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Methyl esters were produced at several temperatures (10, 35, and 45 C) by transesterification batch reactions
of soybean oil with methanol utilizing KOH and NaOH catalysts. The reactions were monitored by aliquot
removal and subsequent proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) analysis. 1H NMR analysis
allowed for the calculation of the average degree of fatty acid unsaturation (DU ) 1.52) in oil and methyl
ester. 1H NMR analysis also provided initial rates of methyl ester formation and an activation energy of 27.2
kJ/mol. The time-dependent concentration data revealed substantial reaction progress toward equilibrium after
only 120 s at a reduced temperature of 10 C. Understanding the resonance shifts in the 1H NMR spectra of
starting materials and products allows for quantitation of reaction progress that is in good agreement with
results obtained using other analytical methods.
Introduction
Rudolf Diesel first envisioned his diesel engine invention as
a powerful engine that could operate on agricultural products
such as vegetable oils to counter the dependency on petroleum
fuels that was prevalent as early as 1905.1 His engine was a
great success, but his desire to use agricultural-derived fuels
was not realized because of the inexpensive petroleum production of diesel fuels and the need to chemically modify plant
oils prior to use in the diesel engine. However, global events
and rising petroleum costs have recently revitalized interest in
Rudolf Diesels dream. The diesel engine can indeed be run on
straight vegetable oil, but many problems result ranging from
starting failure and engine wear to polymerization of the
lubricating oils.2 Most of the problems associated with the use
of straight vegetable oil can be avoided by chemical modification
through transesterification of the vegetable oil triglyceride
molecules to smaller alkyl esters of the fatty acids commonly
referred to as biodiesel.2 This transesterification is normally
accomplished using methanol as the alcohol and either NaOH
or KOH as a base catalyst (see Figure 1). Reviews of biodiesel
production have been published, and the transesterification
reaction has primarily been monitored using gas chromatography
(GC).3,15
The use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(1H NMR) has recently been employed to monitor the kinetics
and product distributions in transesterification reactions (alcoholysis) between vegetable oils and alcohols.4-6 The use of 1H
NMR is convenient and fast when monitoring a reaction,
because a small aliquot can be extracted from the batch reaction
at any given time and the 1H NMR spectrum analysis provides
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mmorgenstern@
coloradocollege.edu.
(1) Krawzcyk, T. Inform 1996, 7, 801-815.
(2) Harwood, H. J. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1984, 61, 315-324.
(3) Ma, F.; Hanna, M. A. Bioresour. Technol. 1999, 70, 1-15.
(4) Suppes, G. J.; Bockwinkel, K.; Lucas, S.; Botts, J. B.; Mason, M.
H.; Heppert, J. A. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2001, 78, 139-145.
(5) Knothe, G. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2000, 77, 489-493.
(6) Gelbard, G.; Bres, O.; Vargas, R. M.; Vielfavre, F.; Schuchardt, U.
F. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 1239-1241.
average ( SD
myristic (14:0)
palmitic (16:0)
stearic (18:0)
oleic (18:1)
linoleic (18:2)
linolenic (18:3)
average degree of unsaturation per FA
0.2 ( 0.1
10.7 ( 1.0
3.0 ( 0.9
25.0 ( 3.5
53.4 ( 2.3
7.3 ( 1.2
1.54 ( 0.02
Morgenstern et al.
Figure 2. Typical 1H NMR spectrum of soybean oil (CDCl3, Varian 200 MHz NMR).
Figure 3. Fatty acid methyl ester product from soybean oil alcoholysis with methanol.
catalyst
10
35
45
10
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
KOH
6.4 10-3
1.6 10-2
2.3 10-2
2.7 10-3