Design of Shear Walls Using ETABS

Design of Shear Walls Using ETABS
O-SCAAD-1
May 21, 2002, AIT, Bangkok
Buddhi S. Sharma
ACECOMS, AIT
The Basic Issues

What is a Shear Wall?
Modeling and analysis issues
Transfer of loads to shear walls

Modeling of shear walls in 2D
Modeling of shear Walls in 3D
Interaction of shear-walls with frames
Design and detaining issues
Determination of rebars for flexure

Determination of rebars for shear
Detailing of rebars near openings and corners
Design and detailing of connection between various components
of cellular shear walls
Design of Shear Walls
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall
Definition
What is a Shear Wall?

How can we tell when a member is a shear
wall
Is the definition based on ?
Intended Use
Shape in Cross-section
Geometry in Elevation
Loading Type and Intensity
Behavior and Theory
Location, Direction, Orientation
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall or Column
Wall
Column
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall or Frame

Shear Wall
Shear Wall or Frame ?
Frame
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall or Truss?
ACECOMS, AIT
Planner Walls
Planer
Stiffened
Regular
Openings
Irregular Openings
ACECOMS, AIT
Cellular Walls
ACECOMS, AIT
Location and
Layout of
Shear Walls
Purpose of Shear Walls

Resist the lateral loads for medium rise buildings
up to 40 floors
Reduce total deflection and story drift
Increase lateral stiffness
Reduce moments in columns and floor members due to
lateral loads
Reduce the overall cost of the structural system
Can also serve as elevator shafts, service ducts, etc,
ACECOMS, AIT
Loads Transferred to Shear Walls

Distribution of lateral loads to individual shear walls, to
moment resisting frames, to wall-frames and to
individual columns depends on:
Stiffness of each column and wall
Lateral stiffness of each frame or wall frame
Location of the the vertical unit with respect to the load building
lateral stiffness center
Location of the load center with respect to the stiffness center
The geometry and in-plane stiffness of the floor slab system
ACECOMS, AIT
Load Transferred to Shear Walls

?
Load Center
f
D
Stiffness
Center
?
Building Plan
ACECOMS, AIT
How to Locate the Walls

Reduce the eccentricity between the stiffness center and
the load center
Consider Eccentricity due to Wind Loads, depending on overall
geometry of the structure
Consider Eccentricity due to Earthquake Loads, depending on
Mass Distribution
Consider Eccentricity not only at foundation level but at various
heights
Reduce the in-plane bending in the slab system and

Evenly distribute the stiffness in both directions
Use building layout in plan to enhance overall stiffness
and reduce need for shear walls
ACECOMS, AIT
How to Check Eccentricity!

For Wind Loads
Apply Wind load in X-Direction and check nodal displacements. If
displacement in Y-Directions are nearly zero or very small, then
there is no eccentricity between wind load and and stiffness center
in Y-direction
Repeat the same for Y-Direction Load
Seismic Loads
Assign the Mass properties to the building and carryout a Modal
Analysis: If the first two modes are Translational, and third mode is
Torsional, then there is no eccentricity between the mass center and
Stiffness Center in Both Directions
ACECOMS, AIT
Eccentric and Concentric Response

F
No Eccentricity
F
D
Eccentric Shear Wall

ACECOMS, AIT
Eccentric and Concentric Response

Unsymmetrical Mass and
Stiffness
Symmetrical Mass and

Stiffness
Mode-1
Mode-2
Mode-3
ACECOMS, AIT
Avoid Eccentricity in Plan
Or
ACECOMS, AIT
Reduce In-plane Bending in Floor
ACECOMS, AIT
Vertical Irregularity
Expansion
Joint
No Shear Walls
Balanced Shear
Walls at All Levels
Using Expansion
Joints to eliminate
some walls
ACECOMS, AIT
Using Efficient Building Plan Shape
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall
Behavior
Shear Wall and Frame Behavior
Shear Wall Behavior
Frame Behavior
ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Stresses in Planer Walls

10
ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Stresses in Cellular Walls

10
Uniaxial Bending
ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Stresses in Cellular Walls

10
Biaxial Bending
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling of
Shear Walls
Modeling of Planer Walls
Using Truss
Using Beam and Column

Using Panels, Plates and Beams

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling of Shear Walls
Using Beam Elements
ACECOMS, AIT
Frame Models for Shear Walls

4-Node plane element does not accurately capture the
linear bending, because constant shear distribution is
assumed in formulation but actually shear stress
distribution is parabolic
Since the basic philosophy of RC design is based on
cracked sections, it is not possible to use the finite
elements results directly for design
Very simple model (beam-column) which accurately
captures the behavior of the structure, and the results
can be used directly to design the concrete elements
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling of Walls using 1D Elements

Beam elements
with rigid ends
Simple beam
elements
Beam elements
in Truss Model
H2
H1
t
L
txh
L
ACECOMS, AIT
Frame Model for Planer Walls

H
t
B
Rigid Zones
Specially Suitable when H/B is

more than 5
The shear wall is represented
by a column of section B x t
The beam up to the edge of the
wall is modeled as normal
beam
The column is connected to
beam by rigid zones or very
large cross-section
ACECOMS, AIT
Frame Models for Cellular Walls

t
H
B
2t
H
t
B
Difficult to extend the concept to

Non-planer walls
Core Wall must be converted to
equivalent column and
appropriate rigid elements
Can be used in 2D analysis but
more complicated for 3D analysis
After the core wall is converted to
planer wall, the simplified
procedure cab used for modeling
ACECOMS, AIT
Using Plate/Shell Elements

U3, R3
U3, R3
U2, R2
Node 3
U2, R2
Node 4
U1, R1
3
U1, R1
U3, R3
U3, R3
U2, R2
Node 1
U2, R2
Node 2
U1, R1
U1, R1
Shell
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Walls using 2D Elements

Walls are subjected to in-plane deformations so
2D elements that have transnational DOF need
to be used
A coarse mesh can be used to capture the
overall stiffness and deformation of the wall
A fine mesh should be used to capture in-plane
bending or curvature
General Shell Element or Membrane Elements
can be used to model Shear Walls
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Walls Using Membrane

Nodes:
DOFs:
2 (or 3) DOFs /Node Ux and Uy
2-Translation, 0 or 1 rotation
Dimension:
2 dimension element
Shape:
Regular / Irregular
Properties:
Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v),
Thickness( t )
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Walls using Shell Elements

Nodes:
DOFs:
5 or 6 DOFs /Node Ux and Uy

3 Translation, 2 or 3 rotation
Dimension:
2 dimension element
Shape:
Regular / Irregular
Properties:
Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v),
Thickness( t )
U3, R3
U3, R3
U2, R2
Node 3
U2, R2
Node 4
U1, R1
3
U1, R1
U3, R3
U3, R3
U2, R2
Node 1
U2, R2
Node 2
U1, R1
U1, R1
Shell
ACECOMS, AIT
Using Panel/ Plate Elements
Modeling Shear-Walls
using Panels only
Modeling Shear-Walls using Panels,

Beams, Columns
(No Moment continuity

with Beams and Columns unless
6 DOF Shell is used)
(Full Moment continuity

with Beams and Columns is restored by
using additional beams)
ACECOMS, AIT
Using Plates to Model Walls

Multiple elements greater accuracy in determination of stress distribution
and allow easy modeling of openings
Using Plate Elements only

(No Moment continuity
with Beams and Columns unless
6 DOF Shell is used)
Using Plate Elements with

Beams, Columns
(Full Moment continuity
with Beams and Columns)
ACECOMS, AIT
Connecting Walls to Slab
Zipper
In general the mesh in the slab

should match with mesh in the wall
to establish connection
Some software automatically

establishes connectivity by using
constraints or Zipper elements
ACECOMS, AIT
Using Truss Models
txt
C
B
t x 2t
t
ACECOMS, AIT
Using Trusses to Model Shear Walls

The behavior of shear walls can be closely
approximated by truss models:
The vertical elements provide the axial-flexural
resistance
The diagonal elements provide the shear resistance
Truss models are derived from the strut-tie

concepts
This model represents the cracked state of the
wall where all tension is taken by ties and
compression by concrete
ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Model for Shear Walls

10
Comparing Deformation and

Deflections of Shell Model with
Truss Model
ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Model for Shear Walls

10
Comparing Deformation and

Deflections of Shell Model
with Truss Model
ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Models for Shear Walls

10
Comparing Axial Stress and Axial

Force Patterns
ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Models for Shear Walls

10
Uniaxial
Biaxial
ACECOMS, AIT
How to Construct Truss Models
txt
C
t x 2t
B
For the purpose of analysis, assume the

main truss layout based on wall width
and floor levels
Initial member sizes can be estimated as
t x 2t for main axial members and t x t for
diagonal members
Use frame elements to model the truss.
It is not necessary to use truss
elements
Generally single diagonal is sufficient for
modeling but double diagonal may be
used for easier interpretation of results
The floor beams and slabs can be
connected directly to truss elements
ACECOMS, AIT
Openings in Shear Walls
ACECOMS, AIT
Openings in Shear Walls

Very Small Openings
may not alter wall
behavior
Medium Openings
may convert shear
wall to Pier and
Spandrel System
Very Large Openings

may convert the Wall
to Frame
Beam
Spandrel
Wall
Column
Pier
Pier
ACECOMS, AIT
Openings in Shear Walls - Cellular

5
ACECOMS, AIT
Openings in Shear Walls - Planer
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Walls with Opening
Plate-Shell Model
Rigid Frame Model
Truss Model
ACECOMS, AIT
Frame Model of Shear Walls
A: Shear Wall with Line Loads
B: Finite Element Model
Rigid Zones
Beams
3 DOF
per rigid zone
Columns
C: Define Beams & Columns
D: Beam-Column Model
Based on Concept proposed by E.L. Wilson
ACECOMS, AIT
Design of
Shear Walls
Basic Design Considerations

Main Shear Wall
Flexural Design
Shear Design
Spandrels and Links

Flexural Design
Shear Design
Ductility Considerations
Anchorage with Footings
Connection with Floor Slab/ Beams
ACECOMS, AIT
Flexural Design
ACECOMS, AIT
Flexural Design
As Single Flexural Member
ACECOMS, AIT
Designing as A Flexural Member

Approach
Design the Wall as Big Column
Follow the normal axial-flexural
concept and provisions
Input Needed
P, Mx , (and My)
Wall Dimensions
Problems
Does not consider the non-linear
strain distribution
In efficient rebar distribution
ACECOMS, AIT
Design Procedure
1. Obtain Design Actions from Analysis
2. Assume rebar sizes, amount and distribution
3. Determine Cross-section capacity as column in
form of Interaction Surfaces and Curves
4. Check if all action sets (P, Mx, My) fall within
the interaction surface. The extreme values
should be near the surface
5. If required, revise cross-section and repeat
ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Result from Frame Model

Design actions (P, Mx, My and V) are obtained directly
P
Vy
Vx
Mx
My
ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results from Truss Model

P T C D sin( )
M Txt Cxc D sin( ) xd
V D cos( )
xd
xt
Tension
Member
xc
Compression
Member
ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results From Shell Model

CL of wall
Fi Ai f i
n
P Fi
i 1
n
M Fi xi
i 1
n
V Ai vi
i 1
t
f5
x1
f4
f3
f2
f1
C
x1
f1, f2, ..fn are the nodal stresses at

section A-A , obtained from analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
Assuming Reinforcement
Assume larger bars on the corners
Assume more bars on predominant tension
direction/ location
Assume uniform reinforcement on wall sides
Total Rebars ratio should preferably be more
than 0.8% and less than 3% for economical
design
ACECOMS, AIT
Obtaining Section Capacity Curves

Can be done manually by using linear strain
distribution and equilibrium conditions
Generate few control points on the curve
Difficult to apply for Cellular and non rectangular walls
Can be obtained in more complete form using

Software
CSI-Section Builder
GEAR Column Section Module
PCA Column
ACECOMS, AIT
Interaction Curves - Uniaxial

The curve is generated by varying
the neutral axis depth
Un-safe
Nb
Nnx fc ( )da fsi Asi

i 1
A
Safe
Nb
Mny fc ( ) da.dz fsi Asidzi

i 1
z A
ACECOMS, AIT
Interaction Surface - Biaxial

+P
The surface is
generated by
changing Angle and
Depth of Neutral
Axis
A cross-section of
interaction surface at P
Un-safe
- My
Pu
Safe
- Mz
+ Mz
+ My
1
N z 1
x, y dx dy ...
x y
(
x
,
y
)
...
i
i
i 1
1 n
M x 2
Ai i ( x, y ) yi ...
x y x, y dx dy . y ... 2
1
1
1 n
M y 3
x
,
y
dx
dy
.
x
...
(
x
,
y
)
x
...
i
i
i
1
2
1 x y
ACECOMS, AIT
Interaction Surface and Curves
ACECOMS, AIT
Narrow Planner Walls

The capacity is almost completely unaxial
Moment capacity can be increased by
providing Rebars at the corners
ACECOMS, AIT
Cellular Wall No Opening

The capacity is
almost completely
biaxial
ACECOMS, AIT
Single Cell Walls
ACECOMS, AIT
Double Cell Walls
ACECOMS, AIT
Flexural Design
Using Axial Zones
ACECOMS, AIT
Design Walls in Zones

Basic Concept
Design the wall to resist the external actions by
compression, tension and shear zones
More intuitive and more economical
Zone of high tension designed as tension member
with concentrated rebars
Zone of high compression designed as compression
member with appropriate rebar limits
Zone of low stress design as wall with nominal wall
rebars
ACECOMS, AIT
Designing as Axial Zones
ACECOMS, AIT
Design Procedure
1. Obtain Design Actions from Analysis
2. Compute Axial Forces
3. For each axial force, assume section, assume
rebars and check capacity
4. If capacity not enough, revise section, recompute Axial Forces, and continue until
required section for each force is designed
5. Provide nominal wall reinforcement in between
the axial zones
ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Result from Frame Model

Compute Forces from Actions
P
My
Mx
F1
F2
Fi
x1
x2
F1 0.5P M / x1
F2 0.5P M / x2
yi
P Mx My
Fi
4
yi
xi
ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results from Truss Model
Results obtained from truss

analysis can be used Directly
D
T
xd
xt
Tension
Member
F1 = T
F2 = C
xc
Compression
Member
ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results From Shell Model

CL of wall
F1=T
F2=C
t
f5
x1
f4
f3
Ai xi t
Fi Ai f i
f2
f1
C
x1
f1, f2, ..fn are the nodal stresses at

section A-A , obtained from analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Zone Model Planer Wall
ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Zones for Box Wall
ACECOMS, AIT
Design as Truss: Strut and Tie

Directly design the
tension members for
reinforcement
Directly design the
compression members
as columns
The design is similar to
the Axial Zones
concept
ACECOMS, AIT
Concrete Shear Wall Design in ETABS
2D wall pier design and boundary-member checks

2D wall spandrel design
3D wall pier check for provided reinforcement
Graphical Section Designer for concrete rebar location
Graphical display of reinforcement and stress ratios
Interactive design and review
Summary and detailed reports including database
formats
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design
Spandrel
Pier
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design Procedure

For Walls without Openings
Design the wall as piers
For Walls with Openings

Design the Piers, the vertical part
Design the Spandrels, the horizontal part
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design of Pier

Determine Concrete
shear capacity, Vc
Check if Vc exceeds the
limit, if it does, section
needs to be revised
Determine steel Rebars
for Vs=V-Vc
Check additional steel for
seismic requirements
Lp
tp
ACECOMS, AIT
ACI Equations for Pier Design

Basic Concrete Shear Capacity
f ct p 0.8L p
Vc 3.3RLW
Pu 0.8L p
4Lp
Concrete not to Exceed the limit
Vc 0.6 RLW
P
L p 1.25 RLW f c 0.2 u
Lpt p
fc
M L
Abs u p
Vu 2
t 0.8 L
p
p
Area of Steel Computed as

Abs Vu
Av
Vc
f ys 0.8L p
Abs Vu
10 RLW
f ct p 0.8L p
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design for Spandrel

Determine Concrete
shear capacity, Vc
Check if Vc exceeds the
limit, if it does, section
needs to be revised
Determine steel Rebars
for Vs=V-Vc
Check additional steel for
seismic requirements
hs
Ls
Elevation
ts
d r top
a
c
hs
d r bot
Section
ACECOMS, AIT
ACI Equations for Spandrel Design

Basic Concrete Shear Capacity
Vc 2 RLW
f c ts d s
Concrete not to Exceed the limit

Vs Vn Vc
Vu
V c
Area of Steel Computed as

Av
Vs
f ys d s
Vs 8RLW
f ct s d s
Check for minimum steel and spacing etc.
ACECOMS, AIT
ACI Equations for Spandrel Design

When
When
When
Ls
5
ds
Ls
5 and
ds
Ls
5
ds
Ls
2
10 RLW
3
ds
Vu
and
Vu
Vu
Av min
0.5Vc
50t s
f ys
Ah min 0
0.5Vc
Av min Ah min 0
Check
f ct s d s
Av min 0.0015t s
Ah min 0.0025t s
ACECOMS, AIT
Notations for Shear Design

Ls
= Length of Spandrel
ts
= Thickness of Spandrel
d r top = Distance from top of spandrel to the centroid of top reinforcing

d r bot = Distance from bottom of spandrel to the centroid of bottom reinforcing
hs
RLW
= Total depth of spandrel

= Shear reduction factor as specified in the concrete material properties for
light weight concrete.
ds
= Effective depth of spandrel
Vs
= Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by reinforcing steel
Vc
= Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by concrete
ACECOMS, AIT
Notations for Shear Design

Vn
= Nominal Shear strength
f ys
= Shear yield strength of steel
f c
= Concrete Compressive Strength
Lp
= Length of Pier
tp
= Thickness of Pier
Av min
= Minimum vertical required area of distributed shear reinforcing
Ah min = Minimum horizontal required area of distributed shear reinforcing
ACECOMS, AIT
Detailing of
Shear Walls
Wall Section
Place more reinforcement at the ends and distribute the
remaining in the middle portion
Confine the Rebars at the end for improved ductility and
increased moment capacity
Option -1
Option -2
Option -3
ACECOMS, AIT
Effect of Rebar Layout

Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars
a) Uniform Distribution
Max M= 380
b) Concentrated Bars
Nearly 25% increase for same steel

Max M= 475
ACECOMS, AIT
Wall Section
Place more reinforcement at
the corners and distribute the
remaining in the middle
portion
Confine the Rebars at the
corners for improved
ductility and increased
moment capacity
Provide U-Bars at the
corners for easier
construction and improved
laps
ACECOMS, AIT
Effect of Rebar Layout

Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars
a) Uniform Distribution
Max M= 16500
b) Concentrated Bars
Max M= 19600
Nearly 20% increase for same steel

ACECOMS, AIT
Rebar Detailing For Openings
ACECOMS, AIT

Design of Shear Walls Using ETABS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Shear Walls Using ETABS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Shear Walls Using ETABS

The Basic Issues

Transfer of loads to shear walls

Design and detaining issues

Determination of rebars for flexure

Design of Shear Walls

What is a Shear Wall?

Design of Shear Walls

Shear Wall or Column

Shear Wall or Frame

Design of Shear Walls

Shear Wall or Frame ?

Shear Wall or Truss?

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Purpose of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Loads Transferred to Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Load Transferred to Shear Walls

How to Locate the Walls

Reduce the in-plane bending in the slab system and

Design of Shear Walls

How to Check Eccentricity!

Design of Shear Walls

Eccentric and Concentric Response

Eccentric Shear Wall

Eccentric and Concentric Response

Symmetrical Mass and

Avoid Eccentricity in Plan

Design of Shear Walls

Reduce In-plane Bending in Floor

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Using Efficient Building Plan Shape

Design of Shear Walls

Shear Wall and Frame Behavior

Shear Wall Behavior

Design of Shear Walls

Axial Stresses in Planer Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Axial Stresses in Cellular Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Axial Stresses in Cellular Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Modeling of Planer Walls

Using Beam and Column

Using Panels, Plates and Beams

Modeling of Shear Walls

Using Beam Elements

Design of Shear Walls

Frame Models for Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Modeling of Walls using 1D Elements

Frame Model for Planer Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Specially Suitable when H/B is

Frame Models for Cellular Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Difficult to extend the concept to

Modeling of Shear Walls

Using Plate/Shell Elements

Design of Shear Walls

Modeling Walls using 2D Elements