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Culture Documents
Author(s)
Szeto, Hon-yin.;
Citation
Issued Date
URL
Rights
1992
http://hdl.handle.net/10722/32681
Declaration
Spline
Finite
Strip
Method
Shaped Plates"
i n s t i t u t i o n i n a p p l i c a t i o n f o r admission t o a degree,
diploma o r
o t h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and c o n t a i n s no m a t e r i a l p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d
o r w r i t t e n by o t h e r person, except where due r e f e r e n c e i s made.
SZETO Hon-yin
Acknow1edgement
Senior Lecturer o f
the Department o f C i v i l
and S t r u c t u r a l
encouragement
a u t h o r ' s study.
throughout
H.
Kwan,
Lecturer of
the
Department o f C i v i l
and S t r u c t u r a l
f o r h i s s u p e r v i s i o n and c a r e
the manuscript.
i i
W. Y. L i o f
P o l y t e c h n i c , f o r h i s h e l p f u l suggestions and d i s c u s s i o n s .
not l e a s t ,
the
H i s v a l u a b l e comments g i v e n d u r i n g the p r e p a r a t i o n
o f t h i s t h e s i s i s much appreciated.
K.
the e n t i r e course o f
L a s t but
Shum f o r p r o o f - r e a d i n g
Abstract of Thesis e n t i t l e d
" A p p l i c a t i o n o f S p l i n e F i n i t e S t r i p Method i n
S t a b i l i t y Analyses o f A r b i t r a r i l y Shaped P l a t e s "
Submitted by SZETO H o n - y i n
f o r the degree o f Master o f P h i l o s o p h y
a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Hong Kong i n December, 1992
i i i
ABSTRACT
The s p l i n e f i n i t e s t r i p method f o r s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s
was
developed s u c c e s s f u l l y by Cheung
of
the c l a s s i c a l f i n i t e s t r i p
subparamet r i e
transformation,
method.
the
method
W i t h the
use
has
extended
a n a l y s i s o f a r b i t r a r i l y shaped s t r u c t u r e s .
includes
static
and v i b r a t i o n a n a l y s i s
been
of
the
to
Research I n t h i s a r e a
of
plates,
shells
and
The t h e s i s attempts t o f u r t h e r
As the subparamet r i e
analyzing
the
The plane s t r e s s a n a l y s i s
arbitrarily
loaded p l a t e s i s
also
B e f o r e p u t t i n g the method t o p r a c t i c e , t h e s t i f f n e s s
m a t r i c e s formtilated a r e v e r i f i e d by s t a t i c and b u c k l i n g a n a l y s i s o f
simple models.
thoroughly
on
The
mesh
convergency o f
refinement
and
the
the
method i s a l s o
scheme o f
tested
integration.
D i s c u s s i o n s o v e r t h e occurrence o f t h e s p u r i o u s b u c k l i n g modes a r e
a l s o made r e g a r d i n g the use o f h i g h o r d e r elements.
iv
Accurate r e s u l t s
p l a t e s under a r b i t r a r y loading.
A plane s t r e s s a n a l y s i s I s c a r r i e d
out t o o b t a i n t h e s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n under t h e a p p l i e d l o a d s b e f o r e
f o r m u l a t i n g the geometric m a t r i x .
Numerical
examples a r e
then
a l o n g p l a t e under
concentrated l o a d s a r e a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d .
The
shaped and
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
Declaration
Acknowledgement
ii
Abstract
i i i
Table o f Content
vi
Nomenclature
Chapter 1
ix
Introduction
1/1-10
1. 1 H i s t o r i c a l Background
1/1
1.2
The F i n i t e S t r i p Method
1/2
1.3
Scope o f Study
1/4
1.4 E l a s t i c S t a b i l i t y o f P l a t e s
Chapter 2
S p l i n e F i n i t e S t r i p Method
1/5
2/1-26
2.1
General
2/1
2.2
Statement o f t h e Method
2/2
2.3
Displacement I n t e r p o l a t i o n F u n c t i o n
2/5
2.3.1
2/5
2. 3. 2 M o d i f i c a t i o n o f S p l i n e F u n c t i o n t o
2/9
s u i t edge c o n d i t i o n s
2.3.3
2. 4
P o l y n o m i a l Shape Functions
vi
2/11
2/15
2.5
2/19
Matrices
2.6
2/21
A r b i t r a r i l y Loaded P l a t e s
2.6.1
Displacement F u n c t i o n
2/22
2.6.2
M o d i f i c a t i o n o f Edge C o n d i t i o n s
2/24
2.6.3
Formulation o f S t i f f n e s s M a t r i x
2/25
Chapter 3
3.1
V e r i f i c a t i o n and Convergency
General
2/25
3/1-18
3/1
3 . 2 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f the M a t r i x [K ]
s
3/2
3 . 3 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f the M a t r i x [K p]
3/5
3.4
Choices o f Numerical I n t e g r a t i o n
3/7
3.5
3/10
3.5.1
Scheme o f I n t e g r a t i o n
3/10
3.5.2
Mesh Refinement
3/15
3.5.3
Chapter 4
4.1
B u c k l i n g o f Rectangular P l a t e s
General
3/15
4/1-15
4/1
4 . 2 P l a t e s under U n i a x i a l Loading
4/2
4 . 3 P l a t e s under B i a x i a l Loads
4/2
4/5
4 . 5 P l a t e o f V a r i a b l e Thickness
Chapter 5
B u c k l i n g o f A r b i t r a r i l y Shaped P l a t e s
vii
4/12
5/1-16
5. 1 General
5/1
5.2
Parallelogram Plates
5/2
5.3
Triangular Plates
5/5
5. 4
B u c k l i n g o f C i r c u l a r and E l l i p t i c a l P l a t e s
Chapter 6
B u c k l i n g o f P l a t e s under A r b i t r a r y Loading
5/10
6/1-18
6. 1 General
6/1
6.2
Convergency Test
6/2
6.3
Rectangular P l a t e s under L i n e a r l y - v a r y i n g
6/4
Stress
6.4
P a r t i a l l y Loaded P l a t e s
6/8
6.5
L o c a l B u c k l i n g o f Long P l a t e s
6/8
Chapter 7
7/1-5
C o n c l u s i o n s and Recommendations
7. 1
Conclusions
7/1
7.2
Recommendations f o r F u r t h e r Study
7/4
1-7
References
A/1-11
Appendix
Al
A/1
Rectangular P l a t e s
A2
D e r i v a t i o n o f t h e Geometric M a t r i x ,
A3
Numerical I n t e g r a t i o n
viii
[K ]
A/4
A/7
l i n e a r dimensions o f t h e p l a t e
flexural rigidity
modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y
shear modulus
J a c o b i a n o f domain t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
c r i t i c a l buckling coefficient
s t i f f n e s s matrix
geometric m a t r i x
shape f u n c t i o n used i n the ^ - d i r e c t i o n
u n i f o r m l a t e r a l l o a d i n g on the p l a t e
thickness o f the p l a t e
i n - p l a n e displacement o f the p l a t e
l a t e r a l displacement o f the p l a t e
Cartesian coordinates
natural coordinates
in-plane s t r e s s e s o f the p l a t e
c r i t i c a l buckling stress
eigenvalues
B-3 spline functions
s t r a i n o f the p l a t e
Poisson,s r a t i o
displacement v e c t o r
skew angle o f p a r a l l e l o g r a m p l a t e
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 . 1 H i s t o r i c a l Background
process i s
usually
time
consuming.
Hence
the
need f o r
an
[14]
wide
published"5-28.
r 4-7 9 12]
' '
.
The use o f s p l i n e
acceptance
with
numerous
research
works
f i n i t e s t r i p method t o the s t u d y o f
the s t a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s o f
1 . 2 F i n i t e S t r i p Method
The method i n v o l v e s t h e d i v i s i o n o f
s t r u c t u r e s i n t o s t r i p s o r p r i s m s and t h e use o f
f u n c t i o n which i s
a displacement
made up o f c o n t i n u o u s l y d i f f e r e n t i a b l e smooth
s e r i e s i n t h e s t r i p d i r e c t i o n and a s i m p l e p o l y n o m i a l s i n t h e o t h e r
directions.
Hence
(1.1)
w = [ fm(x)ym(y)
The f u n c t i o n
The
sin
+ C cos
+ C sinh
1/2
+ C cosh
(1-3)
where t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s
t h e ends o f t h e s t r i p s and
jn i s a parameter.
boundary c o n d i t i o n s w i t h the v a l u e s o f
and l i s t e d i n r e f .
strip
method
[10].
have
Various types o f
a r e worked o u t e x p l i c i t l y
Works on t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e f i n i t e
been
reported i n
the
area
of
bending
of
r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s t 3 8 > 3 9 ] , p l a n e s t r e s s a n a l y s i s and t h e a n a l y s i s
o f box g i r d e r and s l a b b r i d g e s [ 4 0 3
eqn. (1.3)
for
the
displacement
c e r t a i n l i m i t a t i o n s (see s e c t i o n 2 . 1 i n d e t a i l s ) .
f u n c t i o n has
To overcome s u c h
et
al
r 141
polynomial w i t h h i g h l y l o c a l i z e d properties.
The f i r s t d e t a i l e d
s t u d y o f t h e u s e o f t h e s p l i n e f u n c t i o n can be summarized i n t h e
work
by
Cheung,
structures.
F a n and
With
the
transformation analysis
Wu
I14-17]
on r e g u l a r p l a t e
introduction
can
be
of
extended
the
to
and s h e l l
subparamet r i e
arbitrarily
shaped
plates with straight, and curved edges and numerical examples have
been done on the static and vibration of parallelogram, fan-shaped,
circular and elliptical plates as well as singly and doubly curved
shells
12 3 2 7 1
of
irregular
plates.
Numerical
1/3
R e l e v a n t work i n
[21]
on the b u c k l i n g
examples
such
as
and
Hancock
thin-walled
[22 ]
structures
also
but
carried
the
out
study
stability
on
analysis
curved p l a t e s
of
seemed
r e l a t i v e l y unexplored.
1.3
Scope o f Study
The t h e s i s b e g i n s w i t h a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f
methods f o r s t a b i l i t y problems I n s e c t i o n 1.4.
the s o l u t i o n
The b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s
The displacement f u n c t i o n
arbitrarily
shaped s t r u c t u r e s
lies i n
the
use
of
the
domain
F i n a l l y , the plane s t r e s s a n a l y s i s o f
shape
The occurrence o f s p u r i o u s
functions
and
the
way
to
first.
ratios
and
edge
combined l o a d i n g .
conditions
under u n i a x i a l ,
biaxial,
shear
and
V a r i a t i o n i n the t h i c k n e s s o f the p l a t e s as w e l l
as p e r f o r a t e d p l a t e s are a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d .
Buckling a n a l y s i s o f
The domain
Chapter
loading.
6 d e a l s w i t h s t a b i l i t y o f p l a t e s under non-uniform
These a r b i t r a r y loads i n c l u d e s l i n e a r l y - v a r y i n g s t r e s s e s
Good agreement
1.4
E l a s t i c S t a b i l i t y o f Plates
The b u c k l i n g l o a d o f p l a t e s under
in-plane forces
c a n be
determined a n a l y t i c a l l y o r by a f i n i t e element a p p r o a c h 1 1 1 1
1/5
(i)
analytical solution
^+
Consider now a p l a t e
b u c k l e s s l i g h t l y under t h e a c t i o n o f a s e t o f i n - p l a n e s t r e s s e s <r
cr and cr
y
xy
Sc = x
qy = [ s l n ( ^ +
q
and
respectively
- sin0]
- sin^]
x y = ^xy ^[sin(8+
- s i n e ] + [sin(^+ | | ) - sin^]>
(1.5)
substituting
w
_ o w
a n
eqn. ( 1 . 6 )
into
1/6
q=2<r
eqn. (1.4)
o w
r4
~-
and
(1.6
noting
that
a j , ^
ax
ay
a w
2
ax ay
_2
((r
ax
ry 2
,,
^2
+2
ay
<
x y
i )
axay
equation of
(1.7)
and
By s o l v i n g the
incorporating
the
boundary
the b u c k l i n g s t r e s s e s i s determined t o
produce a n o n - t r i v i a l l a t e r a l displacement, w.
the s t a b i l i t y o f
a plate
t h e b u c k l e d p l a t e i s then assumed.
differential
(1.7)
A t y p i c a l example o f
a b i a x i a l l y loaded rectangular p l a t e w i t h
two
( i i ) F i n i t e Element Approach
the
geometric n o n - l i n e a r i t y o f
the
account i n t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p .
both
in-plane
and l a t e r a l
deformed p l a t e
into
For a p l a t e s u b j e c t e d t o
loading w i t h i n f i n i t e s i m a l
but
not
To i l l u s t r a t e t h i s ,
an
example o f a p l a t e s u b j e c t e d t o b o t h i n - p l a n e and l a t e r a l l o a d i n g i s
considered.
I s g i v e n by:
1/7
C o n s i d e r i n g the
e x t e n s i o n i n the x - d i r e c t i o n ,
dx
ax
ifaw
2[dx
du
dx
)}
dx
and s i m i l a r e x p r e s s i o n s c a n be d e r i v e d f o r
and
xy
Hence
(1.9)
1/8
where
Po
Bo
The
[B]
The
(1.10)
m
is then given by
(1.11)
(1.12)
G dV
In which
the matrix, G,
is derived from
For
IX
wly
aco
a
the
the nodal
(1.13)
initial
stability
problem o f
plates
subjected t o
s o l u t i o n and
By c o n s i d e r i n g t h e t o t a l s t r a i n e n e r g y o f t h e
= 0.
p l a t e and t h e c r i t e r i a o f t h e a d j a c e n t e q u i l i b r i u m o f a b u c k l e d
1/9
s t r u c t u r e , we have:
([K ] + X[K ] )
S
(1.14)
w i t h the e i g e n v a l u e s \ , A
1
1/10
CHAPTER 2
S p l i n e F i n i t e S t r i p Method
2.1
General
The s p l i n e f i n i t e s t r i p method f o r s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s
was
[14]
developed by Cheung
Choices o f
these s p l i n e f u n c t i o n s
may i n c l u d e
the
(see e q n . ( 1 . 3 ) )
when t h e f i n i t e
The
B-3
spline
function
is
continuous
up
(i.e. C
to
the
second
continuous).
derivatives.
continuous
in
the
In
0th,
other
1st
words,
and
2/1
2nd
the
function
derivatives
should
to
its
be
simulate
The i n t r i n s i c p r o p e r t y o f i n f i n i t e c o n t i n u i t y o f
t h e c l a s s i c a l s t r i p f u n c t i o n has l i m i t e d i t s a p p l i c a t i o n and
hence t h e s p l i n e f i n i t e s t r i p method was developed t o overcome
t h i s drawback.
2. The l o c a l i z e d p r o p e r t y o f t h e s p l i n e f u n c t i o n g r e a t l y r e d u c e s the
bandwidth o f
the
stiffness
and
geo m et ric m a t r i c e s
and
thus
computer s t o r a g e and e f f o r t r e q u i r e d f o r s o l u t i o n p r o c e s s c a n be
minimized.
The d e t a i l s o f the l o c a l i z e d p r o p e r t y i s I l l u s t r a t e d
i n l a t e r sections.
3. The boundary c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e p l a t e s can be s a t i s f i e d e a s i l y by
m o d i f y i n g t h e l o c a l s p l i n e s n e a r t h e edges and i s u s e f u l i n
d e a l i n g w i t h s t r u c t u r e s o f complex edge c o n d i t i o n s .
the
same
purpose,
f u n c t i o n (see eqn.
the
coefficients of
the
To a c h i e v e
classical
strip
t h a t t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s c a n a p p l y .
2.2
Linear
buckling
analysis
can
be
summarized
as
2/2
standard
(2.1)
where K
The
i s the s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x and K
present
method
involves f i r s t l y
i s the geometric m a t r i x .
the
transformation o f
any
i r r e g u l a r p l a t e s i n the o r d i n a r y c a r t e s i a n c o o r d i n a t e system t o a
s t a n d a r d square p l a t e i n t h e r e c t a n g u l a r domain
(Fig. 2.1).
The
domain t r a n s f o r m a t i o n process i s
the
the
done
through
use
of
subparametric t r a n s f o r m a t i o n and w i l l be d i s c u s s e d I n d e t a i l s i n
s e c t i o n 2.4.
the n a t u r a l
c o o r d i n a t e v a r i a b l e s w i t h the s p l i n e f u n c t i o n s
can t h e n be a p p l i e d [ 1 1 ] .
o b t a i n e d a s t h e e i g e n v a l u e s and t h e e i g e n v e c t o r s o f
(eqn.
2.1)
cr
) i n the f o l l o w i n g form
Eir 2
cr
(2.2)
12(l-y2)
2/3
12
11
-1,1)
12
-
11
10
(1,1)
strip
(-1,-1)
Fig.2.1
Subparametric
mapping
with
the
twelve
1st node
2nd node
1st section
3rd node
2nd section
4th node
mth node
(m-l)th section
(m+1)th node
mth section
(m+2)th node
(m+3)th node
Fig. 2.2
Typical strip
2/4
(1,-1)
nodal
points
2.3
Displacement I n t e r p o l a t i o n F u n c t i o n
The i n t e r p o l a t i o n f u n c t i o n o f displacement,
w, o f the s t r i p s
w i l l be g i v e n as products o f B - 3 s p l i n e f u n c t i o n s
(and shape
f u n c t i o n s (N ), i . e .
B
[#(]
[(7])]
[N o (5)]
(2.3)
{5K
[(a )T,(a
w
wr
)T,(a
,(a f
],
j
w j +1
w r j +1
where a
and a
are
w,j
wr,j
respectively at
the parameters
line.
(2.4)
related
to w and
Every strip
of
dw/d^
the mapped
1st and (m+3)th nodal point are introduced in order to evaluate the
spline functions at the 1st and mth section.
2.3.1
is originally a kind of
tool used by
the
[4446]
as a versatile interpolating
follows
[?})] =
[<t> , ( 7 ) ) . . .
(j> ( 7 ) ) ,
(p
A.
( n )
l 11-2
where
(2.5)
(7))]
71
>
f
< (7})
[7}
^2' ^
[7}
[1
, 7]]
i 1
V
i+l
and
iU^i-2)
3
( m , J + c (v
. (V)
V
-!)
for
+ Di(71i.-v)'
3
i+l
+2
(2.6)
[h
[h
C
D
i
i
i-l
i+2
= -(h
(h
i-l
(h
i
+h )(h
+h +h
)]
i
i-l i i+l
+h
)(h
+h
+h )]'
+h 4-h
+h
)x[h
h (h
+h ) (h
+h
+h )]"
i-1 i i+l i+2
i-1 i i+l i
i+2 i+l i
= -h
+h +h
+h
)x[h
h
(h
+h ) (h
+h
i-1 i i+l i+2
i+2 i+l i+l i
i+l
i
2/6
i-1
}]'
F o r the case o f h
= h = h
i - 1
i + l
= h
f u n c t i o n reduces t o t h e form
(7?
=
1
:
6h"
1 2
h + 3h (7)-7}
) + 3h( tq-t) ) 2 -3 ( n ) 3
i-1
i-1
i-i
li3+ 3h2(7]
i+l
(v.
- 7]) + Shin
- 7 } ) 2 3(7?
i +'
-7])
-v) 3
for
(2.7
One
can see that any single point along the 7)-axis is affected by at
most four local splines only, and hence the localized property of
the spline function can be demonstrated.
/T;.
Fig. 2.3a
Fig 2.3b
2/8
2.3.2
M o d i f i c a t i o n o f S p l i n e F u n c t i o n t o s u i t edge c o n d i t i o n s
simplify
Boundary c o n d i t i o n
the
= h
likewise)
m+l
m+2
has been
expression.
Modified l o c a l spline
Free
(f>Q
Simply-supported
Eliminated
Clamped
Eliminated
(p1
Eliminated
^-0.
The verification of the modification for 7)=1 is given below and that
for i}=-l can be derived similarly.
2/9
and 0
o
respectively.
Hence
i ) s i m p l y supported end:
a
+ ^ 6 + ^ a ) N (f) ,
[ 0 + ( ^ - 44
)5 + ( ) 5 ] N ( O
(h +h
h
(h
(h +h ) (h +h +h )
- 1 - 1 0
1 0
.-.w
J [(4 - 4)5
(h +h ) (h +h +h
- 1 - 1 0 1 0 - 1
N C?)
S i n c e h = h and t h a t h = h
1
2
- 1 0
+h +h +h ) h
- 1 0 1 2 0
h h (h +h ) (h +h +h )
-101 0
21 0
h (h +h ) (h +h +h
1 1 0 1 0 -
h (h +h ) (h +h +h
= h by d e f a u l t o f the program,
+ (1 - 1)5 ] N ( f )
1
B ^
= 0
Thus w i s always z e r o f o r any s e t o f
0
[0 + 0 + ( - C L 5 + ) 6 ] N (
-1
(h +h ) (h +h +h )
-1 0
1 0 -1
0.5
2/10
(h+h
h
(h +h ) (h +h +h
-1 1 0 1 0 -1
(h
h
+h +h +h )h"
h (h +h ) ( h +h +h )
-101 0
21 0
and that h h =
Again sinceh ,
(1 - 2 + 1) 6
h (h +h ) ( h +h +h
N (f)
K d i )N B
M^(?)
( ? )
W h e r e
[0 + 0 + W - 0.5+
3 ( h 4-h
3h
h
( h +h ) (h +h +h
-1 - 1 0
i o -i
3(h
h
(h +h ) (h +h +h
- 1 - 1 0 1 0 - 1
+h +h +h )h
- 1 01 2
0
-3h
h ( h +h ) ( h +h +h )
- 1 01 0
21 0
h (h +h ) (h +h +h
6h (
Thus w and 0
2.3.2
"3
M^Cf)
B(?)
a r e always z e r o f o r any s e t o f a
a , a
and N ( ? ) .
P o l y n o m i a l Shape F u n c t i o n s
I n the
functions,
present
N (^),
B
method,
four different
types o f
the
shape
The h i g h e r o r d e r
s t r i p s a r e formed e i t h e r by i n t r o d u c i n g c e n t r e nodes i n a d d i t i o n t o
the
edge
nodes
interpolating
or
higher
parameters.
derivatives
Like
the
of
higher
displacements
order
as
elements i n
o r d i n a r y f i n i t e element a n a l y s i s , such h i g h e r o r d e r s t r i p s a l l o w
c o a r s e r meshes t o be adopted i n the analyses but r e q u i r e
computer s t o r a g e and e f f o r t f o r f o r m u l a t i o n and s o l u t i o n .
more
The shape
f u n c t i o n s used a r e summarized as f o l l o w s :
1)
2 - 0 - 2 low o r d e r elements
S t r a i g h t l i n e w i t h displacement and f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e a t t h e end
nodes ( F i g . 2 . 4 ) :
[N ( ? ) ] = [N ( ? ) , h M ( ? ) , M (?), h N ( ? ) ]
B
3 ?
+2 ?
N 2 (C) = (1 -
N 3 ( ) = 3l 2 ~ 2f3
N 4 ( ? ) = 2 -f )
f = (C , ) / h .
j
j
2)
3-0--3 h i g h o r d e r elements
S t r a i g h t l i n e w i t h displacement, f i r s t and second - d e r i v a t i v e s a t
t h e end nodes ( F i g . 2 . 5 ) :
[N ( ? ) ] = [N ( ? } , h N ( f ) , h X ( f ), N ' C f ) , h N ( ? ) , h
H
N^Cf) = 1 -
J ^
15?4- S f 5
2/12
J o
Nmi
j
N 2 ( ? ) = (1 - 652+ 8 ? 3 - 3? 4 }
N 3 ( ? ) = f 2 ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 ? + 1.52- 0 . 5 ? 3 )
N ( O = 10C 3 - 15?4+ 6^5)
4
N5(?) = (- 4?2f 7 f - 3 f )
N (?) = 2 ( 0 . 5 f - f 2 + 0 . 5 f 3 )
6
3)
2 - 1 - 2 h i g h o r d e r elements
S t r a i g h t l i n e w i t h displacement, f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e a t the end
nodes and displacement a t the c e n t r e node ( F i g . 2 . 6 )
[N (?)] = [N (f), h N (?), N (f), N (?), h N (?)]
1
Jl 2
^
j w
N j f ) = 1 - l l f 2 + 1 8 f 3 - 8^4
M2(f) = 5(1 - 4? + 5?2- 2f3)
N 3 ( f ) = 1 6 f 2 - 3 2 5 3 . 16? 4
N ( f ) = -5C 2 + 1 4 f 3 - 6 f 4
4
3f 2 + 2? 3 )
N 5 C?) =
4)
2 - 2 - 2 h i g h o r d e r elements
S t r a i g h t l i n e w i t h displacement, f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e s a t t h e end
and c e n t r e nodes ( F i g . 2 . 7 :
[Nb(?)] = [N^C?), h.N2(f), N3(?)f
( ? = 1 - 23?2+ 66C3- 68f 4 + 2 4 f
( = (1
N (?) = 16l
- 6 ? + 1 3 ? 2 - 12?3+ 4C 4 )
- 32?3+ 16?4
2/13
N5(C), hN^)]
2.4
2.5
3 - 0 - 3 h i g h order element
o-
2.6
o
w
c
.74
j+1
j+1
2 - 1 - 2 h i g h order element
4
VT
o
w
W
c
j+1
2 - 2 - 2 h i g h o r d e r element
2/14
2.4
Domain T r a n s f o r m a t i o n b y S u b p a r a m e t r i c T r a n s f o r m a t i o n
I n o r d e r t o model p l a t e s o f geometry o t h e r t h a n t h e r e c t a n g u l a r
shape, v a r i o u s types o f s t r i p s l i k e t h e s k e w " 0
strips
[67]
to
undergo
domain
transformation
subparametric transformation.
with
the
use
of
the
the arbitrarily shaped plate is mapped from the x-y plane through
twelve chosen nodal point on the boundary into a standard square
plate in the natural coordinate system (see Fig. 2.1).
The standard
=T
N.
(2.8)
1 =1 2
:I
where
plate and
N C?,7])y? = Y ( ^ v )
(2.9)
as
i n t o the equations.
2/15
Corner node
- 2
( i = 1,4,7,10)
Mid-side node
(i = 2,3,9,8)
2.,.i 0
5 i ( 1 + ? i ? ) ( 1 ^) ( 1 + 9 V )
M i d - s i d e node
( I = 5,6,11,12)
32U
2%
tj) ( l - f 2 ) (l+9f )
^
) 10]
= 1
..
1 \
,.
1
=+i - = + i
- i
yl
<0aco
ya
jp-
co
Xz
where
(2.10)
(2.11)
(2.12)
df}
2/16
5y
1 =12
dNi
W
(2.13)
15
3
9
Furthermore,
7} i n the a n a l y s i s .
r e l a t i o n s are g i v e n as f o l l o w s .
F i r s t d e r i v a t i v e s ([K ] matrix)
a?
dx
a?
By
(ii)
37? 5w
dx
M
3w
dy .
(2.14)
w
<0
dx
w
_
c
fr
w 2
dV
dxdy
>
T) J
<0
13
2/17
(2.15)
5?
dx
m
dx
[T
a?
ay
"dxdy
3y
dx
a?
dy
5
dx
a?
dV
dx
Uyj
(
ax
dv
5C
dx
3?
fa?]
(dri)
fSv)
ac
dV
dV
dxdx
dV
fair})
te
ay
dV
a7?d
fiQ)
(djl}
^Sydy
"dxdy
8y
dyd^
Bydy
dju
3v
dyd^dy J
dxdy dxdy
(2.16)
ax a?
dg dx
dX dv
dr} dx
(2.17)
SY S
av aji
(2.18)
dri dx
ax a
ax
dri dy
Qv
ay a
(2.19)
SY
(2. 20)
dri dy
2/18
2. 5
F o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e S t i f f n e s s and Geometric M a t r i c e s
S i n c e t h e d e f l e c t i o n o f each s e c t i o n o f the s t r i p I s o n l y g i v e n
i n terms o f
t h e d e f l e c t i o n parameters o f
t h a t s e c t i o n and
two
a d j a c e n t s e c t i o n s , the s t i f f n e s s a s w e l l a s geometric m a t r i c e s c a n
be o b t a i n e d by c a r r y i n g o u t n u m e r i c a l i n t e g r a t i o n s e c t i o n b y s e c t i o n
f o r each s t r i p .
The s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x f o r each s e c t i o n i s
(2.21)
[D]
D
y
0
and
D , D , D
x
and
0
D
xy
are
the
[2 ]
orthotropic
constants
E t
12(l-y
v E V
v E V
Gt
"12
12(l~v v
2/19
used
by
(2.22)
where
[cr]
(cr
cr
cr
a r e the in-plane s t r e s s e s
[G] is given by
the
(2.14).
For
the first
part
of
analysis a
[cr] will
Fig. 2.8
be
identical
for
all
the
sections.
the choice
of
integration scheme on
2/20
the
solution are
d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l s i n Chapter 3.
That
[47].
Numerical examples o f b u c k l i n g of p l a t e s o f v a r i o u s
2.6
P l a n e S t r e s s A n a l y s i s f o r B u c k l i n g o f A r b i t r a r i l y Loaded P l a t e s
uniform i n both
the
and
the
I n a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n , i t i s v e r y common t h a t
I n order t o c a r r y
determined b e f o r e e s t a b l i s h i n g the
geometric m a t r i x .
Thus
In t h i s section,
t h e o r y behind t h e p l a n e s t r e s s a n a l y s i s i s portrayed.
2/21
the
The t h e o r y
b e h i n d t h e s t a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s can f o l l o w those d e s c r i b e d i n p r e v i o u s
sections.
2.6.1
Displacement F u n c t i o n
The s t r e s s e s w i t h i n t h e p l a t e under t h e a r b i t r a r i l y i n - p l a n e
l o a d i n g a r e determined by s o l v i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g equation
K
where K
[6 ] = {F}
P
(2.22)
and {F} is the stiffness matrix for plane stress and the
The displacement vector [ ] i s g i v e n by
Et
vEt
1-p2
1 -v 2
[<r]
pEt
Et
2
1-y
(2.24)
1-p2
Et
2(1+p)
2/22
into
rectangular
domain i n
the n a t u r a l
of
strips
accordingly.
The
interpolation functions of
-I
[ $ (7))]
{ 1 =
[$(l5)]
where
[Np(?)]=[()()]
MJ?)
.f
{6 >
N2(f) =
h =s ^
j j+i
= (C " .)/11.,
(2.25)
{a w } T = [{a ) T , (a ) T ^ , ( a ) T , ( a
in
which
II,i
respectively.
and
v, i
are
parameters
^
The s p l i n e f u n c t i o n s ,
(2. 6).
related
to
and
for the strain matrix can be derived from the following equations:
(iil}
^xy
2/23
h e n C e
ul
Vlul
(2.26)
P
i
CO
(2.27)
a?
dy
PIX
[T ]
-y
CO
where
p-ly
CO
o
a?
dx
2.6.2 Modification
Mote t h a t separate s p l i n e f u n c t i o n s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r
instability i s
induced
to
the
plate,
no
boundary
2/24
p l a t e I s s a t i s f i e d under the a p p l i e d l o a d i n g .
2.6.3
Formulation o f S t i f f n e s s M a t r i x
The
stiffness
matrices
for
the
plane
stress
analysis
Is
f o r m u l a t e d by c a r r y i n g out numerical i n t e g r a t i o n s e c t i o n by s e c t i o n
f o r every s t r i p s .
j [ B p ] T [ D p ] [ B p ] J | d ? di]
Kp =
(2.28)
resulting
displacements,
and
hence
the
stresses,
can
be
[13]
determined by using the frontal solver method
.
2.6.4
The direct
from
the
corresponding
element
output
of
the
stress
2/25
2/26
CHAPTER
V e r i f i c a t i o n and Convergency
3.1
General
the s t i f f n e s s
static
I s then considered.
3/1
3 - 2 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f the M a t r i x [K ]
s
1.
S t a t i c A n a l y s i s o f Thin P l a t e
A p p l i c a t i o n o f the s p l i n e f i n i t e s t r i p
the
[153
and L i [ 2 5 3
method w i l l
be
described here.
The
{F>
(3.1)
[ A] _
_
^
[(] _
moment
of
the
plates
are
determined
by
the
stress-strain
relationship:
{(r} = [M , M , M
x
xy
] = [D] {eh
The maxiimm deflection and moment at the centre and along the edge
3/2
elements
yield
satisfactory
results
when
compared w i t h
c l a s s i c a l s o l u t i o n s s t a t e d i n r e f . [2].
2.
B u c k l i n g o f an a x i a l l y loaded column
dx2
4r
(3.2)
the
c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g l o a d i s c a l c u l a t e d t o be
P
cr
2 ^
(3*3)
<
r
cr
is
achieved.
3/3
0=1,
i
? = 0. 3,
udl = q
displacement = qa /EV
mutllplier for
(i)
moment = qa 2
Simply-supported
Present
Deflection
Deflection
Mx, My aat
Mx,
t centre
centre
Ref.
Ref.
12]
0.04439
0.0443
0. 004801
0
4801
0.0479
.0479
Present
Ref. [2]
0.01379
0.0138
0.02313
0.0230
(ii) Clamped
Deflection
Mx, My at centre
Table 3a
/ P
cr
1.013
1.016
1.028
1.059
Table 3b
P = Buckling Load
from present method
P
cr
= Euler load
cr
=n^I/12 )
3/4
3 . 3 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e M a t r i x [K ]
The
stress
distribution
of
beam
under
bending
action
t h e bending o f a beam i s g i v e n by
2
d y
EI__ + H = 0
d x
(3.4),
and
<j = M-y/I
(3.5)
The t)6nd.iiig stresses obtained from the spline finite strip mctiioci
and the beam theory for beams under different applied point loads
and
support
in
Fig.
3. la
to
Fig.
3. id.
fibre stress a t
-20
0.251
-40
-70
1
b e a m
x
tlieorj
spline ( 1 2 strips)
spliae (8 strips)
spliae (16 strips)
4U
30
-20
-30
-40
40
-60
-30
-70
-80
0.5
-40
1-5
2.5
0.5
spline {8 strips)
2.5
spline8 strips)
;(12 strips)
1.5
F i g . 3.1b S i m p l y - s u p p o r t e d b e a m
under point load a t centre
(b=d=:l, 1=5P=10, = 1 0 0 0 0 }
splineIB strips)
At soffit
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
15
3/6
3.4
C h o i c e s o f Numerical I n t e g r a t i o n
As t h e f u n c t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n the f o r m u l a t i o n o f the s t i f f n e s s ,
geometric and o t h e r r e l e v a n t m a t r i c e s are o f t e n h i g h l y complex i n
n a t u r e w h i c h render o r d i n a r y I n t e g r a t i o n d i f f i c u l t if not at all
impossible, to be applied, the use of numerical integration plays an
Important
role
in
the
finite
element
method.
Basically,
the
1)
2)
3)
three dimensional
These
integrals
are
t) d^dTjdt.
evaluated
numerically
by
the
following
equations:
1)
En
(3.6)
2)
3)
III
t ) d^dTjdt = [
w h e r e a and
and
G
(g
i
and H
tk)
integration.
to be
evaluated
respectively during
the
nxomerical
are not evaluated aBd for a 2-dimensiona 1 plate problem, only the
second equation of eqn. 3.6 is relevant.
range of i n t e g r a t i o n as I n the
[13]
[13]
accuracy as i n the
) are given i n
Appendix A3.
of
numerical
coefficient f o r
integration
square
should
be
used,
simply-supported p l a t e
To decide which
the
buckling
under b i a x i a l
in-plane loading (4x4 mesh) i s determined with the use o f the two
mentioned numerical i n t e g r a t i o n methods.
choice o f
the
numerical
integration
method i s p a r t i c u l a r
When the matrices are
Number o f
sampling
points
Table 3d
The f i r s t three k
cr
values
Gauss
Quadrature
Newton-Cotes
2x2
1.768
3.899
4.388
(1, l)1*
(1,2)
(2,1)
2.000
5.009
5.017
(1,1)
(1,2)
(2,1)
3x3
2.000
4.990
4.996
(1,1)
(1,2)
(2,1)
2.001
5.025
5.035
(1,1)
(1,2)
(2,1)
Comparsion between d i f f e r e n t i n t e g r a t i o n
method
for
low
5.00 f o r
Number o f
sampling
points
f i r s t s i x ic
Newton-Cotes
Gauss
Quadrature
8 1o 1 1 8
06
9 o 9 6 9 2
3 o 9 o 4 o
L c\34.5.l/5
o 9o
2o 6 5 5 6 9 3 8
o
9 6 7 1 7 8 9 2o 1
o 1
6 7 8 2 3 97 9 8 96
ddddz.CNi
Table 3e
0,0
0,0
0,0
0, 0
0,0
0,0
2
0
2
2- 001
5. 000
5.061
8. 033
10.000
10. 825
cr
high
3/9
and y-
for
3.5
A f i n i t e element analysis i s b a s i c a l l y an I d e a l i z a t i o n of an
a c t u a l p h y s i c a l problem i n t o a mechanical d e s c r i p t i o n and then t o
obtain
the
finite
element
solution
of
that
idealization.
In
In general,
fineness
of
the
i n t e g r a t i o n adopted.
mesh used
and
the
scheme
of
numerical
3.5.1
Schemes o f Integration
The
convergency
of
the
stability
analysis
of
clamped
can be obtained w i t h an
In general
Unlike
mode shapes
(denoted by (0,0) i n the tables) can be found among the true modes
when lower Integration scheme (eg. 2x2 and 3x3 Gaussian p o i n t s ) .
The occurrence of such spurious modes i s resulted from the use o f
reduced i n t e g r a t i o n as discussed i n Appendix A3 and i s expected t o
vanish as the number of i n t e g r a t i o n points increases.
By varying
I t can be observed
that
create
spurious
modes i n
the s t a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s .
(Table 3j3
P l a t e Geometry f o r Table 3 f to 3h :
Clamped Square P l a t e under B i a x i a l Loading
(Lowest buckling load f a c t o r = 5.30 given by r e f . [30])
Nth
Buckling
2 x 2
Stress
3 x 3
Mode
8 x
4 x 4
Mode
Mode
Mode
5.37
1,1
5.32
1,1
5.32
1,1
5.32
1,1
9.73
2,1
9.35
2,1
9.35
2,1
9.35
2,1
10. 11
1,2
9.72
1,2
9.72
1,2
9.72
1,2
13.61
2,2
13.19
2,2
13.18
2,2
13. 18
2,2
17.88
3,1
15.82
3,1
15.81
3,1
15.81
3,1
19.64
3,1
17.13
3,1
17.12
1,3
17.12
1,3
Nth
3 x 3
2 x 2
Buckling
Stress
8 x 8
4 x 4
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
1.59
0,0
5.32
1,1
5.32
1,1
5.32
1,1
1.61
0,0
9.35
2,1
9.35
2,1
9. 35
2,1
1.62
0,0
9.72
1,2
9, 72
1,2
9.72
1,2
1.63
0,0
13.19
2,2
13.18
2,2
13.18
2,2
5.70
1,1
15.82
3,1
15, 81
3,1
15.81
3,1
6.05
0,0
17.13
1,3
17.12
1,3
17.12
1,3
3
4
3/12
Nth
Buckling
Stress
2 x 2
k
Mode
8 x 8
4 x 4
3 x 3
Mode
Mode
Mode
1.57
0,0
1.63
0,0
5.32
1,1
5.32
1,1
1.61
0,0
5.32
1,1
9.34
2,1
9.34
2,1
1.70
0,0
6.51
0,0
9.72
1,2
9.72
1,2
2. 16
0,0
8.94
2,1
13. 18
2,2
13.18
2,2
2.22
0,0
9.72
1,2
15.74
3,1
15.74
3,1
5.42
1,1
12.77
2,2
17.04
1,3
17.03
1,3
Type o f f u n c t i o n
Order of
function
Order o f
[K ]
s
ininimuiB no. of
Gaussian p i s .
2
B-3 spline
2 (4)
2-1-2 h i g h order
3 (5)
3-0-3 h i g h order
10
4 (6)
N o t e ; The f i g u r e
in
bracket
is
the
r e q u i r e d t o i n t e g r a t e without
equals t o t h a t o f
number
error
of
Gaussian
polynomial
of
points
order
[K ] ( i . e .
s
3/13
Gauss,
p t s . ) f o r high order s t r i p s
but
the accuracy i s
more
In practice,
Owing to
the a n a l y s i s
should a l s o
be
observed c a r e f u l l y f o r
the
D = 1,
y = 0. 3,
udl = q
m u t i l p l i e r f o r displacement = qa 4/lOOEt
(2.09 as gi ve n i n r e f .
No. o f Gaussian
points
2-0-2
elements
3-0-3
elements
2-2-2
elements
2 x 2
2.094
3.443
5.430
3 x 2
2.093
2.094
2.095
4 x 2
2.093
2. 094
2.094
8 x 2
2.093
2.094
2.094
Table 3 j E f f e c t o f reduced i n t e g r a t i o n on s t a t i c a n a l y s i s o f
a s - c - s - c p l a t e under i m i f o lateral load
3/14
3. 5 . 2
Mesh Refinement
Square, t r i a n g u l a r and c i r c u l a r p l a t e s o f
3.2 t o F i g .
3.4.
The r e s u l t s are
In
3.6
2)
3)
,,
Model
2-1-2
3-0-3
10x10 mesh
5x5 G. pt.
45.5
56.2
73.9
X
Sh
in
iAmrG.pt.
410x10
32. 1
49.3
61-7
1 o a d e d c l a m p e d square plate
3/16
CO
O
iO
0
0X
O
C
0J!
g
<
IS C
S
2 SCCM
CO *
n
2
5 55
w
- oC
V
'
o! o
N
S S
!
T
1
OJt ^
0 0 s
C
O
s
CO
u
>
t3a
X
w
5 I
^-E
^ S
"
w
0
O
C
rnH
n
VQ
s
4
V
Xi
CO
N
^
u
c
q
w
t?
sH ^ 1
OC
O
N
-
o
S
S
I
9
C
%
1
0
o
0
<i>
^ tj 5
p<^
ri
P4.S
5?
SS
3
<
4- > I s
O
U u s
"2
0 CO
m
*^4
1 . 6
2x2
3x3
4x4
6x6
8x8
Mesh Size
Low order
2-1-2
3-0_3
- E e f . [8]
3/18
CHAPTER 4
B u c k l i n g o f Rectangular P l a t e s
4.1
General
rectangular p l a t e s i n t h i s chapter.
The general
to
the bomdary
in
section
a unifo
3.5.1.
stress
In
assembling
distribution
within
the
the
geometric
plate
is
assumed.
5) The Subspace Iteration is employed to obtain, the eigenvalues and
eigenvectors of the problem.
4/1
12(1-y }
4 . 2 P l a t e s under U n i a x i a l Loading
The
I t can be observed
shape.
As the aspect r a t i o
4 . 3 P l a t e s under B i a x i a l Loads
length o f the s i d e
Support conditions
Present
1st mode
2nd mode
Ref.
1st mode
[3
2nd mode
S""S
4.00
6.25
4.00
6.25
c-c-c-c
10.08
11.63
10.08
11.93
c-s-c-s
7.70
8.61
7.69
8.60
f-s-s-s
1.40
4.39
1.44
SS
length of the s i d e
Support conditions
Present
1st mode
2nd mode
Ref.
1st mode
[3
2nd mode
5.00
2. 00
5. 00
2.00
5.31
9.35
5.61
3.83
5.93
3.83
5.92
4.33
7.53
4.31
Table 4b. Buckling load factors for square plates iinder biaxial load
4/3
40 r
u
o
o
30
-P
T5
d
0
O
b
Hc
M
O
PQ
_
_ ^
_
_'_
Aspect r a t i o
simply-supported rectangular
waves i n x - d i r e c t i o n ;
o f h a l f waves i n y - d i r e c t i o n ) .
4/4
=
=
y d i r e c t i o n i s investigated f i r s t .
obtained
from
low
order
strips
The buckling c o e f f i c i e n t s
are
given i n
Table
4b
for
[8 ]
The
i n assembling the
EiS
fs.
C
O
*
O
O
^
>
Q
CS
t
''Ht
^
Q>
C
u=
0 ^
1 ^
>
I dW
<
P
- S oi
<
?3 o
G g3
oi ^
S
C
O
zr*
fcf 5
-S
w
d
0
CQ
[5
.S
d1
d1
O
C
dS
O
C
01
7
1
I
H
t
t
Ur-
X
o
^
>a
5
Im
x
z
I
T
0
T
O
C
1
wI
a
nui
->-
*
j I
c3 s
5 g
a
d
32
1O fi
O
A
*
"
j
S
o g
iD
T-i
si
wf
D
I
w
jD
c
s
?
O
l
oi
r2 m
.2 g
'
S
#
o
a
o
o*
M
4l
>
i mu
2 m
1
1 a
p^ o
o*.*
OC
^
-H
1^*
u*
5
g
O ^
_ m
~
shear, the 1st and 2nd mode shape are a l s o shown i n F i g . 4.5a f o r
the simply-supported case.
edge conditions
(c-s-s-s
and
The r e s u l t s
length of the s i d e
Support conditions
-s-
Present
1st mode
2nd mode
Ref. [8]
1st mode
2nd mode
9.33
11.56
9.40
14.66
16. 96
14- 58
12. 58
14.23
12.28
4/8
Rg. 4.5a Mode shape of a simpiy-supported sq, plate under pure shear
4/9
CQ
Q>
I
I
3
a
0^
<v ^ g
<
3a
x Ms
N
IC
Ii^ Ht
C
O
CO^
C
iJi M
fc
>
l
s:
O
'50
O
ot
i
^4
ja.
>
i
02
>a
a
a
m.
g
*
o
d
6
^
J
^
H0
^-x
"
Sw
U i
i*
fl
14.
CO
o
u
o
CD
O
l
CO
CD
.
s
"mH,
^
iO
i
o
w
iq
H
M
D
u
o
d JC
g -2-7
S
c
35
C5 X T,
^
|
1
i
*2 S c
&
S 03 .
2
i
s ^
u ^-2
^
C
5-jQa
*
" I|
7
S
kO
Isu
*
D
<
u
a
O
f.
0
w
XJ
C
H
d
C
O H
o
fA
S
m
00
r
X
Q
ka
2
>
x:
r-S H
^ X
o
dc
^
c
g
( 0
O j
tH a
o
o
+>
c0)
m
m
u
cu
<rf3
^. ^
r
-> TO
^
m
S
J
'
oo
0
cc
OJ
r>
>
#J
d)
u
p
dO
-4
4
J
a
s
a
U
0)
10DI^iJ3
pasnOUJJOfsJ
aS ^
m ^
.jC
m o
B
J
0T
C
*H
I
<
-4>
)
u
T3
OJ )
u
H
4 Uo
T3 O
oo* g
h
CsJ
0) I
+j
s s a i i s 1DIXD
ctf
4J
do
cd
r
l
i
H
t i C4
ti, a ^
4 . 5 P l a t e o f V a r i a b l e Thickness
analysis
section.
are
formed section
by
To
demonstrate
the
are
analyzed.
Various
edge conditions of
the p l a t e s
4.10 and 4.11 and it can be noted that the present method can yield
results fairly
close
to
those given
4/12
in
ref.[8,32].
a = length o f square p l a t e
1 .St
a/2
a/2
t , 1 . 5 t : thickness
cr
t .
Load
Direction
Support conditions
Present
Ref.[8]
5.988
5.988
1.512
1.511
8.512
8.512
2.257
2.255
12.683
12.681
2.584
2.582
s-f-s-s
1.981
1.981
s-f-s-f
1.505
1.505
s-f-s-c
2.349
Z.349
s - s - s - s and
support a t (j
2.275
2.272
s-c-s-c
cr
4/13
100
kcr
60
40
20
0.5
D2/D1
spline
ref.[32]
4/14
1,5
0.25
0.5
spline
0.75
ref.[32]
Fig.
Thickness variable a t the centre
4/15
CHAPTER 5
Buckling of A r b i t r a r i l y Shaped P l a t e s
5.1
General
The
numerical
examples
rectangular i n shape.
discussed i n
Chapter
are
mainly
a p p l i e d to the analysis,
the advantages of
In t h i s chapter, p l a t e s of
parallelogram
and
triangular
plates
are
also
demonstrated.
the
geonictry o f
tb.6 plates
such that
5/1
the
Details
5.2
Parallelogram Plates
The f i r s t t y p e o f a r b i t r a r i l y shaped p l a t e s t o be d i s c u s s e d i s a
s e t o f skew p l a t e s a s t h e y c a n b e r e g a r d e d a s a s i m p l e m o d i f i e d c a s e
of
The p o i n t s c h o s e n f o r d e f i n i n g t h e
be
mapped
to
rectangular
domain
by
other
simple
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a s suggested i n r e f . [ 2 0 ] :
x = a ? + kbi)
%
i
)
y = b7?
(5.1)
(compared t o t h e c u b i c e q u a t i o n s o f t h e
s u b p a r a m e t r i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a s shown i n T a b l e Z a ) .
Owing t o t h e
Skew p l a t e s u n d e r s t a t i c l o a d s h a v e b e e n t e s t e d
u s i n g t h e s p l i n e f i n i t e method a n d t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n g i v e n b y
eqn. (5.1) i n r e f .
[20].
The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e p r e s e n t
s u b p a r a m e t r i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f o r a s - f - s - f skew p l a t e o f v a r i o u s
skew a n g l e u n d e r p o i n t l o a d a r e compared t o t h o s e g i v e n i n r e f . [20]
a n d [9] I n f i g . 5 . 2 .
The p l a t e s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t h e same n i M b e r o f
s e c t i o n s a n d s t r i p s (8x6
mesh)
for
5/2
both
method
and i t
rH
a>
-p
0
01
u
c6
.D
-b
6
A
Q
01
<r-t
IN
m
-H
u.
rs
rs
3
a)
u
JX
J
.0
v^-
B u c k l i n g a n a l y s i s o f p a r a l l e l o g r a m p l a t e s o f skew a n g l e v a r i e s
from 45
The b u c k l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r
Support
Skew a a g l e
45
conditions
60
75
A. U n i a x i a l l o a d
Present
10.36
5.93
4.40
Ref.[8
9.08
5.62
4.38
Present
20.76
13.60
10.84
ssss
Present
3.71
2.55
2.12
CCCC
Present
9.96
6.87
5.64
Ref.[8]
9.88
6.85
5.64
-c-c
Biaxial load
5/4
(low
order
N o t e t h a t t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e method s t a r t s t o d e c l i n e
f o r skew a n g l e s m a l l e r t h a n 6 0 .
The 1 s t
a n d 2 n d b u c k l i n g mode s h a p e o f a 4 5 s k e w e d p l a t e s a r e a l s o s h o w n i n
Fig. 5 . 4 f o r reference.
5-3
Triangular Plates
out.
To
make t h e a n a l y s i s p o s s i b l e ,
t h e geometrical
28]
and t h e d e t a i l s o f
the
Within t h e analysis,
triangular
plates
equilateral
under
conditions a r e considered.
different
and r i g h t - a n g l e d
combinations
of
isosceles
boundary
The l o a d i n g i s a p p l i e d n o r m a l t o t h e
t h r e e e d g e s a s shown i n F i g . 5 . 6 .
The b u c k l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r low
a n d h i g h o r d e r s t r i p s a s w e l l a s t h e mode s h a p e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n
Table 5 b and Fig. 5 . 7 - 5.8.
b e obtained.
S i m i l a r t o t h e skew p l a t e s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e l a s t
5/5
> 3 of
Joljsn
M.JS
fnasld tln;vIMo
squs
\s
OJ
(sop)JgTlm
09
O
C
N
2
ci W
TP
O
O
C3
IQ
uoJtoIJfp
t
s
0 i > s
taiap
onbfnxlQa)uorJlaulJOJSUBJ
09
2/
tlijd
Imol
onc3
1 s t mode shape
3-3
2nd mode shape -
F i g . 5 . 4 B u c k l i n g mode shape o f
a clam ped skewed p l a t e
5/7
-kJ
oWBId
oo/s
( o
JdTn CBIJ
14 r
&
:
0
r.
r
o
Geometry
Present
1 s t mode
2nd mode
.00
1 s t mode
2nd mode
11. 15
18.43
11.20
1 s t mode
2nd mode
96
14 87
20
1 s t mode
2nd mode
00
10 04
5.00
1 s t mode
2nd mode
14. 22
21.29
14.29
1 s t mode
2nd mode
9.36
15.84
,42
1 s t mode
Znd mode
7.82
13.71
7.87
1 s t mode
Z n d mode
10 . 44
17.31
10.74
,34
2 8
8 7
&
csi
1
1 s t mode
Z n d mode
clamped
R e f . [8]
18.52
,82
simply-supported
T a b l e 5b- B u c k l i n g l o a d f a c t o r s f o r t r i a n g u l a r p l a t e s
5/9
r
o
f
1
t
c
e
s
1
V
e
r
p
so
a
e
r
es
t.
a
1
p
a
r
o
o
o
T
x
e
5.4
e
h
t
r
o
_i
a
00
r
a
p
i
F
Fig. 5.6
The s t a b i l i t y o f c i r c u l a r p l a t e s u n d e r c o n c e n t r i c l o a d s a r e
investigated i n t h i s chapter.
This i s t h e f i r s t time i n t h e p r e s e n t
The n o d e s o f t h e c u b i c S e r e n d i p i t y
circle.
The
layout
of
the
mesh
before
and
after
the
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s shown i n F i g . 5 . 9 a n d t h e d o m a i n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
c a n b e p r o v e d t o b e a n e f f e c t i v e mapping t o t a c k l e w i t h p l a t e s o f
curved boundaries.
The b u c k l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r
clamped and
s i m p l y - s u p p o r t e d p l a t e s a r e determined and p l o t t e d i n T a b l e 5 c .
The
integrations.
can only be
achieved i n
lower
scheme
of
T h e e f f e c t o f v a r i a t i o n o f t h e number o f G a u s s i a n
5/10
CPJ-E .n
)admlx
dmjsopoui pug
odeijs
Il/S
crtslxs's,3PJO
salaosogj
Iulqco
snds
**4
02
^
jo
2rH/s
p o i n t s o f i n t e g r a t i o n on the b u c k l i n g l o a d i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g .
5 . 10.
The good a c c u r a c y o f t h e 2 - 0 - 2 l o w o r d e r s t r i p i s v i r t u a l l y
u n a f f e c t e d by the v a r i a t i o n .
F o r t h e h i g h o r d e r elements, r e s u l t s
s t a r t s t o d i v e r g e a s t h e number o f i n t e g r a t i o n p o i n t s i n c r e a s e f r o m
three.
T h i s phenomenon i s r a t h e r u n u s u a l a s t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e
results
normally
Increases.
improves
as
the
number
of
integration points
Hence, I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h o u l d
b e made i n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h i s a b n o r m a l b e h a v i o u r .
The s e c o n d s e t o f c u r v e d p l a t e s p r e s e n t e d i s t h e e l l i p t i c a l
plates.
natural
To e n s u r e t h a t t h e e l l i p s e i s mapped c o r r e c t l y t o t h e
coordinates plane,
the
corner
nodes o f
the Serendipity
f u n c t i o n a r e chosen t o be t h e f o u r extreme p o i n t s o f t h e e l l i p s e ,
i . e . a t x = a a n d y = b ( s e e F i g . 5 . 1 1 ) .
The b u c k l i n g s t r e s s e s o f
clamped e l l i p t i c a l p l a t e s a r e computed.
The v a r i a t i o n s o f
the
Comparison o f t h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s t o t h o s e
o b t a i n e d b y W o i n o w s k y - K r e i g e r [1
r e s u l t s a r e o b t a i n e d f o r low and h i g h o r d e r s t r i p s f o r e l l i p t i c a l
p l a t e s of r e l a t i v e l y smaller aspect r a t i o
^ 2).
For l a r g e r
P - v a l u e s , t h e p r e s e n t method a p p e a r s t o b e n o t a s e f f e c t i v e .
5/13
Support conditions
Present
simplysupported
clamped
Ref,[8]
2-0-2
2-1-2
3-0-3
,426
0.427
429
426
1.489
1.488
1.487
1.490
T a b l e 5 c . B u c k l i n g l o a d f a c t o r s f o r c i r c u l a r p l a t e s (6x6 mesh)
ref. [ 8 ]
2-0-2
2-1-2
3-0-3
E l e m e n t u s e d (XG.pt c o n s t a n t )
Z Y-G.pt
3 Y-G.pt
5 Y-G.pt
8 Y-G.pt
5/14
r-i
c6
U
3
G
aS
U
-->
\
IN
a/b
ref. [i]
2 - 0 - 2 element
2 - 1 - 2 element
3 - 0 - 3 element
5/16
CHAPTER 6
B u c k l i n g o f P l a t e s under A r b i t r a r y Loading
6.1
General
I n t h e p r e v i o u s two c h a p t e r s , a l l t h e examples a r e a n a l y z e d w i t h
t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e p l a t e s a r e under a u n i f o r m s t a t e o f s t r e s s
Induced b y the loading.
A s mentioned i n s e c t i o n 2.6 i t i s v e r y
common t h a t n o n - u n i f o r m s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s e n c o u n t e r e d i n a c t u a l
situation.
I n o r d e r t o a p p l y t h e p r e s e n t method t o t h e s t a b i l i t y o f
p l a t e s under a r b i t r a r y loading,
c a r r i e d o u t f i r s t a n d t h e g e n e r a l p r o c e d u r e o f t h e method c a n b e
summarized a s f o l l o w s :
1)
Domain t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s c a r r i e d o u t a s s t a t e d i n s t e p
1 of
section 2.4.
2 ) A plane s t r e s s a n a l y s i s i s carried out t o determine t h e s t r e s s
d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h i n t h e p l a t e under t h e a r b i t r a r y loading.
3 ) The s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x i s formeda s u s u a l .
4 ) The g e o m e t r i c m a t r i x i s formulated w i t h t h e c o n s t a n t s t r e s s e s
assumed i n t h e p r e v i o u s chapter r e p l a c e d b y t h o s e
taken from t h e
T h e b u c k l i n g s t r e s s a n d t h e b u c k l i n g modes a r e o b t a i n e d b y
s o l v i n g t h e e i g e n v a l u e problem a s discussed previously.
6/1
Rectangular
plates
of
different
boundary
conditions
under
terms o f
The b u c k l i n g l o a d s a r e g i v e n
cr
f o l l o w i n g forms
En
(I)
12(1-
(ii)
(iii)
where cr
cr
Et
C
, N
c r
and P
(6.1)
12(lV)
a r e the c r i t i c a l buckling s t r e s s e s and load
respectively.
6.2
Convergency Test
The r e l a t i o n
6.1.
I t can b e observed t h a t t h e r e s u l t s
c o n v e r g e s a s t h e number o f s t r i p s u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s i n c r e a s e s and
a mesh o f 4 x 8 e l e m e n t s i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r a n a c c u r a t e r e s u l t .
6/2
3.8 -
3.6
TX
/
3.4
3.2
0
iO
12
14
16
no. of s e c t i o n s i n strips
present
Figure 6.2
6/3
6. 3
B u c k l i n g o f r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s o f d i f f e r e n t aspect r a t i o under
l i n e a r l y - v a r y i n g s t r e s s are c a r r i e d out.
The l o a d i n g p a t t e r n I s
F o r the case
stress
and
may
simulate
hydrostatic
pressure
considered
i n
the
(s=simply-supported,
analysis,
at
the
the
effect
edges.
analysis
are
c=clamped).
of
vertical
The
plates
boundary
s-s-s-s
under
conditions
and
c-s-c-s
a c o n v e n i e n t magnitude o f l o a d i n g i s u s e d a n d t h e t r u e
b u c k l i n g l o a d i s d e t e r m i n e d b y m u l t i p l y i n g t h e presumed l o a d i n g b y
t h e e i g e n v a l u e s o b t a i n e d ( t h i s method a p p l i e s t o a l l t h e examples
l i s t e d i n t h i s section).
The r e s u l t s a r e p l o t t e d i n F i g . 6 . 3 a n d
F i g . 6 . 4 a n d t h e y compare f a i r l y w e l l t o t h o s e p u b l i s h e d b y o t h e r
investigators.
The s e c o n d example o f l i n e a r l y - v a r y i n g l o a d i n g t o b e d i s c u s s e d
I s r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s under bending s t r e s s .
cr = -cr a n d cr = cr w i t h t h e n e u t r a l a x i s l y i n g i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e
1
plate.
The c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t k v e r s u s t h e a s p e c t r a t i o
i s p l o t t e d f o r b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s o f s - s - s - s c and
Again
g o o d a c c u r a c y i s o b t a i n e d a s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 6 . 5 and F i g . 6 . 6 .
The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f o r l i n e a r l y - v a r y i n g l o a d s r e v e a l a t r e n d
of
common t o a l l e x a m p l e s .
The
l o w e s t b u c k l i n g mode w i l l change f r o m t h e s i m p l e s t ( 1 , 1 ) s h a p e t o
t h e ( 2 , 1 ) a n d ( 3 , 1 ) mode a s t h e a s p e c t r a t i o i n c r e a s e s .
6/4
The c a s e i s
O
FL
Cft
C
ff5
O1
tJ
O
O
L
D
.SO
5 C
S Y
:2 O
B
< ^
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-EG
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CQ
5
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D Y<
- C ^
TU) 5
C 2
-N _ C
in
\
\o
f
l
0)
T?
D
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Q
C
S
5
^
X?
S
WD^
-2
1 1
O
T! ^
-S
0 S ^
Ck J3
If I
1 u S,
J
A
T N
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g atD
j v
c -r-t s
a. C2
.5 c ^
D
K
CD
m
W
fe
u
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K! cj
S H
'H
m,
O
C3
5 C
" JC
m
. 2
O"
v
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A
^ O S.
D
5 pC
5
-T!
C
D 05
.F
R S S
Tj
V
D
0
X?
J"T O
S M
'A
O
C
S
4)
V4
iO
C^
TS O
FEFIC
i? * sc
1
1xj
* 1
Q .
w
S
1FT>A
2? ^ 2
UIS-S
. F-S
1
ID
<
o
FEIJ
#*4
1
;
a point of
c o n t r a f l e x u r e a t a s p e c t r a t i o a r o u n d one b u t n o t f o r F i g . 6 . 3 a t
which
the
transition
takes
relatively
smoother
path.
This
b e h a v i o u r c a n a l s o be f o u n d i n r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s u n d e r u n i f o m
a x i a l l o a d i n g (see F i g . 4 . 1 t o 4.3).
further,
approaches
the
buckling coefficient
a fairly
constant
value.
The
interaction
simplysupported
stress
i s
curve
for
square p l a t e
depicted i n
Fig.
the
buckling
under
6.7.
load
combined
The
factor
shear
critical
and
of
bending
stresses
are
pure
b u c k l i n 0g
bending
loads
coefficient
respectively t o
ratio
(i.e.
cr /<r
e
obtain
c r
and
dimensjlonless
t /t
c r
The
0,4
0.4
normalized shear stress
spline
ref. [8
6.4
P a r t i a l l y Loaded P l a t e s
Two
sets of partially
program.
The
first
set
loaded p l a t e s a r e used t o
test
is
different
rectangular
plates
of
the
a s y m m e t r i c u n i a x i a l l o a d s above t h e g - a x i s w i t h t h e e d g e s o f t h e
p l a t e s e i t h e r s i m p l y - s u p p o r t e d o r clamped.
The c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g
b u c k l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s converge t o a c o n s t a n t v a l u e a s t h e a s p e c t
r a t i o i n c r e a s e s and t h e problem w i l l t h e n approach t h e c a s e o f
b u c k l i n g o f a column o f l e n g t h a under compressive a x i a l l o a d .
The s e c o n d s e t i s p l a t e s under u n i f o r m u n i a x i a l l o a d s o f v a r y i n g
length.
The p r o b l e m I s r e d u c e d t o t h e c a s e o f p l a t e s u n d e r p o i n t
Square p l a t e s o f
v a r i o u s boundary c o n d i t i o n s : s - s - s - s , s - c - s - c , c - s - c - s and c - c - c - c
a r e considered w i t h length o f u n i a x i a l loads v a r i e d from zero t o the
length o f the s i d e o f the plates.
factor,
Graphs o f c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g l o a d
cr
6 . 10 t o F i g . 6 . 13.
The b u c k l i n g l o a d i n c r e a s e s m o n o t o n i c a l l y w i t h
t h e l o a d e d l e n g t h and t h e r e s u l t s compare w e l l w i t h t h a t g i v e n I n
r e f . [8].
6.5
L o c a l B u c k l i n g o f Long P l a t e
The s t a b i l i t y o f a s q u a r e
plate
6/8
under
point
loads
has
been
&
%
S
"S,
s
H
.
T
.
U
>
-
&
0
"T
^
u
|
1
cj
OLi -p
I;
-S
3
G
)
^
^
^
^
I!
X
^
O-
O
C
E
O
C
o
CD
O
t/i
O
CO
\
V
O
15
C
5
C
r*-*
-
C
3
59 .
D
>
I
I
C
?
^
- ^
^
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C
A
CW
^ K
>
Q
M
C
-S
^
KA
C
U
C
O
CD
O
C
rA
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->4
o
o
O
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U<
G
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m
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D
D
\
xr
O "O
T3 Q
A
FT" C
^ G^
O A
V
U
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d
Xh
R
O
CD
O
J
d
<
p
H
\
O
C
D
C
C
^ g
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m
Q
C
o
XQ
JI 7 03
'*?
O \
FTG
0
\
1
D
O"
<
F
^
0)
l~ml
K S
P
U D
O *v
CD
W
D
*rH
u
o
X!
5
0
TJ
z:
m
J o
^ .
>
<
1 S
T ^
03
S
- 11
8 1
#
^
G ^
U
W
-I4
D
1
2
<
D
TI
*F-H
FE
I t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t when one
o f t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e p l a t e becomes l a r g e enough,
b e h a v i o u r w i l l change f r o m a g l o b a l t o a l o c a l t y p e .
the b u c k l i n g
Local buckling
transporting
loading.
tubes
and a i r c r a f t
components
under
localized
To i n v e s t i g a t e t h i s e f f e c t , a s e r i e s o f p l a t e s o f v a r i o u s
b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s w i t h a s p e c t r a t i o r a n g i n g f r o m 0 . 6 t o 100 h a v e
been tested.
p o i n t l o a d a t t h e c e n t r e , t h e u s u a l way o f d i v i d i n g t h e p l a t e i n
equal
strips
becomes
inappropriate
because
the
actual
stress
d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h i n t h e p l a t e cannot be t r u l y d e t e r m i n e d due t o s u c h
w i d e a p a r t elements i n the s t r e s s analysis.
Hence t h e mesh I s f i n e r
a t t h e v i n c i n i t y o f t h e p o i n t l o a d and u n e q u a l s p l i n e s t r i p s may be
used.
The b u c k l i n g l o a d v e r s u s t h e a s p e c t r a t i o f o r a s i m p l y - s u p p o r t e d
p l a t e I s p l o t t e d i n F i g . 6. 14.
I t can be observed t h a t t h e
The g r a p h f o r
s - f - s - f p l a t e s u n d e r i d e n t i c a l arrangement o f l o a d i n g a l s o r e v e a l s
t h e same phenomenon a t t h e same v a l u e o f p (see F i g . 6. 15) d e s p i t e
the f a c t that the
f o r p < 2.
l o n g e r a f f e c t e d Tby t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n a t th u n l o a d e d e d g e s j i d
l o c a l b u c k l i n g w i t h i n t h e l o n g s t r i p commences.
A n o t h e r way t o i n d i c a t e t h e p r e s e n c e o f l o c a l b u c k l i n g modes i s
t o p l o t t h e d e f l e c t i o n o f t h e buckled p l a t e s
mode s h a p e )
a l o n g t h e l o n g e r s i d e a , i n t h e ? - a x i s ( F i g . 6.16 t o 6.19).
6/12
It c a n
yuQd
(suonlpuoo
.spun
II
OJ^SO30
d'rqs
ft
CD
nT/9
{pfi>VIOddI\s-x{dmlps
9J)XIoo
dlis
pw
s
Jco
odcslls
0
opoul
jjboi
b jo
-ISIP
Qs
^1/9
Muon
o5
^tfojl-VCJOd
a
jo
#M
'c^-s
ISBOI
B
^vfitrn
Mco^Mflo-S*s.sp
sro
flonsuaTJ
q
O
3-o*saofeuol-
9S
4 and
10 a r e i d e n t i c a l within a length of
the
same
value
as
the
strip
lengthens.
The
stress
It is
the
For
mesh,
the results
can be
improved.
On conclusion,
the
d i s t . a l o n g l o n g <ige
aspect ratio = 3
6/16
d i s t . a l o n g l o n g edge
x
aspect ratio = 5
d i s t . a l o n g l o n g ed g e
O
a s p e c t r a t i o = 10
6/17
mesh
(not e
mesh 2
mesh 3
mesh 2
mesh 3
4.47
.42
4.61
10
4.43
.72
6. 15
15
4.51
.39
8.02
20
4.70
.25
10.01
50
7.22
100
12. 60
6/18
CHAPTER 7
C o n c l u s i o n s a n d RecoimBendations
7 . 1
Conclusions
The i r r e g u l a r p l a t e s In t h e x - y
domain i s
square p l a t e
mapped
to
standard
in
the
natural
to
obtain
subparamet r i e
the
buckling
transformation
loads
as
and
mode
powerful
tool
shapes.
for
The
domain
and 5.10)
Convergency t e s t s f o r
the present
method a r e
performed by
The
performance i n
terms of
the
accuracy
and
the
7/1
results
is
also
studied
and i t
was
discovered
that
reduced
The
(skewed and t r i a n g u l a r )
curved-sided ( c i r c u l a r and e l l i p t i c a l ) p l a t e s .
and t h e
The v e r s a t i l i t y of
there
are
certain
limitations
p r e s e n t method t o a r b i t r a r i l y shaped p l a t e s .
domain
transformation
twelve-points
adopted
subparametric
in
mapping
this
when
applying
F i r s t of a l l ,
thesis
utilizing
(section 2 . 4 )
can
the
the
the
only be
In o t h e r words,
7/2
examples l i s t e d i n the t h e s i s .
a l s o not s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r e l l i p t i c a l p l a t e s of aspect r a t i o g r e a t e r
t h a n 2.
of
plates
with
and a r b i t r a r y
irregular
loads
can
accuracy.
7/3
geometry,
now be
mixed
boiiBdary
analyzed with
good
7 . 2
Recommendations f o r F u r t h e r Study
limited.
In a c t u a l p r a c t i c e ,
openings a r e f r e q u e n t l y c a s t i n wall s t r u c t u r e s f o r a e s t h e t i c s
purposes and hence t h e i r s t r u c t u r a l behaviour under In-plane loading
i s a t o p i c worth considering.
S t r e s s analysis f o r the p l a t e I s
In view of
the
The
may
be based on.
The
local
buckling
t r a n s f ormat i on
technique/procedure
that
can
7/4
7/5
REFERENCES
1.
Woinowsky-Kreiger S.
'The
Stability
of
Clamped E l l i p t i c Plate
under
Uniform
Timoshenko S . a n d Woinowsky-Krieger S .
T i m o s h e n k o S . a n d G e r e J . H-
Cheung Y. K.
'Analysis
of
Box
Girder
Bridges
by F i n i t e S t r i p
Method',
Cheung Y. K.
Bridges
and
Cheung M. S.
Br igdes
and
Structural
8.
Engineering
31-1, 1971
Cheung Y. K .
The F i n i t e
Element
limited, 1977
12. C h e u n g Y. K . a n d Cheung M . S-
'Vibration
Analysis
of
Cylinder
Panels J .
of Sound and
'Finite
Element
Procedures
Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
in
Engineering
Analysis',
14. C h e u n g Y . K - , F a n S . C . a n d W u C . Q .
Finite S t r i p
Functions Computers 8
'Bending
of
Skew
Plates
by
Spline-Finite-Strip
Method",
AIAA
B u c k l i n g of
1986
25. L i
W. Y .
128(3), pp.
421-422, 1989
28. T h a m L. G. and Szeto H. Y.
Method,
pp.
729-735, 1990
2 9 . H a r i k I. E . a n d E k a m b a r a m R .
Elastic
Stability
of
Orthotropic
Plates'
Thin-walled
* Th Buckling Load f o r
R a o
ST 6f Vol.
33. Han L . S .
'Othotropic
Right
Bridges
by Spline Finite S t r i p
Method
of
Slab
by the F i n i t e S t r i p
Method,,
41.
Ramjstad H -
Results*,
The Technical
University
42. Froberg C. E .
Weight
Coefficients
for
Gauss'
Mechanical
Quadrature
pp.
739-743, 1942
Prentice-Hall,
1978
48. Todd J. D.
1
APPENDIX A l
A n a l y t i c a l S o l u t i o n f o r t h e B u c k l i n g o Rectangular Plates
The case f o r o t h e r
edge c o n d i t i o n s and
5w
dx
aw
dy
2
z
R =^ j
A 4 W . A 4 W A+W _
Let
{ cr
x
dx dy
Putting the r a t i o
ax
OX
e(
+ R U
^ ' (Al.l)
= f(y) s i n ( ^ - )
A/1
(Al.l)
dy
c a n
be w r i t t e n a s :
CA1.2)
It
can be observed t h a t
Substituting the f u n c t i o n
w i n t o eqn.(Al.2),
"
+r
(y) - _ _ )
f (
) - R(s)f"(y) = 0
... f " . . ( y ) +[
-2)2]r.+[)(S)(^2]f(y) = o
(A1.3)
r/
RJO^X J
\ f
\ 2-1
[ ] =
Ks) - N)
LITM]
\4
(R-l)
bD
CA1.4)
bD
^ (R-l)
i s assumed.)
= C e a y + C e""ay + C cosily) + C s i n O y )
1
2
3
4
r (y) = a C ^
- aC 2 e" a y - p ^ s i n O y ) + p ^ c o s O y )
(A1.5)
(A1.6
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
C + C + C = 0
1
-aC + aC o +
1
= 0
+ C 2 e a b + C 3 c o s 0 b ) + C 4 sinOb) = 0
A/2
(iv)
-aC ea
1
+ ccC e a b 2
e"" ab
-aea
eab
ae ( X b
cos Ob)
s i n Ob)
-psin(pb)
j3cos(J3b)
(Al.7)
cr
A/3
cr
APPENDIX A 2
[K ]
i t h eIement
[[N], [N]
[N], W]]
[N] = [ N i , N ^ ]
N (f) =
1 - 3?
N (C) =
""
+ 2?
() = 3 F 2 - 2C
N( ? ) =
D ,
A/4
[]4x4
{5} = {w
The matrix
w . 0 c , wo, e o , w , 0
w0^}1
[K ]
[G]
[G] d
[N*]$
where [G]
[ N ] [ N ' [ N ' ]$
[N] R
IN]
[N] R
[N] ^
2x16
[ r ] = a[N]/ac ,
=
and
and a g a i n
cr
element.
form a s
shown i n Table
Aa i n terms of
the following
integrals
= f [N]T[r ] d?
= S [N,]T[N] D ?
= S [N, ] T [ N ] D ?
I1
= S
dn
i 2 = X r T dv
ij
i J
= X
dn
11
2 I
ij
i j
A/5
12
22
= X [N] T [N] D C
= X
V.
SYM
Table Aa
A/6
APPENDIX A 3
Numerical Integration
The b a s i s of t h e numerical i n t e g r a t i o n of a f u n c t i o n J
i s essentially
procedure
to
determine
another
F(xdx
f u n c t i o n P(x)
P(x)dx.
+a x
+ a xk
through
these
n+1
points.
By
the
Lagranglan
Interpolation[13],
(x-x ) (x-x ) (x-xx-x ) (x-x + 1) r xN )
0
X
2
J-L
J
1 (x) = .
^
j
( x r x o ) ( x r x i ) . ( x r x j ^ i ) ( x r x j + i ) . . Cxrxn)
, ,
where 1 ( x = d
and 5
i s t h e Kronecker d e l t a s a t i s f y i n g tlie
j i
ij
ij
f o l l o w i n g relations
A/7
= 1 for i=j
and
ij
= 0 f o r i
t h e f u n c t i o n P i s then taken t o be
P(x) = FCx )1 (x) + F(x )1 (x) + F(x )1 (x+
o
+ F(x1 (x).
n
- ( A 3 . 1)
and t h e i n t e g r a l Xb F(x)dx can be evaluated accordingly.
d
.
( i ) T h e Newton-Cotes Integration
Hence we have
x- a and x = b.
Sha F(x)dx = ^
1 (x)dx F(x )
i
or simply
= ( b - a ) y c n F(x.) + E
L
I=0
The
A/8
The b a s i c equation i s
i n which both
constants
+ k n F(x )
:F(x ) + k^F(x )+ k ^ F ( x ) +
and x, a r e unknowns t o
(A3.2)
be determined
a r e r e f e r r e d a s t h e weights of the i n t e g r a t i o n .
and. t h e
A new
I n t e g r a t i n g FCx),
x - x ).
we o b t a i n
F(x)dx
1 (x)dx F(x )
( i = l , 2 , . . . n)
(x)dx
(A3.3)
can be determined by t h e
f o l l o w i n g equations
S
f(x)x
dx = 0
0,
1 2 ,
-1
reference.
Note t h a t
the v a l u e s
shown i n
the t a b l e a r e
g e n e r a l i z e d t o r e p r e s e n t the i n t e g r a t i o n i n t e r v a l of {-1,1}.
actual practice,
t h e , constants should
i n t e r v a l {a,b} a s appropriate.
n
Gaussian
points
are
be
modified t o s u i t
In
the
needed
to
integrate
without
error
an
( Z n - l ) - o r d e r polynomial.
A/9
of t h e s t i f f n e s s matrices, i t i s very o f t e n t h a t a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s
may be obtained with the use of a smaller number of sampling p o i n t s
than t h a t
would
functions.
be
required f o r
the exact
i n t e g r a t i o n of
the
f i n i t e element a n a l y s i s w i l l r e s u l t i n an overestimation of t h e
s t i f f n e s s of t h e system.
t h e
error
induced
may
those
resulting
from
the
Thus 'reduced
Number of
intervals,
12
32
90
90
288
75
288
50
288
41
840
216
840
27
840
90
19
Table Ab
32
90
90
50
75
288
272
840
288
19
88
27
840
16
40
41
840
A/10
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 00000 00000
A/11
n=l