Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-q
+q
2a
Electric potential at point P will be,V=V1+V2
=1/40(-q/r+a + q/r-a )
On simplification we get,
=1/40(p/r2-a2 )
where p=2aq
2009
Q.A positive point charge (+q) is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric filed lines
originating from the point on the surface of the plate.Derive the expression for the electric field at the surface of a
charged conductor.(3)
ANS: Take a charged conductor of any arbitrary shape with charge density 2 C / m .The total flux through a small
cylindrical Gaussian surface will be given by Gaussslaw as follows: EA = A/0So, E=/0n.
The electric field will be normal to the surface at all points of the conductor.
2010
Q.Figure shows three points charges, +2q, -q and +3q. Two charges +2q and q are enclosed within a surface S. What
is the electric flux due to this configuration through the surface S? (1)
+3q
+2q
-q
ANS: Electric flux through the surface S will be as per Gauss law:
E= net charge/0=(2q-q)/ 0 =q/0.
2011
Q.A point charge Q is place at point O as shown in the figure. Is the potential difference
VA VB positive, negative or zero, if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative?
Q
(2)
B
O
Ans: Potential at a point: V = kQ/r
For any Q, VA-VB = kQ( 1/rA-1/rB)
Where, rA<rB , So 1/rA>1/rB
And So 1/rA-1/rB> 0.
If Q at O is positive, VA-VB will be positive.
If Q at O is negative, VA-VB will be negative.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q. Using Gausss law to obtain the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of
radius R at a point outside the shell. Draw a graph showing the variation of electric field with r, for r > R and r< R.
Q
ANS:
EdS
R
o.
Consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r (R), concentric with given shell. If Eis electric field outside the shell,
then by symmetry, electric field strength has same magnitude Eon the Gaussian surface and is directed radially
outward. Alsothe directions of normal at each point is radially outward, so angle between E0 and dS is zero at each
point. Hence, electric flux through Gaussian surface = =E.ds
=Eds= E*4r2
Now, Gaussian surface is outside the given charged shell,so charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface
is Q. Hence, by Gausss theorem
E*4r2 = c.
E =Q/4r2 0
Thus, electric field outside a charged thin spherical shell is same as if the wholecharge Q is concentrated at the centre.
Graphically,
Y
Emax
E 1/r2
E
X
r=R
2014
Q. Why do the electric field lines never cross each other? (1)
Ans: Electric field line is a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent to it at each point is in the direction of the net
field at that point. Two fields can never cross each other. If they did,it means the field at the point of intersection will
not have a unique direction, which is meaningless).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2006
Q. Define the term 'dielectric constant' of a medium in terms of capacitance of a capacitor.(1)
ANS: Dielectric constant of a medium is defined as the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor with the dielectric as the
medium to its capacitance with vacuum between its plates.
Q. The electric field and electric potential at any point due to a point charge kept in air is 20NC-1 and 10JC-1
respectively. Compute the magnitude of this charge.
(2)
ANS: E=1/40(q/r2)=20NC-1
V=1/40(q/r)=10NC-1
And R=V/E=10/20=1/2=0.5
So, q=40rV=10*0.5/9*109
=0.55* 10-9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q.11.The given graph shows the variation of charge q versus potential difference V for twocapacitors C1 and C 2. The
two capacitors have same plate separation but the plate areaof C2 is double than that of C1. Which of the lines in the
graph correspond to C1 and C2and why? (2)
ANS:
A
B
V
As q =CV so, C=q/V and graph A has a larger slope than B, so the graph A represents a capacitor of larger
capacitance.Also, C= 0A/d, hence: C A.
As the plate area of C2is double of that of C1, so C 2 has a larger capacitance. Hence theline A of the graph corresponds
to C2.
---------2008
Q. Derive the expression for the electric potential at any point along the axial line of an electricdipole? (2)
ANS: FIGURE:
A
Let P be an axial point at distance r from the centre of the dipole. Electric potential at point P is given asV= V1+ V2, V1
and V2are the potentials at point P due to charges +q and -q respectively.
V=1/40 (q/r-a +-q/r+a)
=q/40( 2a/r2-a2)=1/40( p/r2-a2)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q.(a) Derive an expression for the torque experienced by an electric dipole kept in auniform electric field.
(b) Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed on the vertices of an equilateral triangle
of side 10 cms.as shown. Here, q = 1.6*10-10C.(5)
q
-4q
+2q
ANS:
(a) The figure given below shows an electric dipole of charges +q and q which are separated by distance 2a.
Refer,Figure :NCERT BOOK Fig no-2.16,Page-66.
A NS: Expression for the torque: The above arrangement forms a couple. The couple exerts a torque which is given by,
=Force x Perpendicular distance between the two forces
=qE x 2a.sin
=pEsin(p=2aq,dipole moment)
Since the direction of torque is perpendicular to p and Ewe can rewrite the above equation as,
=pX E.
(b) The work done will be equal to the potential energy of the system
U= 1/40[ (q*2q)/0.1+(q*-4q)/0.1+(2q*-4q)/0.1]
=9*109*10(-10q2)
=9*109*10*(-10)*1.6*10-10*1.6*10-10
=-23.04*10-9J.
2009
Q. Draw 3 equipotential surfaces corresponding to a field that uniformly increases in magnitude but remains constant
along Z direction. How are these surfaces different from that of a constant electric field along Z- direction? (2)
ANS: Planes parallel to the x-y plane. If the field increases and equi-potential surfaces are drawn for the same
difference in potential then as the field increases the surfaces will become closer to each other.
F IGURE:
Q.A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery. After some time the battery is dis-connected and a dielectric slab
of dielectric constant K is inserted between the plates.
How would (i) the capacitance (ii) the electric field between the plates and (iii) the energystored in the capacitor be
affected? Justify your answer. (3)
_
_
_
+
+
+
ANS: (i) On inserting a slab of dielectric constant K between the plates, the capacitance of the capacitor is K times.
New capacitance, C =KCo.
(ii) The electric field between the plates of the capacitor decreases. It becomes E = Eo/k
(iii) The energy stored by a capacitor is Q2/2C0 which becomes Q2/2C =Q2/2kC0
So the energy stored becomes 1/K times its original value.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2010
Q. In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field is in (i) stable, (ii)un-stable equilibrium?
(1)
ANS: Stable position of the dipole: parallel to electric field.
Un-stable position: perpendicular to the electricfield.
Q.A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery. After sometime the battery isdisconnected and a dielectric slabs its
thickness equal to the plate separation is inserted between the plates. How will (i) the capacitance of the capacitor. (ii)
Potential difference between the plates and (iii) the energy stored in the capacitor be affected?Justify your answer in
each case.(3)
ANS: (i) Capacitance of the capacitor increases by a factor K, i.e., it becomes KC.
(ii) Net electric field will get reduced. As potential difference V=-Ed, as E is reduced,potentialdifference between the capacitor plates also reduces.
(iii) Energy of the capacitor:As the charge Q is fixed on plates,Energy stored in the capacitor,
U =q 2/2C=1/k*(energy without di-electric)
So, U 1/k ,it goes down.
Q. (a) Depict the equipotential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point charges placed a distance d
apart.(b) Deduce the expression for the potential energy of a system of two point charges q1 and q2 brought from
infinity to the points r1 and r2 respectively in the presence of external electric field E.
(3)
ANS: a) An equipotential surface is a surface with a constant value of potential at all points on the surface. The
Equipotential surfaces for two identical positive charges. Refer figure, Ncert book,Fig.no:2.11(b),page-60.
First, we calculate the work done in bringing the charge q1 from infinity to r1. Work done in this step is q1 V (r1).
Next, we consider the work done in bringing q2 to r2. In this step, work is done not only against the external field E but
also against the field due to q1.
Work done on q2 against the external field = q2 V (r2)
Work done on q2 against the field due to q1 = q1q2/40r12
Where r12 is the distance between q1 and q2. By the superposition principle for fields, we add up the work done on
q2 against the two fields (E and that due to q1):
Work done in bringing q2 to r2 = q2Vr2+q1q2/40r12
Thus, Potential energy of the system= the total work done in assembling the configuration=
q1 V (r1)+q2 V (r2)+ q1q2/40r12.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2011
Q. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates having charge densities + and are kept in the X-Z plane at a distanced
apart. Sketch an equi-potential surface due to electric field between the plates. If a particle of mass m and charge '-q'
remains stationary between the plates, what is the magnitude and direction of the field?
(3)
OR
Two small identical electrical diploes AB and CD, each of dipole moment 'p' are kept an angle of 120o as shown in the
figure. What is the resultant dipole moment of this combination? If this system is subjected to electric field E directed
along +X direction, what will be the magnitude and direction of the torque acting on this?(3)
Y
D +q
1200
C
-q
Y
Ans:
Here the darkarrows represent the parallel equi-potential surfaces along X-Z plane.
If a charge q has to be held stationary between the two plates, it will have to be balanced by two forces.
Gravitational force: mg, downwards
Electrostatic force= 2qE, acting upwards.
This implies, that in X-Z plane, the upper plate is + charged plate & lower plate is charged plate.
So, E field lines have to be directed along y axis.
OR
Resultant dipole moment, pres =p1+p2
=(p12 +p22+2 p1p2cos1200 )1/2
=p
Direction of resultant dipole moment:
tan =psin1200/p+pCos1200 =(3)1/2
So, =600
That is, 30 degrees with +x axis.
Given applied E is along +x axis, So torque on resultant dipole will be =pESin300=pE/2.
Direction will be along -z axis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. Q.Figure shows to identical capacitors, C1 and C2, each of 1 F capacitance connected to a battery of 6V.Initially switch
S is closed. After sometimes S is left open and dielectric slabs of dielectric constant K =3 are inserted to fill
completely the space between the plates of the two capacitors. How will the (i) charge and (ii) potential difference
between the plates of the capacitors be affected after the slabs are inserted?
ANS: In C2: Charge QD = CDVD will not change. Where CD = K C= increases K times
VD = V/K = decreases K times.
In C1: Charge QD = CDV Potential V remains the same as 6V.
Charge QD =KCV= KQ, increases K times.
2012
Q.Draw a plot showing the variation of (i) electric field Eand (ii) electric potential V with distance r due to a point
charge Q.
(2)
Ans: E at a point varies inversely as the square of its distance from Q.
V at a point varies inversely as its distance from Q.
Figure 2.4, NCERT Book, Page No- 55.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2013
Q. What is the geometrical shape of equi-potential surfaces due to a single isolated charge?
ANS: 1. The equi-potential surfaces due to a single isolated charge are concentric spherical surfaces. As the distance
from the charge increases the electric field strength will decrease and the distance between the spherical surfaces will
increase.
+q
-q
.A capacitor has been charged by a dc source. What are the magnitudes of conduction and displacement currents,
when it is fully charged?
(2)
ANS: Electric flux through the plates of the capacitor, =q/
will also be a constant. So displacement current, Id =
constant.
O
0.5m
Z
).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q.A capacitor has been charged by a dc source. What are the magnitudes of conduction and displacement
currents, when it is fully charged?
ANS: 3. Electric flux through the plates of the capacitor, =q/
/dt =0.
ANS: (a) Because the car acts like electric shield. We know that the electric field inside theclosed conductor is
zero.
(b) Awareness and humanity or concern.
(c) Gratitude and obligation.
I was struck in severe thunder storm once in an isolated place. I insisted to go out of the car and enjoy the rain.
My parents advised not to go out of the car otherwise I may get thunderstruck.
2014
Q. Considering the case of a parallel plate capacitor being charged, show how one is required to generalize Ampere's
circuital law to include the term due to displacement current. (2)
Ans: 9. Consider the charging of a capacitor. The electric field between the plates of the capacitor is as follows:If the
plates of the capacitor have an area A and a total charge Q, the magnitude of the electric field between the plates is
E=Q/A 0
The field is perpendicular to the surface S as shown in the figure.Thus, using Gausss law the electric flux through the
surface is
E= E A=QA/A0=Q/ 0
Now, if the charge Q on the capacitor is changing with time, there is a current associated with it, so we have,
dE/dt = ( 1/0) dQ/dt =( 1/0)i
or, I = 0( d E/dt)
This term is the current due to changing electric field and is called displacement current. Thus, the Amperes Circuital
law is modified to give
B.dl
( d E/dt)
Q. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is charged to a potential V. It is then connected to another uncharged
capacitor having the same capacitance. Find out the ratio of the energy stored in the combined system to that stored
initially in the single capacitor.
(2)
ANS: The capacitance of two capacitors is same, i.e. C.
The voltage across charged capacitor is V1 = V and that across uncharged capacitor is V2= 0.
Thus, the initial energy stored in the capacitor is
U1=1/2C1V12=1/2CV2
When the charged capacitor is connected across the uncharged capacitor, the two capacitors form a parallel
combination.Thus, the resultant capacitance is C = C + C = 2C.
The initial charge on the capacitor is q = CV.The final potential across the combination will be
V=q1+q2/C=q/2C=CV/2C=V/2.
Hence, the final energy in the combination of capacitors is
U2=1/2CV2= 1/2(2C)(V/2)2 =CV2/4
Thus, the ratio of energy stored in the combined system to that in the initial single capacitor is given as
U2/U1=1/2.
Q: Draw a labelled diagram of Van de Graff generator. State its working principle to show ,how by introducing a small
charged sphere into a larger sphere, a large amount of charge can be transferred to the outer sphere. State the use of
this machine and also point out its limitations. (5)
OR
(a) Deduce the expression for the torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment P in the presence of a uniform electric field (b)
Consider two hollow concentric spheres S1 and S2, enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q respectively as shown in the figure. (i)
Find out the ratio of the electric flux through them. (ii) How will the electric flux through the sphere s1 change if a
medium of dielectric constant ' r' is introduced in the space inside s1 in place of air? Deduce the necessary expression.
(5)
4Q
2Q
S2
S1
ANS: Principle:
1) The charge always resides on the outer surface of hollow conductor.
2) The electric discharge in air or gas takes place readily at the pointed ends of the conductors.
Construction:
It consists of a large hollow metallic sphere S mounted on two insulating columns and an endless belt made up of
rubber which is running over two pulleys P1 and P2 with the help of an electric motor.B1 and B2 are two sharp
metallic brushes. The lower brush B1 is given a positive potential by high tension battery and is called a spray brush,
while the upper brush B2 is connected to the inner part of the sphereS.
Working:
When brush B1 is given a high positive potential then it produces ions due to the action of sharp points. Thus, the
positive ions so produced get sprayed on the belt due to repulsion between positive ions and the positive charge on
brush B1. Then it is carried upward by the moving belt.The pointed end of B2 just touches the belt, collects the
positive charge and makes it move to the outer surface of the sphere S. This process continues and the potential of the
shell rises to several million volts.
Uses:
(1) It can be used to separate different charges.
(2) It can be used to accelerate particles like protons, particles, etc. to high speeds and energies.
Limitations:
(b) (i) Let 1 and 1 be the electric flux through the spheres S1 and S2 respectively.
Then, 1 = 2Q/ 0......(1)
2=(2Q + 4Q)/0= 6Q/ 0......(2)
From (1) and (2), we get the ratio of the electric flux passing through the spheres S1 and S2 as
1/2=1/3.
(ii) Let E be the electric field intensity on the surface of the sphere S1 due to the charge 2Q present inside the sphere.
Then, according to Gauss theorem, we have
1= E.dS =2Q/ 0
On introducing a medium of dielectric constantr inside the sphere S1, suppose that electric field becomes E'. Then,
we haveE' =E/r.
The electric flux through the sphere is now 1, then we have
1= E.dS = 1/0 E.dS = 2Q/ 0r.
Thus if a medium of dielectric constant r is introduced in the space S1 instead of air the electric flux through the
sphere S1 becomes 2Q/ 0r.
2015
Q. Write a relation for polarisation P of a dielectric material in the presence of an external electricfield E.
(1)
Ans: The relation for polarisation P of the dielectric medium in the presence of an external electric field Eis P = E,
where susceptibility is a constant characteristic of the dielectric and is known as the electric of a dielectric material.
Q.Explain briefly the process of charging a parallel plate capacitor when it is connected across a d.c. battery.A
capacitor of capacitance C is charged to V volts by a battery. After some time thebattery is disconnected and the
distance between the plates is doubled. Now a slab ofdielectric constant,1<k<2,
is introduced to fill the space between the plates. How will the following be affected?
(a) The electric field between the plates of the capacitor
(b) The energy stored in the capacitor
Justify your answer by writing the necessary expressions. [3]
ANS: Consider a parallel plate capacitor connected across a d.c. battery as shown in the figure. The electric current will
flow through the circuit. As the charges reach the plate, the insulating gap does not allow the charges to move further;
hence, positive charges get deposited on one side of the plate and negative charges get deposited on the other side of
the plate. As the voltage begins to develop, theelectric charge begins to resist the deposition of further charge. Thus,
the current flowing through the circuit gradually becomes less and then zero till the voltage of the capacitor is exactly
equal but opposite
to the voltage of the battery. This is how the capacitor gets charged when it is connected across a d.c. battery.
(a) The electric field between the plates is
E = V/D
The distance between plates is doubled, d' = 2d
E =V/D=(V/K)*1/2d =1/2(E/K)
Therefore, if the distance between the plates is double, the electric field will reduce to one half.
As the capacitance of the capacitor,
(b) As the capacitance of the capacitor,
C=E0KA/d=E0KA/2d=1/2C (1)
A1
B(+2Q)
C1
B1
C(-3Q)
OR
ANS.(a) Let q1 and q2 be the two charges located at r1 and r2, respectively, in an external electric field. The work done
in bringing the chare q1 from infinity to r1 is W1 = q1V (r1), where V(r1) is the potential. Similarly, the work done in
bringing the chare q1 from infinity to r 2 can be calculated. Here, the work is done not only against the external field E
but also against the field due to q 1.
Hence, work done on q2 against the external field is W2 = q2V (r2).
Work done on q 2against the field due to q1, W12 = q1q2/4 E0r12
where r12 is the distance between q1 and q2.
By the principle of superposition for fields, work done on q2 against two fields will add with work done in bringing q2
to r2, which is given as W2+ W12= q 2V (r2)+ q1q2/4E0r12.
Thus, the potential energy of the system U = total work done in assembling the configuration
U= W1+ W2+ W12.
= q1V (r1)+ q 2V (r2)+ q1q2/4E0r12.
(b)q1=+Q, q2=+2Q, q3=-3Q
r = l (for each side)
Intial potential energy of system
U1=1/4E0 l [q1*q2+q2*q3+q3*q1 ]
=-7Q2/4E0 l ( putting the value of q1,q2,q3 and after simplification)
U2=1/4E0 l/2 [q1*q2+q2*q3+q3*q1 ]
=-7Q2/2E0 l ( putting the value of q1,q2,q3 and after simplification)
Work done=U2-U1
=-7/4(Q2/2E0 l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION-B
MINIMUM LEVEL OF LEARNING
Unit-I, Electrostatics (CHAPTER 1- Charge and Electric field.CHAPTER 2- Potential and capacitance.)
Formulas
Electrostatics is the study of charges at rest.
Charging a body can be done by friction, induction and conduction.
Properties of charges: 1 Charge on a body is quantized Q=+ ne
2. charge of an isolated system is conserved
3. Charge on a body is speed independent
To measure charge electroscopes are used.
Coulombs law:
Principle of superposition:
Coulombs law for multiple charges
Ftotal = F12 + F 13 + .
k=
= 9X109 Nm2c-2
[vector sum of individual forces]
Electric field: Force experienced by a unit positive (or test) charge. It is a vector. SI unitNC-1.
ur
ur
F
E Lt
qo 0 q
o
ur
n ur
Electric field intensity due to multiple point charges : E total E r
i 1
r
[vector sum of individual fields]
Dipole moment: Product of magnitude of charge and distance of separation between them. It is a vector. SI unit: Cm,
Dipole
in
uniform
electric
field
experiences
no
net
force
and
instead
experiences
torque.
If
=0
Electric flux:
stable equilibrium; If
=
unstable equilibrium.
; It is a scalar; SI unit: NC-1m2 or Vm.
Unit Cm-3]
Volume charge distribution
Electric Field Intensity on extreme left, In between and on extreme right of
uniformly and oppositely charged thin conducting plates
Volume charge density:
EI =0
EII =
EIII =0
Son Charge
.
distribution
Charge
density
Linear
charge
density
Cylindrical
Infinitely
long
straight
uniformly
charged
conductor
Gausss
theorem
Electric
field
Intensity
2.
Infinitely
extended
plane sheet
of
Charge
uniformly
Charged
spherical
shell
Surface
charge
density
Plane
Plane surface
=
Surface
charge
density
Spherical
surface
Electrostatic Potential: Work done per unit positive Test charge to move it from infinity to that point in an electric field
against the field direction . It is a scalar. SI unit: J/C or V
V = W / qo
Electric field is conservative. This means that the work done is independent of the path followed and the total work
done in a closed path is zero.
total
in1 kqi
ri
(since
= 0 (Since
=0)
=90)
Potential difference
Potential energy of charge q1 in the field of q2 or vice versa :
U=
Q
, Ratio of charge and potential difference. Scalar,
V
Cm =
Combination of capacitors:
1 n 1
Capacitors in series:
c i 1 ci
n
Capacitors in parallel : c
i 1
1
1
1 Q2
CV 2 QV
2
2
2 C
V
Energy density :
Values of Different quantities after Introducing dielectric slab between the plates of the charged capacitor:
Charge
Potential
difference
Electric
field
Capacitance
Energy
K Q0
V0
Q0
V0/K
E0
E0/K
KC0
KC0
K times
By battery]
[Energy is supplied
1/K times
Polarization]
CONCEPT MAP
FORCE/FIELD/POTENTIAL/P.E
CONCEPT MAP
CHARGE ITS IMPACT
> 0 (ii)
<0 ?
and
C2
C3
Resultant capacitance Cs =(20/3)F Charge on Cs = (20/3)F*90V =600C Charge on C2 is also 600C Potential
across C2=600C/30F=20V
Shorts Questions (2 marks)
1.Deriveanexpressionfortheworkdoneinobtaininganelectricdipolefromits
equilibriumpositiontoananglewiththeuniformelectrostaticfield.
2.Showthatthereisalwaysalossofenergywhentwocapacitorscharged
todifferentpotentialssharecharge(connectedwitheachother).
3.Four point charges +5 mC, +2 mC, +10mC and +2 mC are kept at the corners of a square of side 10 cm. A charge
q=+1mC is placed at its centre. Find the net force on q.
4. Calculate the distance between two protons such that the electrostatic force between them is equal to the weight
of either.
5. Two point charges are 0.1 m apart and their combined charge is 9 mC. If they repel each other with a force 18N,
then calculate the magnitude of each charge.
6. Calculate the Coulomb force between two alpha particles separated by a distance of 3.2 x 10-15 m
7. A proton moves through a uniform electric field of 5.01 x 10 3 N/C. Calculate (a) the acceleration with which the
proton is moving and (b) the time taken by the proton to cover a distance of 4.8 cm.
8.How many electrons would have to be removed from or added to apenny to leave it charged with 1.0 x 10-6 C [Ans:
6.25 x 10 12]
9. What is the Coulombs force between two small charged spheres having charges of 2.0 x 10-7 C and 3.0 x 10-7C
placed 30 cm in air?
[Ans: 6.0 x 10-3N]
10.Twopointchargesqand+qareplaced
metreapart,asshowninfig. GivethedirectionofelectricfieldatpointsA,B,CandD.
(along AB at A,
along BA at B,
+ qC
BqA
along AC at C
along AB at D)
11. Calculate the work required to separate two charges4 c and 2c placed a (-3cm,0,0)and(+3cm,0,0)infinitely
awayfrom each other.
12. What is meantby dielectric polarization? Why does the electric field inside
adielectricdecreasewhenitisplacedinanexternalfield?
13.Calculatetheworkdoneintakingachargeof1Cinauniformelectric
fieldof10N/CfromBtoCgivenAB=5cmalongthefieldandAC=10 cm per pendicular to electricfield.
C
14. The plates of a parallel plate air capacitor are separated by a distance of 1 mm. What mustbe the plate area if the
capacitance of the capacitor is to be 1F?
3 f
3 f
5. Define electrostatic potential and write its unit. Obtain expression for electrostatic
Potential at a point Pin the field due to a point charge.
6.Calculatetheelectrostaticpotentialenergyforasystemofthreepoint
chargesplacedatthecornersofanequilateraltriangleofsidea.
7.A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow sphere of radii r and R(R>r),such that their surface
density of charges are equal. Find Potential at the common c entre.
14.State and verify Gauss theorem .Use Gauss theorem to derive an expression for the electric field at a
point due to an infinite plane sheet of charge of uniform charge density
15. Derive an expression for the electric field at a point due to a thin infinitely long straight conductor of charge of
uniform charge density
16.Derive an expression for the electric field at a point due to uniformly charged spherical shell using Gauss law.
17.Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
18.A dielectric slab of thickness t introduced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor separated
by a distance d. (t < d). Derive an expression for the capacitance of the capacitor.
Formula based Nemerical Questions
1. Force between two points electric charges kept at a distance d apart in air is F.If these charges
are kept at the same distance in water, how does the force between them get effected ?
2. Two point charges 10C and 20C are separated by a distance r in air. If an additional charge of 8C is given to each, by what factor does the force between the charges change?
3. Calculate the Coulomb force between a proton and an electron separated by a
distanceof0.8x10-15m.
4. Two point charges Q are kept at a distance r from each other. A third charge q is place on the
line joining the above two charges such that all the three charges are in equilibrium, what is the
magnitude, sign and the position of the charge q?
5. A charge q is placed at the centre of the line joining two equal charges Q and Q. Calculate the
value of charge q such that all the three charges are in equilibrium. Also mention the nature of
this charge.
6. Two point charges of charge values Q and q are placed at a distance of x and x/2 respectively
from a third charge of charge value 4q, all charges being in the same straight line. Calculate the
magnitude and nature of charge Q such that the net force experienced by the q charge is zero.
7. Two point electric charges of values q and 2q are kept at a distance d apart from each other in
air. A third charge Q is to be kept along the same line in such a way that the net force on q and
2q is zero. Calculate the position of the charge Q in terms of q and d.
8. Force of attraction between two point charges placed at a distanced apart in a medium is F.
What should be the distance in the same medium so that the force between them becomes 9F?
9. Two similarly and equally charged identical metal spheres A and B repel each other with a force
of 2x10-5 N. A third identical uncharged sphere C is touched with A and then placed at the
midpoint between A and B. Calculate the net electric force on C.
VALUEBASEDQUESTIONS
1.AnelderlywomanwentalonetotheRegistrarsofficetodisburseherproperty.Whens
heenquiredintheofficeshe wasaskedtogetaXeroxcopyofthedocumentwhichworksun
derelectrostaticinduction.TheXeroxshopwasfara waya ndacrosstheroad.Shetookthe
helpofthepasserbya ndgothere for getting the Xeroxdone.
a)Whatvaluesdidthepasser-byhave?
b)Howdoesaneutralbodyg etchargedbyelectrostaticinduction?
2)RamandShyamwenttothetradefair.Theywerebyside
of
acrowdedcorner.
WhereBalloons
weresold.Achildwasseentroublinghisparentandcryingforsomething.Onseeingthis,R
amwenttothechildandsaidthathewouldperformatrickwithballoons.Ramtooktwob
alloonsandShyamhelpedhimtoinflateandtie.Whentheballoonswererubbedwiththe
sweaterhewaswearing,theywereattracted.Whentakennearertowall,theballoonsgot
stuck.Thechildenjoyedandstoppedcrying.
a)GivetwovaluesofRamandShyam.
b)Howdidtheballoonsgetattracted?Willtheyrepelalso?
3)Arunhadtorepairthiscarwhenhewasremindedbythecarcompanyforhisregularcarservice.He
toldthemtodospraypaintingofmountaindewcolour.Thecompanyalsorepliedthattheyusually
performspraypainting onlyaswastageisminimizedandevenpaintingachieved.
a)Whatvaluesdidthecarservicecompanyhave?
b)Ifspraypaintingisdonebyelectrostaticinduction,howisevenpaintingachieved?
.4)InAkashsclassroomthefanabovetheteacherwasrunningveryslowly.Duetowhichhiste
acherwassweatingandwasrestlessandtired.Allhisclassmateswantedtorectifythis.Theyca
lledforanelectricianwhocameandchangedthecapacitoronlyafterwhichthefanstartedrun
ningfast.
a)WhatvaluesdidAkashandhisclassmateshave?
b)Whatenergyisstoredinthecapacitorandwhere?
Important Information
1.Van de Graaff is omitted from syllabus.
2. Direct formula based Numericalare asked only
3. To revise solved examples &numericals givenin NCERT Text Book
Define the term mobility of charge carriers. Write its S.I. unit.
2008
2015
Two metallic resistors are connected first in series and then in parallel across a d.c.
supply. Plot of I V graph is shown for the two cases. Which one represents a
parallel combination of the resistors and why?
2015
2015
2008
2007
When electrons drift in a metal from lower to higher potential, does it mean that all
the free electrons of the metal are moving in the same direction?
2012
2012
2013
10
Two wires, one of copper and the other of manganin, have same resistance and
equal thickness. Which wire is longer? Justify your answer.
Two wires, one of copper and the other of manganin, have same resistance and
equal thickness. Which wire is thicker? Justify your answer.
Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in
series across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find
the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in the two wires.
A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section.
Which of these quantities is constant along the conductor:
Current, current density, drift speed, electric field?
A wire of resistance 8 R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the Effective
resistance between the ends of a diameter AB ?
Show on a graph the variation of resistivity of carbon with temperature for a typical
semiconductor?
The variation of potential difference V with length l in case of two potentiometers P
and Q is as shown, which of these two you will prefer for comparing emfs of two
primary cells?
2009
2012
2012
11
12
13
14
15
16
2010
2011
2009
2010
2006
2006
2009,
2015
Calculate the current drawn from the battery by the network of resistors shown in figure
Draw a circuit diagram of a potentiometer .State its working principle. Derive the necessary
formula to describe how it is used to compare the emfs of the two cells.
2008
With the help of the circuit diagram, explain the working Principle of meter bridge. How it is
used to determine the unknown resistance of a given wire? Write the necessary precautions
to minimize the error in the result.
Using the concept of drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor, deduce the relationship
between current density and resistivity of the conductor.
A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. Which of these
quantities is constant along the conductor :
current, current density, electric field, drift speed ?
2007
2009
Use Kirchhoffs rules to obtain conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone
bridge.
A variable resistor R is connected across a cell of emf E and internal resistance r as shown
in the figure. Draw a plot showing the variation of (i) terminal voltage V and (ii) the
current I, as a function of R.
2009
2013
2011
In the potentiometer circuit shown, the null point is at X. State with reason, where the
balance point will be shifted when
(a) Resistance R is increased, keeping all other parameters unchanged;
(b) Resistance S is increased, keeping R constant.
2012
4
5
6
7
2009
2012
State the two Kirchhoffs rules used in electric networks. How are these rules justified?
2008
10
Define the term power loss in a conductor of resistance R carrying a current I. In what
form does this power loss appear? Show that to minimize the power loss in the
transmission cables connecting the power stations to homes, it is necessary to have the
connecting wires carrying current at enormous high values of voltage.
In the circuit diagram shown, AB is a uniform wire of resistance 15 and length 1 m. It is
connected to a cell E1 of emf 2 V and negligible internal resistance and a resistance R. The
balance point with another cell E2 of emf 75 mV is found at 30 cm from end A. Calculate
the value of the resistance R.
2011
12
Use Kirchhoff s rules to determine the potential difference between the points A and D
when no current flows in the arm BE of the electric network shown in the figure.
2007
13
2005
A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected to two external resistances R1 and R2 and a
perfect ammeter. The current in the circuit is measured in four different situations:
2012
11
14
15
2009
2013
2011
17
In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at zero potential, use Kirchhoffs rules to determine
the potential at point B.
2011
18
Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is given by
2007
E = 0) n,
19
20
21
where is the surface charge density and $ n is a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward
direction.
The plot of the variation of potential difference across a combination of three identical cells in
series, versus current is as shown below. What is the emf of each cell ?
A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable resistor R. Plot a
graph showing the variation of terminal potential V with resistance R. Predict from the graph
the condition under which V becomes equal to E.
Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in terms of relaxation
2008
2009
2009
time.
22
23
A wire of 15 resistances is gradually stretched to double its original length. It is then cut into
two equal parts. These parts are then connected in parallel across a 3 00 volt battery. Find the
current drawn from the battery.
(a) You are required to select a carbon resistor of resistance 47 k10% from a large
collection.
What should be the sequence of colour bands used to code it?
(b) Write the characteristics of manganin which make it suitable for making standard
resistance.
2009
2012
In the two electric circuits shown in the figure, determine the readings of ideal
Ammeter (A) and the ideal voltmeter (V).
2015
In the circuit shown in the figure, find the current through each resistor.
2015
(a) Deduce the relation between current I flowing through a conductor and
drift velocity d of the electrons.
(b) Figure shows a plot of current I flowing through the cross-section of a
wire versus the timet. Use the plot to find the charge flowing in 10s through
2014
the wire..
2013
Two wires X, Y have the same resistivity, but their cross-sectional areas are in the ratio 2 : 3 and
lengths in the ratio 1 : 2. They are first connected in series and then in parallel to a d.c. source.
Find out the ratio of the drift speeds of the electrons in the two wires for the two cases.
2011
2010
2015
2009
2014
A 16 resistance wire is bent to form a square. A source of emf 9 V is connected
across one of its sides as shown. Calculate the current drawn from the source. Find the
potential difference between the ends C and D.
If now the wire is stretched uniformly to double the length and once again the same
cell is connected in the same way, across one side of the square formed, what will now
be the potential difference across one of its diagonals?
10
2009
11
State the underlying principle of a potentiometer. Write two factors by which current
sensitivity of a potentiometer can be increased. Why is a potentiometer preferred
over a voltmeter for measuring the emf of a cell ?
Find the relation between drift velocity and relaxation time of charge carriers in a
conductor.
A conductor of length L is connected to a d.c. source of emf E. If the length of the
conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping E constant, explain how its drift velocity
would be affected.
2007
12
2006
2010
13
14
Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends. The reading on a high
resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it, is 20 V. When the terminals of the
cell are also connected to a resistance of 3as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading
drops to 15 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell.
State Kirchhoffs rules. Use these rules to write the expressions for the currents I1, I 2 and I
3 in the circuit diagram shown.
2010
15
16
17
18
Prove that the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the
drift speed of Electrons.
A number of identical cells, n, each of emf E, internal resistance r connected in
series are charged by a d.c. source of emf E, using a resistor R.
(i) Draw the circuit arrangement.
(ii) Deduce the expressions for
(a) the charging current and
(b) the potential difference across the combination of the cells.
A potentiometer wire of length 1 m is connected to a driver cell of emf 3 V as
shown in the figure. When a cell of 15 V emf is used in the secondary circuit, the
balance point is found to be 60 cm. On replacing this cell and using a cell of
unknown emf, the balance point shifts to 80 cm.
(i) Calculate unknown emf of the cell.
(ii) Explain with reason, whether the circuit works, if the driver cell is replaced with
a cell of emf 1 V.
(iii) Does the high resistance R, used in the secondary circuit affect the balance
point? Justify your Answer.
2005
2007
Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure so that the current in the
circuit is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points B and E?
2012
20
In the figure a long uniform potentiometer wire AB is having a constant potential gradient
along its length. The null points for the two primary cells of emfs 1and 2 connected in the
manner shown are obtained at a distance of 120 cm and 300 cm from the end A. Find
(i)
1 / 2 and
(ii)
position of null point for the cell 1.
How is the sensitivity of a potentiometer increased?
2012
Ameen had been getting huge electricity bill for the past few months. He was upset
2015
about this. One day his friend Rohit, an electrical engineer by profession, visited his
house. When he pointed out his anxiety about this to Rohit, his friend found that
Ameen was using traditional incandescent lamps and using old fashioned air
conditioner. In addition there was no proper earthing in the house. Rohit advised
him to use CFL bulbs of 28 W instead of 1000 W 220 V and also advised him to
get proper earthing in the house. He made some useful suggestion and asked him
to spread this message to his friends also.
(i) What qualities/values, in your opinion did Rohit possess ?
(ii) Why CFLs and LEDs are better than traditional incandescent lamps ?
(iii) In what way earthing reduces electricity bill
2015
Ajit had a high tension tower erected on his farm land. He kept complaining to the
authorities to remove it as it was occupying a large portion of his land. His uncle, who
was a teacher, explained to him the need for erecting these towers for efficient
transmission of power. As Ajit realized its significance, he stopped complaining.
Answer the following questions :
(a) Why is it necessary to transport power at high voltage ?
(b) A low power factor implies large power loss. Explain.
(c) Write two values each displayed by Ajit and his uncle.
During a thunderstorm the live wire of the transmission line fell down on the ground 2014
from the poles in the street. A group of boys, who passed through, noticed it and some
of them wanted to place the wire by the side. As they were approaching the wire and
trying to lift the cable, Anuj noticed it and immediately pushed them away, thus
preventing them from touching the live wire. During pushing some of them got hurt.
Anuj took them to a doctor to get them medical aid.
Based on the above paragraph, answer the following questions :
(a) Write the two values which Anuj displayed during the incident.
(b) Why is it that a bird can sit on a suspended live wire without any harm whereas
touching it on the ground can give a fatal shock ?
(c) The electric power from a power plant is set up to a very high voltage before
transmitting it to distant consumers. Explain, why.
(a) State Kirchhoff s rules and explain on what basis they are justified.
(b) Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in
parallel. Derive the expression for the (i) emf and (ii) internal resistance of a single
equivalent cell which can replace this combination.
Two heating elements of resistances R 1 and R2 when operated at a constant supply of
voltage V, consumes powers P1 and P2 respectively. Deduce the expressions for the power
of their combinations when they are, in turn, connected in (i) Series and (ii) parallel across
the same voltage supply.
2010
2011
V I graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures T1 and T2 is as shown in the figure.
Which of the two temperatures is higher and why?
Two metallic resistors are connected first in series and then in parallel across a d.c. supply. Plot of
I V graph is shown for the two cases. Which one represents a parallel combination of the
resistors and why?
I V graph for two identical conductors of different materials A and B is shown in the figure.
Which one of the two has higher resistivity?
III.
7
8
9
Alloys
20%.
Draw a circuit diagram of a potentiometer .State its working principle. Derive the necessary formula to
describe how it is used to compare the emfs of the two cells.
10
Draw a circuit diagram of a potentiometer .State its working principle. Derive the necessary formula to
describe how it is used to find internal resistance of a primary cell
11
With the help of the circuit diagram, explain the working Principle of meter bridge. How it is used to
determine the unknown resistance of a given wire?
12
13
Use Kirchhoffs rules to obtain conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge.
In the potentiometer circuit shown, the null point is at X. State with reason, where the balance point
will be shifted when
(a) Resistance R is increased, keeping all other parameters unchanged;
(b) Resistance S is increased, keeping R constant
(c) the potential of the driving cell is less than the experimental cell
Also write any two possible causes of one-sided deflection.
A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length L and diameter D. How is the drift
velocity, vd, of charge carriers in the conductor affected when (i) V is halved, (ii) L is doubled and (iii) D
is halved? Justify your answer in each case.
14
15
16
State the underlying principle of a potentiometer. Write two factors by which current sensitivity of a
potentiometer can be increased. Why is a potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter for measuring
the emf of a cell ?
17
Deduce the relation between current I flowing through a conductor and drift velocity d of
the electrons.
18
19
State Kirchhoffs rules. Use these rules to write the expressions for the currents I1 , I 2 and I 3 in the circuit
diagram shown.
20
21
22
23
Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel. Derive the
expression for the (i) emf and (ii) internal resistance of a single equivalent cell which can replace this
combination.
Write the characteristics of Manganin which make it suitable for making standard resistance. Why
Manganin is used in the Metre Bridge?
A battery has an emf E and internal resistance r. A variable resistance R is connected across the
terminals of the battery. Find the value of R such that
I.
The current is maximum
II.
The potential difference across the terminals is maximum
III.
Plt a graph between V and R.
Explain how a meter bridge is used to determine the resistivity of the material of a wire in the
laboratory. Why it is preferred to get a null point almost at the middle of the wire?
Write the expression in a vector form for the Lorentz magnetic force F due to a charge
moving with a velocity V in a magnetic field B .What is the direction fo the magnetic force
What is the direction of the force acting on a charge particle q, moving with a velocity v in
a uniform magnetic field B?
An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region of
uniform magnetic field. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
A beam of particles projected along +x-axis, experiences a force due to a magnetic field
along
the +y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
2013
2008
2009
2012
2007
5
6
7
8
9
10
2008
2006
2005
2005
2005
2005c
2015
A square loop of side 20 cm carrying current 1 A is kept near an infinitely long straight wire
carrying current 2 A ,calculate the magnitude and direction of net force on the loop due to
the current carrying con doctor.
A square shaped plane coil of area 100 cm2 of 200 turns caries a steady current of 5 A . it is
placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T acting perpendicular to the plane of the coil.
2014
Calculate the torque on the coil when its plane makes an angle of 60o with the direction of
the field. In which orientation will the coil be in stable equilibrium?
An ammeter of resistance 0.80 can measure current upto 1.0 A.
(i) What must be the value of shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to measure current
upto 5.0 A?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt?
Two identical circular wires P and Q each of radius R and carrying current I are kept in
perpendicular planes such that they have a common centre as shown in the figure. Find
the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at the common centre of the two
coils.
2012
2012
2014
2013
2007
Two identical circular loops, P and Q, each of radius r and carrying currents I and 2I
respectively are lying in parallel planes such that they have a common axis. The direction
of current in both the loops is clockwise as seen from O which is equidistant from the both
loops. Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field at point O.
A wire of length L is bent round in the form of a coil having N turns of same radius. If a
steady current I flows through it in a clockwise direction, find the magnitude and direction
of the magnetic field produced at its centre
A straight wire carrying a current of 12 A is bent into a semi-circular arc of radius 20 cm as
2009
2010
2008
2012
A steady current (I1) flows through a long straight wire. Another wire carrying steady
current (I2) in the same direction is kept close and parallel to the first wire. Show with the
help of a diagram, how the magnetic field due to the current I1 exerts a magnetic force on
the second wire. Write the expression for this force.
2012
10
2012
11
A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and cross sectional area 1.6 x10 m2 carrying a current
of 4.0 A is suspended through its centre allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane. Find
the magnetic moment associated with the solenoid,
(ii)
Magnitude and direction of the torque on the solenoid if a horizontal magnetic field of
2
7.5x10 T is set up at an angle of 30with the axis of the solenoid.
2014
2015
(a) Why is the magnetic field radial in a moving coil galvanometer? Explain how it is achieved.
(b) A galvanometer of resistance G can be converted into a voltmeter of range (0-V) volts by
connecting a resistance R in series with it. How much resistance will be required to change its
range from 0 to V/2?
2013
Deduce the expression for the torque acting on a planar loop of area A and carrying current I
placed in a uniform magnetic field B,
If the loop is free to rotate, what would be its orientation in stable equilibrium?
2010
A cyclotrons oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the operating magnetic field
for accelerating protons? If the radius of its dees is 60 cm, calculate the kinetic energy (in
MeV) of the proton beam produced by the accelerator.
2006
State Biot Savart law. Deduce the expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis
of a current carrying circular loop of radius R, distant x from the centre. Hence write the
magnetic field at the centre of a loop.
A uniform magnetic field of 65 10 4 T is maintained in a chamber. An electron enters into
the field with a speed of 48 106 m/s normal to the field. Explain why the path of the
electron is a circle. Determine its frequency of revolution in the circular orbit. Does the
frequency depend on the speed of the electron ? Explain.
A uniform magnetic field is set up along the positive x-axis. A particle of charge q and mass m
moving with a velocity v enters the field at the origin in X-Y plane such that it has velocity
components both along and perpendicular to the magnetic field B
Trace, giving reason, the trajectory followed by the particle. Find out the expression for the
distance moved by the particle along the magnetic field in one rotation.
2007
A wire AB is carrying a steady current of 12 A and is lying on the table. Another wire CD carrying 5A
is held directly above AB at a height of 1 mm. Find the mass per unit length of the wire CD so that it
remains suspended at its position when left free. Give the direction of the current flowing in CD with
respect to that in AB. [Take the value of g = 10 ms2 ]
Depict the field-line pattern due to a current carrying solenoid of finite length.
(i) In what way do these lines differ from those due to an electric dipole?
(ii) Why cant two magnetic field lines intersect each other?
2010
A long straight wire AB carries a current I. A proton P travels with a speed v, parallel to the wire, at a
distance d from it in a direction opposite to the current as shown in the figure. What is the force
experienced by the proton and what is its direction?
2010
10
11
12
2008
2011
2013
2009
2010
An -particle and a proton moving with the same speed enter the same magnetic field region at
right angles to the direction of the field. Show the trajectories followed by the two particles in
the region of the magnetic field. Find the ratio of the radii of the circular paths which the two
particles may describe.
(a) Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a circular coil
of radius R having N turns at a point on the axis at a distance x from its centre. Draw the
magnetic field lines due to this coil.
(b) A current I enters a uniform circular loop of radius R at point M and flows out at N as
shown in the figure. Obtain the net magnetic field at the centre of the loop.
2010
2015
2015
2014
(a) Show how Biot-Savart law can be alternatively expressed in the form of Amperes
circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the magnetic field inside a solenoid
of length l, cross-sectional area A having N closely wound turns and carrying a steady
current I. Draw the magnetic field lines of a finite solenoid carrying current I.
(b) A straight horizontal conducting rod of length 0.45 m and mass 60 g is suspended by
two vertical wires at its ends. A current of 5.0 A is set up in therod through the wires. Find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field which should be set up in order that the
tension in the wire is zero.
2003
(a) State Amperes circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the magnetic
field inside an air cored toroid of average radius r, having n turns per unit length and
carrying a steady current I.
(b) An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross section area A observes
that a steady current I in it flows in the clockwise direction. Depict the magnetic field lines
due to the solenoid specifying its polarity and show that it acts as a bar magnet of
magnetic moment m = NIA.
(a) Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular loop of area A carrying current I. Show
that it acts as a bar magnet of magnetic Moment m =AI .
(b) Derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a solenoid of
length 2 l, radius a having n number of turns per unit length and carrying a steady
current I at a point on the axial line, distant r from the centre of the solenoid. How does
this expression compare with the axial magnetic field due to a bar magnet of magnetic
moment m?
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. State its working principle.
What is the function of a cylindrical soft iron core used in it ?
(b) Define the terms (i) current sensitivity and (ii) voltage sensitivity.
(c) Explain the underlying principle used in converting a galvanometer into a (i) voltmeter
and (ii) ammeter.
Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain its working principle. Obtain the necessary
mathematical expression to show how this machine is used to accelerate charged particles
(a) State Amperes circuital law. Show that the magnetic field B at a distance r outside the
straight infinite wire carrying current I is tangential and is given by
B = o I / (2r).
(b) Consider a long straight cylindrical wire of circular cross-section of radius a, as shown in
the figure. The current I is uniformly distributed across this cross-section. Calculate the
magnetic field B in the region r < a and r > a. Plot a graph of B versus r from the centre of
the wire.
2008
2005
6
7
2013
2014
2011
2014
Two infinitely long straight parallel wires, 1 and 2, carrying steady currents I1 and I2
in the same direction are separated by a distance d. Obtain the expression for the
magnetic field due to the wire 1 acting on wire 2. Hence find out, with the help of a
suitable diagram, the magnitude and direction of this force per unit length on wire 2
due to wire 1. How does the nature of this force change if the currents are in
opposite direction? Use this expression to define the S.I. unit of current
2011
Explain, using a labelled diagram, the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer.
What is the function of (i) uniform radial magnetic field, (ii) soft iron core?
2004
2012
Define the terms (i) current sensitivity and (ii) voltage sensitivity of a
galvanometer. Why does increasing the current sensitivity not necessarily increase
voltage sensitivity?
10
a) Derive the expression for the torque on a rectangular current carrying loop
suspended in a uniform magnetic field.
b) A proton and a deuteron having equal momentum enter in a region of uniform
magnetic field at right angle to the direction of the field. Depict their trajectories
in the field.
11
(a) Using Biot-Savarts law, derive an expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a
circular coil of radius R,number of turns N, carrying current I.
(b) Two small identical circular coils marked 1 and 2 carry equal currents and are placed
with their geometric axes perpendicular to each other as shown in the figure. Derive an
expression for the resultant magnetic field at O.
12
If a particle of charge q is moving with velocity v along the y-axis and the magnetic field B
2008
2009
is
acting along the z-axis, use the expression Fq ( v B) to find the direction of the force
F acting on it. A beam of proton passes undeflected with a horizontal velocity v, through a
region of electric and magnetic fields, mutually perpendicular to each other and
perpendicular to the direction of the beam. If the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic
fields are 100 kV/m, 50 mT respectively,
Calculate (i) velocity of the beam
(ii) Force exerted by the beam on a target on the screen, if the proton beam
carries a current of 080 mA.
2009
13
Explain the principle and working of a cyclotron with the help of a schematic diagram.
Write
the expression for cyclotron frequency.
2007
2010
14
If a particle of charge q is moving with velocity v along the y-axis and the magnetic
field B isacting along the z-axis, use the expression
2008
(a) State the principle of the working of a moving coil galvanometer, giving its labelled
diagram.
(b) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its
voltage sensitivity. Justify this statement.
(c) Outline the necessary steps to convert a galvanometer of resistance RG into an
ammeter of a given range.
2011
16
a) Using Amperes circuital law, obtain the expression for the magnetic field due to a long
Solenoid at a point inside the solenoid on its axis.
(b) In what respect is a toroid different from a solenoid? Draw and compare the pattern of
the magnetic field lines in the two cases.
(c) How is the magnetic field inside a given solenoid made strong?
2011
II.
III.
electromagnets
Core of the transformer
Give one example each.
The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is equal to the vertical component at a place.
Find the angle of dip?
Define the three elements to describe Earths magnetism at a place,show them in a diagram.
A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown below when two specimens X and Y are
placed in it. Identify whether specimens X and Y are diamagnetic, paramagnetic or ferromagnetic.
How does angle of dip change as one goes from magnetic pole to magnetic equator of the
Earth?
7
8
9
The permeability of a magnetic material is 0.9983. Name the type of magnetic materials it represents.
The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 1.9 105. Name the type of magnetic materials it represents.
The susceptibility of a magnetic materials is 4.2 10 6 . Name the type of magnetic materials it represents.
10
In what way is Gausss law in magnetism different from that used in electrostatics? Explain briefly.
The Earths magnetic field at the Equator is approximately 0.4 G; Estimate the Earths magnetic
dipole moment. Given: Radius of the Earth = 6400 km.
11
How the following magnetic materials behave with the rise of temperature
Para,Ferro,Dia-magnetic substances
Distinguish between Para, Ferro Dia-magnetic substances, give one example each
Deduce the expression for magnetic dipole moment of an electron revolving around the
Nucleus in a circular orbit of radius r. Indicate the direction of the magnetic dipole moment.
12
13
14
Deduce the expression for magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole at any point on the
I.
Axial line
II.
Equatorial line
Describe the expression for torque experienced by a dipole in a uniform magnetic field.
15
How magnetic field lines are different from electric field lines? Write any two properties of magnetic
field lines.
Define the terms
16
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Magnetic permeability
Retentively
Coercively
Susceptibility
What do the area of the Hysteresis loop and slope of the graph between I and H signify?
(ii)
(i) Decreases
(ii) Increases
Induced emf is same in both loops (B,A and are same for
both loops)
(ii) As area A, length l and emf E are same for both loops but the
resistivity of copper is less than aluminium therefore
current induced is larger in copper loop.
2. Define self-inductance of a coil. Obtain an expression for the
energy stored in a solenoid of self-inductance L when the current
through it grows from zero to I.
[CBSE (AI) 2015]
Ans. Self-inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the magnetic
flux linked with the coil when a unit current flows through it.
Energy stored in an inductor = LI2
3. Define the term mutual inductance between the two coils. Obtain
the expression for mutual inductance of a pair of long co-axial
solenoids each of length l and radii r1 and r2 .Total number of turns
in the two solenoids are N 1 and N2 respectively.
[CBSE (AI) 2014, 2009]
Ans. When current flowing in one of two nearby coil, the coil, in
which current is changed is called primary coil and the coil in
which emf is induced is called the secondary coil.
The si unit of mutual inductance is henry.
Mutual Inductance: Suppose there are two coils C1 and C2. The
current I1 flowing in primary coil c1 ; due to which an effective
magnetic flux 2 is linked with secondary coil C2 .
2=M21I1 , M21 is the mutual inductance of coil 2 w.r.t. coil 1
Mutual inductance between two coils (M21) is numerically equal
to the flux linkage with secondary coil, when current flowing in
primary coil is 1 ampere.
. . . . . . . .
.S . . . . . . .
. . . . . . P.
. . . .
. . .
. . .
. . Q.
R. . .
. x=0.
.
.
. . . .
. x=b.
x=2b
ANS. When the magnetic flux linked with a coil or circuit changes, an
emf is induced in the coil. The emf and current last so long as the
change in magnetic flux lasts
The magnitude of induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
NCERT TEXT BOOK PART 1 page no. 217, Example 6.8
Questions that have been repeated two times
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1. What are eddy currents? How are they produced? In what sense
eddy currents are considered undesirable in a transformer? How
can they be minimized? Give two applications of eddy currents.
[CBSE (AI) 2006, 2011]
ANS. Eddy currents are the currents induced in conductors when
they are placed in changing magnetic flux region.
When a metallic plate is placed in a time varying magnetic field, the
magnetic flux linked with the plate changes, the induced currents are
set up in the plate, and these currents are called eddy currents
Production: For diagram Refer NCERT TEXT BOOK PART 1 page No. 218
In transformer, there is a huge loss of energy due to production of eddy
currents, so these currents are undesirable in transformer.
Eddy currents may be minimized by using laminated core of soft iron.
APPLICATIONS: Induction furnace, Electromagnetic braking in trains,
Electric power meters, Electromagnetic damping
2. State the working of a.c. generator with the help of a labelled
diagram. The coil of an ac. Generator having N turns, each of area
A, is rotated with a constant angular velocity. Deduce the
expression for the alternating emf generated in the coil. What is
the source of energy generation in this device?
[CBSE (AI) 2008C, 2011]
ANS. AC generator: A dynamo or generator is a device which
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Principle: It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
When a coil rotates continuously in a magnetic field with its axis
perpendicular to the magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with
the coil changes and an induced emf and hence a current is set up in
it.
Construction:
(i) Field Magnet: It produces the magnetic field. In the case of a low
power dynamo. The magnetic field is generated by a permanent
magnet, while in the case of large power dynamo, the magnetic field
is produced by an electromagnet.
(ii) Armature: It consists of a large number of tums of insulated wire
in the soft iron drum or ring. It can revolve round an axle between the
two poles of the field magnet. The drum or ring serves the two
purposes: (i) It serves as a support to coils and (ii) It increases the
magnetic field due to air core being replaced by an iron core.
(iii) Slip rings: The slip rings are the two metal rings to which the
ends of armature coil are connected. These rings are fixed
to the shaft which rotates the armature coil so that the
rings also rotate along with the armature.
(iv) Brushes: These are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods
which are fixed and constantly touch the revolving rings.
The output current in external load is taken through these
brushes.
Diagram: Refer NCERT TEXT BOOK PART-1 page NO. 225
/ t
sin 2ft
(1)
Similarly where North Pole of the magnet is moved away from coil
the direction of current in the coil will be such as to attract the
magnet. For this the nearer face of coil behaves as South Pole.
The necessitates a clock wise current in the coil when seen from
the magnet. (Fig b)
N
S
S
N
FIG. (a)
Anticlockwise
FIG. (b)
Clockwise
L = 0(N/l)2Al
= 0N2A/l
Here =00
R = 484 ohm.
2. State the principle of working of a transformer. Can a
transformer be used to step up or step down a d.c voltage?
Justify your answer
[CBSE (AI) 2011]
Ans. Mutual induction, No, because there is no change in
magnetic flux.
When d.c voltage is applied across a primary coil of a
transformer, the current in primary coil remain same, so there is
Z= (R2+(aR2)) = R(1+a2 )
(ii)X=X L=bR
(iii) Z=(R2 +(bR2 )) = R(1+b2 )
Cos = R/ (R1+b2)) =1/ (1+b2 )
5. An AC source of voltage V= V msin wt is applied across a series LCR
circuit. Draw the phasor diagrams for the circuit, when
(i)
(ii)
VL
VR
V C - VL
VC
Fig (a)
I0
I - axis
V - axis
VL
V L - VC
VR
VC
I0
I - axis
FIG (b)
6. A voltage V= V osin wt is applied to a series LCR circuit. Derive the
expression for the average power dissipated over a cycle. Under
what condition is (i) no power dissipated even though the
current flows through the circuit. (ii) Maximum power dissipated
in the circuit.
[CBSE (AI) 2014]
Ans. Average power = p = V0 I0 cos
(i)
When = 900 or
capacitive circuit
(ii)
7. You are given three circuit elements X,Y and Z. When the
element X is connected across an a.c. source of a given voltage,
the current and the voltage are in the same phase. When the
element Y is connected in series with X across the source,
voltage is ahead of the current in phase by /4. But the current
is ahead of the voltage in phase by /4 when Z is connected in
series with X across the source. Identify the circuit elements X, Y
and Z. When all the three elements are connected in series
across the same source, determine the impedance of the circuit.
Draw a plot of the current versus the frequency of the applied
source and mention the significance of this plot. [CBSE (AI) 2015]
Ans. X= resistor, Y= inductor, Z= capacitor
Impedance = {R2 + (XL - X C) 2}1/2
V= V0sint
V= Vo sint , q= cV o sint
I= dq/dt = cV 0 coswt
I ={ V0 /(1/C) } cos t = I0 sin(t + /2)
Where I0= V 0/XC Here
XC= 1/C
= 00, XC = XL
1/0 C = 0L
NS/N P = VS/VP
(ii)
(ii) 10-12 m
1 mm
(ii) 10-11 m
[CBSE(AI)2011]
ANS. X-rays
10.
To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a
wave of frequency 5x1019 Hz belong?
[CBSE (AI) 2014]
Ans. Gamma rays.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2, 3 MARKS)
1. What is meant by the transverse nature of electromagnetic
waves? Draw a diagram showing the propagation of an
electromagnetic wave along X-direction, indicating clearly the
(b) 10-3m
(c) 1 nm
Microwaves
In radar for aircraft navigation.
(c) X-ray
+q
-q
E = q/ 0, so Id = dq/dt
= 0 IC + 0 0 d E/dt
(ii)
(ii)Microwaves.
2. Why are infra-red radiations referred to as heat waves? Name
the radiations which are next to these radiations in the
electromagnetic spectrum having (i) shorter wavelength (ii)
longer wavelength.
[CBSE (F) 2013]
(2)
ANS. Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and
molecules, so are referred to as heat waves.
(i)Em wave having short wavelength than infrared waves are
visible, UV, X-rays and -rays.
(ii) Em wave having longer wavelength than infrared waves are
microwaves, short radio waves, television and FM radio.
3. What do electromagnetic waves consist of? Explain as what
factors does its velocity in vacuum depend?
(2)
ANS. Electromagnetic waves consist of mutually perpendicular
electric and magnetic field vectors. Its velocity in vacuum is
given by
C= (1/00) = same for electromagnetic waves.
In other words its velocity in vacuum does not depend on any
factor.
4. Give two characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Write the
expression for velocity of electromagnetic waves in terms of
permittivity and permeability of the medium.
(2)
ANS. Characteristics of electromagnetic waves:
(i)Electromagnetic waves travel in free space with speed of
light c= 3X 108m/s.
2010
2010
2006
2007
2008
2009
2012
10
2013
2013
(ii)
11
12
2013
2014
2
B
13
2015
15
16
17
18
19
2015
2015
2015
2015
2006
2007
20
2008
21
2009
22
2009
23
24
2010
2010
25
26
and 2
2011
2011
of a
27
28
29
2011
2011
2011
30
L2
2012
L3
I
20 cm
31
32
33
34
15 cm
2013
2014
2014
2015
60o
35
2015
2015
A
i
Q
P
B
2015
SL.
QUESTIONS
M.M. YEAR
NO.
1
For the same value of angle incidence, the angles of 1
[2012,
o
o
o
refractive in three media A, B and C are 15 , 25 and 35
2015]
respectively. In which medium would the velocity of
light be minimum?
2
[2008,
2010]
[2008,
2009]
[2008,
2011]
SL.
QUESTIONS
M.M.
NO.
1
An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in 2
the figure.
A
B
(iii)
(iv)
and 2 of a concave
8
9
10
11
12
13
3
3
3
3
P
B
/ is minimum.
(b) Find out the relation between the refractive index() of the
glass and /A for the case when the angle of prism (A) is equal
to the angle of minimum deviation. Hence obtain the value of
the refractive index for angle of prism A = 60o.
WAVE OPTICS
QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN ASKED ONE TIME
SL. QUESTION
NO.
1
What is the geometrical shape of the wave front when a
plane wave passes through a convex lens?
2
How would the angular separation of interference
fringes in Youngs double slit experiment change when
the distance between the slits and screen is doubled?
3
How does the fringe width, in Youngs double-slit
M.M. YEAR
1
2008
2009
2012
10
2006
2009
2012
2013
2015
2015
2015
11
12
2009
2010
2011
diffraction pattern?
14
2014
2015
2015
(a) The light from a clear blue portion of the sky shows a
rise and fall of intensity when viewed through a Polaroid
which is rotated. Describe, with the help of a suitable
diagram, the basic phenomenon/process which occurs
to explain this observation.
(b) Show how light reflected from a transparent
medium gets polarized. Hence deduce Brewsters law
16
17
18
2007
2007
2009
20
2010
21
2011
22
2012
23
24
25
2014
2014
2015
26
2015
SL.
NO.
1
M.M. YEAR
1
[2013,
2015]
[2011,
2012]
SL.
QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN ASKED THREE TIMES OR MORE M.M. YEAR
NO
.
1
State Huygens principle. With the help of a suitable 3
[2006
diagram, prove Snells law of refraction using Huygens
,
principle.
2013,
2015]
2
In Youngs double slit experiment, deduce the conditions 3
[2006
for
,
(i) constructive, and (ii) destructive interference at a
2011,
point on the screen. Draw a graph showing variation of
2012]
the resultant intensity in the interference pattern
against position x on the screen.
WAVE OPTICS
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR MLL
SL.
QUESTIONS
M.M.
NO.
1
State Huygens principle. With the help of a suitable diagram, 3
prove Snells law of refraction using Huygens principle.
2
becomes
(a) The light from a clear blue portion of the sky shows a rise
and fall of intensity when viewed through a Polaroid which is
rotated. Describe, with the help of a suitable diagram, the basic
phenomenon/process which occurs to explain this observation.
(b) Show how light reflected from a transparent medium gets
polarized. Hence deduce Brewsters law
QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED ONE TIME FROM CHAPTER -11 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND
MATTER
1. An electron, an alpha-particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which one of these
particles has the largest de-Broglie wave length? (1)(2007)
2. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the following graphs were obtained between the
photoelectric current (I) and the anode potential (V). Name the characteristic of the incident
radiation that was kept constant in this experiment. (1) (2005)
3. Write the expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with a charged particle having charge
q and mass m, when it is accelerated by a potential V.(1)(2013)
4. (a) Draw the energy level diagram showing the emission of -particles followed
by -rays by a Co6027 nucleus.(b) Plot the distribution of kinetic energy of particles and state why the energy spectrum is continuous. (3) (2005)
5. Write Einsteins photoelectric equation and point out any two characteristic properties of photons on
which this equation is based. Briefly explain the three observed features which can be explained by this
equation.(3)(2013)
6. Define the terms threshold frequency and stopping potential in relation to the phenomenon
of photoelectric effect. How is the photoelectric current affected on increasing the (i) frequency
(ii) intensity of the incident radiations and why? (3) (2006)
QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED TWO TIMES FROM DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER.
1. A proton and an electron have same velocity. Which one has greater de-Broglie wavelength and
why?(1) (2007,2012)
2. The graph shows variation of stopping potential V0 versus frequency of incident radiation v for two
photosensitive metals A and B. Which of the two metals has higher threshold frequency and why?(1)
(2005,2014)
3. The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiation for two
photosensitive metals A and B. Which one of the two has higher value of work-function? Justify your
answer.(1) (2005,2014)
4. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie wavelength and
why?(1)(2007,2012)
5. Define the term stopping potential in relation to photoelectric effect.(1) (2006,2011)
6. The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 1 .5 V. What is the maximum kinetic
energy of the photoelectrons emitted? (1) (2008, 2009)
7. The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 3eV.What is its stopping potential?(1)(2008,2009)
8. With what purpose was famous Davisson-Germer experiment with electrons performed.(1)
(2005,2006)
9. An -particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential. Find the ratio of their deBroglie wavelengths.(2) (2005,2010)
10.Set up Einsteins photoelectric equation using the photon picture of electromagnetic radiation.
Explain briefly how this equation accounts for all the observations in the photoelectric
effect.(3)(2013,2015)
11. Define the term intensity of radiation in photon picture of light. Ultraviolet light of wavelength
2270 from 100 W mercury source irradiates a photo cell made of a given metal. If the stopping
potential is 13 V, estimate the work function of the metal. How would the photo cell respond to a
high intensity (~ 105 Wm2 ) red light of wavelength 6300 produced by a laser ? (3) (2013, 2014)
12. An electron microscope uses electrons accelerated by a voltage of 50 kV. Determine the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with the electrons. Taking other factors, such as numerical aperture etc. to be
same, how does the resolving power of an electron microscope compare with that of an optical
microscope which uses yellow light? (3) (2013, 2014)
13. In a plot of photoelectric current versus anode potential, how does (i) the saturation current vary
with anode potential for incident radiations of different frequencies but same intensity? (ii) the stopping
potential vary for incident radiations of different intensities but same frequency ? (iii) photo electric
current vary for different intensities but same frequency of incident radiations ? Justify your answer in
each case.(3) (2005,2007)
QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED THREE TIMES FROM DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
1.Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential for
two different frequencies, v 1 >v 2 , of incident radiation having the same intensity. In which
case will the stopping potential be higher? Justify your answer.(3) (2005,2007,2011)
ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FRCM TEXT BOOK.
1. What is the de Broglie wavelength associated with (a) an electron moving with a speed of
5.4106 m/s, and (b) a ball of mass 150 g travelling at 30.0 m/s?
2. An electron, an -particle, and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which of these
particles has the shortest de Broglie wavelength?
3. What is the de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron, accelerated through a
potential difference of 100 volts?
4. The work function of caesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6 1014Hz is
incident on the metal surface, photoemission of electrons occurs. What is the (a) maximum
kinetic energy of the emitted electrons?
(b) Stopping potential, and
(c) Maximum speed of the emitted photoelectrons?
5. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the slope of the cut-off voltage versus frequency of
incident light is found to be 4.12 1015 V s. Calculate the value of Plancks constant.
6. The work function for a certain metal is 4.2 eV. Will this metal give photoelectric emission for
incident radiation of wavelength 330 nm?
7. An electron and a photon each have a wavelength of 1.00 nm. Find (a) their momenta,
(b) the energy of the photon, and (c) the kinetic energy of electron.
8. Calculate the (a) momentum, and
(b) de Broglie wavelength of the electrons accelerated through a potential difference of 56 V.
or , =
=, =
A0
or
or
or
).
or
).
).
or
).
or
A0 or
or
or
A0
).
).
3) Conclusion of Davission- Germers experiment (Hint: It proves dual nature of matter and
radiation.)
, Threshold frequency (
).
).(Hint :
but
intensity).
5) Graph between kinetic energy and frequency and its three applications as
a) Calculation of threshold frequency.
b) Calculation of work function from intercept
c) Calculation of Planks constant by slope of graph.
QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED ONE TIME FROM CHAPTER -12(ATOM)
rays.
Derivation of
Derivation
ray.
QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED ONE TIME FROM CHAPTER -13, NUCLEI
-particle
D------------------D1-------------------D2
If the mass number and atomic number of D2 are 176 and 71
respectively,
what is (i) the mass number (ii)atomic number of D? (1) (2007)
2.What is the nuclear radius of 125 Fe, if that of 27Al is 3.6 fermi? (1)
(2008)
3. Why is it found experimentally difficult to detect neutrinos in nuclear
-decay? (1) (2014)
4. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of
their separation. What is the significance of negative potential energy
in the graph drawn ? (2) (2007)
5. A radioactive sample contains 2.2 mg of pure
period of 1224 seconds. Calculate
activity of 1 g sample of
U. (3) (2005)
cases, how the neutron to proton ratio changes during (i) alpha- decay
(ii) beta-decay? (3) (2006)
8. Why is the mass of a nucleus always less than the sum of the masses
of its constituents, neutrons and protons? If the total number of
neutrons and protons in a nuclear reaction is conserved, how then is
the energy absorbed or evolved in a reaction? Explain.(3) (2006)
9. Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon
with mass number for different nuclei. Explain, with the help of this
graph, the release of energy by the process of nuclear fusion.(3) (2006)
10. State the law of radioactive decay. If N 0 is the number of radioactive
nuclei in the sample at some initial time, t 0 , find out the relation to
determine the number N present at a subsequent time. Draw a plot of
N as a function of time. (3) (2008)
11. Distinguish between isotopes and isobars. Give one example for
each of the species. A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 5 years. How
long will it take the activity to reduce to 3.125%? (3) (2008)
12. (a) Write symbolically the - decay process of 15 P32 .
(b) Derive an expression for the average life of a radionuclide. Give its
relationship with the half- life.(3) (2010)
QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED TWO TIMES FROM CHAPTER -13, NUCLEI
1. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1 : 8. What is the ratio of
release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fusion and fission. (c)
Write the basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing bdecay. Why is
the detection of neutrinos found very difficult?(5)
(2006,2008,2009,2010,2011,2013)
,where
is the current gain, RL is the load resistance and ri is the input
resistance of the transistor. What is the significance of the negative sign in
the expression for the voltage gain?
Marks Year
2012(D)
Questions of
similar
nature asked
in
2008,
2009
2006,
2013
Explain the function of base region of a transistor. Why is this region made
thin and lightly doped?
Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristics of
n-p-n transistor in a common emitter (CE) configuration. Show these
characteristics graphically. Explain how current amplification factor of the
transistor is calculated using output characteristics.
5
OR
(i) Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristics of
an n-p-n transistor in its common emitter configuration. Draw the typical
input and output characteristics.
(ii) Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of n-p-n
transistor as a common emitter amplifier.
2009(D)
(i) With the help of circuit diagrams distinguish between forward biasing
and reverse biasing of a p-n junction diode.
(ii) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (a) forward bias, (b)
reverse bias.
(a) Why is zener diode fabricated by heavily doping both p-and n-sides of
the junction?
(b) Draw the circuit diagram of zener diode as a voltage regulator and
briefly explain its working.
OR
How is a zener diode fabricated so as to make it a special purpose diode?
Draw I-V characteristics of zener diode and explain the significance of
breakdown voltage.
OR
Name the semiconductor device that can be used to regulate an unregulated
dc power supply.With the help of I-V characteristics of this device, explain
its working principle.
Draw a circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier. Explain its working
principle.
Draw the input/output wave-forms indicating clearly the functions of the
two diodes used.
Explain, with the help of suitable diagram, the two important processes that
occur during the formation of p-n junction. Hence define the terms :
depletion region and barrier potential.
Draw the circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode in reverse bias.
How is photodiode used to measure light intensity?
OR
Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a photo-diode.
Write briefly how it is used to detect the optical signals.
OR
(a) How is photodiode fabricated?
(b) Briefly explain its working. Draw its VI characteristics for two
different intensities of illumination.
(i) Identify the logic gates marked P and Q in the given logic circuit.
(ii) Write down the output at X for the inputs A = 0, B = 0 and A =1, B
=1.
OR
The given inputs A, B are fed to a 2-input NAND gate. Draw the output
wave form of the gate.
2009,
2010,
2014(D)
2008,
2009,2010(F)
2012,
2014(F)
2009(D)
2011(D)
3
3
2007,
2008,2012
2009,
2010,
2012,
2015
2010
2013(D)
2014(F)
2010(AI)
2008(D)
OR
2
2010(AI)
Write the truth table for the logic circuit shown below and identify the logic
operation performed by this circuit.
2011(D)
In the circuit shown in the figure, identify the equivalent gate of the circuit
and make its truth table.
2013(AI)
2014(D)
2014(D)
(iii) Identify the logic gates marked P and Q in the given logic circuit.
OR
Write the truth table for the combination of the gates shown. Name the gates used.
OR
Identify the logic gates marked P and Q in the given circuit. Write the truth
table for the combination.
Frequency :
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a p-n junction
diode as a half-wave rectifier.
The current in the forward bias is known to be more (~mA) than the current
in the reverse bias (~A). What is the reason, then, to operate the photodiode
in reverse bias?
Mention the important considerations required while fabricating a p-n
junction diode to be used as a Light Emitting Diode (LED). What should be
the order of band gap of an LED if it is required to emit light in the visible
range?
OR
How is a light emitting diode fabricated ? Briefly state its working. Write
any two important advantages of LEDs over the conventional incandescent
Marks Year
5
2010,
2013
2006,
2014
2008 ,2012
2
2
2013,
2015
2015(Bhubaneswar)
Frequency :
2007(D)
2006(AI)
2014(F)
2
2
2011(AI),2008(AI)
( Asked Once )
Sl.No.
Question
Marks Year
2006(D)
01
Draw a circuit diagram for use of NPN transistor as an amplifier in common 3
emitter configuration. The input resistance of a transistor is 1000. On
changing its base current by 10A, the collector current increases by 2 mA.
If a load resistance of 5k is used in the circuit, calculate:
(i) The
Current
gain
(ii) voltage gain of the
amplifier
2014(D)
Frequency:
Sl.
No.
Marks
Year
01
2009,
2010(F)
2014(F)
02
Write briefly any two factors which demonstrate the need for modulating a signal.
Draw a suitable diagram to show amplitude modulation using a sinusoidal signal
as the modulating signal.
OR
Why are high frequency carrier waves used for transmission?
OR
Write two factors justifying the need of modulation for transmission of a signal.
2011(AI),
2012(D),
2013(D),
2009(D)
2009(AI)
Name the type of waves which are used for line of sight (LOS) communication.
What is the range of their frequencies?
A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 20 m and the height of
the receiving antenna is 45 m. Calculate the maximum distance between them for
satisfactory communication in LOS mode.
(Radius of the Earth = 6.4 10 6 m)
OR
A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 36 m and the height of
the receiving antenna is 49 m. What is the maximum distance between them, for
satisfactory communication in the LOS mode ? (Radius of earth = 6400 km).
OR
What does the term LOS communication mean ? Name the types of waves that
are used for this communication. Give typical examples, with the help of a suitable
figure, of communication systems that use space wave mode propagation.
OR
(i) Why is communication using line of sight mode limited to a frequencies above
40 MHz?
(ii) A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height 32 m and the height of
the receiving antenna is 50 m. What is the maximum distance between them for
satisfactory communication in line of sight mode?
Name the three different modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves. Explain,
using a proper diagram the mode of propagation used in the frequency range above
40 MHz.
OR
Name the three different modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves. Explain,
using a proper diagram the mode of propagation used in the frequency range from
a few MHz to 40 MHz.
Mention three different modes of propagation used in communication system.
Explain with the help of a diagram how long distance communication can be
achieved by ionospheric reflection of
radio waves.
Explain briefly the following terms used in communication system:
2013(AI)
2008(D)
2008(AI)
2010(D)
2012(D)
2012(D)
2012(AI)
2012(AI)
03
04
05
(i) Transducer
(ii) Repeater
(iii) Amplification
OR
Mention the function of any two of the following used in communication system:
(i) Transducer (ii) Repeater
(iii) Transmitter (iv) Bandpass Filter
Frequency:
02
03
04
Question
01
Marks
Distinguish between sky wave and space wave modes of propagation. Why is
the sky wave mode of propagation restricted to frequencies upto 40 MHz ?
OR
Describe briefly, by drawing suitable diagrams, the (i) sky wave and (ii) space
wave modes of propagation. Mention the frequency range of the waves in these
modes of propagation.
Draw a block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining amplitude modulated
signal.
A carrier wave of peak voltage 12 V is used to transmit a message signal. What
should be the peak voltage of the modulating signal in order to have a modulation
index of 75% ?
Which mode of propagation is used by short wave broadcast services having
frequencies range from a few MHz upto 30 MHz? Explain diagrammatically how
long distance communication can be achieved by this mode. Why is there an upper
limit to frequency of waves used in this mode?
In standard AM broadcast, what mode of propagation is used for transmitting a
signal? Why is
this mode of propagation limited to frequencies upto a few MHz?
In the given block diagram of a receiver, identify the boxes labelled as X and Y
and write their functions.
Frequency:
Sl.
No.
2012(D)
Sl.
No.
01
2014(AI)
Year
2015(Bhu
ban
eswar)
2014(F)
2015(Bhu
ban
eswar)
2010(AI)
2010(AI)
2011(AI)
2010(F)
2012(AI)
2013(D)
Asked once
Question
(a) Define the terms (i) amplitude modulation and (ii) modulation index.
Marks
3
Year
2009(F)
02
03
04
05
06
(b) If a low frequency signal in the audio frequency range is to be transmitted over
long distances, explain briefly the need of translating this signal to high
frequencies before transmission.
What is meant by detection of a signal in a communication system? With the help
of a block diagram explain the detection of AM signal.
(i) Define modulation index.
(ii) Why is the amplitude of modulating signal kept less than the amplitude of
carrier wave?
Draw a schematic diagram showing the (i) ground wave (ii) sky wave and (iii)
space wave propagation modes for e m waves.
Write the frequency range for each of the following:
(i) Standard AM broadcast
(ii) Television
(iii) Satellite communication
Distinguish between Analog and Digital signals.
In the block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an AM signal, shown in the
figure, identify the boxes A and B. Write their functions.
2009(F)
2011(D)
2011(D)
2
2
2012(D)
2013(AI)
07
2014(D)
08
2007(D)
of music ?