v
chnh xc ca my o pH. Cc kt qu xc nh cn ph thuc vo nhit ca dung dch.
Cc my o pH hin nay phn ln c b phn hiu chnh nhit , nu khng my c b phn
hiu chnh phi a nhit ca dung dch v 200C.
Khi o dung dch c pH trn 10 khng nn dng in cc thu tinh m phi dng loi
in cc khc.
2.2. Dng c v ho cht:

- My o pH vi in cc thu tinh, in cc Calomen
- Cc dung dch m, thng cc dung dch m thng bn km theo my, nhng
cng cn chun b sn mt s dung dch m dng khi cn thit. Tt c u a v 200C.
- Dung dch m pH = 4,00: ho tan 10,211g Kali hydrophtalat (KHC8H4O4) tinh khit
(z c xy 1100C v ngui trong bnh ht m) trong nc ct mi un si. ngui
n 200C thm nc ct n va 1000ml.
- Dung dch pH =6,88: ho tan 3,40g KH2PO4 v 3,55g Na2HPO4 tinh khit (z sy
110 C v ngui trong bnh ht m) trong nc ct mi un si. ngui, thm nc n
1000ml.
O
2.2 . Tin hnh xc nh:

2.3.1.
Chun ho my:
- Khi khng dng phi ngm in cc thy tinh trong nc ct. Hoc dung dch
Ag/AgCl i vi in cc so snh.
- Dung dch m c pH bit trc chun ho my. Nn dng dung dch m c pH
gn vi pH ca mu. nhit ca dung dch m nhit phng thch hp nht l 250C.
Sau khi chun ho my, ra sch in cc v tin hnh o.
2.3.2
o mu:
- Trng ra in cc vi dung dch mu 2 - 3ln.

- Cho dung dch mu cn o vo cc, nhng ngp khong 1/3 bu thy tinh ca in
cc. Dung dch mu phi c cng nhit vi dung dch m lc chun ho my
- Bt my va o khuy in cc
- pH khng i trong 5 pht. c tr s pH mu o.
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Xc nh c ca nc
(Phng php Nephelometric)
I. Gii thiu chung:

c ca nc gy ra bi cc cht l lng, nh t st, cc cht hu c v v c, to
v nhng vi sinh vt khc. S tng quan ca c v cc cht l lng ph thuc vo nhiu
yu t khc nhau nh kch thc ht, ch s tn khc x... Ring vi nhng cht c mu en
nh than c th hp th nh sng v lm gim tr s c.
II. Phng php:

1. Nguyn tc:
- Da trn s so snh ca cng phn tn nh sng bi mt cht l lng trong
nhng iu kin xc nh v cng phn tn nh sng ca mu cng iu kin. Cng
phn tn nh sng cng cao th c cng cao. Cht chun thng dng l polyme focmazin.
2. nh hng:
Do dng c, bt kh hay nc c mu bi nhng ho tan gy sai lch gi tr c
thc.
3. Dng c:
- c k Nephel c thang o t 0 - 40 NTU (n v c Nephel). Ch n ngun
sng v gc chiu sng i vi detector, ng dng mu lm bng thy tinh khng mu.
4. Ho cht:
- Nc trong: nc ct c c nh hn 0,02NTU
- Dung dch c chun:
Dung dch 1: Ho tan 1,000g hydrazin sunfate (NH2)2 H2SO4 trong nc ct, pha lozng
n va 100ml. Dung dch 2: Ho tan 10.000g hexamethylene- tetramine (CH2)6N4 trong
nc ct, pha lozng n va 100ml. Ly vo bnh nh mc 100ml: 5ml dung dch 1 v 5ml
dung dch 2 yn trong 24 gi 250C 30C, thm nc n vch, lc u. Dung dch ny
c c 400NTU.
Dung dch lm vic: ly 10ml dung dch trn, pha lozng n (va ) 100ml. Dung
dch c c 40NTU.
5.
Tin hnh:
5.1 . Chun ho my: Da theo ch dn ca my o c

5.2 . o mu c c nh hn 40NTU: Lc k mu, ch i mu ht bt kh,
rt mu vo ng o. Bt my v c gi tr c.
5.3 . o mu c c ln hn 40NTU
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Pha lozng mu sao cho c khong t 30-40 NTU. Tnh n h s pha lozng
6.
Tnh kt qu:
c ca nc:
=
A x (B + C)
C
(NTU)
Trong :
A= NTU ca mu pha lozng
B= Th tch nc pha lozng (ml)
C= Th tch mu ly phn tch
Biu th kt qu:
Thang c NTU
7.
Bo co kt qu NTU
0-1,0
0,05
1-10
0,1
10-40
40-100
100-400
10
400-1000
50
>1000
100
Nhn nh kt qu:
Mu nc t tiu chun c c <5 NTU (nu khng c my o c c th dng

phng php o trong).
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Phng php xc nh trong - Dienert
I.
i cng:
- Nc c gy tr gi cho vic n ung v sinh hot, xc nh nng ca nc l

xc nh s c mt trong nc cc cht l lng khng tan, cc cht keo c ngun gc v c v
hu c gy ra.
- Vic o c l cn thit i vi vic nh gi cht lng nc ung v nc b
lc.
II. Phng php o trong- phng php Dienert:

1. Cch ly mu v bo qun:
- Ly mu theo phng php chung:
Bo qun mu: Vic xc nh nng c ca nc phi lm ngay cng sm cng tt.
Khng th chm qu 24 gi sau khi ly mu. Nu cha xc nh c ngay, phi thm 2ml
Clorofooc/lt nc hn ch cc qu trnh sinh ho.
2. Nhng tr ngi:
- Nc c mu, nc c cn l lng qu nhiu khi b lng xung y s gy sai s.

1. Dng c:
ng o c lm bng thy tinh trong, thnh ng dy 1mm, khng mu ng knh
3cm, khc u t 0 n 100. y ng sn trng, k vch ch thp en. B dy vch k
4mm.
2. Ho cht:
- Nc ct 1 ln trng ra dng c
- Axit HCl c ra ng o
IV. Cch o
- ng o mu ni nh sng
- Lc u mu nc tht k t nht 4 ln t trn xung di v t di ln trn
- nc vo ng cho n khi ch thp en va bin mt (nhn t trn xung)
- Ghi kt qu (cm) nhn ct nc o
V.
Tiu chun mu nc o bng phng php dienert:

T 0 n 33cm: nc rt c
Trn 33 n 66cm: nc c
Trn 66 n 100cm: nc kh trong
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Trn 100cm: nc trong
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Xc nh hm lng sunfat
I. Gii thiu chung

Sunfat (SO4)2- l mt ion phn b ph bin trong thin nhin. Trong nc nng
sunfat thng t 1 n hng trm mg/l. Nc thi ca m Pyrit c th hm lng sunfat rt
cao.
II. Phng php:

1.
Phng php trng lng: Nn p dng khi hm lng sunfat ln hn 10mg/l
1.1 Nguyn tc: Da vo vic kt ta ion sunfat bng Bari clorua trong mi trng
axit
1.2 nh hng: Cn l lng, silic, SO32- gy sai s dng
Mui sunfat ca kim loi kim, nht l mui kim loi kim hydro sunfat gy nh
hng khi kt ta BaSO4 dn n sai s m.
1.3. Dng c:
- Bp cch thy
- L nung (800-10000C)
- Bnh ht m
- Cn phn tch ( chnh xc ti 0,1mg hoc 0,2mg)
- Giy lc khng tro
- Cc thy tinh, cc nung
1.4. Ho cht:
- D.D metyl: ho tan 100mg mui Natrimethyl trong 100ml nc ct
- Axit clohydric 1:1
- D.D Bari Clorua: ho tan 100g BaCl2.2H2O trong 1 lt nc ct. Lc 1ml ta c
khong 40mg SO42- D.D bc nitrat: ho tan 8,5g AgNO3 v 0,5ml HNO3 c. Thm nc ct va
500ml.
1.5. Tin hnh:

ong chnh xc t 100-500ml mu sao cho lng sunfat khong 50mg. Nu cn c th
pha lozng. iu chnh pH =4,5-5,0 bng dung dch HCl 1:1 theo ch th mu o methyl. C
dung dch trong bp cch thu cn khong 50ml, nu c c hay kt ta th phi lc, ra kt
ta trn phu nhiu ln bng nc ct z axit ho. Gp nc lc v nc ra ri li c n cn
khong 50ml.
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un si va khuy u va thm t t dung dch BaCl2 nng n kt ta hon ton ri
thm tip 2ml dung dch BaCl2. qua m hoc t nht l yn trong hai gi ri lc
Lc qua giy lc khng tro, ra kt ta bng nc ct nng n ht Cl- (th bng dung
dch Nitrat bc + HNO3)
- t giy lc v kt ta vo chn nung ri nung 1 gi trong l nhit 8000C (ch
khng c giy lc chy thnh ngn la). ngui bnh ht m v cn.
1.6 Tnh kt qu:

SO42- = mg BaSO4. 411,6/ ml mu
Trong : 0,4116 l h s chuyn t BaSO4 ra SO42-
Phng php o c:
2.1 Nguyn tc: ion sunfat kt ta vi BaCl2 trong mi trng axit axetic thnh cc
tinh th BaSO4 c kch c ng nht. Cc tinh th ny s hp th nh sng v t s xc nh
c nng ion sunfat trong nc.
2.2 nh hng: Cc cht l lng hay mu gy nh hng, loi b cht l lng bng
lc. Hm lng silic ln cng nh hng.
Nng pht hin ti thiu: 1mgSO42-/l.
2.3 Dng c:
- My khuy t
- My o c hoc spectrophoto meter bc sng 420mm cuver 2,5-10 cm. Hoc
my so mu knh lc gn 420mm, cuvet 2,5-10cm
2.4 Ho cht:
- Dung dch m A: Ho tan 30g MgCl2.6H2O, 5g CH3COONa.3H2O, 1g KNO3 v
20ml axit axetic m c (glacial) trong 500ml nc ct v thm nc va 1000ml.
- Dung dch m B: (dng khi nng ion sunfat <10mg/l). Ho tan 30g MgCl2.6H2O,
5g CH3COONa.3H2O; 1,0g KNO3; 0,111g Na2SO4 v 20ml axit axetic m c trong nc ct.
Thm nc va 1000ml.
- Dung dch BaCl2 10%
- Dung dch Sunfat chun: 1ml = 100mg SO42-: ho tan 0,148 Na2SO4 trong nc ct,
thm nc va 11.
2.5 . Tin hnh:

- To kt ta BaSO4: ly chnh xc 100ml mu hay mt lng mu thch hp lm
thnh 100ml cho vo bnh nn 250ml. Thm 10ml dung dch m v khuy trn my khuy
t, thm 10ml dung dch BaCl2 10%. Khuy trong khong 1 pht tc thch hp.
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- o c: o trong khong thi gian 5 pht k t khi dng my khuy
- Lp ng chun: Tin hnh lp ng chun vi nng sunfat t 0 - 2 - 5 - 10 20 mg SO42-/l
- Ch mu c mu hay c: so mu ny vi mu trng (l chnh dung dch mu cn
xc nh khng cho BaCl2)
3 . Tnh kt qu:
2
mgSO42-/l = mgSO4 1000

ml / mu
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kim
1. Gii thiu chung:

kim trong nc l kh nng trung ho axit ca nc, i vi nc thin nhin,
kim ch yu gy ra do cc ion cacbonat, bicarbonat, hydroxit.... Cng c th do cc ion
borat, photphat, silicat... nhng trong nc thin nhin hm lng ion ny thng khng ng
k. kim l ch tiu c quan tm nhiu trong ti tiu v x l nc.
kim c biu th bng s mili ng lng gam axit tiu tn ng vi mt lt
nc.
2.Phng php:
2.1 Nguyn tc: Da vo phn ng trung ho ca cc ion kim trong nc vi axit
chun. Dng ch th mu hay o pH xc nh im tng ng.
2.2 nh hng: X phng, du ho, cn l lng, gy kh khn nhn bit im tng
ng, nn dng pH meter.
2.3 Dng c:
- Beret, pipet
- pH meter, in cc
2.4 . Ho cht:
- Dung dch chun axit H2SO4 0,1N hay HCl 0,1N: 2,8ml axit H2SO4 m c (d=1,84)
hay 8,3 ml HCl m c pha thnh 1 lt. Chun li bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N.
- Dung dch ch th methyl da cam 0,5%
- Dung dch phenolphtalein 0,5%
2.5. Tin hnh

2.5.1 kim t do: Ly chnh xc 100ml nc kim nghim vo bnh nn 250ml, thm
vi git ch th phenolphtalein, nu nc c mu hng, chun bng dung dch axit n mt
mu.Ghi s ml dung dch axit chun (Vml)
Nu dng pH meter th kt thc pH 8,3
2.5.2 kim ton phn: Ly chnh xc 100ml nc kim nghim vo bnh nn dung
tch 250ml, thm 2 git ch th methyl da cam, chun bng dung dch axit n mu chuyn t
mu vng sang hng.
Nu dng pH meter th kt thc pH 4,5
Ch : nc kim nghim khng c pha lozng hay c c, khng lc trc khi kim
nghim.
2.6 Tnh kt qu: kim tnh ra mg CaCO3/lt
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=
n.0,150.1000
100
Trong :
n: s ml dung dch axit z chun ht
0,1: Nng ng lng ca axit
50- ng lng gam ca CaCO3
2.7 Nhn nh kt qu:

- kim c phn nh qua ch s pH v lin quan n cng mt cch t l thun.
Ni chung trong nc thin nhin kim thng khng cao qu 200mg CaCO3/lt
vi nc khong th kim c th t cao hn.
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Xc nh amoniac (NH4) trong nc
Phng php ln mu trc tip vi thuc th
nets-le (nessler)
I. i cng:
Amoniac c trong nc l do qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c c protit iu
kin ym kh, hoc nc b nhim bn do phn rc.
Tiu chun cho php Amoniac trong nc n ung v sinh hot l 1mg/l vi nhng
nc ging khoan su c th c php n 5mg/lt.
II. Phng php xc nh:

- Ly mu theo phng php chung
- Phi xc nh ngay lng amoniac trong mu ly
Nu khng lm c phi c nh mu bng 2-4ml Clorofooc cho 1 lt nc v
4 C, nhng cng khng qu 1 tun.
0
2. Nguyn tc:
amoniac trong mi trng kim phn ng vi thuc th Nest-le (K2HgI4), to thnh
phc c mu vng hay nu sm ph thuc vo hm lng amoniac c trong nc.
3. nh hng cn tr.
Cc ion st, cng ca nc gy cn tr phn ng, yu t ny c loi b bng
dung dch X-nhiet hay dung dch Complexon III.
- X l nc b c bng dung dch km sunfat 5%
- Nc c cc hp cht hu c cc Ancol, cc Andehit phi ct trc khi xc nh.
- Loi tr clo d trong nc bng dung dch Natrithi-osunfat 5%
4. Dng c
- My o mu c knh lc mu tm ng vi bc sng 400nm-500nm
- Cuvet c b dy t 1-5cm, ng nghim Nets-le c dung tch 50ml
5. Thuc th:
- Nc ct khng c Amoniac: nc ct 1 ln thm 1 git Brm, yn 12 gi, ct li
hai ln.
- Dung dch mui Xe-nhit (Natri Kalitactrac). Ho tan 50g mui Kali Natritactrat
(KNaC4H4O) trong 100ml nc ct.
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- Dung dch Complexon III trong NaOH. Ha tan 10gr NaOH tinh khit trong 60ml
nc ct. Thm vo 50gr Complexon III. Cho nc ct 100ml.
- Thuc th Nessler:
+ Nessler A: K2HgI4
- Kali Iodua (KI) 36,0gr/pha trong 100ml nc ct hai ln
- Thy ngn II Clorua (HgCl2)
Ho tan 13,55g (HgCl2) trong bnh nh mc 1 lt, thm nc ct 2 ln, lc k, cho ti
1 lt.
- Nessler B: Cn chnh xc 50,0g NaOH hay 57,5g KOH ho tan trong bnh nh mc
100ml vi nc ct va 100ml
Dung dch hn hp A v B
Nessler A 100ml
Nessler B 30ml
Lc u lng, gn phn nc trong. Dung dch bo qun trong chai nu, trnh ht
bng ming
Dung dch c, trnh ht bng ming
- Dung dch NaOH 6N
- Dung dch Sunfat km 5%
- Dung dch Thiosunfat 5%
- Dung dch amoniac chun: 1ml = 1mg NH3
Ho tan 3,1303g amni clorua z sy kh 1000C trong 1 gi trong bnh nh mc 1
lt vi mt lng nc ct nh cho tan ht. Sau cho nc ct 1000ml.
Dung dch amoniac lm vic: 1ml=10 gNH3
Pha lozng dung dch amoniac trn 100 ln.
Ch : Cn v pha lozng dung dch ny phi tht chnh xc.
6. Xy dng ng chun:
Chun b mt dzy ng nghim, cho ln lt thuc th theo th t
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ng s
1
10
Dung dch lm vic

1ml = 0,01mg NH3 0
(ml)
01
0,25
0,5
2,5
5,0
10
25
50
Nc ct (ml)
49,9
49,75
49,5
49,0
47,5
45,0
40,0
25
Dung dch Xe nhit

0,5
(ml)
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Thuc th Nessler
1
(ml)
0,00
1
0,0025
0,00
5
0,01
0
0,02
5
0,05
0
0,10
0
0,25
0
0,50
0
Dung dch
mg NH4 /50ml
50
Sau 10 pht o mu trn my o mu, bc sng bng 400 n 425nm, cu-vt c b

dy 1 hoc 5 cm.
Nu khng o mu trn my o mu, so mu bng mt thng vi thang mu c mu
sc tng ng.
7. Cch tin hnh phn tch:

a.
nh tnh
- Ly 10ml mu nc vo ng nghim, thm 3 git Netsler, nu thy kt ta vng hay

nu l c NH4+ sau tip tc nh lng.
b. Loi mu c:
- Ly 100ml nc mu, thm 1ml km sunfat 5%. Cho thm 0,5ml dung dch NaOH
6N ( c pH: 10,5). Trn u, lc. yn 5 n 10 pht, cn s lng xung y. Ly tm
hay lc, ly phn nc trong phn tch nh lng.
c. nh lng:
Trong ng Netsler cho:
- Nc kim nghim: 50ml
- Dung dch mui X-Nhiet hay Complexon III 0,5ml
- Thuc th hay Netsler: 0,5ml
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Lc u sau 10 pht em o mu trn my o mu hoc so mu vi gam mu.
8. Cch tnh kt qu
a. Theo thang mu bn: So trc tip vi thang mu
S mg NH4+/lit thang mu
b. Theo cng thc chun:

X=
C.1000
V
Trong :
X: S mg NH4+/ trong 1 lt
V: S ml nc mu ly phn tch
1000: s lng mu 1000ml
C: hm lng NH4+ trn th chun
Ch :
1.
Nu nc c nhiu (hoc qu nhiu) amoniac, pha lozng nc trc khi phn
2.
Nc ct dng pha thuc th hay pha lozng phi c loi tr ht amoniac.
tch
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Xc nh nitrit (NO2-) trong nc

phng php o mu Vi thuc th Griess
I.
i cng
Nitrit (NO2-) l sn phm trung gian gia vic xy ho sinh hc amoniac v kh ho

Nitrat. Nc c nhiu Nitrit l ngun nc b nhim bn do phn hay ngun thi ng vt.
Trong b mt Nitrit thng chuyn ho nhanh thnh Nitrat. Khi ma ro lng Nitrit c th
tng v axit nitr (HNO2) hnh thnh trong khng trung b nc ma ho tan v xm nhp vo
cc ngun nc.
Tiu chun cho php nitri trong nc ung v nc sinh hot l 0,1mg/l theo NO2.
II. Phng php xc nh Nitrit:

1.
Cch ly mu v bo qun:
- Ly mu theo quy nh chung

- Nitrit khng bn, cn phi xc nh ngay sau khi ly mu. Nu khng lm c
ngay, nitrit phi c c nh bng cch thm 2-4ml clorofooc vo 1 lt nc v cn phi bo
qun mu nc 40C trong thi gian ti a khng qu 4 ngy.
2.
Nguyn tc:
- pH 2-2,5 Nitrit (NO2) tc dng vi axit sunfanilic v Naphtylamin cho mu

hng. Cng mu t l vi hm lng Nitrit trong nc. C th so mu bng mt thng
hoc bng my o mu bc sng 520nm
3.
nh hng cn tr:
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- Nc c, cha nhiu cht l lng nh hng n kt qu. Cn phi lc nc trc
khi phn tch, hoc phi lm trong bng phn nhm.
- Cc cht xy ho mnh v cc cht kh mnh v cc cht Cl2 hay NCl3 (Nit
Triclorua) c trong nc phn tch s lm sai lch hp cht az. C th hn ch nh hng ca
chng bng cch thm naphtyamin clohydrat.
- Cc cht Fe, Hg, Bi, Sb, Pb, Pt Cloroplatinat c mt trong nc s cho kt ta vi
thuc th. Loi b cn tr bng cch pha lozng mu th.
- Ion Cu2+ c trong nc xc tc cho s phn hu mui diaznium lm kt qu thp
hn. Loi b cn tr bng cch pha lozng.
4.
Dng c:
- Bnh nh mc 50ml
- ng so mu Nessler
- My so mu vi knh lc mu xanh
5.
= 520nm. Cuvet t 1 n 5cm.
Thuc th:
- Nc ct 2 ln khng c Nitrit
Cho vo nc ct mt ln 0,01g KMnO4 v NaOH
em ct li ln II, Loi b 50 ml nc ct lc u.
- Dung dch axit Sulfanilic (Griess A)
Ho tan 0,5 g axit sulfanilic vo 150ml axit Axetic 10% khuy u v yn.
- Dung dch -naphtylamin (Griess B)
Ho tan 0,1g -naphtylamin trong 20ml nc ct, khuy u. un si dung dch,
lng gn ly phn trong, b cn. Thm vo phn dung dch trong z gn 150ml axit axetic
10%, lc u.
- Dung dch km sunfat 10%.
- Dung dch Natri hydroxyt (NaOH) 1N
- Dung dch tiu chun Nitrit.
Cn chnh xc 0,1468g NaNO2. Ho tan trong 20ml nc ct hai ln, thm nc ct
va 100ml, 1ml dung dch ny cha 1mg NO2- . Pha lozng dung dch ny 100 ln bng
nc ct 2 ln khng c Nitrit. 1ml dung dch ny cha 0,01mgNO2
6.
Pha thang chun v lp th chun
Lp thang mu khng bn:

- Dng 10 ng Netsler, ghi s th t t 1-10 v cho vo tng ng nghim cc thuc th
nh sau
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ng s
1
10
Dung dch 0,01mg

0,5
NO-2/ml
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
Nc ct 2 ln
49,5
49,0
48,5
48,0
47,5
47,0
46,5
46,0
45,5
45,0
Thuc th Griess A
Thuc th Griess B
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Dung dch(ml)
(Microgam) Nitrit
5
(NO2-) /50ml
o hp th quang trn my o mu. Lp th chun.
7. Cch tin hnh:

a. X l mu nc b c hay c mu
- Nu nc c hoc c mu cn phi x l. Cho 1ml dung dch ZnSO4 10% v 0,5ml
dung dch NaOH 1N vo 100ml mu nc (pH: 10,5) khuy u, yn vi pht. Cn s lng
xung y, lc hay ly tm. Nu lc, loi b 25ml nc lc u tin.
b. Lm hin mu:
Ly 50ml nc lc trong, thm 1ml Griess A v 1ml Griess B, lc u, yn 10 pht.
Sau , o hp th quang (D) trn my o mu vi knh lc mu xanh, bc sng 520nm.
Cuvet c b dy 1 n 5 c th so mu vi thang mu chun bng mt thng.
8. Cch tin hnh

Theo th chun hm lng Nitrit (NO2--) tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc
X=
c.1000
V
Trong
V: Th tch nc ly phn tch (50ml)
C: Nng nitric xc nh theo ng chun
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Xc nh Nitrat (NO 3 ) trong nc
phng php o mu vi thuc th disunfophenic
I. i cng
Nitrat c trong nc l sn phm ca qu trnh oxi ho cc cht hu c, khi nc b
nhim phn, nhim nc thi cng nghip th hm lng nitrat tng ng k.
Tiu chun nc ung cho php 10mg/l theo N.
II. Phng php xc nh Nitrat vi thuc th phenol disulfonic:

1.
Cch ly muv bo qun:
- Ly mu theo phng php chung

- Mu xc nh Nitrat phi c phn tch ngay. Nu khng c bo qun trong
nhng iu kin c bit th khng c 4gi. nhit 40C gi c 1 ngy. Nu cho
vo mi lt nc t 2 - 4ml Clorofooc hoc 1ml H2SO4 c (d=1,84) mu nc s bn trong 4
ngy.
2. Nguyn tc:
- Ion NO3- tc dng vi phenoldisunfonic cho axit nitrophenoldisunfonic. Axit ny khi
phn ng vi Amoniac cho phc mu vng. Cng mu t l vi hm lng nitrat trong
dung dch. C th o hp th quang trn my o mu bc sng 410nm hoc so mu vi
gam mu. Hm lng Nitrat ti a pht hin c theo phng php ny l 12mg/lt. Nu hm
lng Nitrat cao qu phi dng phng php khc hoc phi pha lozng mu th.
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3.nh hng cn tr
- Loi b ion Cl- bng dung dch Ag2SO4
- Loi b cht hu c hm lng cao bng cch cho kt ta vi Al (OH)3
- Nitrit nng cao gy sai s dng.
4. Dng c
- ng Nessler 50ml
- My o mu knh lc bc sng 410nm
- Cuvet 1-4cm
- ng ong 25ml v 50ml
- Pipet 1ml v 10ml
- Chn s hay thy tinh 50ml
5. Ho cht
a. Dung dch Bc sunfat (Ag2SO4)
Ho tan 4,4g Ag2SO4 trong nc ct khng c cha Nitrat, cho nc ct va 1 lt.
1ml kt ta c 1mg Clb. Dung dch nhm hidroxit:
Ho tan 1,35g K2Al (SO4)3.12H2O trong 100ml nc ct .un nng n 600C . Thm
55ml NH4OH m c, va cho t t, va khuy u, yn 1 gi, chuyn sang bnh rng
ming. Ra nhiu ln bng nc ct, ti khi loi ht cc ion amoni, clorua, nitrit, nitrat.
c. Dung dch Uraxtic
Cn 1 gam Uraxtic tinh khit, cho vo 20ml axit axetic v thm nc ct va
100ml
d. Dung dch amoniac c (25%)
e. Dung dch Nitrat m:
- Cn chnh xc 1,603g KNO3 tinh khit khan, ho trong nc ct v thm nc ct
va 1000ml.
1ml = 1mgNO3- Ly 100ml dung dch trn cho vo bnh nh mc, thm nc ct n vch 1000ml.
1ml = 0,10mg NO3- Ly 25ml dung dch va pha lozng vo bt s, em cch thu n kh. Cho vo 2ml
phenoldisunfonic dng a thu tinh khuy u v thm 10ml nc ct.
- Chuyn tt c vo bnh nh mc 500ml, thm nc ct khng nitrat n vch mc,
1ml dung dch ny cha 0,005mg NO3-
6.Xy dng thang mu chun:
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Chun b loi ng Nessler ging nhau, nh s t 1-10 cho cc dung dch vo nh sau:
S
ng
10
10
15
20
30
44
43
42
41
39
37
35
30
25
15
DD (ml)
DD. NO31ml = 0.005mg
Amoniac c
Nc ct 2 ln
Khng Nitrat
Lng
(mg)
Trong
Nessler
NO3-
0,005
ng
0,015
0,01
Nng NO3- 0,10

(mg/l)
0,03
0,04
0
0,020
0,30
0,20
0,05
0,60
0,40
0,100
0,07
5
1,00
0,80
0,15
0
2,0
1,50
3,00
yn 15 pht, do hp th quang (D) trn my o mu bc sng 410nm. C th

so mu bng mt thng vi mt gam mu
7.
Tin hnh
a. X l nc b c v c mu
Ly nc c mu hay c 100ml, cho vo 2ml Al(OH)3 khuy u, yn vi pht ri

lc. B vi ml nc lc ban u.
b. Loi b NO2Cho vo 50ml nc mu 5ml dung dch uraxetic.
c.
Loi Clorua:
Trc ht cn xc nh hm lng clorua trong nc v loi ht clorua bng mt lng

tng ng dung dch Ag2SO4, lc hoc ly tm b ht ta clorua.
d.
Phn tch mu:
- Ly 50ml nc th trn cho vo bt s, un cch thu n kh cn. ngui, thm

2ml thuc th phenoldisulfonic.
- Ly a thy tinh a axit phenoldisulfonic i khp bt s ho tan cn. Thm
10ml nc ct v 7ml amoni hydroxyt c, khuy u. Nu xut hin mu vng chng t c
nitrat.
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Chuyn dung dch trn sang ng Nessler, trng bt s bng nc ct v gp c vo
ng, thm nc ct n 50ml, lc u.
hp th quang (D) bng my o mu bc sng 410nm, cuvet 1-5cm. Nng
NO3 xc nh theo ng chun. C th so mu bng mt thng vi gam mu.
-
8.
Cch tnh kt qu:
a.
Theo th chun:
X=
C.1000
V
Trong
X: hm lng nitrat (mg/l)
C: hm lng nitrat trn th chun
V:Th tch ly nc phn tch (ml)
b.
Theo gam mu chun:
So trc tip vi cc ng mu chun bng mt thng. Ly s mg NO3-/l ghi trn ng.

Mu chun c cng mu bng hoc gn nht vi cng mu ca ng mu, c th ni
suy hm lng NO3- gia hai ng thang mu chun khi cng mu ca ng mu nm gia
hai ng .
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Xc nh Clorua bng phng php mohr
1. Gii thiu chung:

Clorua l mt anion chnh trong nc. N kt hp vi cc cation trong nc to nn
v mn nhng iu ny ph thuc vo cation kt hp. Nu l Na+ th cm gic mn tng hn l
Ca++ v Mg++. Nhng vng ven bin, nc c nng clorua cao do b nc bin xm thc.
Hm lng clorua cao c hi cho ng ng kim loi v nng nghip, c bit l khi nc c
kim thp.
2. Phng php
2.1 Nguyn tc
Clorua trong nc phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 to ta AgCl mu trng. Khi ion Clphn ng ht th mt git tha ca dung dch AgNO3 s phn ng vi ion Cromat (ch th) cho
mu da cam pht hin im tng ng
2.2 nh hng
Cc ion Br-, I- gy sai s nhng hm lng cc ion ny trong nc khng ng k. Cc
ion sunphit, thiosunphat gy tr ngi, loi b nc xy gi. St hm lng cao gy kh xc
nh im kt thc.
2.3 . Dng c:
- Buret 10ml
- Cc pipet loi 2ml, 5ml
2.4 . Ho cht
- Dung dch Kali Cromat 6%
- Dung dch bc chun 0,1N: ho tan 16,987g AgNO3 (z sy kh 1050C v
ngui) vo nc ct. Thm nc ct va 1 lt.
- Dung dch NaCl chun 0,1N: ho tan 5,844g NaCl (tkpt) z sy kh 1050C vo
nc ct. Thm nc va 1lt.
- Ch th phenolphtalein
- Dung dch NaOH 0,1N
- Dung dch Axit sunfuric 0,1N
- Dung dch peroxit H2O2 30%
2.5 . Tin hnh

Trong bnh nn dung tch 100cm3, ly chnh xc 50ml mu nc hay lng t hn (nu
nng clorua cao) pha lozng thnh 50ml. Nu mu c pH t 7-10 th khng cn chnh, mu
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c pH ngoi gii hn trn th phi iu chnh bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N hay H2SO4 0,1N
vi ch th phenolphtalein. Dung dch z iu chnh pH cho thm 2 git ch th Kali cromat.
Chun vi dung dch chun AgNO3 0,1N ti khi xut hin mu vng hng nht. Ghi s ml
dung dch chun ht.
Ch : Mu nc c cn lng hay ly tm ly phn nc trong nh lng.
Mu c mu dng than hot tnh kh mu: dng 2g than hot tnh cho 150ml mu. Khuy u,
yn khong 10 pht ri lc (nn b 25ml dch lc u tin).
2.6. Tnh kt qu
mg Cl-/lt =
n 0,135 35,5
V
Trong :
n: s ml dung dch chun AgNO30,1N z dng 0,1 - chun ca dung dch AgNO3
V: th tch mu nc kim nghim (ml)
2.7. Nhn nh kt qu:
- Gii hn Clorua ca mu nc thng l 250 mg/l.
- Cc vng ven bin c th c nng clorua cao ti 500mg/lt.
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Xc nh pht pht (PO4)3-
Trong nc thin nhin photpho tn ti di dng photpho (PO4)3-, hm lng t khi

vt qa 10mg/lt. C th gii thch iu ny bi tan rt thp ca cc mui photphat T
Ca3(PO4)2 = 2.10-29. Photpho tn ti trong nc thin nhin ch yu di dng axit phosphoric
v cc ion ca axit ny. Nhng ni c hm lng photpho cao c lin quan n cc va qung,
nc thi sn xut (phn ln). Khi nc c photpho cao cn xc nh c Flo. Phng php
thng dng xc nh photphat l phng php o mu vi thuc th sunfomolypdic.
1. Nguyn tc:
mi trng axit mnh, Acid Octophotphric kt hp vi axit Molipdic to thnh phc
photphomolipdic H2[P (Mo2O7)8]28.H2O mu vng, s c mt ca ion Cu2+ trong thuc th s
kh ha phc mu vng sang mu xanh. Cng mu t l thun vi hm lng phtphat.
nhy ca phng php 0,01mg/l.
2.nh hng cn tr:

Axit salisilic, ion Fe++, cc cht hu c cn tr php xc nh. Loi b cc cht cn tr
bng cch tch ring chng nh cc dung mi hu c, sau dng Kalipecmanganat
xy ho. Dung mi chit tt nht l butylaxetat.
Axit molipdic to phc cht vi photpho, asen v silic to thnh photphomolipdic,
arsenomolipdic v silicomolipdic tng ng. Do vy phi loi b nh hng ca asen v silic.
i vi silic nng 100mg/l khng gy cn tr. Asen c nng 0,2mg/l z cn
tr xc nh. Phi xc nh c asen v photphat ri tr i kt qu asen ring.
3. Dng c ho cht:
3.1 My o mu (Corning, Eram...) Knh lc
= 520nm
B gam mu chun
3.2 Ho cht:
3.2.1 Dung dch tiu chun:
Ho tan 0,7165g KH2PO4 z sy 1050C trong 2 gi vo bnh nh mc 1000ml, thm
nc ct n vch; lc u. Thm 2ml cloroform bo qun. 1ml dung dch ny cha 0,5mg
PO43+ Chun b dung dch tiu chun I:
Ly 20ml dung dch trn pha lozng bng nc ct n 1 lt. 1ml dung dch ny =
0,01mg PO4-3
3.2.2
Thuc th Sulfomolipdic:
Ho tan 10g amoni molipdat trong 100ml nc ct. un nng, ngui, rt t t dung
dch trn 100ml H2SO4 tinh khit. Lc u bnh v va lm lnh di vi nc chy.
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Nu thy thuc th c mu xanh cho vo 1-2 git dung dch Kali pecmanganat n
mt mu.
Dung dch c bo qun trong chai mu nu, c nt mi.
T dung dch Sulfomolipdic trn pha 2 dung dch thuc th lm vic:
- Sulfomolipdic A: Ly 50ml dung dch trn, thm nc ct n 200ml
- Sulfomolipdic B: Ly 100ml dung dch A thm vo 5g v bo ng. Thuc th
nyc mu nu sm.
Tt c dung dch lm vic cng bo qun trong chai nt mi, dng n u pha n
y, khng qu lu.
3.2.3
Dung dch Kalipecmanganat 0,01N
3.2.4
Butyl axetat
4. Tin hnh:
4.1 Xy dng ng chun:
Chun b mt bnh nh mc 50ml cho thuc th theo th t sau:
S ng
0,1
0,5
1,0
3,0
10
Nc ct va (ml)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Nng PO4-3 (ml)
0,02
0,1
0,2
0,6
1,0
1,4
2,0
Dung dch
DD. PO4-3
1ml=0,01mg/PO43 (ml)
Dung dch
Sulfomolipdic A (git)
Dung dch
Sulfomolipdic B (git)
Cc dung dch trn un nng, si trong 10 giy, ngui so mu trn my quang sc

k bc sng = 630-670nm. Lp th chun b biu th s tng quan gia nng dung
dch v mt quang.
4.2 Phn tch mu:
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ong 50ml mu nc v tin hnh cho thuc th v ln mu nh trn. Ri o mt
quang.
5. Cch tnh kt qu:

5.1 Da vo th chun hm lng PO43- tnh bng mg/l suy ra t th chun tnh
trong 1 lt nc mu
X=
C.1000
V
Trong :
C: hm lng photphat theo thang mu
V: Th tch nc ly phn tch (ml)
5.2 Cch lm gam mu:
Trong trng hp khng c my o mu phi xc nh photphat bng phng php to
phc mu nh trn nhng kt qu thu c em so vi thang mu tiu chun c thc hin
nh sau:
Dng c v ho cht
- ng nghim
16mm, thy tinh trung tnh dy bo qun mu. c ra sch
bng Acid trng ra nhiu ln bng nc ct 2 ln, sy kh.

- Ho cht cho thang dng ho cht kim loi:
+ Dung dch A:
ng Axetat tinh khit 3g
Coban sunfat tkpt 1,8g
Axit axetic 2ml
Thm 40ml nc ct 2 ln. Lc k, un nh cho ti khi tan hon ton. Dung dch tr
ln trong. ngui thm nc ct n 500ml.
+ Dung dch B:
Coban sulfat 5%
Thang mu c pha nh bng sau. Cc ng z lm xong phi c gn kn, dzn nhzn,
ghi nng . Bo qun ch ti v mt bn trong 5 nm. Pha thang mu photphat dng ho
cht kim loi theo bng sau:
ng s
Dung dch
0,70
1,2
thuc th (ml)
Dung dch A
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Dung dch B
0,30
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Nc ct 2 ln
4,4
3,5
2,5
1,5
0,5
Hm lng PO43- tnh ra mg/l
1,34
2,68
5,76
8,04
10,77
13,6
Ly 10ml nc ct th, lc qua giy lc bng xanh. Nu nc c cc cht cn tr phi

loi b nh z hng dn trong phng php o mu bng my. Cc quy trnh sau cng thc
hin nh phng php o mu bng my. Kt qu em so vi thang mu tiu chun: t ng
nghim gia thang mu, mu ca nc cn th tng ng vi ng no ghi gi tr phn tch
theo ng .
6. Nhn nh kt qu:
Nc thng t c PO43- hoc c th rt thp, nu thy nc nhiu photphat c th nghi
do cht thi ca nh my, va qung. Nu nc c nhiu photphat ng thi nhiu clorua phi
xem xt hin trng c th c s nhim bn do ngun ng vt.
Tiu chun cho php nng PO43- trong nc l di 2,5mg/l.
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Xc nh Clo (Cl2) tha
Clo thng gi l clo hat ng c mt trong nc v c dng x l nc do r

tin v d s dng.
Clo c dng trc ht kh trng nc ng thi c tc dng oxi ho cc cht hu
c, nitrit, st, mangan...
Nc thi ca mt s nh my ho cht, nh my dt... cng c clo. Clo hot ng c
ngun gc t nc Javen, clorua vi, cloramin v Cl2 lng.
1. xc nh clo, ngh dng hai phng php:

- Phng php o mu vi thuc th O.Tolidin
- Phng php chun Iot- Thiosunfat
1.1 . Phng php o mu vi thuc th O.Tolidin: phng php ny nhy, n
gin, thc hin d dng ngay ti hin trng, pht hin c Cl2 t 0,01 -7mg/l.
1.2 Nguyn tc:
Trong mi trng axit (pH t 1-3) clo kt hp vi O.Tolidin to ra mt hp cht c
mu vng. Cng mu t l vi nng Cl2 trong dung dch, c th xc nh bng cch so
mu bng mt vi b thang mu tiu chun hoc o mu trn my o mu = 430-440nm.
1.3 nh hng cn tr:

Nc c mu, nc c gy cn tr cho vic pht hin mu. St (III) nng
0,3mg/l; mangan 0,01mg/l; nitrit 0,1mg/l khng gy cn tr. Nu nhng cht ny c hm
lng cao hn s gy sai s tha.
Mu ly cn xc nh ngay.
1.4
Ho cht v dng c:
Hp so mu hoc b gam mu tiu chun

My so mu, knh lc bc sng 430-440nm.
Ho cht:
1. Dung dch O.Tolidin: cn 1,35g O.Tolidin pha trong 50ml nc ct. Sau pha
150ml HCl c tinh khit vo 350ml nc ct 2 ln, ho ln 2 dung dch trn ta c dung
dch O.Tolidin 0,135%.
2. Dung dch clo hot ng tiu chun: Dng dung dch Natrihypoclorit pha trong
nc ct. c dung dch 1ml Cl2 pha dung dch lm vic c nng 1ml = 0,01mg Cl2
Dung dch Cl2 hot ng phi c bo qun trong chai mu, ch ti.
Dung dch lm vic dng khi no pha khi , m bo chnh xc phi chun li.
1.5 Tin hnh
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1.5.1
Xy dng ng chun: Cho cht ch th O.Tolidin vo cc bnh 25ml cha
dung dch Cl2 chun theo bng sau:
ng s
1
Nng Cl2 (mg/l)
0,01
0,05
0,1
0,3
0,5
0,7
O.Tolidin (ml)
S ml dung dch Cl2

0
(1ml = 0,01mg)
0,05
0,25
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
Nc ct va
50
(ml)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Dung dch
Phc mu to thnh yn 5 pht ch ti, em o mu trn my o mu. Lp ng

chun biu th s tng quan gia nng dung dch v hp th quang (D).
1.5.2
Phn tch mu:
Ly chnh xc 50ml mu nc, tin hnh cho thuc th v ln mu nh trn. o

hp th quang.
1.5.3
Cch ch to gam mu Clo:
Gam mu pha bng cc mui kim loi c bn cao, s dng thun tin. Chun b 9
ng nghim c 16mm bng thy tinh ng nht, bn vng. Gam mu pha theo hng sau
y:
1. Phn dung dch: chun b 2 dung dch:

+ CuSO4.5H2O 1,5g; 1ml H2SO4 m c tinh khit thm nc ct va 100ml.
+ Kalibicromat (K2Cr2O7) 0,025g 0,1ml H2SO4 m c tinh khit, thm nc ct va
cho 100ml. Dng 9 ng nghim z la chn trn cho thuc th theo th t sau:
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ng s
dch Nc ct Hm lng Cl2 (mg/l)

Dung dch Dung
CuSO4 (ml) K2Cr2O7 (ml) 2 ln (ml) tng ng
0,4
5,5
94,1
0,05
1,2
7,5
91,3
0,07
1,5
8,2
90,3
6,08
1,7
9,0
89,3
0,09
1,8
10,0
88,2
0,10
1,9
20,0
78,1
0,20
1,9
30,0
68,1
0,30
2,0
38,0
60,0
0,40
2,0
45
53
0,50
Gam mu sau khi z iu ch xong, cho vo ng nghim hn kn dn nhzn, dng

hin trng thun tin.
1.6 Tnh kt qu:

T th chun trn suy ra lng Cl2 tha tnh theo cng thc sau:
X=
C.1000
V
(mg/l)
Trong :
C: lng Cl2 tm c theo chun (mg)
V: th tch mu ly phn tch (ml)
2.nh lng Clo hot ng bng phng php Iot-Thiosunfat

2.1 Nguyn tc: mi trng pH =3. Clo hot ng tc dng vi Ion I-. Lng ion
tch ra c chun bng Natrithiosunfat vi ch th h tinh bt.
I2 + 2KCl
I2 + 2 Na2SO3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Cl2 + 2KI
2.2 nh hng cn tr: Cc cht hu c v cht v c c kh nng oxi ha Iodua

trong mi trng trn gy cn tr vic xc nh clo.
2.3 Dng c v ho cht

Buret, pipet, ng ng
Bnh nn 250ml
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Bnh nh mc 100ml
Axit axetic m c hoc axit sunfuric 1:3
KI tinh khit, dng tinh th
H tinh bt, dung dch 0,5%
Dung dch Natrithiosunfat chun 0,1N, ho tan 25g Na2S2O3.5H2O (hay 16g Na2S2O3
khan) trong nc ct un si ngui. Thm 2ml clorofooc v thm nc ct n 1000ml.
Dung dch Kalibicromat 0,1N: ho tan 4,904g K2Cr2O7 khan (z sy 1100C trong 2 gi)
trong nc ct v thm nc ct n va 1000ml.
tin v m bo chnh xc nn dng cc ng chun Na2S2O3 v K2Cr2O7 c bn sn
(fixanal). Tuy nhin mi khi dng u phi chun li bng dung dch Na2S2O3. Cc dung dch
lozng ch pha khi dng n.
2.4 Cch tin hnh

Ly mt mu nc sao cho lng Na2S2O3 0,01N tiu th khng qu 20ml vo bnh
nn, thm vo 5ml axit axetic c, khong 1g KI tinh th, lc u dung dch, y nt
yn ch ti trong 5 pht. Dng dung dch Na2S2O3 0,01N chun lng iod tch ra cho n
khi dung dch c mu vng rm. Thm 1ml dung dch h tinh bt, dung dch s c mu xanh,
chun tip n mt mu. Ghi s ml Na2S2O3 0,01N z tiu tn. Khng nh nng chiu
trc tip vo dung dch lc chun . Cn lm song song mt mu trng nh trn nhng thay
mu bng nc ct.
Tnh kt qu:
Hm lng Cl2 tnh bng cng thc:
x=
(a b) x 0,01 x 35,5 x 1000

V
Trong :
a: th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng chun mu
1ml Na2S2O3 0,01N tng ng 35,5mg Cl2
b: th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng chun mu trng
c: th tch mu nc.
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K thut lm trong v kh trng nc
Mt trong nhng tiu chun ca nc dng n ung, sinh hot l phi trong sch v
phi c kh trng. Hai khu x l quan trng c thc hin cc nh my nc, c th
bng nhng phng php khc nhau nhng u thc hin mc ch:
-
Lm trong nc.
Kh trng nc.
Mun tnh chnh xc lng ho cht a vo thc hin mc ch trn, ngi ta phi
lm th nghim bng cch thm d trc, tm ra lng ho cht hu hiu lm trong hoc
kh trng nc. Trnh d tha v qu tha s gy lzng ph v mi v ca nc khng m bo.
Lng clo v phn nhm hoc phn st a vo nc thm d ta quen c gi
l test clo v test alumin nay nn thay bng nhu cu clo hoc nhu cu phn cho d
hiu hn.
1. Test clo (nhu cu clo):

Clo a vo nc khng ch dng tit khun m cn tham gia vo phn ng
oxy ho kh cc cht hu c, nitrit, xyanua, st(II), mangan...
1.1. Nguyn tc:

Cho vo nc mt lng dung dch clo chun, ri theo di s tiu tn Cl2 ph
thuc vo nng , thi gian v nhit . Lng Clo cn li sau qu trnh oxy ho xc
nh li bng phng php Iod - thiosunfat.

a. Bnh nh mc 500ml, 1000ml.
Buret, pipet.
Bnh nn, chai 750ml c nt mi.
b. Dung dch natrihyposunfit (Na2S2O3 chun 0,1N v 0,01N)
H tinh bt 0,5%
Natrihypoclorit hay nc javel, cloramin.
Dung dch clo chun c nng clo c 1mg/ml.
1.3. Cch tin hnh

Theo di s din bin theo nng .
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Ly 3 chai nt mi, dung tch 750ml. Cho vo mi chai 500ml nc th (nc
kim nghim). Thm vo dung dch clo chun nh sau (1ml = 1mg Cl2)
Chai 1
Chai 2
Chai 3
Dung dch chun (ml)
0,2
0,3
0,5
Nng Cl2 (mg/l)
0,4
0,6
1,0
Lc u, yn 30 pht ch ti. Sau 30 pht thm vo mi bnh 2 ml KI 10% v 1ml

dung dch h tinh bt 0,5%. Lc k. Nu chai no khng mu l z tiu th ht lng clo cho
vo. Chai no ln mu xanh, ta ly chai lm mc tnh lng clo cn thit cho vic lm
sch nc. C th nh lng clo d bng phng php Iod - thiosunfat bit chnh xc lng
clo z tiu th, sau tnh d thm 1 lng clo sao cho sau khi tc dng, lng clo d cn
khong 0,3 mg/l.
1.4. Cch nh lng clo hot ng trong clorua vi, nc javel hoc cloramin
Nguyn tc: Dng phng php Iod - thiosunfat, nh lng Cl2. mi trng axxit
, Cl2 c tnh oxy ho mnh s y Iod (I2) ra khi KI. Lng I2 b y ra tng ng vi lng
Cl2 c chun bng dung dch Na2S2O3 chun, theo phn ng:
Cl2 + 2KI
I2 + 2KCl
I2 + Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Dng c ho cht:
- Buret, pipet.
- Bnh nn
- Dung dch KI 10%
- Axit axetic tinh khit, c.
Cn ng 5g Cloramin hoc clorua vi cho vo ci s nghin k, thm t nc ct,
nghin cho tan ht. Tt c cho vo bnh nh mc 500ml. Thm nc ct n vch. y nt
kn, ch ti, sau 2-3gi mi em dng.
Cch tin hnh xc nh nng dung dch clo khun:

Ly 1 bnh nn dung tch 250ml, cho vo 20ml dung dch KI 10%, 50ml nc ct,
10ml dung dch clo z chun b trn, 2ml axit axetic c. yn 10pht ch ti. Iod tch
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ra c chun bng dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N n khi c mu vng rm. Thm 1ml h tinh
bt xut hin mu xanh. Chun tip n khi va mt mu xanh. Ghi s ml Na2S2O3 z tiu
th.
Cch tnh: Lng Cl2 hot ng tnh trong 100g cht ly nh lng nh sau:
X=
V N 35,5 500 100

= V 3,55 1000 = mg Cl%
10 5
Trong :
V: s ml Na2S2O3 z tiu th
N: Nng dung dch Na2S2O3
5: s gam cht clorua vi hay cloramin
500: s ml dung dch z pha t 5g cht kim tra.
10: s ml dung dch ly chun
V nng Cl2 trong dung dch chun va chun b l
X
mg/ml.
500
2. Test alumin (nhu cu phn)

Trong nc nht l nc ging khoan thng cha st, l mt trong nhng nguyn
nhn ch yu lm nc b c. loi b st khi nc, ngi ta dng gin ma oxy ho
st (II) thnh st (III). Trong nc c nhiu cn st, cc ht l lng cha st silicat, t, cc
cht hu c v vi khun. Chng cn c loi b bng phng php keo t bng nhm
hydroxyt hoc st (III) hyroxyt.
2.1. Nguyn tc:

Khi cho phn n Al2(SO4)3 hay phn kp KAl(SO4)2.12H2O vo nc z cho thm
mt cht vi th nhm sunfat kt hp vi nc thnh nhm hyroxyt ri ng t thnh kt ta.
Kt ta ny trong qu trnh to thnh s hp ph nhng ht v vi khun l lng trong nc v
ko chng xung y b lng.
tnh c lng phn cn thit lm trong nc, tng t nh test clo, ta lm
th nghim thm d: Cho cc dung dch phn chun vo nc kim nghim ri xc nh xem
nc y cn bao nhiu phn lm trong.

- Bnh nh mc
- Pipet
- Chai 750ml
- Dung dch phn nhm chun 1ml = 1mg.
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Ho tan 17,582g phn nhm KAl(SO4)2.12H2O tinh khit trong nc ct vo bnh nh
mc 1000ml. Thm nc n vch.
2.3. Cch tin hnh

Ly 3 chai 750ml, nh s 1, 2, 3 cho vo mi chai 500ml nc kim nghim. Tu
theo c m cho vo mi chai:
Chai 1
Chai 2
Chai 3
Dung dch phn nhm

1 - 2ml
chun (ml)
2 - 4ml
4 - 5ml
Lc mnh, m nt chai yn 1 gi, em lc qua giy lc bng vng.
2.4. Kt qu:
Nhn bng mt:
- Nu c 3 chai nc qua lc vn cn c m th cn phi tng lng phn. c 3 chai nc lc u trong th lm li vi lng phn thp hn.
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dn in
1. Gii thiu chung

Nc tinh khit hu nh khng dn in. dn in ph thuc vo nng cc
anion v cation trong nc v vo nhit ca nc. i vi nc ung, nc b mt, nc
khong... dn in ring c th l thc o gn ng cho nng chung ca cc cht in
ly.
2. Nguyn tc
dn in ring l i lng nghch o ca in tr ring ca dung dch. Tnh theo
n v mS.m-1 hay cm-1 quy v dn in ti 250C.
3. Dng c
- My o dn (Conductimeter)
- in cc (cn bo qun trong nc ct)
- Nhit k bch phn
- My iu nhit
4. Ho cht
- Dung dch Kali clorua 0,01M : Ho tan 0,7456g KCl (tkpt sy kh 1000C ngui)
trong nc ct 2 ln mi ct, thm nc ct va 1 lt.
- Dung dch c dn in 250C = 1413 /cm.
5. Tin hnh
- Xc nh hng s in cc : trng, ra in cc bng dung dch KCl 0,01M. iu chnh
nhit v 250C, o in tr v ghi nhit thc ca dung dch.
Tnh hng s in cc
C = (0,001413) (RKCl)/l - 0,0191 (t-25)
Trong :
RKCl : in tr o c tnh ra Ohm ( )
t : nhit dung dch.
- o dn : Trng in cc bng mu, iu chnh nhit dung dch bng my iu
nhit n 250C. o dn ca dung dch. C th o dn ti nhit bt k ri tnh kt qu
da vo h s iu chnh nhit .
6. Tnh kt qu : dn in ti 250C l :
K=
Km
/cm
1 0,0191(t 25)
Trong :
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Km : dn in ca dung dch mu o c.
t: nhit dung dch ti lc o.
7. Nhn nh kt qu :
- Nc ct c dn in t 0,5 - 2 /cm.
- Nc sinh hot thng dn in t 50 - 150 /cm
- Nc khong c th dn cao hn.
Xc nh cn l lng v khng tan trong nc bng phng

php trng lng
I. i cng :
Cn l lng v khng tan trong nc l lng cn c gi li trn giy lc. Loi cn
ny thng gy tc cc lp lc b lc nc hoc tc ng ng dn nc.
Cht l lng trong nc nhiu s lm cho nc b c, nh hng n n ung v
sinh hot.
Tiu chun cn l lng v khng tan trong nc c php l 0,1g/lt.
II. Phng php xc nh cn l lng v khng tan

1. Cch ly mu v bo qun :
- Ly mu theo quy nh chung.
- Mu nc ly v cn c xc nh cn l lng v khng tan ngay, cng sm cng tt
(khng qu 4 ngy). Nu khng s b sai s thiu hoc tha do lng cn kt ta hay to cht
mi (Fe2O3.(MnO).
2. Nguyn tc :
Mu nc th c lc k, giy lc z sy kh v cn trc. em giy c cn sy
nhit 100 - 1500C. Hiu s gia trng lng giy lc c cn (f1) v giy lc khng cn (f0)
cho bit hm lng cn l lng v khng tan.
3. Dng c :
- Giy lc bng vng hoc xanh (lc chm va)
- Bnh ong nh mc 100ml, 200ml.
- T sy 100 - 1050C.
- Bnh ht m (dessicatcur)
- Phu lc
- Cn phn tch chnh xc 0,1mg
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4. Ho cht
- Nc ct tinh khit trng ra dng c.
- Axit HCl v NaOH 30% ty ra dng c.
5. Cch tin hnh

a. Chun b giy lc :
- Sy kh giy lc 100 - 1050C n trng lng khng i.
- ngui trong bnh ht m. em cn c f0 mg
b. Xc nh trng lng cn:

- Ly chnh xc mt th tch 100 - 200ml nc mu z c lc k (c hm lng cn
l lng 50 - 100mg/l), em lc qua giy lc trn.
- Ra sch bnh nh mc v giy lc k (3 n 4 ln).
- biu hin vic ra sch giy lc, c th th li xem nc ra z ht ion clorua
khng. Nu cn phi ra li biu hin khng cn cc cht tan trong nc vn gi trn
giy lc.
- em giy lc z sch ht cht tan, sy kh nhit 100 - 1050C n kh kit (trng
lng khng i) khong 4 - 6 gi.
- Cn ngay sau khi ngui, cng sm cng tt, c f1 mg.
6. Cch tnh kt qu
Cn l lng v khng tan tnh ra mg/l :
X=
( f1 f 0 ) 1000
V
mg/l
Trong :
X : lng cn (mg)
f1: trng lng giy lc c cn
f0 : trng lng giy lc khng c cn
V: th tch nc mu xc nh
1000: dung tch nc mu 1 lt.
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Xc nh cn ho tan trong nc
bng phng php khi lng
I. i cng:
Cn ho tan l cht tan trong nc (nc z c lc k ht cn khng tan v cc
cht l lng) cn ho tan cao nh hng n cht lng nc dng cho n ung, sinh hot v
cng nghip.
Tiu chun hm lng cn ho tan trong nc dng cho n ung v sinh hot l 2g/l.
II. Xc nh cn ho tan:
1. Ly mu v bo qun mu:
- Ly mu nc theo cch thc chung.
- Nc ly v cn c xc nh cn ngay, cng sm cng tt, khng mu qu 4
ngy.
2. Nguyn tc
Nc z c lc qua giy bng xanh, em cho bay hi nc trn ni cch thu, n
kh kit. Lng cht cn li l lng cn ho tan trong nc.
3. Dng c:
- Ni cch thu, t sy 100 - 1050C.
- Bnh ht m dung tch 2 lt.
- Cn chnh xc n 0,1 mg (hoc n 0,2mg)
- Bt s hay chn s chu nhit, dung tch 200 - 250ml.
4. Ho cht:
- Nc ct tinh khit trng ra dng c
- Axit HCl v NaOH 30% ty ra dng c.
5. Cch tin hnh

a. Chun b bt s:
- Ra sch bt s c dung tch c 250ml (z c ngm, ra trc bng NaOH v
HCl).
- Trng ra li bng nc ct, em sy kh nhit 100 - 1050C, n khi lng
khng i.
- ngui trong bnh ht m n nhit phng.
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- em cn, c khi lng P0.
b. Xc nh khi lng cn:
- Ly chnh xc 100 - 200ml nc mu z lc k (cha khong 50 - 250mg cn) cho
vo bt s.
- em c trn bp cch thu n kh kit.
- Sy kh nhit 100 - 1050C n trng lng khng i.
- ngui trong bnh ht m n nhit phng. em cn c P2.
6. Cch tnh kt qu
Cn ho tan tnh ra mg/l:
X=
(P2 P0 ) 1000
V
(mg/l)
Trong :
X: Lng cn ho tan (mg/l)
P2: Khi lng bt s c cn (mg)
P0: Khi lng bt s khng c cn (mg)
V: Th tch nc mu ly phn tnh (ml)
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Xc nh cn ton phn trong nc
bng phng php trng lng
I. i cng:
Trong nc thin nhin thng c cc cht ho tan, cc keo ho tan, cc cht huyn
ph v cc cht khng tan.
Xc nh cn ton phn l tm tng s hm lng cc cht nu trn trong mt lt
nc. Ch s ny rt quan trng, n gip cho vic ra phng n thit k x l nc dng
cho vic n ung, sinh hot v dng cho cng nghip.
II. Phng php xc nh cn ton phn:

- Ly mu nc theo quy nh chung.
- Mu ly v cn xc nh cn ngay, cng sm cng tt. Nu mu nc thng xuyn
tip xc vi khng kh, lu s lm tng hm lng cn khng tan nh Fe2O3 (oxy st III)
hay MnO (Mangan II oxyt)
2. Nguyn tc xc nh
Mu nc c lc k, cho bay hi nc trn ni cch thu. Lng cht cn li trong
bt s l lng cn ton phn ca th tch nc mu z c c kh kit. T , suy ra hm
lng cn trong mt lt nc mu.
3. Dng c:
- Ni cch thu.
- T sy c th sy c nhit 100 - 1050C
- Bnh nh mc 100ml.
- Bnh ht m.
- Cn chnh xc 0,1mg.
- Bt s hay chn s chu nhit, dung tch 250ml.
4. Ho cht
- Nc ct tinh khit trng ra dng c.
- Axit HCl 30% v NaOH 30% ty ra dng c.
5. Cch tin hnh: Chun b bt s:

- Ra sch bt s c dung tch 250ml (z ngm v ra bng NaOH v HCl), trng ra li
bng nc ct.
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- em sy kh nhit 100 - 1050C n trng lng khng i.
- ngui trong bnh ht m (Dessicateur)
6. Xc nh trng lng cn :
- Ly chnh xc mt th tch khong 100 - 200ml nc mu z lc k (cha khong
50-250mg cn) vo bt s trn.
- bt s c nc kh kit trn ni cch thu.
- Cho bt s vo t sy 100 - 1050C khong 4 - 6 gi.
- em ngui bnh ht m. Mang cn c trng lng P1 (trng lng khng i)
Ch : Cn ngay sau khi ngui, cng nhanh cng tt.
7. Cch tnh kt qu:

Cn ton phn tnh ra mg/l :
X=
(P1 P0 ) 1000
V
(mg/l)
Trong :
X : lng cn ton phn mg/l
P1 : Trng lng bt s c cn
P0 : Trng lng bt s khng c cn
V : Th tch nc mu ly xc nh cn.
1000 : Dung tch mt lt nc mu.
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An Toan Hoa Chat Mok

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An ton lao ng l nim vui, nim hnh phc ca mi ngi.

Bn thn nhng ngi lm cng tc an ton lao ng cng l

Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

Phng php ly mu v phn tch cc cht c trong khng kh

Cacbon Oxyt (Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 352-89)

Cacbon ioxyt (Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 353-89)

Clo (TCVN 4877 - 89)

Sunfua ioxyt (Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 351 - 89)

Axit xyanhydric (HCN)

Ch ((Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 354-89)

Ch Tetraetyl trong hi xng

KHO TI LIU ATL

Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

Phn II. V sinh mi trng

Xc nh tng s Coliform bng phng php MPN

Xc nh tng s Fecal Coliform bng phng php MPN

Xc nh tng s Coliform bng k thut mng lc

Phng php pht hin nhanh tng s Coliform v Fecal Coliform

Xc nh cng bng chun EDTA

Xc nh c ca nc (Phng php Nephelometric)

Xc nh Amoniac (NH4+) trong nc. Phng php ln mu trc tip vi

Xc nh Nitrit (NO-2) trong nc. Phng php o mu vi thuc th

Xc nh Nitrat (NO-3) trong nc. Phng php o mu vi thuc th

Xc nh Clorua bng phng php Mohr

Xc nh Pht phat (PO43-)

Xc nh Clo (Cl2) tha

K thut lm trong v kh trng nc

Xc nh cn l lng v khng tan trong nc bng phng php trng lng

Xc nh cn ho tan trong nc. Phng php khi lng

Xc nh cn ton phn trong nc bng phng php trng lng

KHO TI LIU ATL

Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

KHO TI LIU ATL

Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

Phng php ly mu v phn tch

KHO TI LIU ATL

Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

Phn tch tm ra ng hm lng cht c (M) c trong th tch khng kh z ly mu

KHO TI LIU ATL

Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

Ly logarit: - LogT = log

KHO TI LIU ATL

Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

- M tm c do phng php phn tch (mg)

Wm = Trng lng phn t cht phn tch.

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Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

Wm = Trng lng phn t cht phn tch.

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Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

[(MoO3 )4.(MoO2 )H 3PO4 ]

II. Quy nh chung:

III. Dng c ho cht:

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Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

- Natri molypdat (Na2MoO4)

- Natri molypdat (Na2MoO4)

Lc cho tan ht, sau thm:

- Axit photphoric 85%

Lc u v un si 10 gi trong bnh cu, c lp ng sinh hn trn, trnh cn.

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Thng quy k thuty hc lao ng v v sinh an ton

D.D Paladi clorua 1%

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