=— Constructior Manual KIND-BARKAUSKAC KAUHSEN BIRKHAUSER POLONY! EDITION DETAIL BRANDTIndex of names Architects, structural engineers eee) eee fasten eee ay eater tener foarer nee Finger 8 Fuchs — 218 wate eT sa so.zmy «(ets a 24,185 pra yous ckos 200 Moroes tne Feet Ba, Sed 11 ‘Arup, Ove + Partners —> 34, 141, 266, Foster & Parswrs —> 278 mo Frye Cine 7,20 196 soar Engecng Associates + Freya, Creag 15 sopan, ope" Fuchs W155 far 0 8 Fr iat te» 258 Weguiademged timed Gaitoti, Aurelio — 36, 210, 234 sve itn Cate: Bante Artie dee Gatorman, bari > 250 _ oarenn oa Seiee ran Sach maa ‘Beckmannshagen, Kiaus ~» 258 Gerkan, Marg & Partner > 240, Seger teahermtbonare = 208 Bobettanatfone +10 Sua er Seether sis 2 Sly aad > 18 Soetoro Sen tates!" So cds 4025 ce Sete =o Boece Sas Setar Foto Sateen ae Shavers Seereee Seay crete Sard ns sia ec pei Neate e ait Hier 156] ee een ae Hecho, Car 15 ear ‘Heinle Wischer & Partner —> 141 eaubenere a fooerseer te ei Panne 18 18 7, Setrsuoe oe ‘me nant ‘Hentrich-Petschnigg + Partner —> 141 Crave Saigo +284 ‘creda bls ae Sono tet ran 208 CE BNE Fo s0. 159 "Se wes ee Ee (eae te ate, 268 Gutey ‘Sindee Sete 8 ‘Srecet sae etek 10 ‘Seta i mgd Ishida, Shunji + 272 cea oe Soot oe over Isler, Heinz —» 164 Seer eae 5.18 SoHo CCoanet, Francois = 13, aceon 15,17 Dowd —»9 San, Helmut > 198 Derrida, dacaues —> 41 “ot, Johann Fesich > 12 Dlscringor Prana —> 17,24 Daina, Wot 280 incu Reed Dootving = 18,17 ‘Domenig. Gnter—> 41 Kann, Abert 19 Domostat—> 242 an, Lous 38, 94,36 Down, Rind 242 ez, Nono—> 202 Dees, Gila > 196 kine, > 272 Dante, Bit» 202 Koctta + Lecter 296 Dyckarof & Wiemann —»24, 141,165 Koener, Matias» 15.18, 17 oaths, Ram» 42 eee ister, Pogermann > 19 Ener 17 Emporger, Fez Edlor von — 18 Lamiot, Josot Louis 18,14 Ena Storck, Stefan» 236, Laver, Loy — 202 Ethson, Atha 33, 38 Le Corbusier — 25,26, 28,62, 28, 94 quien, Neesss — 155 96,57 Eustirchon, ited > 250 Letebrook, J. 168 Loncner, A.» 272 Lbeskind, Danial 1 LUedvoge, Herrich 24 Luma, Max 21 Long, Davis + 254 oe, Adtl > 26 Und 17 Main, Roden — 16,17, 21,30 Mango, Angelo 270 Matern, Eva» 242 Melt Fichard >t Moms, Sobastan —> 254 Mendelsohn, Eich — 24 Monyharé J. 155, Moyer, Rudot—> 198 Mies van dor Rohe, Ludig—> 25,27 Mirus, Jargon 256, 268, Males, Evi 90 Mesh, Eri —> 1, 17 Moni, Joseph —» 14,15 Mora, Eque doi —> 30 Morger& Dogalo 43 Moser Kari-»21 Mal, Hanspeter > 200 Nagee, Retard +298 ‘Nagos, Water 41 Nauman & S¥abag + 188 Nerv ler Luh, 118, 157-169 Neuter 155 Nout, Peter 35 New York ve —> 4 Note F138 (O1K05, Peter Here & Were Sol» 252 lpia, aero 216 ‘Ot, Fret 29, 168 to, Uric 338, Parker, James —> 12 Perel Auguste > 19, 20,21, 28, 15 Pteritor, Max von 13, Pana, enzo > 208,272 Pichler, Gerhard» 330, Peer, Josst— 21 Puser Jorgen» 206 Plagermann 8 Kistor—> 19 Polen, Stefan» 35,10, 138,185,158, 15 Polen & Fk —+206, 264 Ping, Joon 202 Ratz, Ca > 15 ainor R= 165, Ransome, Emest Lest 15, 19 Reichel, Alexander >228 Rotel, Erk > 26 Fle, Petor > 208, 272 Floteld, Grit Thomas 27 Rudo, Paul +93, 38 Saarinen, Eero — 29,105, Sscrez = 17 Scarpa, Carlo 8 Schacht. Fichard 19 Schaller Fite 165 Seheling, E.—> 165 ‘chine, Ful» 28,27 ‘Schink Kar Fir 18 Schipporet, George > 135 Sehaich Borgomarn & Parmer +225 ‘Schnebl, Dol — 98 ‘Schinberg, Arald— 4 Schurmann, Joachim & Margot 250 Scrurmacher, Johannes C.» 220, Seaton, H.—> 155 Sees, Ae» 208,244 Seumann = 16 Sctwanzer, K—> 141 Stare + Weber — 240 Soobat BET» 212 Stale, 17 Salder, ary —» 262 Sor, sep Luis + 7 Sibernun—> 154 Sinan» 11 ‘le, Avaro > 42 ‘Sedinare Ouings & Merril 138 ‘Smeaton, John => 12 ‘Sz Lagi 98.97 ‘Spite & Joseen > 200 ‘Sprocaisen,dohan Otto won —+ 228, Sole, Oto > 3, 40 Stier, Rudot > 7,28 Setner& Wald» 206, ‘Stidors(Panungearuppe) + 141 String James = 41 Stier, Heim 25 Supine, Hugh A — 168 Sarog, 0. 140 Tango, Korzo + 33,34 ‘Therma & Peuckert = 262 ‘hen, Asal 128 Tomo, Eduardo +20 Tectum, Semard—> #1 Tabu, 38 Tach, Ho 18 Tyaman TE 19 Ungers, Ona M158 sen drm > 33.56 Vocssen, Fran & Erman HJ. = 141 Velde, Federico 258 Ven Berta Sen & Soe Carine +41 Veneta Esse 290 Varwc Hors Lageeg = 250 Weatce Pa Ways, ASE Gast > 5 Wore & Pees — 17 Wop, ork ae 268 4 vis Mme —8 Vineracr, we Sond +13 a a eg me nes 20,21, 26,27,118 a Boe Eos 19 aeIndex and glossary pipe mut be alowed for ang plan- Ping. Heaps of cencrta are avowed ‘by postoning the pipe a close rer ‘rut oor slab = 120 Tur a Type of alter chisel + 69 Urine patce/rain (ot aggregate, Cement, admire, sive) LUndermning > 73 Underwater concrete» 174 Unsupportec edge of shel Upstan Beam = 119, 220 Vecuur-dowatered concrete ‘Concrete sready placed and compact fed and given a special typ9 of curing. Excess water removed fern he sur face of th concrete wih the help of 2 ‘uum gonerated by spec equip- ‘mente. vacuum mats If thro. Sirataneous rato to compact he ‘oi provost id wih ar, this ‘vacuum resin increases th strengh and urabity of be concrete ‘Tho watorlcemant rat fale (.9, by 030) early stength and fal strength "re ad sinkage decreases. The ‘fet ofthe vacuum mato does net penetrate very deep. But proves the outer layers ofthe concrete those subjected to tho hardest condtons. Former to components that have en vacuum tested can be sii ‘ary, onan immediatly ater vacuum treatment This mathos has proved wet wi hard concrete an ‘be used on verte! and razor eu faces. apc ttsion —» 2, 85,26 Ventoaontited taeing concrete Vioatos eonereto ‘Dasignaton of conrete accerding to ‘ype ot compaction. The shape and 107, 198,140,151 old 69, 67,997,120, 198, 172 Wate (fon) sad Water content 80 Total of mixing water pls suface moisture cn aggregate ina concrete Water permeaoity "T Hoanmen, normal aggregates are used, ho parmeabiy fhe heat coment determines the emeabity ft cone. The Ppemeabity fhe hyraiog ement depends onthe capilory are vole. Up to about 20% By vol, capillary pores are cscrete, ‘moaring that he pormeabity is Praceally 200. This sto case ‘er complet hyration up toa ‘wateroemant rato of abou# 0.80, crates required to be perme abl, tie moans hat wator should ot be alowed to pass trough to concrete and the ideo the con nent notin contct with he water Seu nat ext any most patches 2. Thepamoabity of concrete in a ceampenont or structs i al pat ly determined by riluences curing Production, «9. emperatir,cur- Ing, enercement Special work- ranship and consrctiona mea Sires ae cated or when bleing impormesbie enero components sothat such components do not fxn any detects, Le leaks, {racks ans parmesbe ont. Water eaurement “Th quant of ato (ir raquees to actiove a cortan consistoncy of the fresh concrete With seme experience ‘hs canbe estates tom the grading ‘eve. This deponde onthe conse toney andi determined by the ye. largos grain sze and grang curve of ‘he aggrogate and the tres content. Empiica ables, omulas and groups of erves are svaual for estnating ‘he quanty cf water per cube mote of compacted fresh concrete. This is ‘Shen in koi arc depending on the oneltoney and that agarogsto mx {eg erossod by th grading cot- ‘Gent The fours generaly apply to ‘rave concreto witout actos! adsives. They shouldbe increased sing pasties rar eanor. The ‘al quantity o water required to ‘achieves certain consistancy can only be detemined rom a ta ik Water taba > 87,106, 170,173,174 Wate/coment wi) rato Wateretoion capacsy "A property of he pes (binder and te ‘aggregna) which retains bo mang water added during production of mar Witeretoptater bar» 187, 189 Wax release agent “Tn applod to concrete formwork and prevents a bond forming between {hs anc the fesh conret, Use sm 'ary tof release agents. Wet storage ‘Amato of curing concrete and mar tar tos specimens. tor skin, tst speomans are obo sored en 8 gs \dorwatr orn 9 mest chamber ‘ready forte aly cool sn su bit tests. Test epecimens of iht- ‘weight concrete soud be prevented from absorbing most while ong strod Wourmos oxing “Amathod of ering concrete. The anos of tho coneete nea ho sure fare protected against crying out unt Suficient sting has taken plac. Metrods clude: nt sking the erm work, covering wit past sheeting. se of waterearing covers, spraying ‘offic curing agerts. Saying wih ator, a5 wos usod nthe pasts darn ‘ging because causes temperature teases and hence ack Wits comont— 47, 65, 67, 60,71, 75,258, 'APorland cement produced fom aw ‘materia (imestone and china clay) ‘ssontaly feo fom on. in adsion, ‘reduced combustion eondtens can ‘revert the frmaton of darecooured ‘Sontivers nthe Partand coment inka ahurino feta). White coment Is produced as Poand cement 42.5 A {IN 1 and may be used wanout restetons jut the ordnar Portland ‘cement ts prmary uses a ina ‘ae concrete, clcured concrte or reconstuted stone as wal a fo other purposos in which te colour and ts, hyerautc properies are nporant. In ‘Germany ts delivered in wht cacks with lack pring. Wied girdortracing Wed iad 64, 98,138, 140, 184,165, 167 Weod particle concrete ‘Special ype of mined pore concrete whose agaregste consists of wood ‘ips. The wood should be praveated th wor ass (minora. \Weod-woolightweight bulding beard > 150,22, 83,95 Yoela rosa» 111,117,‘i, suphides, suohates, certain ‘magnesium and ammonium sas or ‘Caran organic compounds, 80 | {2008 contaring hycrogen shige ‘Suphur lode, can attack concrete, ‘whan concreting in extemly cold and ‘oxveroly Pot woathor. As fue, cn ‘rete sould ony ba paced at temper- tures between 45 ad +90. ‘Tense serge» 8, 17,58, 111,120, ‘Wie ditinguicn between twoiypes of ‘Tenslonaac/acton ‘hemal attack suphates have an Toneionreorcement 118,121 expansive effect, acc and sot Testor compliance, conformity ‘wales as wo as exchangoabie salts Tests on conerete fd vegetabe or srimal ol anc ats havea sole fect. DIN 4090 spec ‘os crea for assessing the degree of stack of natal watore and sols ‘Suewteras coment ‘APotlard pozzclanc coment wit tras rem the Nérdinger Res are. ‘Sulphur concrete ‘Atype of concrete in which he cus- ternary graver-sand mix is processed ‘wah iid suiphur (meting point 120°C) asa binder. Ihe gh resis {ance io acids and sl sotuters ute Fighly combustible. ‘suppor conditions 113, 122,124, 181 ‘Supportreacon > 149,187,184, 168 ‘Surface ofthe concrete, concrete face —> 150,68, 72,78, 74,113,114 187,185, 2a ‘surtace retarder +72 ‘Srtace roughness (of aggregate) ;Becides th chapo, he sutace proper tos ofan aggregate have a sgnficant ‘fect onthe compactabay anc hence ‘ont watorroquremont fhe con- ‘ete Splinieke and rough pieces ‘equre a greater amount of sand for ‘compaction. However, aggragat wih ‘rough arlace exvbis greater erie banding strength owing fo ts beter “Tost whose resus permit statements to be made about he expected ron- ‘res othe hardened concrete. The ‘Sampia ot ean conerete must be ep eseraive of ho auarty of concrete 1 be asossed. Tho following tess are ‘omeen Fesh conereto dont, com Setonoy,comantcortont, wate ‘ementrato. oats on ta mio — 51 “eats cariog aut pert starting pro ton ofa conctet mn order owsab- lah tho meats fora new cons ‘mix or rango of me co that al he Spocted requremars forthe esh hardoned Sonera ae satsiod. These teats eerve oath the concrto ri porto Use, using the rtonded ‘aw materas and consistency undor the given condone oho ulaing Tertlereintrced concrete "Acampoo matral wih coment a the man binder which the tena ‘orcas are accomodated by texto Ineert,The txt neers ae formed fram siglo fires (laments spn form yams; the texto ravorcoment is produced rom those yarns. This pro- Sucton prosessalows ammuch more precise alignment ofthe reformer {out te application than she caso ‘ath conventera tal renorcement ‘Ta tetleranforcement can be mich thneer andthe main force ajetorae ‘tvee-dimensional and profabrcated st he respective loading caso. Tis ‘ype of enforcement ighter and in comperion, mae ficient han con ‘ertonal soe rerforeemert. 3005 ‘otter fom the cersion risks ot Feiforced concrete. This ype of con- ‘ete permits the production of vary lightweight and small components wth ‘tigh oadbearing capacity. As the ‘reaction of ele rerorcement is ‘comerstvely expensive anc this ‘mathog of construction has not yet been adequately covered by standards ‘ung to Yo noo fr tater research, Iie practealy significant in concreto constuction athe moment and ‘oredr special appicatos, “Typos of cement and compoeton to EN 197, mas proportions a Index and glossary “Textured taiface concrete +60 Thread bar > #58, 140, 180,172 Trreein russ desian Te enson membor ‘Tivup formwork) Top-Sown mathod —> 174 “Taling tamping vibrator» 154 ‘Tranaten sutace — 150,160, ‘Transverse bending —» 156 ‘Transverse load “Trapezoid! pote sheeting 148,147, "49,180, 155,270 ‘Tass 11,12, 19,39, 40, 60, 80,290, “ras bstiumace coment “Atype of coment covered by bung ‘auhonty approvals. eons ot ‘cement inka, gypsum andlor any ‘ito, up to 25% by wt ras and up fo 50% by wt cinder snc. “Travaling fomuer Former whch moved continualy ‘orncrenertaly: sed, fr example, 0 utand-cowe tunnaing work ‘Traveling overead crane > 11, 12, 10, 199, 40, £0, 58,290 Trem pipe 60,173. “Ts provers segregation ofthe com. ote whan bang laced tom a grest ‘eh This is gently tapering shoot ‘eel pipe mado up of segments to cut ‘he height quired. Openings inthe reinforcement tor neon avemie senangerenamowrg nts ete Type ot | Designation | Ande: | Main coreiuons aa ‘sutace tenurepatern coment ation rae peer race oer a fae tena Sa ae pale eer em on ee ce eae ces homecare : a Ca Poem eens) corel ema erm se | ae eee ee oer seroimaggeserer a co : Seigttesiensst ets cam) tums cman fw-e e oe ae bistmace We-s| 65-70 | 21 E z 2 Synthtic resin plaster — 82, 83 ae oe | es, 0-8 ences ecco. Portland ‘CEM WA-P| 80-94. 6-20 | = = 0-5 Stee | GSN 2% ne aeleaelees Tecnebeetc e == resumes pes core wow =e ct See aawe 9 featte na tearoee cen eeereeerert ce Semowicne” fears | S| =H aan 3 nemo ne, Ser Sis 8 > atemy [eee co ‘depth penetration, the finished, tamped on ayer should not be thicker than 150 one se =e S| cena w-wal oe | eee eee pele cece) eg = ad eee : et ee omen ms Pe a = won, | ae oe eae ener ee sa Rermegeemecerss ca | emaren | ona Se | SS oe (2 5 Esraeenecas moien eter | einai | Bas |isefeomteme |= ies amemreres eeceeotans Seen” | netmzenne nsncer tte mneve arama neous tind utmsethrns od ore ete The temperature of the concrete ‘must herelore be taken eo account asoaves Minor consttuents maybe laser one or mre maln constiuets provided these are not ain constituents the cement.Index and gossary {olds must be analysed sructrly, doing £0, the requremants of DIN 182, 1050, 1074 ana 1054 must be ‘ollnged, Dtermations inne sructre 7010 bo taken to account by eutabie ‘cambering. The scald tubes used today ae a 48.3 mm 0.0; ateront loadbearing requirments ar taken into acceurt by using derent wal Uhesneaces ard materi: Al compo- ont are therefor uly interchange abl, ae assembied using role cou pings and ae hence scorer. Becides ul scalding, movable scat fold overs and acustble floor centes (rere) mace rom soo reuer not Tow sections aroused as heod cal- foie, Seal, Gasket + 68,95, 188, ‘Ssregation — 60 “The separation ofthe coarse anc fer constr fhe coneret. THs process can occur curing warsporta tion and placing of he fesh concrete. ‘Stable meseures must be nstgated to preventine Seli-compactng concrete—9, 50,51 Frosh concteto wih hid consistency. ‘This tectnciogy is bated onthe use ot er types of adctves/sdmiture anc {2 Pighor quar of uva-ne rater “The ech concrete fons "ine and moasuromerts of coneistoncy ‘epend on tine. is possi To allow tha concrete to ow witout sogroga. ‘in wn large forms, even wth heavy takes place alomaticaly witout the need for any addon compaction Softwelght = 4, 51,116,197, 120,122, 123,196,149, 146,145, 146,147,154, 186,161, 162, 163, Seraions > 170 Service 6 106, 111,129 194,198, “a0 Seting 12,16, 47, 50, 80,68, 134, 184 ‘Sefing ofthe Comont paso to fom hycrated coment The development ot strength n oranar Perlané ana Port lana baatumace coment essentaly depends onthe hycraton ofthe fast ‘acing vcalcum siicate and he ‘tower reacting dialium scat. in ora pazzolanie coment te ass ‘acs as a naturel pozzolana with ca- ‘ium hydroxide tberatoa dura tho Ihytatin ofthe Porand cement cn: © forming calcium sits hyeato. ‘The hyeratonprecucts of Portand ‘burnt sale cement corespond to ‘tose of ercnary Portana cement. ‘Shar foree > 117, 120, 128 155, 186, 160,161, 164 ‘Shear force component + 155 Sheath» 120, 168,179 ‘Shrinkage —> 16, 17,62, 63, 10, 111 ‘Shrinkage orck > 256 ‘Shrinkage reinforcement —> 191 Shrinkage sain 111 ‘Shrinkage sess —> 111 Essential caused by cooling othe haat of ygeaten inthe concrete, Tis ‘srs oceurs athe surace ofa reine forced concrete component also as a resul ofthe hyrated coment aying (aa can lead tthe formation of cracks. Sieve oversize Grain stove gracing int Slovo undorsze ‘Gain below gracing limit Sibert! sho Sle acd—= 12 Single srand — 242 Shnglesize sgpregate (Gras of tual the samo so (aa, ol rgoet gain = 2x a, of amalst ‘ran with approx. 36% by vo. words ‘ernosnes concrote, Single sized concrete "Novinos concrete wich uses aggre (ate a only one nama se, Single span beam > 127,154, 242 Single storey shed 17, 29,31, 99,106, 112, 142, 149,148, 14,186,147 148, 149,180, 1,162,154, 15,186,158, 160,182,164 108,175,270, SSngleto oor unt = 121 Storbatohed concrete ‘Sing of components > 95 ‘Sab supported on beara ‘Sowomase rato» 05,114, 140 Sotdeatenseting tie Peco oltre between the visosty Stats of @ concrete, Aer adding the ‘xing water the fuid coment paste ‘Changes to aso, yrs cament. “This change sala tom gud to sd ‘does nat ake place abrupt. We dis- Anguish botwoen tree phases (ia ‘04 ckctyng, nal sd Strength ‘an nil viscosity (Vo), the tandare ‘sco, the tree phases are assigned {o viscosity ranges o DIN 1164. The satin time is detned by he vacosty Yaa onset of setng and the vis" costy VE athe end. The viacosty le ‘moasured by means ofthe Vea noodle apparatus. According 10 DIN 1168 Soting should net start bois tf ator mang andmut be competed wihin, 2h, Solstyegtseting fined neraase in viscosity of coment paste wit fied te nts Spacer 137,169, 225 Vatiousy shaped small components made rom vious materi econ (ets, paste, for attaching 16 Ue ron. ‘erooment. Thai tasks to crete 8 space between te rlnorcoment and ‘Be tomwork so hal ho nowy Con acted concrete can fly enclose the Stoo Drs and ensure rat the pre feribed concroto cover to DIN 1045 mantines ‘Span moment —+ 139 ‘Span rato 119,127 ‘Spandre panel oot) parapet 28,70, 94,06, £18 135, 196,140,225, 248, 258 ‘Concrato thats conveyed in an ‘enclosed high rossi pipe or hose {othe pontof appieaten, where tis sprayed out and thereby highly com- pactod. ON 18551 dsinguches between th dry (water added at the spraying nox) and tho wot (ores. Surised dolvery ofa wet mb) methods. ‘he tormer i used mainy for making sccelraors and les often ~ stabi fs, Ther compostions specially Matched ots needs of sprayed con ‘ete ark. The most mpartant requ ‘onts of auch an acre are pid Soting an minal negative ects on the tnal strength of concrete. Those sdmires reduce rabound and in pariclar, improve adhesion of even thicker ayers on vertical and over hanging safaces. Furthermore, Py tenable sprayed concrete tobe applied towel subtates, oven these caring seme water Soreading expancing, spaying Spun conerote 6, 129,198,172, 106, 208 ‘typeof concrete hats compacted by pining tin eta holon mosis The heavy components ofthe plastic to Sof conerete uses are forcen outwards by the corriuga free and tho water imards. Ts ruts nan efictve watrcemont ratio of approx 0:20, ‘This method can be used te produce ‘components vith a cantesymmetic ‘css section, eg. spun conrete ipes, masts, le, post, column ‘and ings fr stoe! and east ton pipes (tor conosionprecton). The ron. ‘orcamontis paced ma horzonta steel meu ‘he mould about fs own a. Th Con crete ie compacted by th contig force at 300-400 rpm reaching an aceeloration of 28-27 gn doing £0, ‘The dogree of compaction I 8%. The ‘moans tat wit hl med he com actad concrete surtace equals 90% ‘te ul erose-secton. Th volo has @ ‘treularcrose-secton respective ot the exsmal shape. Components with 2 Ceularcres-sacton hereto have 8 ‘od equal to 18x the over racus, ‘Stong spacers hot the einfxcement securely in poston. Aol eutisnt forte outer rendement The ong tudinal enforcement is prevertos rom bucking inwards by arch acton. This rmatod alone concrete grades of (© 90/100(8 100) tbe achaved wit A sutable mx ‘Sanding tine (or mara “The tive that restr to be mised th ator must be at stand before boing Used afer italy ming the Binder (bude ie) wih te san “Ts tne ls spect nto nervctons supplied by te manufacture. ‘Staror bars ‘Sate Buldng Code — 198 ‘Steam cuing ‘Mot%od forthe heat treatment of con- ‘cote m ordorta increase he ary ‘strength, Primary used n procestcon- reduction inal s¥engih is negligible with along testment ime aprox 1) Wit stoner tas a decrease inal song ef 20-40% mabe rectares Stel beam gil» 121, 187 Stel foreenterced concrete “he adc ooo ros tothe rsh concrateneraases the compressive, tensile bending spiting tense ana Impact srengine as wel a detoma iy and esetanoe to craceng ofthe fr Ishod concrete ‘Stoo tirerentorced sprayed concrete ‘Sprayed conerotato DIN 1855110 ‘which sel bes are added in ore to ‘tain certain properties. Theres benoit he: + tens srengt, + shear erength,| + impact evangth, + wear resstance, ‘Tho soe fee used shou be about (03.055 ta. and 2030 me ong. “Thy ae added othe original mix (vet or dy) using varus techniques ‘proportion of bres of approx ((oatad tote dy weight oft con cote) common. The les are ds- ‘outed nat deectons te har fred concret bu most le paral 0 {he appticatn sutac. Tha corrosion bohaveur of exposed soa bos ne the surface of te conerete ony important fem an aeshete po of Stet grado (fr reorcement) —> 60, 98 ‘Stel bars wih practical ocular cross-section. Accorang DIN 1045 ‘ho bare must exh conta srergt properos. DIN 488 dstngishos between various grades, Stel meshabre (enforcement) Stel shot» 48,49, 50, $1.72 Stfening ibe» 23, 15, 68 ‘Sone dust» 60 ‘Senet san —>70 ‘Swain 1, 18, 28,29, 95,60, 62,69, 100, 111,12, 144,116 128,196, 1 147, 148 180,151, 154, 150,168, 1 70,172 ‘Seosking > 68 Seengt tension, tense strength ‘Srengt a reshconcrato ‘Srength of conerete prior othe onset ‘of yao. depends mainiy on he water content andthe compaction nergy, But alo on quantity of comer: ‘and grinding fineness of coment cor ‘ate admodures and aggrogato. The ‘28aton of ves oan eroase hie ‘ale twovod. tnermal es betwoon (0.1 and 0.5 Nee ‘Sree cracking coroson ($00) Wa prstesing tendon isnt ace ‘uatay protect agaist damaging Intueneoe, careson progresses ror the srace tote itor anc terms = atch nto ste! which ean cae ue without waring (collapse of par! the canopy ofthe Bern Congress In 1960, Seep. 185). ‘Sress(ed) condition Sressed skn suctire > 23,106, 107 "9, 140,151, 159,154 15,186,157 169,161, 16,165,167, ‘Strossing ie! Reinforcemant incorporated income ners made tom prestressed conc Wierkmanehip should comply wih O°. 1040 sections 13a 18 DIN 4227 apps to prstosced conrste com> ponents wh imited or ful retro ‘srkng'siroping he frmwcrc ‘Sep foundatonteotng ‘Seu compression member 14,107 120,160, ‘Sutra 117,120 ‘Substance detrmertal te concres Wiser ad sol wich cota‘This typ of concrete essontal tor service temperatures 3 250°. With Portand coment ean wihetana ‘onal temperatures up to aero 1200 °C and wt igh-aluring cement upto 1700°C. This makes lsutable ‘ruse n combuston chambers and blastenaces. The thermal expansion tthe aggrogate must carespond that ofthe hydrated comer. umoetone should not be used here, Quart vars foms at approx 600°C and creates Inyolune. Proven aggrogatos for Fefactry concrete include chrome ‘re, blastunace slag, coundu, ‘magneato,chamote,stcon carbide {and brik chips. Feinorcod conerete (RC) einerood concrete use —> 147, 254 Foinorce procastconcrte ‘Manusachired factories or on-ete ‘Slants and ransperiod rom hee to {he bulding ste where they ao ooct {2dr insta. kv Gormay tho culty ‘ot such components ig meritored by the qualty conto arooment othe Concrete and precast concrete indus: ‘nes and tha offoal materas testing ‘entes. Feirercamen,nfreing stesoars "6,9, 13,14, 15,17, 10,24, 46,61, {52,88 6457, 60,62, 68,69, 7,57, 95,96, 108, 106, 100,171,112, 113, 114,115, 118,117,198, 19,120,121, $22,127, 129,190,192, 194,195, 197, +40, 140,147, 149,160, 154,156,157 188,180, 18,162,164, 165,167,168, 109,170,171, 172,173, 181,185,187, 189,202, 205,267 Inrertrced concrete the tena ores ‘are accornmodtad by soo rvorcing bars wich. for his purpose, ae placed into areas subjected to tnsin on ‘Son entercemant), Howavo, hey may also be used to accommodate Shear eros (shear ertorcement) and to strenginen the compression zane (compression etorcemon’, Relnorang cage 138 Release ager. “The preveatent of te fomwork above alin fa face wor, sul fachiove an even colouring, permit oy String of te formwork wthout danas. Ing te concrete and help preserve the ratoal a th ormore torent su ‘Sancos have diferent effects In Go ‘many devey, use and testing oo ‘ered by the dectve of the German Concrete Associaton Removal of song blemishes tom con crete Mechanical or chemical mathods, fess ‘ten also meeal methods (69 foo ‘mage, are employed. The choice of ‘meted depends en te ype of sling {he depth thas penetrated ini the substrate andthe nature (or sana) tthe concrete sutacefo be cleaned 1. leaning wih water, the eoctve noes of which can be considerably Improved by using superbatod ‘walrstoam paso) and te ad ton of eutactats (wating agont) The development of moder high rosea jt equipment (wit pres ures upto S000 bar) permis ot- ‘mum cleaning perfomance wit (ow water consumption, assuming ‘he ight choles and rangement of nore, 2. Blasting wih sod parties (quartz and, siloon carga lag dust) feo an xeeent laser ut te (eat amount of dust ganeates Places restictors on fs usa. In lddton the surtace of exposed ‘aggregate i roughened by angular Prices and s hence vulnerable, ‘Snow sling Similar eects can De expected wih wet sancbiasing, abet es sever. 3. Wet clearing with chemical agents assumes a good deal of exper fence and Geta knowledge of {he produstin oar avoid da fagng the eta of adjacent, sn. sive components eof las or ‘auniium), Bath alkaline ana ‘aciic wet claaningagonts 3s wel {as organic solvent mses, also in the orm of pastes, are omeoved. (cal stiptations moet be com piles wih when posing ot fexcoss clearing svstances and rato uses toring. 4, Graft eta o remove with sober motes alone arc often requires adstional, abrasive Diss Inametods, Of the shoe (rat products often Nave a ycrophonie eect a wal a act Ing as ol and grease rpelonts and this preverts pai sprays rm ‘enatrating deep ino the sub ate, thus easng subsequent ‘leaning. Consequenty they are ‘doa for provortve measures. Fes pocket -» 60 Pesitance to chemical attack ‘Concrete can be destroyed trough the prolnged ects of ates, eos and gases that conta charicaly Aggressive substances, ON 4000 toed to aseoss the dogroe of attack ‘The rasitance ofa concrete to chem- cal atack ossentaly dopends on ts Imparmoabity. t must be compar. able hat the greatest depth of water novation inthe teste DIN 1088 fora eal ean dove not exceed GO mm tnd fora ‘over aac 20 mn. Con ete wih ahgh resistance 0 "woak ‘hema! atack may have a ate/cerent ao of max 0.60 and for 2 "sowere” attack max 0.50. Concrete thats subjected “very severe” homical attack over prolonged p= ‘od must be protectad against direct ingress of aggressive eubstances. must also comply wt the requre- ‘ments fora aover” tack Resistance to mechanicalbrysical ‘nage Generally, concrote is characterised bya igh contance to Bw mechanical ects ooading,resvart. impact and Abrasion. The cdr tho concer, he Towa the wateemont rato, the beter ‘he compacton, the loner the volume cof vid, te bat te curing. the bet. Srefeieceares becca Fesistance to rezing conctions, ‘ipartuer ost and Geiceg ste Improved mainy bythe nroducton of ‘iil a pores (rato concrete). ‘The tral sabity ofthe yard ‘cement and the aggregate determines therosstance of retactry concrete. “Thoroare curity no uo test pro- ‘cedures for determining resistance to ‘mechance! sarage, Index and glossary Feinoring stool 9 £02 DIN fares for comparison ‘yoet product | Bars Rings ‘Welded mesh Seal grade ‘Bs00H | BSG0N" | BSOON 'Bs00 | 8500 Nominal ameter | 6=40 6-16 6-16 | 4-16 4, rm) 8 “12 Yildarengih R, aaaragn 00) Ni I a Tensie svenghR, [40] sis?” [5a | sis” [oa | SiS (Wr 35 525 | 52s a 350 | 550 Totleongaton(%] [50 | 20 [80 [20 [60 | 20 avusinate inci ‘oxoe 10 = 10 Elongation atrupte |g, 6-20 2 70 fatigue strength | 260 Nm > 20 lemmpinude 20,) | 180, ‘Suitable for woding |, MAG, EMaG ving GP RA, fe . Fe HH axctity igh N ermal "Cut rom ngs and salghtoned = Not yot tal stated Motrods of welding: manual metskare welding, d= 8mm MAG Satve gas metatare welding, d, 26mm GP pressure gas woisng Ra heanbuttweldng FP resistance fusion spot welding estat consistency ot conerate or Fecbart sess» 60,111, 167,170 mortar mi, ua ress ing beam» 23,150, 158, 186 ‘Occurs in concreta primary as aresutt Rsk of stiomen— 174 of srinkago of to hydrated conan; Roman coment > 12 this Gres outas to watr evaporates. Root wuss Uneven twrnal pansion of cement Raotsung garry crane —> 142 and aggrogata can alsoleadto such Rotatona shell» 151,186, 197,162 Stresoes ncercrote Foutng of fouling) sorees etaroor > 49, 72,114, 26 Filed suraoe — 182 154, 166,159 ouibraion ‘Supply measur toincrease Send bed tachnque ‘equally. Even witout arstarcer, Sandrequrament conereia Can be reverted between Angular, regu shaped aggregate two and soven hours ater mang. Tis and, parla, broken materia, helps o cose up shrinkage and sete. requresasandich mn arto ‘ont cracks ac well as ves Beneath Schiavo warkable concreto, whereas horizontal renforcing bars and pieces stocky, rounded aggregate cbained of coarse aggregate ‘fom sand and gravel pis requres ess frino gavel 67,75, sand, Cement rch concrete, cov Fine sand > 75. tes of sot consistency and con Fi (lores) ‘eotos wih envared arhave a ower Fiboed snot > 159 ‘and requirement. Fibbed sab —> 103,117, Sendbiasting — 68, 72 Flgid potyethane fear ‘Sanastone 72, 73,206 Fig (m bending) ‘Sandivch panel 95, 128,128, 198, Fig, stiness > 165, 166 “37,198, 148,160,183, 185,160,191 “i Inmachanics: the reciprocal othe Satoldng) ‘deormation ota companert “Temporary works to enable workto be ‘caused by aunt force. cari out at ihe levels ona sruc- 2. Generally te aly ofa construc: te. Stel or ighewoight metals haven ‘tonto accommodate stat and ‘est cases repaced timber those ‘dynamic lads. Gays, and fined seating has given 3. Inbuling sence: the sength of way to mobil mevable soa, layerscfthe consructon,ag-for which depend on th ground oon ‘sound insulation. tions. Seals ar covered by OIN 4. nconctete technology: degree of 4420. Long-soan fomwerk and soat-Index and glossary ‘uring cold weather (blow 45°C), Dering production of to conerete ‘eco ae: nereasing the coment con- tent using egher coment evength lasses, increasing the temperate of ‘ho Wosh eonereta Measures to protect the hardening concrete ae: thermally Insultg blanket, heating, longer string tenes. DIN 1045 cl for mie ‘mum tomperstres for heres con rate Als: A conerete or ich he ‘quired composition (nix) and the raw mattis to be used are specifed to the manufacturer, who is responsible {or supplying a concrete wrich com les with tis specication. Thi ea ossile option inte orig an ‘Supply ofready-moxod sonra, The ‘to ta ae responsible or ensuring that al te necessary concrete proper tis re reachod by tho mix ordred and cary out the necessary quality canto. Ths requtes a concrete tt. Ing laboratory equpped withthe nec- ‘cary apparatus and stale by oxpe- rienced persome Prosribed (coneret mic “The mix depends onthe appicaton ot te concreto and described inthe ‘eleva standard. The doored propor ‘toa dorot have to be proved tet ‘sing tal mies: hey ara aesumed 0 ‘Demet whon tho gen cencret mix ia ‘herd to. The ute ofthis type of eon- ete is only permite er graces ££ 1820 and exposure tasoes XO, Ci and XC2. shoud only be used in exceptional cases because the pre: sorbed mies lie vary mach onthe Saf interme of rtanded proper ts Tal mox0s roar always test n mare econome and ueualy ao beter sngneaed concrete mee, Pressed conerole Concrete of ast (damp sl) consis- tency that is compactes by pros, # ‘necessary combined with vibaton, ‘This method le main usod concrete werks. The partcularsdvartage ofthis Concrete i ts ih strength nthe “green stat, wich permits tho form- werkimousd tobe struck Immediate ster compaction Employed fx pro" ‘ducing paving stones, smalorconexote ‘eompenonts and concrete oo es, Pressure grouting Injection af coment mora under pras- sure into to tendon ducts fpr ‘stessed cone, or injection of ‘cemetary tor ground consolation. Prectur injecton 1 Inposttensoned prestressed con ete, routs injocted under pres fue ito the vids inthe duct 2. Cracks nrointorced concrete feral components can impair the ‘caoson protection of he re fexcement With crack we > 03 mmitisadweabio to ect, for example, pony sn tothe ‘racks, Higher tens forces can ‘hn ako be wanslered inthe ‘nmecate vicinity of the injecton Pressure of wat conerete Presse of wet conerate on frmuor Prestressed coneroto— 8,8, 16,17, 63, (64,77, 112, 120,121, 12,134, 145, 144,145, 146,147,148, 140,160, 154, 164,166, 175,185,105, 242,243, 26, an In prostresseat conerote the concrete is recompressed by prestotching me ‘endona in rae elminate te (heo- rotcal tnste res. Tho presressing tere is wansfeed te concrte ‘ier by anchorages ox bond. The ton- ‘dors are gouted io duct ho case of n sts concrete components. Aer ‘ha concrete has reached the neces. ‘sary srength the tendons ae sressad win te hp of hye jacks, vith these being braced again he co: crete, Sess and elongation are mea ‘sured curng the process. The ondone fare xed inthe anchorages by way ot ‘wedges, camps or bots Atrwards, {he duct are fed wit coment mortar, which produces a compcste action. ‘The tendons are protected against cx- ‘esion by applying grease and by placing them in potest sheaths. Tis ‘method is known as postensioned Drestressed concret unbonded ton- ‘dons| Inthe case of precast concrete components, te tendons, usualy Strandoa wes, are erected beere placing the concrte The jacks are braced ether against special abut- ‘montso te ermuar. Arte con- {eto ras reached he necessary Strength the prestess is arsterred to {he concreo by tw bond between tan ‘ons and concrete (pretensioned pre ‘steesed conerete). Bonded tendons ‘alo posse wth net concrete, Frost tondons (anicage anchor ‘8966 can be usd to for an inal lanetwrage at one ond afte tendons. ‘Wat smal tendona ti leo poasbie toremove the anctorages ater he prostrossing force ls wanstored {trough tw grout tothe wall ofthe duct and the coneret (recto anchor ge) eatin placa cnereta the tn ‘ons ao incrporatod wih a varying height matching te area oft bon Ing memantclagram. To eros due {othe change n drecton counteract the load. In precast components changes cf recon are not used ‘ecatoo they ae deus to mplemont In practice. The mensions of co ote components and aot of Stoo! Fequrodi ees tan wih nora on forced coneret. In Germany re- stressing methods aso requre approval certicates, Prestressed concrete (or plank Presvessed edge momber > 35, Prestressed shat 152, 162 Presbessing bed “The frmworkin a precast concrete works In which the prestssing to dons are pretnsioned pr to concret- Ing the carmponent. Prectresing soo! 173. “Type of sel employed fer prestressed oneree components. Must be ‘approve by he DIB such approvals ‘on ieued for a ited period. Pete Seoning wees rast be min. 80mm a, or nthe caso ofa non oreulr rose section, min. 90 mr whereby indi Ual wires must ba min. 3. mm ca, However, rs of mn. 3.0mm da. in th case ofa non-crcular eress- Sco, mi. 20 mn are peri for Pipes of pressed concrato ort porary reefercerent. Prestressing tendon “Tension member made om presass- Ing too and uso to generate a re tension. Ths include ddl wes, bars and svandea wes pretaorcateg Ina tetery Prosvoasing wre —> 121 Prestessing,prterioning Concrete has a high compressive strength but ow tnsie rong about ‘iD tthe compressive svengih). In ‘rdor tobe abit load a concrete ‘omponentin compression across ts hole cross-scon when subjected to Dencing, ts prestressed ving ten ons. The compressive song ef he entire concrete cross-section there ‘ox ulyexploted sreese0 concen). ‘nd this means that consierably gh loads and longer spans 29.9 brdge-bulcing) are posstle, Pretenstoning (protonsioned prestressed conor) Inti case ma tendons na pre- trod concrete member are Stressed pri to concreting Ar the ‘conerate has reached a sangth of a least. Bz, to tonden i rleased ‘rom ts teriporary anchorages andthe processing force tanelered othe ‘ponent va the adhesion betwoan ‘Sool and conrate, Pron of contarmayeemolancs Proportion ole) Mcrato 1 (oy weight) between 2 Dbnder (eg. 1 pat cota-cung ste Ic resi) and te non-reactive cmc nent e.. Xperts funace-died curt Sand) added tt "High fod oF “ian? mortar mixes can hence be den tied by their rately lw proportion of binder Proportion of ines, po. fre aggregate “Te properton of agorogata which passes trough he 008% mm seve. ‘Takes ts tom of stone dustin broken aggates,oherwee mainly cohesive ‘constivets (ly, st) Higher cortnte have a nogatve ect on te proper ‘es ofthe concrete (ncreased water requirement and shrinkage, reduced ‘bond botwoen coment mati and ‘sngregae), DIN 4226 at he max ‘mum contort of such tne parce. ‘Sieve (mesh size 0.083 mm) are used to determine the properion of fee the sting tst may be used estate. the aunt Proportion of voids “Ihe properton of pores in graded ‘sggregato related to to volume of sgoregate. Pulverised ful ash (PFA) 50,65. Fine combucton rescue caraising of ‘00l dust which accumulates during {he sorupbing of exaust gases rom Stoam gonoratorsn power tations, Isadded to cement and concrete, ‘consists part of beads pares wth pazzlanc properties. Th compo- ‘sion depends heaviy on the fy and ‘tain ofthe coal and he combustion condone. Pumice 48,40, 50,66 85,67, 99,118, "28,166, Pumping) moc Fresh concrete which is pumped through pipes ox hoses fo the point at ‘whic tls tbe placed therfore reaqures a higher watericement rato and anger seta tine. Punening 117 Punching renercoment-—+ 117 Putin > 149, 144,145,146, 147,229 "60 Quartz 49,51, 52,66 72, 75.167 uirting manod + 114 Ratt foundation > 168,160,170 Rapio-hardening bdericemore ‘A hye binder tat sets parscus ‘qucky afer maxing wig tothe 23> ten of chemeals (accor). Pe {ore for aaing oaks, tor groves ‘snchor ang sinlarappictons However the al strengths ust ‘wo bot that of normal inde ‘These binders can alse be produc: by adding high-alumina cemort (= 20% by 1 binders wih aie co tont Tose containing chorde m= ‘hick. In contrast raphardone > Binders, the point at whic sting ‘begins ino ferent rom that mor ‘al coments. Fapihardenng comont “This distinguished by a short sok cation time and igh iti serge ‘cempared to normal coment. These Imatorals are proved for vse bus> and ae prouced tm raw cit so {angh alumna conta. The main soo Catone aro the oning of precast com onents or grating of anchor. ato of pouring | “Te max. permissible speed at wricr fresh concrete canbe poured tam ‘ormserk its the pressre of 6 w= ‘cnerata on the formar and sous ‘be adated othe svength othe co war The pressure that cure Infuences, eg. grinng trans 2 coment type of coment tomperatie ‘cement pase, watrcoment ato ‘amitures and method of 93, ‘Roady-ixad concrete» 87,58 ‘Concrote whove constuonts are ‘batched of the bung ste an wc~ conveyed in yehicls toto buns site ready tobe noorperatad inthe structure. We distinguish ewan wexke-mbe an truce mixed con- ‘rete, Today, about 8594 of al once ued on bulng sites comprises ead} conerata. shuld be tied at econ a possible afer bens ‘dvored The neulon ota etarco" (2) meare that he concrete remiss workabie for longor. However. thous bovemembered that he ecto ne ‘etarder depends onthe omperat.re Ntmust aways be guerantee that re conereta is used before i stters Rebound 53,167 Recess, cutout» 110, 147, 186,204 econsituted stone, cast stane > 59, 70,182,247 Redistribution otlaadstorces Retractory coneretaversions ona biological basis 9. o- ‘eed rape) have recently been ito. ‘duced, Ths is apple tothe forme ‘0 thatthe concrete doesnot adhere to iLupon sikng. Only os which dont leave blomisnee onthe surtace of the ‘concrete shoul bo used, Cae shoul be taken fo ensure that oi oes not ‘come no contact we the efores- ‘mont because this impairs te bona between sea and concrete (0 shale combustion ese Ons casting plant pening =» 29,41, 2,43, 60,61, 82,3 110, 1%, 115,116,117, 110,128, 194, 140,14, 180,173,174, 185,196, 206, 236, 284,270,272 (Opus caemerstim (Ordinary Porand cement» 47, 8,65 ‘Standarcsed comort produced trom finoly ground Portand comet clinker towhich gypsum andir ana as wo as, appucabl, nergarie mineral ‘substances nave been aced Ouor aves of concrete ‘Method fo bung walls in wich ol low Books (of gntwoight concrete, po'ysrene or other ighwengh mete ‘al are bat up dyin courses 80 tt ‘3. doubio-ea "ea procicod thal & ‘en ted with concrete. The method ‘often proposed fr OW bulders ans. Uae for detaches houses, garages, to. Tho bloc act a permanent for ‘work, a8 substrate fr plastered Ing and provide thermal nulton, Services ar easy incorperate in the avy (rior to concreting) or inthe sot hol fate conereting) ‘oven-cry density» 48, 50,61, 61,08 (Overlap 69,112, 196,187,140, 16, ‘2 167 Pad fourdton 168, an mx, pani. Part prestres Ported by EC 2, whoreby a continu ‘us tanstcn betwoon renorceg an PCC component, abearing ayer {potenti rycrogeni = hydrogen con- ontaten) Unt of measurement er hyrogon concenvation and hence cy akan, Le. the concert ‘ion of acai or akainereactons na soln, This vale fs equal othe neg ‘ave of te commen ogarthm othe ‘concetraton of hydrogen ons. ApH ‘ale <7 indcatos an aan, 7 8 oul and > 7 an acs reaction of the soon. Spotter mixing he Concrtethe mixing water assumes & vary Pugh BH vale oxcwoding 125 ‘ecaise asa Yom to coment 3: save. The waterin be pores ofthe heated cement also eats the Mgh PH val fa satratod calcium Foro stato. Carrsion protec ‘on rte etorcement is eesotaty 1038 passive layer forms aroun the soe, arti salty factors for mater properties Loading combinston Concrat [Bas loacing 1s ‘coisa oosing 10 which protects even it moisture and ‘oxygen manage to penevate the hardened concrete die out, he ca bonie acelin te a can aus so the very fe pores of ho hyaratod ‘coment and react hare wath he alc {um ycroue to fom calcium carbon: ‘a, The reduces tho pH valuo of ho ‘soltn inthe pores of he tyrated ‘cement. ho hora highly alkane ‘mec is oniynovralaed from out ‘ice. Tho pH value crops toa ite Cinder 9 wih th natural CO, content ot ‘he al (0.09% by vo). Tis Continual procass rom ouside ones fron as carbonation. With a pH valve ‘the passive layer on he soa! 90 lenger sabi, ie normal degree of ‘oreson ofthe riorcament can ake ace as soon a misure and oxygen tre availabe. Pranotescinestone coment 'A Portland pozzolaric coment made from Portland coment cinker, 20358 byw terperec pono plus gypsum andr anhydte.n comosioon © ‘rary Porta cement, hes @ lenger geting tno ana iomor early sSrengh. At lw temperatures there 8 ‘restr doy inthe sting and so & Femaine workable for anger an reauiree a longer period ot cng ec foundation => 172 Pacing (concrete) > 17, 48,62, 114, 140 “The tosh concrote is pourad int the foxmmerk to gv ts fra shape prior to sating. in ong sot shoud nat be ‘lowed to segrogate. Al ios dobre ‘hod be romoved fom ride tho fonmaecrcand necessary th orm ‘work prowoted pcr to pacing the Conor, The concreta should nat be owed fal reat over a eight 5 2m, ctherwes a vom pipe should be used. Speed of placing - above al tor cours and was — must match the loadbearng eapacty of formwork. “The concrete pou should not be inter rupted posse, particulary of face concrete. Th concreto should be Placed equal tek horzorta ly fs (is) whenever possible; £00 mm is good que. Plaster and masomy bindor ‘ely ground marae binder for plasters and masorry mortars to DIN 4421, ts ain constituents ae coment ‘one dust and admires (ar enrar- plastica, rotardor) pls some limes also hydratase. Med with ‘water, ts inde sets both in hea ‘ond underwatr and romain sod Undone, I must exh vou a+ by and a compressive strength of mn. Nie ar 28 days Paste theory» 157 Pato 14, 15,23, 35, 107,110,111, 112,114, 115, 197,121,127, 194, 195, 145,147, 149,151, 162, 154,155, 156, 187, 164, 165,167, 168,170,228 Plate stctacton Pocket foundaten > 168,170, 15 to Point toting — 60 Pokar water —> 60 Posor inert trator Polishing > 70 Plone rss > 147 Polymer conereto| ‘rmadure of reactive pasts and dry aggregate. Duremers ik epoxy resin (©, unsaturated pobyester (UF) and pelyarethane (PUR) But ao thermo Dlasice tke potmethy| methacryte (Pra are the most popular binders (proportion approx. 189). The prop ets ofthis ype of conerete can be ‘Varied over a wide range by varying {he type and quanity ofthe aggregate (grave, tarace-died quartz sand, Iles) and’ rei tis characterised by high chomical stance, rapid harGering and high mechanical gt, and complements cement bod concreto for spect! apps tone. Curent re reine require ‘monte anc igh cost eect use Toadbearing components Poiystyrono concrete ‘an autoclaved aerated concrete in which the aggregate consists party of foamed polystyrene. Densty les ‘between 00 and 1600 kg Ts ‘atoral Ie used may fo harmal Insult pastor Pore water ister contained ether in go andor capilary pores. Most fhe wator ‘eraining inthe got paresis ecscrbod ‘Chemical onthe wal ofthe pores ‘s monomer Iyer of water. This bonding force amost reaches ho ‘valu of chomsaly bended water. The ‘water remaining in the eapsary pores Isha togetnerby the hyarogen bridge bond wthin he watar mle ules, and the ayer accent to the \wals of he pores aches as est ‘a eaplaryfrcos. Tis bondi rla- ely weak and so te water molecules can evaporat, Porous mirestroture "In nomaneight concrete a porous racroatuctire ho res of @ oor max plus adequate mixing, ‘working and curing, reduces Song, mparmeabily and dur- abi 2, Lightweight concrete normaly exhib sacha porous microstuc- ‘ur. We distinguish between no- finos and ran pres. Both pes of pores are present when produc. Ing angio izod concrete wih a porous aggregate Porphyry =» 68,76, 286 Porta bacturace cement» 47, 48 ‘Sandardead cement which, apart ‘rom samen siruer snd gypsum fndr anny 2s well anf applica ‘i, ground inorganic mato, eon- tains rapid-cooled and, as recut, riod blastumace sag, tho cinder ‘sand. Te amunt of cinder sand ie 6% by wt Rakion Predenng ely, Index and glossary Portand burt shale cement 47, 65,67, 75 ‘part tom coment likar, te con. tain 636% by wt fred of shale Portand cement cinker + 66 Portand compost cemant =» 47,65, (Cement according © EC standard, con. ‘sing of min, 65% by weigh, Portand coment cer plus spectiag proportions of cinder san neta porta, pulversed ue ash PFA) ‘dor rs depencing an thelr efec- ‘Wwoness, and upto 6% by wt oer ‘consti orn limestone cement 47 ses Perfand comort clinker, ths contain 6-209 by wt imeston.| Portans pazzolanc coment» 47 ‘According tothe European cement Standard hs raat contain i. 65% byt Portand cement ek, as 35% by woight raul pozzolana, ulverised flash (PFA) andr filers. Portrd puverisn tal ah PFA) cement ‘Apart rem coment crkar, ths con tains up to 20% by wt puveried fue ash FA) Posttersioning > 154 iposttonsioned prestressed concrete) Post tensioned presrssing moves ‘he fendone, as sal, bang housed 9 ‘arrow conduits (Bucs) which ae lt ‘pond during concreting. Aer De ‘oneete has reached the ecossary “Srength, he tendon stressed by ‘means ot special yale jack end, Upon reaching te spaced eros, ‘anchored at he ond ofthe component. ‘Air sessing. ruts ered nt the uct undor high pressure m ordor © protect the steel against coosion and Irprove tho load-carrying capacty (ON 2227 pan) Pow ‘Sructures and components of n sts Concrete OIN 1045 are vised to Separate sogmonts to sut production Prooesses or working hours. The con Srucion js ths ermod must be ‘capable of accommodating al te ‘Sense that eur Posz\uolana > 12 ‘Substances named ater the town of Pozzet neat Naples, e.g, pzzvolan, fartorn and ase a naturel plus bik dust and puterisod fol aah (PFA) 0s artical versions. chemical ‘xmas these substances const many ‘ol reactve allel ac, n concrete {he roactons are very ow and tow stabi ‘ Precast concrete (POO) c/s, Precast concrete oxemal wall 18, 198 Precast coneret oer plank > 114,127 Precast coneree (oo) slab Precast concrete panel —» 98, 40,12, “28,135, 198, 149,181, 254, 270 Precast concrete pile > 172 Precast conse plark/pane > 127,225, 248, 258, Precast concrete wall panel 128,149, Prefab(ested) component, (ot coneete) 15,70 Preatcatodpropitry formwork unt Pruabrcation,pre-essembiy Preparations fr winer warn, pt. wrk "ng i cold weather ‘Special precautions need to be takenIndex and glossary ‘only and isnt yet complete wen ‘he coment stars to sot Cements ‘Garran standards do nt cortain ine. Limestone 6,9, 11, 12,47, 4865, 6, (7, 69,72 Lumestone conerete ‘Concrete crsaring crushed lrastone aggrepat exibts a tower thrmal ‘xpanicn than concrete with sand: stone aggregate and alows dim Sins be reduced by 10% whe stil ‘uarenteeing fre rsistace, Lume-ase mortar» 59 nite press Tenale avess08 may also ooour within the concrete crose-soton a a resi cf mposea oacs. Loadbearing behaviou—> 151, 152 166, 187 159, 16,104, 16,170,266 Loadbearing structure Londbearing wall» 12, 110,17, 195, “160.181 Loaaing lass» 112,116 Loss of prestess 17 eduction a he sess nthe coss- section os compenent due ‘creep ofthe coneret. Low-shinkage concrete “The otectof shrinkage of re concrate ‘canbe reduced by using alow hydra {ed coment contr, lw watoroament ‘a, comont wih low gnaing tne ‘ote, inrenirced concrete by includ Ing shrinkage reintrcoment, by delay ng ne onset of crying an by using Sutable types of consructen(eactve thickness) Lometanp conereta +82, 14, 194 ‘Machine mixing, ming by machine ‘General, concreto must be mixed ‘a sutabe mir. Tho batched raw Iaterais forthe conte are mixed {ogethor url an even consistency fachioved toast 30 le egarded os Suiciont ming tine for good aly ing plant, her mars roqure at Toast 80. k's recommonded to Increase the moang tre consiceraty ‘wen incuing conerate admires Magneto 6% Manual surface veament Masonry i panel 20 Masonry mortar» 49,58, 61,00 Mass concrete 47,52 ‘Concret for components wt hick- nesses exceeding about 1m. The ‘comoressive stength is usualy less Important han the het iberted as 2 ‘rebut of hyraton of ho comant. The ‘Sow eas of heat tom to tera ms ‘temperate gradient fom the midsle ‘to zones now tho surface, The con ‘rete nthe middle wares to expand ‘move tha tat ner the edges and te ‘Snot posebe mina dterentia \elormatons. Restart stresses ene compression nthe mde, onsion ‘oar th edgos. Esty thers cortrac- tin eraclng occurs ance the tense ‘stengt is exceeded. Concrete tech ‘ology moasures vol the use of “lowheat coments, + coment paste requrement, + alarge maximum aggregate size, ow fresh concrete temperate acossary by coing to water ans ‘he agaropate (e.g by acing ce), + sabres redice ho amount ot water e.9. paste), + nd coaing, Construcona measures are: * the provision of expansion or dummy ports, + the placing of concraton smalor pour, + the embedking of pipes ter coaing swat + the provision of thermal insulting error mer Maturing. aterardonng ‘Conereto contrugs to harden even tater the 26h day and becomes even ‘more sad, provised 008 rot yout Somploty.The gree of tis mati Ing varies depending on the comers, Concrete mix and ther vaaos. Over {longtime the song can roach ve times the 28-day figaze n special, cases. General, mating over ‘decades i ofl practcal sig: ‘cance. However, the development of strengi up to an age 03 8 or oven ‘2 months can be rlovarkin corn casos. To higher the wale/comont ato and he lower the anole erp. str, the grestr sho increase over ‘he 28-day strength. With awe ratoin ‘the normal range of 500,70 and an ambient tormporatre of tho erder of ‘magnitude of »20°C, we can expect the sng of concrete at 180 days {olla baton 105 and 160% of the 28- ay fgwe, depending onthe srengts of he coment. Maturity 63 Expression forthe curent stato of the ‘compressive stength of coneret sit ‘undergoing hardening, expressed in SCdor"Ch. we compare compres: ‘vo srengt and mati. we aban a ‘agra wth a soar tat ony appee to hat partcuar coment However this ‘an be taken asa rough gude for ter cements 8 Mose of cersisineyiscoaty “The pysical variabio measured by ‘moans of the viscosty test. EN 208, parts 1-6 recognises the folowing ‘ump test (in), Vebe degrees (in), compacting acto (as rato), ‘mound 829 (re. Mechanical surface reatment Membrane freee» 158,167 Membrane shot => 25,107, 15, 175 Membrane thoory > 160 Mombvane-pe shell 151,152, 161, 12, 185, 164 Meriden cuve 156,197,162 Mesional free Mesh enforcement > 161, 160, 164 “Two layrs of cldormed toe! bars Intersectng i erm aight angiog ‘mosh: Nemaly connect by spot wating. Bar dlamtore ae 25-12 men, butter rucural purposes nots than mm, Appleations include rein. ‘orcad concrete feor/vals and as shrkagofant- 68 Mires of wet concrete ‘Cohesion between cement past and ‘aggregate. A poor restructure leads to, fr example, segregation, the water Separating ou and poor waka. by ‘good merostuctu is achioved ‘trough eavourabe blend of aggre (ates and, nacessary, tho use ot ssmocrevledaives Minimum csmant cent Miner concret cover 57,60 Minimum grin size Lower grading it for a nomial size ‘of eggregte or gradod agrogata Maing (ot corre) Fresh concreto is reduced by meng ‘me raw matorat. Normal, good qu iy cone has tobe mixed by machine The mixers used ae ether ot ‘be continuous amor ough pe. DIN 459 parts 1 and 2 cove the siz, ‘output an assessment of moan, Con- {rete mad by hand is eny pemntted inexceptena cass er smal quant= ties of vory lw grade concrete The ‘aw ator ae mined toga i “sn even consistancy ls achieved, Mx ing may ony be cari out by expert ‘cad personnel, For steed con ‘rte the mr operator must have & 203 o the ming isco fo ready-rixed coneret a deivery oto |S necessary. The mixing rao of binder ‘o superficial dy aggregate to water (29m) must be spectiod by wait ‘ecause tis species the propartons ofthe inva! commoners accurate Iy.DINS2170 can be used dotr- ine the mixing rato of Fesh concrete {and concrete aready hadaned wih an accuracy appreaching about =10%. “he te required wo mix tho materiale tocbian an even consstoncy depends ‘on the maar andthe conerto mi 30 Sis recommended fo pan mixers and Up 60s ana inger fr aru mses Fowablecencretareques eovral roe, Wang water 60 ‘ay water occuring natural ie et able for ue as mang water, proved ites ret contain constituents which have an unfavourase effect on he hardening or other properties of con- 0, er mpar th protection ofthe concrete agains corosion. Modulus of elastic, Young's modus > 01,63, 111, 157 Meistre contol 78, 96 Maitre dv tothe bulking process Meise in eagrogate Moisture in he pores of he aggregate "the conerete, The sony sition inthe cas of porous aaareaae Moment of neta 140 Monterig case Divon of concrete into classes ‘according to ength, ambient cond ‘ions and special properties wth vay- Ing monitoring requrements. Morar 278 ‘iru of binder, sand and water wich solos and hardens ater @ ‘arain tine, Mortars employed to ‘onc togathor masorey unt masonry ‘morta, to render surfaces of campo. nents rendering) otto make ‘ood blemishes repair mevtan, Morars ton deny for proving ‘he thermal ineiton are know as ightwoigh masonry or insulating Morar grou “Masonry mortars are died into tree ‘20ups depending on thar compos: ton. Group | arly used these dys) Isony approved for walls» 240 mm ‘tick and for bulings with max. 4 storys, alo for al norloacbearing ‘wal ay not be sod fer vaulting, ‘enced masonry and basement ‘wal. Groups and la are sual for llcadbearing walls aon base- ‘mort, with te exception of rertorces ‘masonry and vauting, Those mortars are aways necessary whan the mi. ‘omy ao be loaded at an early stage. ‘Group iis ral walle apart rom ex ‘oral skins and cor janis nda. leat masony tis prmarly used in ‘nea loaded components uh ‘ors ein rinorcod mason. Group Ma's for masonry accoreng to swt 1 tat EM) in accordance with DIN 1089 sect 2: Mri of groups Ian ‘ia may not be used simstanoously 0° the seme balding ate. Mould romth =» 80 Natal stonarook [Nofines concrete > 60 "Aconcrte which doesnot include ‘aggregate blow 4mm or cana of ‘only ene nomral sizeof aggregate. “Tha proportion ot coment pastes raguced such tat hi ut ooat the pieces of aggregate and doesn i ‘be voids between thse. An oven os ing and hance cementing ofthe gains is therefore more important fo the Compressive srengin tan he \watoroomont rat, This type of suc {urs produced, fr example, er ‘elds Benoon me grains f grades ‘2ggregato,wnich in conorte must be filed byte hydrated coment. Eng ‘eeng ane aconeme considerations \evaly demand the lowost posse ‘oid contort in concrete. One way o chiovng this is by erocsing a favourable graded aggregai. "Non-Gesructve testing (NDT) of cons ‘Armathod testing etabish he Compressive srangth of coneret in 2 structure witout having to remove tes: {crea The most import mats *Messuring the rebound (wih 2 ‘Scheist orrabound rarer, + Measuring matunty ith a computer ‘78,184, 185, Nerma-weight conrete +48, 49,50, 52 (6,62, 6,64, 65, 80,68, 87, 102, 105 189,206 Oirtease agone ‘This is usualy an aqueous emuision c+ chemically net miners; howeverposton, ar nt suitable for packing. Most contain expanding agerts to ‘compensate or shvinkage. Ther wa bity is much improved bythe action ‘of bead ke actives (ey as rm Siectostate procter. ‘Guying, ing» 165, Gypeutn> 11 43,69, 65,84, 99, 9 Hacmatio 51 Hatrine crack, mecrocrack—» 16 Haepin bar» 164 Handing (of concrete) The handing o rash concrete bogs wth the rare ote eames ‘oneret fom the tusk he balding ‘oor nthe case of st-mixed con- ete, wh the emptying of the mer. {08 a the point where te concrete tobe placed. Method of handing an ‘onerete mx should be coocansted ‘uch that segregation is relablypre- ‘vented Futhermere, he methoa ot hhaning (crane sip, pump. conveyor ‘at et) dopends cho cur ‘ances of he pariculr bung sto, {he quant of sonra to be placed (KF or plastic KP) concrete. Segrens ton i untkaly wan ths method of han ing provided the discharge taps ‘ose thy and hence prevent cement paste om leaking out Sips waving feng dances on ais over uneven ‘found can lad o sgrogation of the Canereo, especialy concrete of sot Consist (KF). niy st concrato {3 should bo rancpored in open {tyes n doing so, shouldbe cow ‘fod with trpauins oF pat sheets in ‘deo prevetit eying out or Deco Ing sanwated by rarwater Oty laste onerota (KP) i stable or uso vith ‘conveyer als; anspoing st (KS) ‘rst KF) concretaon a conveyor bot leads tale o agregaton ‘hon pumping ros concrete trough Pipelines, t shouts be ensured that Sbgregaton does nt occur because the can cause a bockage Hardened concrete» 80, 1,88, 56,57, 158,63, 64,65, 72,80, 154 Hardening “he progressive change consston- cy, towards a ser eonestoncy. of fresh concrete or cement mene ater Is production up unl ts monger worl Haren mi Property of conereta mix flow com pactabity and wh a werous tendency {o-sogrogeto, Moos wih alow nes ‘content nd those wit anguar aggre ‘ates tend tohave this property. Ar ores counteracts eect. Headed sid 17,127, 128 Hearing concrete In conrete technology we distinguish between concrete centre and concrete near the eoge. Hest ot hydration > 48, 59, 170 eat reatrant High peratures accelerate the hard ning othe concrete. Te concrete ‘ready werked is heated oactieve 8 high ear srength. Bess necting ‘iil or gover conerete com tions and heating the concrete d= Ing mixing the compacted concrete ‘can be ested by the het of hyration ‘ofthe cement by team at atno- ‘phar rossi (stam curing), by Pot ‘2, by eating moulds and frmwork, by neat radiation, by elec heaters by prossuriod soar autoclaving) Heat reetrent can be divided ino fou aes: acclmatisaon, heating timo, holding timo, cocing ime. The majry ‘of manos are ony stab for pro- ‘ueing precast concrete ements. Propor uso of heat weatment requres ‘certain rs to be flowed. The 22-day cmpressive srength of concrete hardened at ghar fomporatrs Is ‘eneraly somewhat lowe than that of Conereta hardened aly at ower ox mal torperatures. Hating he concrete) jeamureecaog out cing conctet- Ing in cox woater 1 Heating of the mixing water andor ‘aggregne nae o gurartoe ‘rnmurn temperature forte tosh Concrete during piscina, 2, Heating othe a siareunding the ‘caret o the former order to fence the hardoning of be cor- ‘rte orprventreezng ofthe owl placed concreto Heavy spar (art), bare High srengh conrete 9,17, 50, 52,64 ‘Normal weight x heavy conere fexooeding grage C S080, ond ight eight concrete exceeding ode UCSa6. High compressive svengins fare ganeraly achive by using very ‘Ga watvcement ratios mn conkecton with hight etectve superplastoisrs ‘nd sitcate cst. ‘Ais: Hardened concrete wih ext ‘Granary resetance fo extemal nf: Holding, delay Hoon core faa unt» 122 olor sheeting Hot cement CComont with a tsmperatire of 70.80 °C {35 dolvored. Thebe high tomperatros ‘an occur cement ding periods of high demand, parculaty in sume, Ingutint bm avaiable er cooing Tho intuence ofthe torpertire ofthe cement on the temperate of he rst concrete is usualy overestimated. With ' comont content of $00 kg, a 10°C Figg nt tomporatre of he coment ‘nrc the lomperae of he roch ‘concrete by “0. Hot coment can be ‘atl used in concrete. Hydrated coment 47, 80,53, 81,68, 5,68, 70 ysraeciaked limo, clcum hycroxie Hyoraon > 48,58, 60,111,170, 1. Generally The reaction of a sub- ‘Seance win watar in which he water ‘becomes bonded othe substance Concerned, This is chemico-physcal process Bim cement: The bonding othe water and te coment dng sting trans forme the coment paste into hyrated coment. Ator complete hyaton the {ament bonds aprox. 25% ofits og ‘al weight to watorchorscaly end ‘approx. 10-15% physical. The chem aly bondod water cannot evaporate. ‘Tota onto of bored water (wator oration is about 40% by vw corresponding ta watecement {ato o 0.40. A highor we ation hydatid cement alway leads to capl- lay pores ycraen depends on tem poretare arc accelerated by higher {omperatures. progresses fester in ‘he hal hours an days and becomes stoner over the cous of tere (rat ing). stops wen tere isnot ut Cent water avaiable, Eary and aco fuate curing ofthe concreta i thre- tere necessay, Hyer bind = 47 Hycreuety 0, 12 Water-bending capac the property (fa Binder to get and remain sls Fyorautcay, Lo wth wate both inthe fr and underwater, Hyaropnobic coment "A tater-‘epelont Portand comentto DIN 1168 to which ama amounts of Inytopnobic substanoos ee added ‘rig production. Is not hard by ‘moltre (ir) androscts wih water ‘only upon ming by machine eer ds- integraten ote coment gana ‘trough con wih he aggregate or the ground. Tis type of cements pro- ‘duced n srengin class 52 Rand is marly employed fr ground consok- Saton, Hyeropnaoie impregnation +74 Hyperbole paraboloid Aeraty tt “Toate detorine whothr a sloctod batch orfoadng egies frm a con- ‘ormng total amount. ts caed out by be purchaser of te eady-mixed lneree atthe bung st. DIN 1045 art Annax A covers te object '20pe and requoncy of such toss ‘The est depends on whether a designe ora preseribed maxis bong Supplied. Te standar also describes acoeptance eter. Impact araisis— 148, Impactigad > 142, 140 Impermeabo concrete 81 129,174, "79,180, 185,187,150 In stu concrete, cast in pace . rived Iryotion anchor + 179,174 Injston grout Empoyed to ilthetondon ducts of rosassed posttensioned concreto ‘omeonente DIN 4227 part § covers its producton, properties and iestng. Injecten method ‘Epoxy roo ia compressed under high- rossi by moans of special appa ‘atu when necting cosec-of cracks ‘neonerste nord to eal compo: ‘ents and inerock the sides of ho Ineting mtr! +88, 91,04 85,100, “2,185, Intracate gran ‘Gran eize that mal than the ‘coarse grain (usualy he largest rain) but ergerthan the fe ganar 60 provers mutval contact between the oarse gain of partouate mada. Tho intermediate grain sos theoretical = (0.205 x tho ext larger gra. Intralferco 115,157 15,160, 161, 12 168, 164 Intra tanking 170 Iron ene contont—> 47, 65 on onde yolowroablack 68,67 io Index and glossary int > 10,14, 15,18, 43,61, 65,66 Kaan, hina cay Latent nydautic ‘intershyraulic binder ony ‘gored, er produces svengtnsitoret- ingin engineering terms, upon the {ction ofan activator. Cinder sand ‘ha meat significant aubstanco oie kind n concrete tectna0g) Lateral bueding tera restraint» 147,148, 160,172 avacemert| Non standaraed cement made rom Pert coment onker and iava dit Leaching, ‘Water seeping through 8 concete body can ababro soluble components trom the cement, semeties aso fom ‘he aggregate ts water reaches the Saloce and ovaporatos, he dsselvod ompcnerts main as residue on the surface end orm blemishes forts or damage wehin the ence ‘Cmpenent Lowe coments ress ltr. The addon of Wass or sar rockets can im ti pebiom arc ‘aybo oven prevent ‘and nonce iow evength Used ter Dining layers, to compensate for (evenness nthe subsot an as a protoctvo ayer above/balow damp- proof membranes, and or consol ing and ing pockets te subso Leveling sored 119,114 Litt concrete) Light brushing an wasting —» 72 Ligweight) sana Ligeia conreto > 4, 60, 5,52 57, 58,59, 60,61, 6263, 6465, 82, 83,87, 93,94, 100, 101, 175,180, 184, 195, 198, 199, 205,258,239, 250, 253 Lughwelght concrete beck —» 4, 68 Lightweight presressed concreto—> 167 ‘Denst< 2000 kin suitable agar ‘gates are expanded saletcay, ‘amd slag and pumice Lughtwight renercad sanereto—> 164 {gheight concrete forthe production cfleadbearng, rertorced and, occa- ‘sonal, pressed components 8nd ‘Sructurn ea concrete wth closed ‘microstructure, 2. without wots, and Is reduced wholly or party using ight- ‘waht aggregates coneast to rer ratnaight concrea, this type of cor Crates charactoisod bya lower sa ‘wait (max 2000 kg). The aggre (ates usd are mainly expandea ‘layshale, foamed sag and price, ‘which also improves te thea co ‘etn, DIN42T9 covers his ype of onereo. l conesponds to conerete ‘1ade LB 18 atleast The mises eau ter cman song anc don ‘sty oan only be doermines by means ‘fa satay teat In cong 90, ‘omant contort must be aes, S00 kg Uma meta 8, 9, 10,52 Lime pappingfiowing “hls can bo caused by Hoerated me (Ca0) cement when te ie sor sent large quarts ina coarse tystaling form. The # Dacauze PS cton wth wate progresses varyIndex and glossary Foor la formar oo lab sutabl for vobiular atc Foor lab with etsiting > 128, Footing sytem» 106, 108,114 Flowableconcrte — 68 Frosh concreto wove mound size lowing the consstency test measures 200-600 mm and exhibits good fom ‘bly and adequate cohesion. tis produced fom airesh concrete of Paato to sot coneistony range (kPxF} by subsequently adang a Superpastiiser. As supeplastci ‘10 ony ofecv fora ited tino, ‘0 min, this ype of eonerate is een produced on ste by adding the past ‘ler tothe tuck mor There are {adelines wo cover this provedire ‘Contrary to earierassurtns, his ‘ype conerete must tb compact: ‘ed when being placed, but minimum ‘compaction is adequat. As af, the (Ober properties of tis conerate— ‘stengt, stage, creep, et. — do ‘ol dite em hese of he criinal ‘concrete witout superpastior wit Identical compaction. ying buts 23, Famod concrete 5D Foared slag 4, #9, 66, 94 Foaning agent Used for producing foamed concreta ‘nd very height mora. This ere ‘10 large numberof smal, scrote ‘bubbles recty nthe mera or ‘onerato. is aed during ming (longer mining tm required) or est ‘raed wth vata to create a tam ‘ich than mxod into tho mortar or Concrete. Sabilsng addives ensue that to high ae contents rlanod vie th concrete wrk Folded plate scare > 25 35,151, 12, "64,165, 167 Force dv to change in drcton Forksupport => 147, 160 Formation of plastic inge —> 113. Fomwevk pana 39,62, 68, 68, 108, 134,198, 198, 220 Formwork ttre > 05 Fonrwexk tafe bot “Tris connects ogeter formwork for als ety sucha wa that ho pos tion notated by the prosoure of tha concrete as ts peed ito he form. The spies ype the twists wie oA srkng, te onds pros Ing above the eurtace of the concrete sre cut of, However, rut causes Lnsitlybloishoe on tho euraco. “Many systems have boon dovecped apd patented to avd Ps problem “Tes canbe othor compet extracted forrouse, or remain within the coneelo (ends unsorwed or broken of). The ‘ooose inthe concrete ed with reir mortar. Ties often serve as s30- fr athe same time, Tie for basement wall, channol, ark, ot. must bo formed such a way tht water under prossure cannot seap trough hand. Dotormaton of te ferme must be avoided mn order o guarantee the dmersional accuracy of the con- crete, Formwork panels and supports ae subjocte to the prossuro of Pe wet concrate, ts slfweight and ads tonal toads such as wind posed loads, sored ator, etc, To form ‘work must be secured apart top. ping, calpee, bucking, ulin, ee, byvengihening it wih srt, ral, posts and anchors. In aden ¢ must Be clean and impervious. Timber, tel plastic er combinations of those real ratio frmark Most Types of tree must berated wih aeiease agent betes concreting in (order to provent the cancrete adoring toe formar “The moat coremon ype of formwork "fied forms, gtr foundations, walls, columns, beams, slabs + movable forms, e.g. xing frm xr Frame-ypo folded plate structure reo‘ shell> 151, 164 Froezng (of the concrete) Dury cod woathersoiiction and \dovelepment of strength ae delayed. In fosaing conetons the doveopment ‘of srengthsimost stops water in ‘ey placed concrete reezes, he ‘onerete merosvuctur can bo oo ‘ened by the ensuing ce pressure or ‘San even burst. The sonorete mx ‘th protocton, wihtande @ one-off tteezing conaton wthout aamage Expennes has shown tat conereto ith compressive srengh = Nir? roves the necessary rezing resis- tance. Froszinghostresitance “Aconcreto resistant to eee ‘anon can wirstan a sings hocze- ‘hw oyte witout damago. Tas the ase vith a compressive stenath 225 Nim, Prerequisto forts 6 pro- toctng the concrete against excossivo Ingress of moist. rot apron > 140, 168 Fret heave Frosttrezing resistance > 137 "The property of conereto and aggre- gate to wihstane fret and reezing Condens without damage, Frou oezing ‘Metrod of making te sol stable and |mporvous to wale. The advantages ‘depend onthe anpicaton but ince preventing lovering ofthe water table, Dreventingsetioment of naighbourng Bullings,evoing the need or sup port excavations. Fullprostess “The tons srasas are completly ‘etraiced by the prestress nthe con. rete crose-secion. Fulrdsplacement bored ple Gap-gaded samreaste ‘Graded aggregate n which one or ‘more nominal aes of aggregate ‘betwen the net and coarsest a camites. The gracing curve i renuer, running horzetaly at porns wh ‘20s are missing thre reno cr sponding oversi20 or undorsze grain. CGap-oradng can be aovantagecus however, a check o entre adequate werd necessary. Gasket > 262 Gas-stcate concrete “hiss produced either on the basis ical raw meters using seam furng and iene oF cement, or fom miature ot ime and ground (allcato- reactive) natural san. Comoressive Strenghs exceeding 100 Ni can ‘hatter be achieved. The ow ree lime content man tat therefor Gaussian curves) ‘German Busing Technology natuta—+ 120,188 Cirser > 107, 109, 114,198, 40,142 147, 149,180,181, 158,290,288, 265 Gtasscrote Type of constuction using glass and Intrmahate reread concrete ro 9 wich the intoracton of those ators IS necessary to accommerat th oad Design and werimananp is covered by DIN 1045 section 20, Used for Producing lity loaded wal, tors fn oot (lass ter rinlored concreta—+ 224, 225, ‘concrete to whch akalesetart (ase foes in a erm of snipe are Ace in dort improve the onsie Sangh. impact strength and eiastty of the hardened concrete. Th proper ‘on of fess rotate kw 5% by ‘a Gass res are easy nograted in ‘coment. bound mtx by various Ghingteenaing to) concrete Dist sperovlis required for shoar- resistant adhesive jos between soo! Plates and reinercod concrete compo- hans. Rainfocod concrete compe. nents canbe stenathaned by atach- ing steel plates, or segments n recast constucton and unsupported ca ever work can be ved together. This mated should not be used Tor dynam: [cleads, and re reaistanco must be Brovedn every single case. IN 4227 Bar 3 covers he boring of segments ‘Coa-curing shot resins o oomonts vith synthe rin adetives can be Used a binders. (ected nts in ‘as nich shoarfrcos must be ‘Toretered a0 provided wth ne ser: ‘ations ~ sta ager ea top. (Grade ~ 48,45, 60,51, 52,54 56,57, ‘58,60, 63,66, 87,01, 96, 119 ‘Alt grain sizes between two ac ‘cent gracing lis; designates by the {upper and lower gracing Its. caded aggregate ‘Agorogate consisting ofa into of ‘corso and fre grains (sand). A grad (6d agorogate can be produced wot ‘ror sparation ino aggregate S200 ‘ut also by mixing together coarse anc fine aggrenates crading coatteant “Agoregate gracing and water require ‘ment of sggregate in concrete, dot frie tm te sum of th esis on th sloves a a standard save sot % ltalrtvaume roarton racing curve CGrasparicle size (Gravalhie conorete—> 217 “ype of concrate whose aggrgate comprises synthetic hard matorale cr arta hard natura ston, 0.9. Zechite tis employed for conerato ‘surlaces requiring ahigh rosstance \woar and abrasion, eg indusiral foors (Gravel 10, 18,21 43,48, 49, 06,67, 75,102,112, 149, 149, 168 172. 1 182, 183, 185,187, 22,296,237, 283, an Cravel concrete ‘esgnaton or normale coner ‘mage rom sand an gravel. Ts torr Is usualy used when wo wh to ditin ‘uish is ype of concrete rom anat ertype 6.9: chip concrto. Grinding Grinding acctve ‘Substance ade to cement cing ginding Grinding tenes +05, “ine grning toes of coments assessed according is spect sa face and calelatd by means of ar pemaadly measurements ro 6 DIN 1164 part 4. Ts standard raqures a grinding nenees ofa ast 2200 e/g this may be reduced to 2000 a9 in special cases. Tere c ‘no upper mit because hare sro er Classifeds coarse, tose above 4000 ong as re. Vary tne coments have values betweon S000 and 17000 c/.Finaly ground Poriana coments exhib fst ryaton snd high inal sen. Grp aia— 61 Grit 48,40, 68,70 Grosefulk dent Buk dens utable expression tr ‘tipped, loose matral,e.. cand gravel rosea denaty class Ground ancher—> 172, 173,174 (Ground granulated) blastinace (ise) Inacdton to Portland cement cine, the man conettuont is inde sana ‘Te folowng types ae avaiable Dastumace cement wih 36-80% by wt Cinder sand, Prtand bastiznace ‘coment wih 635% By cnr sano, Portand puverice fol ach basi ‘ace cement wih 0-20% by wi cnder ‘Ground ead 51,85, 11, 140, 340, 68,170, 172,174,180, 81,182,165 187,180 ‘Grout 49,60, 95, 111,120,121, 127 337,147, 150,166,187, 168,170, 17 173,174, 180,186, 260 ‘type of concreto or mortar wih fu ‘consistency thats used fring ‘oomsses, erocion apanrgs te ‘io forthe bed of grt beneath bo Ings which, weg to her exponenresut ofa favourable tesh conerste rmaxusing clean aggregate, but iso Intensive mong, compacton and curing, Density of concrete Depends primary on the densites of ‘te raw mates used in he concrete bt also onthe compaction and mos: ‘ro content othe harganed concrete Inthe a-red tte, tho deny Nuc ‘ates, for example, or nomab-woight onoree, between 2100 and 2400 ka Designed (const) mix “Aconerao for whch the required poo fortes ae adctonal quran Spectied tthe manufacture, wei responsible fr producing a conrate which comis wit bs specteaton. Tiss rormaly to case nthe orcer- ing and supply of readymed con crete The st tar te ead raad concrete warks ofthe properties required to suit operations ont when Placing an order. The ready mixed Ennorete suppor guaratoes to pro: vide the specied proper and car- es ou te contort analysis othe Standards proportes. Detection of sia reinforcement “The detector of layers of reo mont in feigned rertorces coverete Components. Rotorcomert dotectors ae detromagnetc devices whch can ko be used 10 detect services Development of svongth,stongth gain > 3 ‘The development of sang of he coment and the eonerete depends on ‘ge, watericement ato, typeof Coren cent strength less, sem ‘tres and ambient conctions (ampere ‘ue and hurt). At the stat tis tasty, than ltr Becomes slower and ower unl ul hydration is ecieved. ‘The intuoncing factors have 8 pari lary noonabe effect dung the a ‘ew days. Alow watevooment rato and high cement stength resutin he Strengh developing taster: iowso, 9 higher temperature. An undtrbed evelopment of strength requires ade ‘uate mature nthe cones Diaphragm wal» 43,173, Dereon 156 Displacement > 110, 140,159,172 Deplacoment pio 172 Detrbstion of shear sresses Demo’ 10, 11,17, 23,90, 31, 4,44, 78, 08, 164,182,157, 168,160,163, 210 Double-to0 tor uit 121,122,124, 125, 128 Dowel at >, 57,185,100 DDownstand boam + 709,151,185, Dewan plo 171,172,175 Deng rain bad 81, 82 ry batchod materiale ‘nconsetent mk of matvae consietng of coment dod aggregate and. applicable, admicures produced nthe ‘work and ulably packaged for stor ge. Adding the corect aroun of ‘water and subsequent ming s Foqueed, in accordance wih he ieec- tie for producing ry packaged mate- tures, ar conveyed othe speaying rnozzie praumatical, whore the wate, {and laud concrete acmxtres it focused, med, Drying (ou behaviour uct shea “Condit trough which th patoed. Gost subsequent nected {o provide coroson rotcton, Duration af he asstance Dust wap 76 Dusting» 69 “The process of tne grains becoming etachad toma concrate satace a & resut of inadequate microsruchal tahesion The surfaces atfected appear rough, Possible causes are a low cement content premature rvng ‘tthe conereta duet inadequate cr ing, or highly absorbent omer ary soting/hardering ’ accelerated change in consistoncy, towards a ster conistency con trast oth normal behaviour of ech oneree aed comet mortar ary shrinkage cracks ‘hon incorecty calls ortraction crack, These occur main on ‘expec sit laced conerete rapid crying out. tenon ae "Plast avnkaga”. As ong a5 he concrete sill workable, hese ‘racks can be closed by revrating the concrete, Such crack can some: ties be very doop. Howover,"cazhg” Ison ory ted depth, ary orongth > 48,51 Edge boa» 1, 168,165, 166, Edge deturbanes = 156, 162 Edge stp — 166 Efectve water content “otal of ming wate plus surface moisture cn aggregate or aready pro contin adaives and acre, Eectvewatereement we) rato “1 The quantity of water wich dtr -npes the watreement rats he ‘Sumof tho srt mele on th ‘sggregat plus the mong water If Dart of water in the coment pasts ‘ssorbed by bw aggregate (partcutary ignwelghtagaronat), Ihe elecie wl rato s caculted trom the emaiing wate avai {or hydration divided by tho coment contort A prescribed wie ratois ‘opt win rlabvoly ight tir ‘ances when the required amount of ‘roing water is nreased bythe ‘ameart absorbed by he ry ‘aggrogao (n partcur ligtwoight ‘aggregate within he frst 20 mn. 2. Wontaipod as conan ghar han 118% by vol aro achioved, ‘trough the us of actves, tho ‘envaned ar content p exceeding {8 ehould be cde othe ‘watrcontart win Koh. The ‘fectve we rats us wee) fects of wins ‘Wied temperatura and rlatve hui ty define the ambient condons under ‘Wein new canerete shoud harden Song winds bring wih ther he isk ‘of prematur drying ofthe concrete, ‘This must bo avoided by moane of out able curing measures. cettorscence > 3 ‘Alight, vole decoloraton of tho concrete surface which imps he appearance But doesnot noray Fave ay affect onthe quay of he onerela. Caused by water enced it yao ime aperating rom the eurtae of the concrete. Upon ‘contact wh te ar ha hyated me (caloum hydro) is converted calcium carbonat, wich sprcteally ‘soluble in water. Etevescence ‘oneraly woakened by tho eects of {he weather and fen csappoars atogather ove the course ote. Elasi hecry > 128,187 Elasomeorie bearing > 113,120,196, "91 [lecric heating (ot concrete) Elipical spell =» 163. Emoossing > 69 Energy-saving), energy economy 78, 187,85, 90,104, 194 Envaied a otal quant ofa remaining inthe concrete oven ater carol com pacton: Mado up ofthe compaction ores ana, apelleabl, heat pores ‘onerated by ar envarers. Spectiog Dy 0 Enrapped a "A clusion weich remain inthe con ‘ete even afar caret compaction. pony rosin-+ 73,179, Equttvium conto ~» 187,160 Equvalent dametor> 51,97 Equvalent load 61,62 Expanded olay 48,49, 60, 66, 7, 69, ‘4 247 Expanded pyeyrne baad concate > (Contains aggregates made fram ‘foamed plese boa, Oning tthe ‘ow densi ofthe aggrepste,seore- ‘ton occurs easy Te rw mata ‘ox producing polystyrene (nw des ‘aon: potyphenyathone) i sree (ving benzene, phenyhone) which 'S produced tom benzos snd etyen, Expanded shale 4, 49,60, 68 Expanding covers suphcalurinate c ‘Nor-standarciced cement wich, d= ing hyaton, does not ik ike al ‘ther coment, ut instead increases ‘ts wosume somewnat. This sweling, ‘mally increased stingt expan ‘Son i, however, contoid sat ‘xparsion racks do et ooour. This ‘ype of coments ual produced by ‘tincng and maxing ordinary Porta ament wh high-akarina coment (as the propa). and aypeun real ‘un aumina spate and ee tm 58 Pot produced in Germany. xpooue class ‘Gassifcaton ofthe chomlel and Dhysicel ambient conctons to wich {ha concete canbe subjected during |S service fe. Also the condone tat {can havea cose efecto he con ‘ete, the rerfrcement or metal ‘Paes but re not considered as lacs ine senso of he sructral ‘oma tanking 83, 129,170,100, 167,189, ‘ema vibrator = 64, 164 Facade casing 225,256 Facade panel» 135,198,187, 179,180, 212 Facing concrete 248, ‘layer of concrete with a ierent mi. placedin rent the adbearng con Index and glossary oto of pans and chor slemonts for ‘architectural, bulding sence o also ‘out reasone. Ts layer mast bs ‘ime bended tote undying cor {ote and should be a east 10 mm ‘hick. The coment content can cata ‘etwoon 350 an 450 Kah depend Ing onthe mix Puverisod fol ash (PFA) shoud not bo usedin uch con- rete nord nto impair the rese- tance to feezing and descing als. Face skies! Farsace concrete 20,21, 22,98, 94, (96,57, 41,42, 49, 65,68, 60, 72,73, 177.137, 138, 195,196, 200, 02; 206, 212,216,218, 20,228,282, 234,244 248,276 Ferrocement— 118, 187,158, 198, 208 ‘Compeate atrial made rom coment ‘mortar and wie reedoreemont ot walled precast concrte ements so ‘ad or boat bulng, Fre tinerood conrato +224, 225 “Rconcrett which bes are added ‘othe coment paste or resh concrete 'n order to improve tha tele stent ‘pact srengt and detormabity oF ‘ha rardened concrete. Asbestos, plastic, glass and soo res ar used Inpracice. orereinerced sprayed conceto ‘General term or sprayed concrete to wich bes inthe form of sips of varie (us atolls have been added as ‘eevorcement i crder to prove 08 {an properes. The main ybes are ‘Steel, glass, carbon and various sy thete foes, eg. aryic and poly ‘amido, hich are tended ren: ‘orc the hykated coment mats. Toy ‘must howover, exhib mcronsed aka resisianee. fata)» 117,150,154 Fret lspersod inorgan natura ‘minora or synthete mater vth a primary physical eect. These shoud ‘ot have any negative etecs on con- ete properties such as dura Final ereep cooticient > 62,63 Fal srekage sain — 62,68, Fre gan ‘Sze of grin which can just pass ‘trough te rarow spaces botwoon the spheres of te orignal non ‘ain size when these are packed {ity together Inthecry the ne gran 15 20.198 xthe nest largest ra, Fre ginging +70 Fre (compartment) wal-> 97,90, 13, 160,250, Fre protection 46,78, 94,98, 96,9, ‘98,09, 101,102,105, 106, 113,114, 121, 127, 194,142,188, 108 Fre sistance 14, 61,94, 95,95, 09, 10, 102, 109, 115,122, 123,127, 134, Fre resistance class-+ 04, 5,96, 2, OH, 102, 105, 115,122, 129,184, 146, lo sealing wen yale eng ong, Fat lab —> 16,108,117, 118,119,120, 128,125, 134, 174, 202, 240,242 Fat la with fared coum Reads —> 18 val deturbanoe —> 156, 161, 168Index and glossary placed concrete. the shortest possible vansportaton ‘Conerto surface fish ‘and conveying tines. Th best soluion CConeret win exposed egarogate ish sg to placo to coneole mrmodatohy, CConeretng— 23 ‘ater mang In excoptonal case, ‘That pat ofthe concrete producton this rot possible, ten the concrete chain that nudes conveying placing, must be protacted agar ho weather spreading and compacing as wellas” (un, wind, ra). General, ste-nixed fining surfaces retin contact win” _onerate shouldbe paced and com fomwerkand wich must be worked pated wari 30 minutes dung oy, whe the concrete is tl resh. Opera: warm weather and win 1" during tions must arranged such tht we Sool wet weal, spectieg pours canbe competed wit Conereng opening» 60 Concrete cover iorentorcorent “The enforcement requires concrete Govern ero ensure + protection againet cores, + Inaintrance of the bon, + fhe protectin (p28), ‘Minimum dimensions min. Tor Gonerato cove fo protect the reniercemont ‘against cerosion [nm] ¥0 C2 Envron- [Examples of Reriorcing siest | Preavessng stl mont jervronmentcat. | gonjareabod |= 40/50| gon stressed] = C 4080 eategery len ‘sin t 1 inteiersotresicentat [15 [is | 15 [25 |2s | 25 or ffes ullangs (ony applies ro mero 22a hs fas (ao fas | as > lo | 20 [as loo | 30 aggressive sitar ‘sah ost | + Intl components infgh pure onctons and sub- lected oot 3 |Btemalcomponans [ao fas | 38 [60 [45 | 5 subjected to Fost and ___|aeteng sat | 4 (aco |+ Comporerisin [ao fas | 38 [60 [a5 | aS with | splashing water frost | zones oF components inmoreed n 308 ‘war, one sutace | otwpicnis exposed otear + Components in sal |" laden ar arecty on (aseoue, qui, soc) | ‘Agarossve Insti! | ‘atmosphere Se [Moderate aggressive |90 [25 | 25 ‘hema aimosohere (Gaseous, qui, soc) Se [Hoh aggressive | 40/35 chemical simoschero (Gaseous, quid, soc) | 50 | 4s 0 Conformity, compliance “Agreement btwoon the properties ofa ‘concrete as produced and its pre= ‘serbed (specited) properties. Con- ‘ori sverited by means of tests on random saris and evaluation ofthe fesuts according Io estabishod sai teal methods. Ae 10% contory i ‘ot normaly possible the standard Species coviomty criteria nwrich ‘he permits dovtions are ak down, I these teria ae met, the production ‘may be assumed to bein conirmty roa of contoaty savas an bigs tion ofthe concrete producer, rrespeo tive of whether prodcton takes pa ia reagy-noced conoret works an onto batching plant. CConfaminycomplence teria ‘rita which must be met prove te conformity ofa eonerete procicon ‘The standard specifies cra, above al forthe compressive svength, bat ‘80 for consstoney, watarcemant ato and otter eevant properties of ‘he tosh andhardened core, The ‘tera canbe requremonts for an ab- ‘ote msm omnia valu, ranges of values cr fer sisal pars- ‘mates basog on an overal tet value, CConsstenoyiscosty ‘Moasire of te werkatilty and com- Pectabity of esh concrete. Clsated 8 ver sit sf plas, so vary st, fais ena very Wid according othe etintions of vicosty range CConsctncyscoay ange ‘range defines hots witin wich ‘he visooty may vary. Detemined by means ofthe viscost test DIN 1085 parl2disingushes between saven ‘sco ranges (09, CVF, C2, (CAS, Fs 5, F5, F8) and nudes the ‘associated measures ot vost (mound suo, compacting fact) E1206 pats 16 spect four classe: samp clas, Vebe cass. compacting {actor las, mound size cass, ith tho seeociated mesaures of viscosity Construction ort 68,112,120, 10, “83,187, 189, Contty eect + 112 Continuous bear 119,151 Continous cruribaro mise, cont ‘oust rating dram m. Continous ping ‘Continous slab» Continuous troughs mixer, cont. open: ‘oprpanm. Convortonal revorcoment +17, 120, ur Cooling, lowering the temperature (ot concrete) Moasures to reduce he temperature ‘ofthe concrete n mass concrete com onents or during het woater. ‘Achieved, or example, by proving ‘shade or srinking the coarse ager ‘ate with cooing water om. exam le, s:deep wall or by ackang isa or ‘roving a supply of ad avogen. Ccorbel > a0, 128, 125, 127,142,149 CGoresion 81, §2, 55, 58, 57,60, 120, 1ST, 150, 187,179,242 ‘Stoo carodes consioraDy in the presence of war and carton sci Iron oxide “ust toms: approximate compoation 2,0, = Fe(OH This ‘takes of easy. Creal for ho rusting process isthe presence of carbone ‘20 which fitaly tome hore soluble onl) carbonate. Absorption (twat and oxidation in Wo preserce of amospherc oxygen gies rio te ron) yori. Ts Ss some tthe wate ana becomes nist. The formation of rust ntalson nerease volume. (Cover to bar nest concrete sutace Crack 15, 16517, 60, 110.191. 112, 113.120, We estrguish betwoon sutace ana separating racks. Surface ‘rack ony feta smal art ofthe ros-secten and toquonty raceme ‘network of mech Soparting racks stfect ange pats ofthe cross-section {e.g tonsen zone, web) ere wrens ‘rose eocton. Theil of erackang ca De reduced or prevent by moars oF Cconsietional measures, the concrete mix the method of placing, carta cu- ing andthe provsion fr crack oration ‘natural property of concrete. Fro, "usualy ive eracks cn rn forced concrete components suojecies te terslon or boning even under sr vests. Tis taka ito account © Teifored concrete design Te mest Important constuctona measures taken to prevent undesable cracking fe the slain of rntcarent, ‘which does not provent cracks but di ‘ruts them in such away tat mary tow ats Rence harass crac ‘nave, and the pronsion aot DDependen on te amb contions cack wide of 0404 mm ar re. 2rdod a totaly accopabl. In most {casos ts suticlent in reinforced con ‘to constuction simpy to concen! the cracks; pant or pastoris usualy adequate When applying a alt 1h, is usualy receetary ensure thal the crack @ otted fet oat ot the ertaoe, ‘rane beam => 14 (Groop > 17,62 63, 110,11, 140,150, "96,163,186 couing (Concrete requros sufcent moisture forthe seting process. Furhormore, when now it must be preted agarst the euences of heat cold rin, sro, wind (ying ou), runing wate, cher ‘calatack,sotng, also against vibes ‘ion and shock instar a ene culo woakon the concrete microsrucue (Ging actites depend one exert ‘and nature of posse tunes. Dry ‘arng (hut water) has proved 10 b= ‘ed at protecting against ying 9. covering wth plat shooting (which nthe case ofa faceconcret> should not touch the surace). Water. byimspung and autumn, oop foundation + 106, 188,171,172, 173 Detection + 110,118, 1 143,14, 183, 185, DDetermaton nox Degree of harening Denso conerate > 50, 81 Dense microstructure 50, 198 ‘Cohesion between nyraied comer and aggregate wih amin prope ton of vids, reveuist er dad Innomarwoigt concrete. 1s 2,Index and gosser Cement sorond—+ 89,217,219 CColoued plement» 06,68, 68,72 ‘ete of nema grads. The compres: the aggregate must be taken ras ‘Mace rom cement, aggrogat and Cohn ve srongth of customary aggregates account The concrete must corsa = olor plus. applicable, accures Calum gid > 18,117, 124,125,127, is 180-300 Nin ‘mount of cemort at qurartoes m= ‘2nd aves, 10 DIN 18560. Dided 181,204, 242 Compressive esses in concroto—»62__requived compressive seg a > into compressive svength classes CoLmn ead (elarged) Goncrote admiturfadive > 47, 49,50 ta case cf vortercod concen o> ‘ccerding to tstson 28-day-afd CGolurmmourtod ane 142 Concrete cover» 83,60 tection ofthe sel against concer frisms. Stength casses ZE 5S and Comb chee» 6) (Concrete cover alowance ‘The agorogetes ther make-op acoor> ZE 65 ae generally produced as hare Compactabily ease of compaction The vakes given n DIN 1045 forcon- ing tomnominal sizes and he grasins = ‘The propery ofresh concrete which __—cretocoverorervorcamentare mini; the aggragate moet enrenrcra coe “he detachment of pigments and ors erated a ares of degradation of ‘he binder atthe surtace ofa coating. ‘chameto conerste ‘type of concrete to which chamete ‘eqgrenate has boon added to morove ‘shat reastanoe, change in eng Channel a Channel Socton floor unt» 21,127 {28 the aggregate nthe progucton of {ns type of conereta. is workabity \sualy 8 good as gravel concrete The compacting facts! proterred for assessing consistoncy. Th tense, bending and spiting tnsie srengte ‘ffs typeof concrete are appro 10- 20% greater ran these of ave oan. ote forthe sane compressive sttengt oving tb regu ube to spirtrstke rain shape and owing to the angular and ough srtace of he broken aggregate, Theta can crete strong also beter Used na ‘ald of concreto constuction, Cinder sand 48, 68 CGreulartoundaten = 168, CGroumfernt! orca» 157 Groumierenal prosress > 156 (Crcumierenia reinforcement 168, 169, Gamprormwork vat ‘Gay brick 8, 1,25 4,86 €7, 200, ‘201,269,268 Ccumbing formwork > 198, 264 Formwork foro tower- te sructre wih ‘more or oes constant pan shape that 'sraisd at regu interac. The ma ‘lementisa arg fork semant Similar fo hat used or wal. The mainder consists of corbee anchored atthe base of the sructre. Ths sores ‘as awerkng platen raging and supporing the formwork components ‘A Bato for subsequent work can be ‘suspended undomeath required. “ypical applica fer clmbing form work are bridge piers, Et stats chim hoy, colng towers, soa, te, ‘Cosod perety ‘This is crested in concrete by using foaming agers r propels. The ‘eaultog enclosed, spherical expan- ‘son pores ean that water can ony bo ‘wansported the form of vapour under normal ambien’ cenditors Coal tar epoxy resin 73 Coating 28, 48,56, 6,68, 69,79, 74, 75,81, 120, 127, 140, 222 Ccosficinto heal expansion + 62,69 Cohesion +64 Col, to, onsen member Coloration =» 68,73 Coiou coating) > 8 (Calo soheme > 78,250, reveals how much work neds fo be ‘one in order to compacta cota ‘uanty of concrete. Ths property Dart of ho werkabty ‘Compacting “>, 60,51, 60, 6, €8, 129, 134,157,987, 170 ‘Ths the stop folowing pacing of the concrete in which a ln-vois, dense coneretomirosructure i and by forcing out the ai bude. Sere ‘re generally compacieg wih ig weight viratn tmpere. Conoreta mombore are compacted using various ‘metreds depending on type of con Suton and eonsstnoy amping ‘odkng, ‘shock eatment, compres- Son, centugal eee, vacua snatring, lng ‘Compacting, compacten — 15,47, 51, ‘7,129,194, 137, 188, 202, DiBt approval i requrod ter shear- resistant adhesive ots botwoen see! plates and rntarced concrete compo: hors: Rarorced concrete compo. rons canbe evengtenod by attach- ing sia lates segments in ore ‘cast corsiveton ana unsuppered Cantlove work canbe glued ogethar This method shou not be used for ‘dynamic lads, ana ro restance ‘must be proved i every sala case, DIN 4227 part 3 cover the Boning of ‘segments Cold curing eynnetic resins fr comonts wth synthases acd tives canbe used as binder, {jected arts aes n ion shear forces must be anelored are pro. ‘ded wit fe sratens simlar oa ger fart in aminated ber con {Compaction by vibration 17, ‘Composite cement» 47,65 ‘Standarcsed comont wih main type of ‘cament being CEM Vwi tree main cansttuerts. Thon terme of quay, irapaceabie main conatuert is Port land cement clinker: CEM V/A rust ‘contain at east 40%, CEM VS at east 20%, Other main coratuonts can be ‘onder sand, natural ass or natal tempered pazzolanas or col tr pu versed fol ach INEN 197 par 1 ‘overs the propartis and competion ‘of such camonts, DIN EN 208 part 1 land DIN 1085 part 2 thelr oe fy con- rete. Composite coun > 129,138,178, 20 (Compost coneructon 15, 17,288, ‘Atype of constuction in which toe ‘beams and sto shooting are connect eto the const o cary te loads in. Compote for (ab) Compressive strength of conereta) > 10,17, 18, 48,60, 51,82, 5, 54 8, 6,57, 58,50, 60,64, 120, Compressive strengn of aggrogato "Natural occuring sands and gravels land the aggregatos obtained rom ‘bese are nermaly so song owing to ‘te preceding rail exposure tat they can be usod for producing con ‘mum values. in oder tobe ab (0 for sulabity Garry roducson martin hi a every pot ofa com- 2 concrel and enabie proper were Bonent under sits conlens, the stuc- ingot the cones. Fai-ince conrom {url engineer must asa value (Ac) 9 in patcular requires concrete wen = ‘hese mnienum values (min. ), The feast werk anc has 3 go wat nominal concrete cover) is there = fetaining aoilty A conectont corcren min.c+ Ac. According‘ therecam- _ mixia pareasaiysnpertane, mendations of to Garman Commitee Concrete provaion' {or Reiniorced Concrete (OASIS), the That pat the concrete production ‘Concrete cover alowence's ganeraly chain thal nehides a the processes 501mm fr external components but from unloading, storage and baring ‘nly mm special moasures are of th raw matress oth mixing of Pe employed ‘concrete and vansparaton of he ren Concrete for radiation sheng ‘concrete othe buleng se, The were [Concrete for etaning aqueous Raulds > _tahos place in atoning plan We > 8 tings eretore between ready Concrete vith high mpermeebity mixed and sto‘mixos concrete, Concrete for water olan purposes ‘opening on where tie produce. Ine est DIN 1048 water peneva- Cancel batching plas rede sx tion shoua not exceed 0mm aver- age facies forcement aggregates age of te tet on samples). Te df necoseary, admires, a water type of conceeta is used for eompo- suppy, dosage equipment and maxars nents parmanenty subjected to water The most mperantaspac ths part ‘none side (6g tanks, och, swim oth production Is the ming othe ming poos, pipelines) concreto ‘Concrete grade“ 116,128, 190, 182, Concrete stongth—+ 47, 60,138, 250,298,264 ‘Concret erength at an age ofa fw Concrete micortuctire — 50 hours or days can be improved win 2 [Concrete mix» 13, 46 7,86, 57,69, sulle concreto max andor rest 5,78, 19,167, 173, 108,300 24 tteatmont. important for tastrcccvs: “The mixraso ls spactiod inte of tion ofthe stuchre, earer ering ot roportons by weight ofthe individual the formerk or procast components ‘Sonstivents. Themmoisue content ot eller raszngreistance of newly ‘Concrete grades and mechanical properties (Nien EC 2 xe cra1e|o1620|cz0a5cosno|caner cose Com al [2 fie aos [so fas Jao promane ) 20 foe fas fee fas fase Seon _ Tersig fen _-[18 [19 [22 feo foo fsa Jas sean srengh fron [it [is [is fis joo 2s lee lar (fo Sem (20 |2s |2o bo (aa fee lao lao (Ss Noa €, [2000 27st 2000 S650 [sna eas ssn | 300037000 reise Uinaie 009/36 [35 [Sa Jas [a2 far [so /z9 ]za san epva3s [35 los [as [es [as [Ss [ae [38 "ce ine fr doternining intra ores 2 one fer determining dimensions of cessation Proterod grades are printed n bold type. =a Ss The fours nthe table ae Inked by he The characterise value of ho resistance toowng rlatonehps (te loac-caryng capac) calculated Compressive stength trom the charactrste sranath vals characters valle ty {or concrete, fr steal and fr pre aroragevele =f +8 stressing stools dotormned 8 dviding Tensiaseonath ‘by the part eat facto. ‘average vale ty, = O33? lowerfsctlo tony = OF fay, upper tactio fon = 12a Modulus of istic 2Ver2G@ aN Ey = 9500 fg! 281Index and glossary ‘Acid etching +78 ‘stone edorcement > 100,114, 117, Acs — 1,50, 62,89, 65,196,170 264 ‘ated to cement uring production ‘cimtre—~ #7, 49, 50 ‘Added to concrete during mixing Admatroative ‘Adrntro aod 0 concrete moc ‘uring mixing ‘Adie ade Wo coment during ‘ray be a natura, ndusta or syed ‘rata ‘Arbor poltant > 5 ‘Aeerrainod concrete > 52 ‘Ar pore 52 ‘Amount orontrcoment ‘Anchor, dowel—> 10, 90, 102, 17,120, “34,195 196,137 198,149,180, 154, 365,166, 173, 174,181, 189,222,262, 278 ‘cycle 59, 05,228 ‘no-crac rnoreement Application croctves ‘rch-ype folded pat structure ‘e-eruck latace concrete ‘s-trck ish “ype of conerate whose merostuctre contain a ores aso afer eeting. |S produced in an autocave by acting ‘8 propelant (8.9, aksnniom pow ‘alcum carbide or hyarogon super: ‘xie) to mera fray ground fine ‘rained aggregate contaning sicc ‘20, coment andr imo, wate. The {sos Pereby produced swel the com et, which then hardens rapa ‘Prough the uso of etoam curing (ON {1604165/4100). is characterised Dylow weight and vary goes thermal Irouton properties ready ut ‘hc led and accepts nals easily ‘acationgtudinal detoration ‘Auavongtudinal reo ‘AveViongtudinl sess ‘Beam and slab, T-boam slab ‘Seam gf slab» 118 Searype nied pate sructre > 151 Benavus in eo 46,04, 95 Bening oadacton Sensing mement gram Bencing rntocoment > 117, 187 Bending stength > 8 encing sess» 126, 197,108, Bentonite sry Bestumace cement > 47, 48 ‘Standardised coment coring ‘coment ink’ and aypeum andor an- Fryer as wo ae, necessary, grand inorganic mnerals, pls rape-cooled ‘and soncoquenty vied blastumace sag (end sand 36-80% by wt loosing “Atordonc for water to soparato out from concrete mixes. Comart as & ensty about rae tenes that of water ‘nd so tnde to ooo wrin tho coment paste. This can lead toa clear ayer of tater on te srtace afte concrete, ‘This tendncy forthe water to coparato ‘ut increases consiceraby withthe ‘watorcomont ato: tis grater ‘Coarsely ground than in fly ground ‘ements concrete tho water does rot separate cur quite so much asin pure coment pasts because cme of te mien water's used fr weting the fe aggregate Blemishes > 68,73 Blencingfixng (ot cements) Each coments optimised wih regard {o's sting peportos. Tha mxing of ‘coments should therfore be avoided i possible. rman cannot be avoided, {he sutabaty of remix must Bo vor fe ‘town — 120 Board formiork > 157 Bolster ciel > 69 Bond» 12,19, 14,35, 7, 42,74, 80, 06, 102,142, 194,120, 12,127, 134, 167 18 188 98,207, 217 {An"adhesve eect, based on ache- ‘on capil forces, exis betwoon the soe and the hydrated cement ‘Tris "achosive eft of adhesion depends en over factors, ncuding ‘ha roughness and cleanness ofthe surface othe stoo ts ane is inst: ‘enter a good bond and i dsrusted sor just minor dsplacomerts Without !achesion.afcton resistance i gener- Sted betwen te stat ana he cor Crate when pressures acing vencverse ‘othe soo are prsert. (Such rans ‘ore etoeses can aio om vans ‘verse compressive sreses due to leads or dinkage oa sweing ofthe ‘conerat. The ooetcent ! Wcton Is Fgh, = 03.06, owing othe aurace roughness ote stot nthe case @ ‘mechancaliterock betwocn te su {ce ofthe sol and to conereo, ho “concrete corals ierockng wih the iraguartios must et be sheared ot before th bar can side win the con- ete) Shear estance i the most steotve and mest retable typo of bond and ie necassary to exploit high Sal srengin. As ae, ts achieved {trough te use of roted bs bu ean ‘so be present wih highly twisted bars with a stale profle de othe “conacrow’ ect. Wt robe ren. {forcing bars the magnitude ofthe sheer resistance depends onthe shape and incinaton of tes, thor eight and ‘oar epscina. ‘Bonding coavoourse AAlayer wich improves the bond between an existing concrete substrate and a now bedol meray, 0.9, dung the retubishment of ronieced cone (ete suaces or ayers of concrete, (29, ne production of composts ‘ament screeds. ‘red plo 171, 172 Bracing, eifering 129, 143, 150,290, 242 Brick st Brick, masonry unit Bridge beam 120 Brushing and washing 72 Bullang materials las Bling services 85, 04,106,100, “10,118,119, 124,136,138, 202 Bulk denesy ‘Guatont of mass and volume including ary voids. The bux dons can ‘opond hoaviy on preteaimont ype ‘of storage and teping, Examples: (Gravely sand, 652 grading uve ary: approx. 1900 kg + Bi surface most: approx. 1860 kgm ‘coment Tease tipped: 900-1200 kin? + rated 1600-1000 kg ‘Bundd rntxcement > 18 Bush harrering 68 utress = 10, Calcium aluino terre +05 CCantiver (tor) sab CCantivere wit cenal bam Cali (8) (040. a coment past exbts a high ‘rw ratio, the water which cannot bo bndad bythe coments known as excess water. The space tis occupies Inthe hydrated coment reprosets a ‘jst of ne, fen nterrked, pores {2 100 en) known as cplary Poros. ‘The qualty ofthe hycratad cement anc tenes he concrete decreases asthe ‘volume of eapilry pores increases. capitry water ‘itor inthe capilay pores. can dety the ere of gravy and rsa as a rest ‘of stace tension ne pores. ‘carbonation 82, 53, 54 “he formation of caicium carbonate trom ha hytate tna ofthe hated coment as a esut othe elect of oar ans ace: Ca(OH), + 00,» C200, 17K. The carbone acid San come ‘rom the suroundng a orem wate Containing caronic acid. Carbonaton ‘$4 cuca factrin the corsion of {eetercement in reeterced concrete. ‘Te concrete cover must always be ‘tx enough to provethe cartons layer tom reaching the roorcoment. Cast in stot (component) (Cast in-st (too? slab (Castine ple CCastron~» 266,276 Cay inulin 82, $2, 09, 902,108, 220,248 ‘cavity air gop Cellar ra ‘Cement‘bound bung boars ‘Cement cinker—» 65, 60 “Tis ensuos in various clinker phases uring the manufactur of cement in rotary ns by heating the raw mate al unt hey ae sintered. coment content» 82,80 Coment go! “This ensue rom the coment paste luring nya fhe coment. Tho ‘rodts of Pyeration(escontally cal ‘hum slate hyerate and calcium Inyrenide) are designated coment go ‘The cement particles ao aly sur" ‘undead by atin coating. The pro= (Sats horton frm th wate fied vod which enioees each nd dl coment partie. occupies ‘Softy mere an Hace as much space ‘as the coment fom which ensues but has a lower vokane han thal akon by {he orginal comant win pe unbonded vate. The remaining ntermodato ‘Spaces betweon tho products of yay ‘ion lamalar, stag, fl and Ree form are known as gel pees, ‘cement meter 29,60, 9,165 ‘Gament paste 68, 72,242 ‘Goment paste requremant ‘Cement oiended i appicable) and ‘war, cmoares and adaves if Teaured, orm he coment past inthe fresh concrete. The amount roqured ‘depends onthe aggregate and the consistancy a the concrete AS thoy have emai surface areas and can be worked and compacted more say, ‘Sumy lephereal, cube}, ameaty ‘aggregates have a tower equement ‘han roughly broken, platens. tm {atod and epitry mars. Labors {or teas determine to coment pass ‘eqarement. To cots, the cert past le produced wih te necessary ‘Nalocement rato and added to ‘weighed quenty of aggregate with 2 ‘ry surface ut the deskod consston {yf acheved. Tis method shoud be ‘ed fer gap-graded agaregae or for {hgh fos contort. ‘coment requirement ‘Concretes with a particular quality Foque a cemart snd water contri 2 cra rat. fr example, tho ‘Sqgregate grading otha consisioncy ‘ttha concrato mex changes, the war ‘er coment paste requirement changes, too, Le wn the waterfoement ato remains coetant the esment requre- ‘mont must io change.Example 33Underg ton, Canary Wharf, LondonExample 33 Underground station, Canary Wharf, London, UK 209 Architects: Foster & Partners, London Struct Ove Aru 8 Partners, Lon ‘The extension to the Jubilee Underground Line was opened in 1999. Its 11 new stations, four tunnels beneath the River Thames and length of 12.2 km made it the most complicated struc ture ever to be built below the British capital Today, it connects the City of London with the vast urban development area on the former London Docklands, The need to provide an ‘adequate link to the business district estab: ished on the Isle of Dogs during the 1980s ‘generated the main impetus for embarking on the extension to the existing underground line. *Canary Whar” isthe largest ofthe new sta tions and is inthe immediate vicinity ofits ‘namesake - London's tallest building, The sta: tion is sunk two storeys deep into the former West india Dock and at peak times can handle ‘Up to 40,000 passengers. A park laid out on the roof ofthe station is a welcome tranquil tract fr ofice workers inthis district dorninated by office blocks, Meraly thes shell-shaped glass roots at surtace level divulge the exis tence ofthe station. During the day these roots permit daylight to penetrate through to the sta tion, while at night they become shimmering lluminations. From inside, the glass roofs pro- vide visible points of orientation, allowing the ‘number of direction signs to be minimised ‘Some 20 escalators serve the station, which is niy interrupted by one central row of columns {and so is easy for passengers to navigate despite its large size. Offices, kiosks and ancil lary rooms flank the ticket concourse, thus allowing ito remain as an unobstructed open area. The choice of material -fair-face con: crete, stainloss steel, glass - was influenced by issues of durability and maintenance. The transition between fair-face concrete root and slender concrete columns was accentuated by st iron bearings. ed ann ieeeataeeeeneed le ) -28Example 32 2mte TaeExample 32 Sports stadium, Bari, italy 1989 Architect enzo Piano, Genoa with S. Ishida, F. Marano, 0. di Blasi (project manage), L.Pelini Structural engineers: Ove Arup & Partners, London Peter Rice, T. Carfrae, R. Kinch, A. Lenczner The new football stadium in Baris designed to hold 60,000 spectators and is located in a sub- Urb away from the city centre. Inthe flat Apu- lian landscape the stadium structure is readily visible from afar. The stadium is surrounded by ‘a great expanse of park-like landscaping, \which forms a counterweight to the monumen- tal architecture, To rule out possible antago: rism, rival fans are kept separate on the way to and from the parking areas. ‘The stadium consists of a radial system with 26 ‘axes, corresponding to the entrances. The lower part ofthe grandstand is sunk into the ‘ground like an arena. The main circulation zone = between the high- and low-level parts of tho grandstand - appears to be a continuation ‘of the encircling ground level, resulting ina transparency between the football pitch sel and the stadium's surroundings. The upper part of the stadium is elevated above ground level and comprises 312 crescent-shaped pre- cast concrete elements. These were cast on site and lifted onto the concrete columns, Ancillary rooms, offices and service facilites are accommodated beneath the cantilevering high-level grandstand. Below these are the players’ rooms and warm-up areas, with their ‘access corridors serving as escape routes in {an emergency. A translucent roof of Teflon Coated glass Tre fabric is stretched over a stool frame spanning between crescent-shaped precast conerete ribs — also spanning over the ‘gaps between the high-level grandstand sec- The unpleasant wind eddies associated with many stadiums are avoided here because the distance of the front edge ofthe roof from the ‘edge of the pitch is greater than the height of the roof above the pitch. Small openings are included in the rear wall behind the final row of seats in order to guarantee a continuous flow fai. 272 Q ste pianExample 31 Industrial building, Bussolengo Barese, Italy 1982 Architect ‘Angelo Mangiarott, Milan Structural engineers: BVC STL, Milan This building in Bussolengo is a good example ofa single-storey shed employing precast con crete elements, This system was developed for various indus- ‘rial uses that require large uninterrupted ‘spans and good lighting. The construction in this case is based on a rectangular structural {rid measuring 20.0 x 10,6 m. Capable of extension lengthways and sideways, this sys tem could also be employed for other industrial and commercial applications. Three principal elements determine the con struction: H-section columns (with concealed integral rainwater downpipe), prestressed inverted Y-beams and ribbed roofing units. The tops ofthe columns are shaped to fit into the fork of the upturned Y. Pastic-coated plywood forms were employed for the columns; this results ina completely smooth suriace finish, Both bottom “flanges” (in which the prestress- ing tendons are located) of the beams rest on ‘neoprene pads on the columns. The roofing Units have four ribs, spaced 800 mm apart, ‘notched at the ends where they are supported ‘on the prestressed beams. Those were cast in steel forms. The depth of the roof slab is just 35 mm, and the units are 2.5 m wide, The ‘openings between the columns can be filed with precast concrete panels, wth trapezoidal profile sheeting, or with a post-and-al con struction with glazing. The columns are 5.0 m high and the beams 1300 mm deep, so a two- storey construction with intermediate mezza: Tine floor is also feasible, 270 Stepan scate 1000as!Administration centre, Nottingham, UK 1994 Architects Michael Hopkins & Partners, London ‘Structural engineers: (Ove Arup & Partners, London This ofice development covers a large area of a former industrial site on the edge of Noting ham city centre, The site is bounded to the north by the Nottingham Canal and to the south by aralway line. The complex of buildings is ‘made up of blocks with large glazed, circular towers at the corners, These house stairs Dut also act as giant air ducts whose stack effect promotes the natural ventilation ofthe build ings. A gently curving boulevard running east: West i intersected by radial vansverse roads with their focus at Nottingham Castle. The three and four-storey blocks are grouped ‘round landscaped inner courtyards. Public ‘amenities such as a central reception hall kindergarten, sports hall and restaurant com ploment the offices. The width ofthe office floors was limited to 13.6 m in order to achieve natural lighting and Ventilation. A slighty offset central access cor ridor renders possible a combination of individ tual and open-plan ofices. The key feature of the energy concepts the avoidance of artificial ‘climate control. The heat generated by artificial lighting and solar radiation is reduced satis factorly by the use of daylight and effective sunshading The precast concrete vaulted flooring units ‘uarantee the thermal storage capacity neces- sary for passive climate control, These span the entire width ofthe wing (13,6 m). They are Supported on — likewise ~ prefabricated taper- ing columns of industrially produced Notting- ham ciay bricks, 268aS B A RABABAKEOE _$_ Example 29 ‘Museum, Houston, USA D 1987 J Ei Acchitect: Ronzo Piano, Paris Lad with Richard Fitzgerald Structural engineers: (Ove Arup & Partners, London Peter Rice This private museum in Houston contains Important collections of modern and A\tican ar. tis located amid subtropical vegetation in a residental district. To ft neatly into its roundings, the building has been designed like along pavilion. A perimeter arcade surrounds the whole building. While the restoration work: shops and photography darkrooms are located inthe basement, the foundation's other facil ties, e.9. auditorium, bookshop, restaurant, are housed in the existing nearby bungalows, To admit plenty of daylight without glare, spe- Cial louvres were developed. These long, blado-tke overhead louvres are used not only inthe exhibition rooms but also over the gar den courtyards, the workroom and the internal and external circulation zones, The shape of the (adjustable) lowes was determined in numerous model tests and com puter simulations, The outcome isa highly natu- ‘al, organic louvre form — the dominant element in the museum's architecture. They consist of a ‘combination of ferrocement panels beneath Cast stee! supporting members, The upper part ofthe louvre is structural and ‘Serves as the bottom chord of the overlying Cast iron girder construction supporting the Solar control glass and exhaust air ducts, The lower partis curved in such a way that it con ‘ceals the services, shields against direct sun light and also scatters indirect light. Various types of sand and cement were invest: gated to establish the right sor of white, reflec: tive materia for the surface. Best results were obiained with a white marble aggregate, After the cross-section had been checked, a prototype was produced and its oadbearing behaviour tested in England, Then several of these complicated elements were manufac. tured in the USA according to the final design land erected near the site as a full-scale mock- up measuring 6 x 12 m. 266Example 28 Office building, Dortmund, Germany 1904 Architect ——— Eckhard Gerber, Dortmund Structural engineers: Polonyi & Fink, Cologne Hochtief, Essen Plan o ground oor soale 11000 The new high-rise block for a publisher forms the western boundary tothe broad raiway sta- tion forecourt and closes a gap inthe street ‘Scape at this point. In a continuation ofthe adjoining block development, at the base there is a curving block following the line of Kénigs- wall and ending with an acute angle. A trans: Parent steel-and-glass hall links this block with the actual tower. A glass access tower splits up and enhances one longitudinal side. The primary functions within the complex are clear- ly discernible from outside: offices inthe tower, and cafeteria, conference facies and aucito- rium in the low-rise block. The choice of construction and materials reflects an attempt to achieve a “workshop” Character, leaving the nature ofthe activities in the building with as much scope as possible, Reinforced concrete is used forall loadbearing ‘members. The concrete surfaces left exposed internally correspond to the smooth, light-grey precast concrete elements of the external facade. They consist of concrete grade B 35. with agaregate grading 0-2 and 8-18 mm. The light colour was obtained without the need for ‘special additives. The concrete cover is 25 mm internally and externally. Against the back ‘ground of grey conerete, white steel stairs and balustrading dominate the interior ofthe link beneath the delicate stool-and-glass envelope, tensuring an agreeable visual harmony. Section a scale :1000fice busiExample Office building, Canberra, Australia ae Architect Harry Seidler, Sydney The Trade Group Offices on Kings Avenue in Canberra's government district house three independent but related ministries employing a total of about 3,250 stat. Adjacent to the flex ble office floor areas are a computer centre, a conference hall and a cafeteria. Each ministry has its own entrance. The windowless cylin drs set back into the facade at the corners ‘and on two sides house stairs and its. Confer: ‘ence hall and cafeteria are separate structures located inthe two inner courtyards, The interlinked office floors guarantee ‘communication between departments. The brit for flexible utilisation plus possible exten sion resulted in a precast concrete construc tion with prestressed floor elements and beams, and precast concrete columns match- Ing the height of the windows. The 26 m long |-section facade beams are car: ried on the stocky precast concrete columns ‘arranged in pairs. The 16m long flooring units are attached along the neutral axis of the facade beams, whose depth is equal to halt the storey height. The anchorages for the pre- stressing tendons, provided with stainless stee 8, are exposed externally n the centre of the web. The frameless heat-absorbing glass fixed with ‘simple neoprene gaskets is set back deep between the facade beams, whose soffts form the lintels and top surfaces the window sis. Services are concealed in the space between top flange and web of facade beam, and adja. cent the floar beam, hidden behind a suspend. ed.cellng The side walls, ke the cylinders, comprise sandblasted precast concrete elements. The shape of the prestressed precast concrete ‘components follows structural requirements. Yowever, the advantage of the system used for the Trade Group Offices les in the choice of primary span direction and the connection with the prestressed floor beam,Example 26Office building, StuttgartExample 26 Office building, Stuttgart, Germany 1985 Architect: Gottitied Bbhm, Cologne Project team: Dorte Gatermann (project leader), Jorgen Minkus, Frederico Vaida, Kiaus Beckmannshagen Bertsch-Friedrich-Kalcher, Stuttgart Structural engineer: karl Heinz Bakeler, Zoblin AG, Stuttgart Location plan scale 1:4000 ‘The headquarters ofthis contractor is located (on the southern outskirts of Stuttgart in an area between other office and commercial build- ings. The architect has created an urban link oO Pel iba tek oped ? Urbs, in the form of two office wings, nearly a 4100 m long and six to eight storeys high, and 4n intermediate glass-covered atrium. The two office wings house some 700 employees. The elongated block form of the complex repre- sents a particularly beneficial solution for an office design. Furthermore, the glass atrium is exploited for its passive solar energy gains. Interesting in this project isthe use of precast ‘conerete elements. All the loadbearing ‘columns and all the beams of the framework were prefabricated in reinforced conerete and assembled on site, Sections of the floor slabs ‘and shear walls are of in situ concrete. The concrete ofthe facade is coloured red with an iron oxide pigment, although a white cement ‘as used for the spandrel panels, This led to the varying shades of red. The effect ofthe continuous, loadbearing columns was accentu- ated by incorporating a semicircular nose, also loadbearing, on the tront of each column. This ‘semicircular form also continues across the Portal frame supporting the roof. Twin semi- Circular projections mark the vertical junction with the spandrel panels, required for structural ‘and building science reasons. This provided ‘the opportunity to include a groove for inserting 4 preformed plastic sealing strip. The spandrel Panels themselves splay outwards ike a small Canopy over each window; this arrangement ‘emphasises the individual windows, preventing them from merging into a ribbon of glass, and also serves to throw rainwater clear ofthe win- dows. ‘The perimeter and inner colurins each support ‘50 mm thick precast concrete planks which, together with a layer of reinforced in situ con- Crete, form a continuous construction. Ps tial eee27Example 25 University library, Mannheim, Germany 1989 Architect Gottried Bohm, Cologne Assistants: Jirgen Minkus (project manager) land Bertsch Friadrich-Kaicher, Stutigart Structural engineers: Zoblin AG, Stuttgart ‘The library building for Mannhelrn University is ‘an example ofthe use of precast concrete ele- ‘ments. The shape ofthe building confoxms to the strict Baroque street grid ofthe city. How- ever, displacing the southern part of the com- plex by half a bay creates a mediating factor between the neighbouring buildings. To the ‘west the library projects two bays forwards. Vertically, the four-storey building is divides into a tall plinth zone, behind which are the leo: ture theatre and the overiying library storeys. The horizontal arrangement of these storays is Similar to that ofa hall church (nave plus two aisles), with a glass-covered, interrupted cen- tral nave’ ‘The “concrete trees", decorated with architec: tural motif, ranged along the palace elevation at ground level should be seen as a response tothe adjoining, very busy road, The shape of the lecture theatre, which is repeated in the line Of the facade, breaks away from the strict ‘orthogonal grid. The round windows in the coloured precast concrete cladding panels are decorated with frames of glass blocks and ‘ornamental glass. These allow daylight to enter the library storeys, This building, characterised by its use of pre- cast concrete elements, gains credibilty ‘among its neo-Baroque neighbours by virtue of its caim basic shape making use of new types ‘f concrete detalls. The columns are given their dark colour through the use of porphyry ‘chippings, and the facade cladding its light ‘shade thanks to a yellow Jurassic stone aggre- gate. Thus, the constructional system ofthis recast conorete editice manifests itself. The Concrete surfaces were lightly brushed and washed directly after striking the formwork. Y\ Location plan seal 1.2500 round oor 1 Lectre theatre 2 Foyer 5. Library etrance 4 Dalveries 2 Mees, ee lan of upper oor scale 500 1 Foyer 2 Leary, reacting room 8 Bookstacke oat omExample 24 Railway station, Lyon, France 1904 Architect and structural engineer: Santiago Calatrava, ZurichParis Assistants: Alexis Bourrat, Oan Burr, Sebastian Mémet, David Long Satolas, a suburb of Lyon, isthe location ofthis TGV station. Together with Lyon Airport is being developed into an interchange for road, rail and air traffic. ‘The complex is divided into along hall cover- ing the platforms, a 36 m high main hall at 90° toit, and the elevated walkway forming the link between station and airport terminal ‘The expressionist architecture of the main hall has an organic element, reminding the observ- 6 ofa bird with outstretched wings rising ‘above the raitway tracks. White in situ concrete is employed for the supports and lateral abut- ‘ments tothe main hall, Their sculpted form ‘complements and intensifies the dynamic architecture of the structural steelwork of the hall. ‘In contrast to this, the concrete structure of the ‘oof over the tracks ~ inverted V-shaped wall ‘elements carried on 83 m span, curving rei forced concrete trusses — have a repetitive, static effect. The reinforced concrete space frame of the 450 x 56 m hall is constructed in ‘white in situ concrete and is supported on diamond-shaped concrete biocks. The cross ‘Section of these blocks tapers towards the ‘Suppor, similarly to the concrete abutments of the open, lattice-ype concrete loadbearing Structure tothe hall root. This lends the roof a lightness, which is successful here owing to the skilled use ofthe materia ‘The edges ofthe delicate concrete lattice of the curving roof are inflled with precast con- Crete panels which carry the sheet metal roof covering. Two rows of diamond-shaped roofights guarantee plenty of daylight in the interior. These roofights and those in the side ‘walls ofthe hall reinforce the weightlessness of the concrete construction thanks tothe inter- esting play of light and shade created by the ‘openings in the roof and the glass infil, ‘Sto plan scale 1:s000 ovation seal 1:1000Letter sorting centre, f gana scale 120 Costco thermal Sireing Window element Foot constuction Dota otioggia eta toggle Horizontal ction scale 1:20Example 23, Letter sorting centre, Cologne, Germany 1991 Architects: Joachim & Margot Schirmann, Cologne with Wolf Dittman, Christian Becker, Wilfried Euskirchen Structural engineers: Varwick-Horz-Ladewig, Cologne The site of Letter Sorting Centre No. 3s in the immediate vicinity of Cologne's main railway Station and is connected to it va a tunnel The advantage of the proximity ofthe station had to be weighed against the restrictions placed on urban developments, the confines of {an inner-city site and the need to accommo: dale the many functions of a modem postal distribution centre, The architects decided to arrange the opera- tions in concentric “circles” around an inner ‘courtyard, This specially designed structure contains 4000 m of usable floor space in total, but without exceeding a building height appro. priate to this neighbourhood. The frst base- ‘ment level constitutes the largest operations ‘area; this is also where the tunnel tothe station ‘begins. The upper floors contain the public hall {and offices, which are grouped around the landscaped inner courtyard. The restrictions of the plot made it necessary to construct two Underground parking levels for goods vehicles and cars below the building. Large spans ‘result in the entire building being largely tree of intervening columns. 4 reinforced concrete frame in fair-ace quality on a 7.5 x 15.0 m grid ‘serves as the loadbearing structure. Columns {and beams are used sparingly, but have been shaped very effectively. To match the natural stone masonry of the adjacent Cologne Post Office No. 1, the infil panels between the facade columns are of concrete masonry. The Colour scheme is restrained: grey masonry and White structural steelwork. The use of light ‘weight concrete for the columns and thermal Insulation atthe parapet prevented the forma- tion of thermal bridges. The characteristic four corner towers ofthe old post office building ‘were also imitated in the new structure, These house tea kitchens and common facile. Where functions permit, glass is used for the ‘walls to enable passers-by a view into the building, Locaten plan. scale 5000 my a iExample 22 Primary school and kindergarten, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1986 Architect: Herman Hertzberger, Amsterdam with Henk de Weller Structural engineers: Evers Partners, limuiden ‘This new building replaces an old schoo! build ing in the immediate vicinity. The primary schoo, integrated in a heavily bull-up residen- tial area, contains nine classrooms clustered in ‘groups of three around a central core with hall {and common rooms. The central halls illum nated from above and forms a meeting place where all manner of activities merge. The Classrooms, on the other hand, are located in the side wings to permit undisturbed teaching and learning. However, these wings are not isolated from the core but indoed linked to it by way of seating areas, stirs and partly glazed internal walls. The interleaving of the various levels, the exciting views into the urban sur roundings and the largely transparent building envelope create a socially dynamic atmos- phere. The classrooms are divided by sliding partitions, so the rooms can be enlarged as required. The principal, mainly glazed, eleva: tion ofthis three-part structure, standing alone like a sculpture on the Ambonplein, faces west. The full effect ofthe building is not lost on the ‘enclosed square, which forms the focal point of this dist. In contrast to the horizontal accent ofthe side wings, the central section is charac: terised by the vertical lines ofthe fully glazed slaircase. The facing concrete masonry gives scale to the building and contributes greatly to the friendly, inviting appearance. The two leaves of masonry with partial-fil cavity insula tion enclose the reinforced concrete frame. The light-coloured concrete masonry and the Untreated fair-face concrete form a harmonious ‘ensemble with the white door and window frames. Precast concrete plank flooring units plus lintel and spandrel panel claddings of pre: Cast concrete elements round off the use of ovaton_ seal 500112708Example 2 Crematorium, Berlin, Germany 1998 Axchitects: ‘Axel Schuites Architekten, Berlin Frank, Schultes, Witt Design: ‘Axol Schuites, Charlotte Witt Project managers: Margret Kistor, Christof wit Structural engineers: GSE Saar Enseleit & Partner, Berlin IDL, Bertin ‘The new crematorium for Germany's capital city has been erected in the Treptow distict ‘This monolithic fai-face concrete structure fo lows in the tradition of Gunnar Asplund in Stockholm and Fritz Schumacher in Hamburg (Ohisdort. The objective of such a building must be to provide the grieving friends and relatives ‘with @ worthy framework for the funeral service. {Guests enter the crematorium grounds via an existing gatehouse and approach the syrmet- rical front elevation of the building across a long open area interspersed with rows of trees, Three coverad forecourts cut deep into the ‘building and lead to the entrance to the spa. cious vestibule, This square hall with its 29 towering circular colurnns with their “capi: tals of light” forms the key spatial event. It can ‘accommodate up to 1000 persons. From here, ‘mourners can move on to one of the ceremon' al halls ~ one large, two smal ~ where the actual funeral services take place. The struc- tural properties of concrete were taken to the limit for the capitals of light on the columns. Supported on the columns by means of brack- els, the ‘as struck" concrete root slab seems to float - separated by a transparent celing rose. ‘The pattern ofthe joints and the large cones for the formwork ties land the walls ofthe building ‘a harmonising structure. The chamfered edges to the steel climbing formwork have created a regular pattern of raised joints on the surface of the concrete 2aaCar parking faciity, PaderbonExample 20 Car parking facility, Paderborn, Germany 1993 @ aa eel Architects: Roland Dorn, Eva Matern, Paderborn/Gologne Assistants: Bernhard Gieselmann, Klaus Hovestact Structural engineers: Thormalen & Peucker, PaderborrvAachen with Domostatik, Zu This prototype for a two-storey car parking facility for 207 cars was developed according to the principles of simple and economical ‘construction. However, it also takes account of U landscaping aspects, particulary in terms of fr ecological processes. A curving monolithic concrete slab extends — following the topography — with a fal of approx. 4% over a length of 127.40 m down the slope. Due to the simultaneous longitudinal and trans verse falls, rainwater rapidly runs off into the lateral drainage systern and is distributed over 40 precast concrete planting tubs arranged ‘around the perimeter embankments, Tall trellis: {5 ensure vegetation related to the architec: ture. They highlight the column grid three park ing spaces wide and define the extent of the ‘upper deck. The arrangement of the formwork, made from graded ingividual boards placed lengthwise, reinforces the elongated overall geeton_scalo:200 impression of the construction. Cement paste was spread over the formwork prior to coneret ing in order to achieve a consistant surface fin ish. The light colour was obtained not by using pigments but exclusively by choosing the right, Concrete mix. The prestressed concrete flat slab forming the upper deck is supported on slender columns and spans without joints or beams, The extremely small cross-section of the upper {deck matches the bending mament diagram fora single-span beam (I= 10,00 m) with two cantilevers (| = 9.25 m). its depth decreases ‘continuously from 320 to 260 mm. Bracing is provided by the fixed-base columns — al Columns assisting in the transverse direction bbut only the four central columns in the longitu dinal direction (core effect). The longitudinal ‘expansion from the middle to the ends is accommodated with the help of carriageway ‘movement joins atthe ramps. Single strands protected against corrosion provide the pre: stress in both the transverse and longitudinal directions. The compressive force generated by the prestress limits the width of cracks and thus assists the impermeable construction without the need for additional waterprooting 202sar parks, Hamburg Muttistorey 0Example 19 ‘Muttistorey car park, Hamburg, Germany 1990 Architects: von Gerkan, Marg & Partner, Hamburg Project manager: Karsten Brauer Assistant: Klaus Hoyer Structural engineers: ‘Schwarz & Weber, Hamburg This circular muttistorey car park structure has about 800 spaces and a circular stair tower linked by means of delicate steel bridges. is position and architecture allow it to assume the role of an urban fulorum between the various airport buildings and facilties. The essential features ofthe car park are the division ofthe storeys by the contrast between open areas with thin conerete edge and tuou- lar balustrading, as well as a lattice facade suspended in front ofthe parking decks. The primary structure is a reinforced concrete con- struction with circular parking decks measuring 61 min diameter. Flat slabs are used for the floors, with annular haunches. They are between £250 and 450 mm deep depending on structural requirements, Loads are transferred inwards via a ring of 20 columns measuring 500 x 1200, ‘mm (the narrow side is formed as @ semicir le}, and outwards via a cylindrical wall wth thickness of 450 mm. The access ramps are ‘constructed as slabs cantilevering from the inside face ofthis reinforced concrete cylinder. They are likewise between 250 and 450 mm deep. The services level is a concrete slab on the cylindrical wall and is stifened by ribs 250-750 mm deep and annular upstand beams. The parking decks are inciined 2% to the in side, the ramps 3%. These slopes are always transverse to the direction of travel in order to lease driving in circle. The stair tower is divid 6d into a semicircular reinforced concrete shatt forthe lifts and electrics and a reinforced con: Crete frame forthe stairs. The latter is stitfened by the floor siabs. The infil panels are made of lass blocks set in storey-height stee! frames. All concrete surfaces have a smooth finish and are defined by cast-in blocks. The circular geo- ‘metry favoured the reuse of formwork sections, The positions of formwork ties were planned in Corder that they could remain visible in the final surface. Steel balustrading and bridges as well 28 the infil panels of stee! frame with glass blocks set the architectural accent. 240 sate 15000Reinforced coner mm Movement onlookers emphasising the gargantuan nature of these structures. Justa few kilometres from Versailles inthe Paris suburb of Saint-Quentin en-Yvalines, there isa residential estate wit ‘about 400 apartments, which imitates the palace itself. Bult between 1975 and 1982, the ‘poor man’s Versailles” has no shops and no public amenities. According to the architect, the structure of the space is intended to create ‘symbols and give rise toa new architectural language. The pinkish yellow columns, mould: ings and architraves are “natural stone" manu: factured in precast concrete, Dutch structuralism In 1966 Herman Hertzberger began work on the design ofthe ofices forthe Centraal Beheer ingurance company in Apeldocen, which were built between 1970 and 1973. He was influ ‘encod by Aldo van Eyck's orphanage in Amster dam. The complex is made up of square blocks, which can be combined and extended in both the horizontal and vertical cractons. This completely non-hierarchical arrangement is sistent withthe underlying democratic con pt. The complex represents a town within itself, wth open squares, paths and roads, where every employee ~ contrary to the usual situation in open-plan offices ~is given a pr vate island which, to a large extent, he c organise to suit his own requirements. Further: ‘more, there is constant visual and acoustic ntact with other members of staf. A load bearing reinforced concrete frame provides the flexibility. Conerete masonry forms the infil panels, which remains exposed both internally and externally. The small format of the rough masonry units helped Hertzberger to continue the ideas of structuralism down tothe deta level. At the same time, he created a surtace which is both dynamic and neutral. Raw con: crete masonry is Herman Hertzbe Rd = Lt | Lt ger's distin dguishing architectural legacy. He used it for his housing, schools and kindergartens, and lke wise exposed in he foyer and concert hal of the Vredenburg Music Centre in Utrecht aeqs ere oh Rhinoceros and tapir house, Mi ov 237Example 17 Rhinoceros and tapir house, Munich 1902 Architects: Kochta & Lechner, Munich Assistants: Stefan Endl-Storek (Project Manager) Roinnard Nagele Structural engineer: Dieter Herrschmann, Munich The rhinoceros and tapir house in Munich's Hollabrunn Zoo is intogratod into the forest and flood plain landscape. The shallow, rounded lines of the building accentuate its synthesis, within the surrounding animal pen. ‘The root consists of two half-shells of diferent lengths (24 and 47 m) facing each other at an angle of 7°. Each shell covers five pens for tapirs and thinaceroses. A tapering glass lantern light (span: 3-10 m) creates a weather proof, transparent ink between the two shells, Asa freely modelled three-dimensional form, the geometric plan shape, based on succes. sive spiral and circular segments, is intended (0 resemble the natural habitat of the animals, The contour lines of the rhinoceros halt are concentric ellipses, those ofthe tapir half con- contro circles. ‘The entre formwork forthe tapir shell, cic con plan, was made from prefabricated seg: ments approx. 8.50 m long along the circurs ference and assembled on site, Formwork to the top surface was required in the steep areas exceeding about 30°. The in situ shell 180-400 mm thick is constructed as a warm deck, with vapour barrier, mineral woo! and rmesh-reinforced plastic sheeting on the out side. The pre-assembled roof covering is ada tionally fixed with individual sorew fixings atthe Junctions at ridge and base. ‘The internal walls were concreted and com- ppactod from outside through access openings in the halt-shells ‘The two half-shells are founded on stip foot ings whose ends are connected by means of a reinforced concrete te Inorder to avoid shrinkage cracks, concrete grade B 35 with aggregate up to 32 mm dia was employed. ‘The rough, exposed concrete surfaces are intended to resemile the inside of a cave. They were created by treating the surface with a retarder and brushing the new concrete immediately ater striking the formwork. In ‘addition, sprayed concrete was used on the inner face, 236 Locaton plan scale 1:3000 a Te ar eeeccaeee PILLAYTennis courts, Belinzona Plan of unperfoor scale 1500 Dota scale 1:20 G2 Feinerced con- &3 Transparent ineuaton rte 42 Brumenised rooting fot 12 Stele © 8 Gravel 22 Boardot timber ireulation ‘erative 41 gid thermalExample 16 Tennis courts, Bellinzona, Switzerland 1986 Architect ‘Aurolio Galfett, Belinzona Assistants: Walter Buchler, Piero Ceresa ‘The local tennis courts form part ofa sports centre which includes an indoor pool and an ice hockey rink. They are situated ner the river con the edge of a residential district. ‘This amenty is divided into two symmetrical halves and is bounded on the north-east side by a long wall extending over two storeys. The ‘entrance is located in the middle ofthis wall tering the facility is reminiscent of entering a town through its town gate, The ancilary rooms are placed directly adjacent to this wall on two levels. Those on the ground floor are fully {glazed on tho side facing the tennis courts. The leftshand wing contains offices and ser: vices, the right-hand wing a restaurant with kitchen and bar The walls are of fair-face concrete, Their oma ‘mental texture was achieved by placing hor ontal battens in the formwork. This leads to impressive effects of ight and shadow on the surface of the wall, even though the recass is only 25 mm deep. At the top ofthe wall there is a barrel vault roof of transparent plastic sup- ported by delicate steel framing, 234 Location pian scale 1:40000 Pacterboard, 125mm a eet 100 en umenieed fot (water separating ayer 100 mm poyurethane Foor constuction fooaing ‘Separating layer 160mm faface ssecton aa Detached house, BerinExample 15 Detached house, Berlin, Germany 1999 Architects: O1KOS, Peter Herrie and Werner Stoll, Assistants: ‘Amun Bieser, Tobias Schmachtel ‘Structural engineers: Wilhelm & Wulle, Stutigart This private house on the outskirts of Berlin Consists of two halves joined by a glass link There is a separate apartment on the groun floor with ts own entrance at one end of the glass link. The narrow concrete block on the orth side contains the utility rooms and the entrance, in the long north facade. The living quarters are situated on the south side, in the timber block with pitched root. ‘The ends of the concrete block are closed off with inset timber facades. Their horizontal bat tens of untreated larch wood match the timber facade of the southern block. This facade con- sists of prefabricated timber-trame elements &migh, clad both inside and outside with the horizontal larch wood battens. The timber bat tens also enclose the two terraces at the west fm end of the southern block, and are omitted (on the narrow side facing the garden only, Concrete and timber dominate the interior. The stops ofthe fai-face concrete stair cantilever from the face of the ~ Ikewise —fai-face con. Crete wall to the northern black. The stair leads to‘ gallery on the upper floor, which permits ‘access to the accommodation in the southern block The unequivocal external architecture of the house is reflected in the interior. 232 i Sige sExample 14 ‘Two-tier sports hall, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany 1988 Architects finrich & Inken Baller, Berlin Structural enginee Gerhard Pichler, aap The piggyback sports facity forced by the i of space in densely developed conurba 16s not new. Two sports halls, other, were erected on Bertin’s Schloss- strasse and integrate ments of a district domi ture ofthe late 191 A staircase and adjoining “open walkway” link tury the parking area at ground level sports hall levels. An tioned at the side 0 gable. The equipment rooms project from the rear of the building, providing relet. With its and balconies, the s akin to a traditional residential development. But the metal bar ult roof, large areas of glazing tothe and the projecting helical staircase indi e the special utlisation ofthe building. Besides the posts and rails of the tmber-and. glass facade, ol ms of einforced concrete in far-face quality enrich the street-side facade, Bracing to resist ontal loads in the transverse dection is pro: vide facts as a fre wall. Further transve to this stn the steel swalls ofthe staircases also co ture without any joints is pro stabilty. Inthe longitudinal direction the fo the stairs and the columns they restrain provide the ne olumne, wall, ary stability. Foundatio or slabs and olurns are cast in concrete grades B 25 to in the facade i nerete grado LB 25, Siab soffits and walls have an “as struck’ board finish. The tapering columns and wind irders are smooth, Prefabricated formwork elements were used forthe floor slabs to the large sports halls 230Example 13 Central university building, Girona, Spain 19 Architects Josep Fuses, Joan Maria Viader, Girona “Les Aligues" was builtin the 16th century and, inits heyday, was the most noteworthy public building in the town. It served as a university building into the 17th century and was later Used for various purposes until it was finally vacated and loft standing empty. Only the prin cipal facade overiooking the Plaza de San Domenec and the facade facing the old church sill bore their original appearance when it was decided to restore the ruin. The L-shaped lay ‘out ofthe old building has been restored in Corder to accommodate the university's most important administrative functions. The chapel now serves as an information centre for st: dents, while the inner courtyard to the south is bounded by @ new building housing further university facilites. The inner courtyard linking the diferent parts ofthe complex has the char ‘acter of a public square, The inclusion of a ‘number of concrete stair illustrates the iffr. tent levels of the various buildings. The stairs algo enable various old walls and arches to be preserved, but do force the new construction {0 be separated from the main building. ‘The gable wal of the cube-lke chapel was demolished and replaced by a glass storey, to ‘admit daylight, and a concrete roof. The four sides of the “as struck’ finish concrete roof ‘curve inwards in order to direct light into the Interior. The interior ofthe old wing is designed with consideration for the preserved elements. The use of fai-face concrete plays a key part in the clear separation between old and new. Stainless steel, welded, polished and painted metal plates and coloured inserts, attached directly to the stone or embedded in the rendering, have also been employed. 228 © Larary wingJealth spa treatment cantre, Bad Salzuflen 2arExample 12 Health spa treatment centre, Bad Salzutien, Germany 1988 Architects: ‘Auer & Weber, Stutigart Structural engineers: Schlaich Bergemann & Partner, Stuttgart The centre for guests ofthis health spa is locat fed on the edge of the town centre, Besides the spa water spring, fist tapped in the 1950s, it accommodates the spacious reception hal offices, treatment rooms, shops, cafés, work shops and activity rooms. Situated at the tran- sition point between the town and the park on the River Salze, the complex - together with the concert hall - forms the focal point for ‘Quests “taking the waters”, ‘The centre integrates sensitively into its urban surroundings, but without adopting the existing forms, Although the park has clear boundaries and reference points, emphasised by the paving layout, there is no sudden transition, between old and new. Especially striking in the ‘new development are the émooth-finish con ‘crete “mushroom” canopies. These continue Outside as a stylised tree group. ‘The rooflights, created by the fact that the one- ‘and two-storey-high concrete canopies only ‘make contact tangentially, plus the planting to the flat roots of certain canopies, give the hall {an airy but nonetheless protective ambience, The topography ofthe land has been skill incorporated into the architecture ofthe con struction. The planting, o the roofs in particu lar, plays an especialy important role inthis interweaving of landscape and structure. Con- crete members wore kept as sim as possible {and their appearance improved through the se of light-coloured aggregates.within the building self by means of @ mechan ica car stacking system. A maisonette with a floor area of 120 m? plus a low-level yard occu- pies the semi-basement and ground floor, This ‘can be used as office or apartment. The ‘accommadation above can be divided to cre: ate two- oF three-room apartments (plus kitchens and bathrooms), The top two floors, {are again maisonettes, and have a generous rooftop patio overlooking the river. In order to achieve the desired variety in the facade and the necessary structural clarity, the ‘building was divided into various systems: the loaaibearing construction of reinforced con- Crete frame with precast concrete plank floors {and walls, the timber framing elements and the Cladding tothe structural members. These ind: vidual systems are designed to remain visible inthe facade and hence structure the build ing’s appearance. However, leaving a concrete structure exposed in Germany creates a build Ing soience problem. Owing to its good ther. ‘mal conductivity, concrete must be insulated to prevent energy losses and damage caused by ‘moisture. The concrete loadbearing structure was therefore clad with insulated precast ele- ‘ments. Glass fibre-reinforced units just 30 mm thick were chosen. Besides their slim design ‘and low weight, they are also easy to erect and work. The material and pattern of the joints of these accurate panels convay the structural rhythm ofthe concrete frame to the observer. Glass fibre-einforced concrete is normally used as permanent formwork, as textured formwork oF for rebuilding reliefs and cornices (on older buildings. it consists of fine-aggregate ‘concrete, aggregate size <4 mm, to which the alkal-rosistant glass fibres, approx. 2-4 mm long, are added. These act as tension and ant crack reinforcement. Each precast component is coated with a hydrophobic fuid at the works: to produce a consistent, water-repellent outer surface, This gives the surface a "milky" shade, which lends the material a vibrant quality a ou 16 a scale 120. @ « 2 @ a 12mm toughened safety lass Fatroot trace $10 mm reconstnass rooting fot 0mm mineral woo vapour barrier 200 menenterons coneroe slab, pastor ‘km trish to sot oor consicton: 22mm insta quality paraetocring Palyatyene separatingExample 1 Mixed office and resident Germany I block, Kassel, 1999 pe ar ee eel fre Manes sea eects Lt tater Fever: Caroline Ossenberg-Engels, Elke Radioff ele Ta fl | 6] 1 Ls Leal} ‘Structural engineers: Hobein, Kieinhans, Marx, = Hochtiet AG, Kassel (Grou oor + Upper leer shed 5 Sera Seton scale 1500 stage 6 Aparen ‘The modular principle ofthis town house is based on the brief for an architectural compet tion, The task was to design a building type for the eight diferent plots ofthis residential devel: ‘opment on the outskirts of Kasser's Untemeustadt. Stating with a column grid of about 9.0 x 3.3 m, this town hause can be extended or mosified to sut different uses and topographical conditions. One prototype was built as a straightforward cube measuring 18.62 x 12.90 x 15.40 m; the other seven town, houses were the responsiblity of other prize winners. The building is set amid idylic park lke surroundings not far from the River Fulda \with ts boat moorings and historic suspension bridge A southem flar is obtained by the use of full hight glazing tothe living rooms, from where occupants enjoy a view over the pleasant sur roundings. Also through the untreated larch ‘wood infil panels between the reinforced con- crete frame members. The structure and the solid sections ofthe external walls are clad with precast glass fibre-reinforced concrete panels; this artifice helps to indicate the dtfer- ent internal uses. To reinforce the character of ‘a detached vila, ancilary buildings were omit- ted and eight parking spaces accommodated 224Example 10 la Dovelcprert ct wall scale 1:100 46 umen costing 43 Bitumenised rooting fet Detat scale 15pavilion, \Example 10 Conference pavilion, Weil am Rhein, Germany 1998 Architects: ‘Tadao Ando & Associates, Osaka Detailed design and site management: ‘Ginter Preifer, Roland Mayer, Lorrach Project Manager: Peter M. Bahrie Assistant: Caroline Reich scene: Architects ‘Tadao Ando & Associates, Osaka Structural engineers: ‘Ascoral Engineering Associates, Osaka ‘his Protestant church has been sensitively in tegrated to augment an existing timber chu and vicarage in quiet residential surroundings between Osaka and Kyoto. The extremely strict a structure reflects the lnk between traditional Japanese notions of space and the modern = - architecture s0 typical of Ando. inthis modest \ Z i room measuring 6.28 x 180°, the most stk gap pian scale 500 ing architectural device is the diagonal wall, ‘which penetrates the room at an angle of 15° In doing so, it creates the entrance lobby and also separates the church from the acministra tive functions. The visitor enters the church on the side with the sits cutin the concrete wall to form the cross of light, from which the church gels its name, and follows the diagonal wall, which is 160 mm lower than the building itselt The ribbon of light entering over the wall pro vides an addtional source of light for the interior. The simple pews are progressively shortened to follow the line ofthe diagonal wall and, as in a theatre, the floor is raked down to the lowest point of the church, the ata. High-quality fai-face concrete was used for the walls ofthe church, No particular thermal insulation measures are necessary owing to the climate of the region. The outcome of the special concrete mix is an extremely smooth surface that reflects the ight, The individual concrete panels were cast in situ withthe help Of painted formwork panels matching the size ofthe traitional Japanese tatami mats. The joints between the panels form a grid and the holes for the accurately positioned formwork jes have not been made good and thus lend the walls additional texture. The ascetic ambi fence of the interior is emphasised by the sim- ple furniture and floorooards of cedar. However, the true impression of the interior is. determined by the lighting effects. The sits forming the cross in the wall behind the altar, ‘as woll as the 180 rm high ribbon of glass ‘above the diagonal wal, have intentionally ‘been kept narrow to intensify he experience of the contrast between daylight and darkness. The light penetrating from outside iluminates the cross, and the size and positon ofits reflections within the room change withthe hour and the seasons. This satisfies the archi tect's wish to create a relationship between people, nature and architecture 196Built examples in deta - overview 2 BW ee i i fear See eT : ty aoe amma = San —__saaeee a ee a a as one coroner a ee : ons — one a esc, KaseeiMunich ‘Auer + Weber, Statgat Fuses + Vader, Girona ied fice ac rego, Kass Heh spe ese corte, Bad ann. © Carl nvr lng, lors € ‘Modular reinforced conerete frame ‘Conerota canopies en single cour Fatace conezele in rotusnent work Bale. Brn Theo prs al Br trig. Tet eu ‘OKOS, Borin _——~—~—~—CDtached house, Berin, © —Fairtace concrete x Gate tec Tears cout Beira CH Pred a are can val eta Leier,nich Roce and wir. ich 8 Tet coe tl, oped canoe cng Tats Foy gpg Wer run comet wa, DotariauenyDUpireh cere tet “von Gerkan + Marg, Hamburg Multistorey car park, Hamburg, D Fair-face concrete - 20 Be Dom + Mag, Homburg Ge pang cy, Paton D Fresvened coro ok vaio airal ware on Oot Creator, Grn, i Farface coeete 2 ae Hertzberger, Amsterdam Primary school and kindergarten, Amsterdam, NL Concrete masonry r 23 20 Seria, Cage Tota sarge. Cobre, one rom e 2 284 Calarv, Zach, Pars Ray ton Lyon. F oer illic bestenkg ach 25.258. Bthn Cologne Unirersy Ray, Manin Clare poe recs corte rents 228 etn, Caogre te bing, aston Sek pparng ree conc ade are ‘tice buking, Cano, ALS Pressed corte 28 atv Dorn ‘fe bung, Dotund, © Praca onrotn cede - 20 Faro. Pae Musou, Howson, USA et nares of enoconent 30. 268 ‘Hopkins, London ‘Administration centre, Nottingham, GB Precast concrete vaulting S210 Mangia, ian stil ulin, Buscongo Bare, Precast cna est bag ‘aro, Pae ers sd, Bar, Pcl comedies $3.8 root Undercund san, Crary War London GB Renreed cone oadbearng Hucire 195Part 5 - Built examples in detail Bruno Kauhsen The buildings in this chapter were selected on the basis oftheir architecture, form and sur: face finishes. if one or other of the details does ot comply withthe latest German energy economy requirements, this is primarily forthe following reasons: The requirements concerning thermal insula- tion and energy efficiency of buildings have been regularly tightened since the first Thermal Insulation Act was passed in 197. Since the Energy Economy Act came into force, passed by the German parliament in July 2001, the previous acts covering thermal insulation and heating systems have been combined. Although a detailed account of energy require: ‘ments is now necessary, this does not enable us to make any ditect statements about the thickness of insulation currently being used, However, we can assume that increased thick- nesses are now being called for. The designer (of a building can now decide for himself which ‘energy-saving measures should be employed to achieve the necessary targets. He may decide to compensate for possible weak ppoints in other ways. Energy-saving measures include: * better thermal insulation + efficient heating system technology the use of renewable energy sources heat recovery concepts Depending on the type of building, its utlisa: tion, type of construction and the local market situation, this usually lads to a combination of these measures in order to obtain the required ‘energy economy targets cost-effectively (see 90). Some of the structures described here are located in diferent parts of the world and have bbeen planned and erected according to the Particular regulations of the respective county, ‘The degree of thermal insulation required ‘depends on the utlistion (internal cimate) {and the location of a building (external ci ‘mate). In this context, heating and ventiation in Winter are equally important in terms of avoid lng condensation on the internal surfaces of ‘components, as is the prevention of thermal bridges.Stairs ems concrete ‘Rerressons of impact sound insulation, the in “gis concrete stairs supported on discrete, “sstibearings. The open joint between wall and “Sep aso serves to improve the sound insula ‘Pre lencings to this stair are supported on dis- ‘See sof bearings at he sides for reasons of ‘mepsct sound insulation. Again, the open joint ‘Setecen internal wall and fight improves the ‘Smurc insulation. The landings are isolated Sem eo extomal wall by moans of strips of [paPeod insulation “soon Precast concrete (do9-1e6) ‘Dee sr=cast concrete oloment consists of land- ‘ees =d connecting ight. tis supported on ‘scree, soft bearings at each end. The halt- “ecing is supported on nibs seated in bearing ‘geckets The support at floor level is formed by ‘pees of nibs bearing on the floor beam, = Bn cet | “S274 Precast concrete (hal-tum wit landings) ‘he precast concrete element consists of one Eee plus the intermediate landings. Itis sup- ‘pared on discrota, resilient bearings at the “sees. The other precast concrete elements _ Sepsis of one fight and the landing at floor = Suppor is by means of nibs, or the pre- ‘Ses: concrete elements supported at floor level “Seas on resilient bearings within packets in ‘he foor beams. The open joint between the “Sze and the adjoining walls improves the “sepact sound insulation 2 etreintroed 42 pact sound insula aoe ton WLLL & Fecastconcte 53. Sealing compound = 114 Sandwich pane! a Aowng 119. Pockot or bearing GE Temalinadaton 120 Elastomer beorng 191Construction details antints » Fixings ‘svement joints in impermeable concrete seectares (with external tanking) | shows a horizontal movement joint in a S20 with 2 soft joint filing and a bulb in }of the waterstop to denote the nomi- of the joint. n very thick ground slabs =m) ican algo be beneficial to postion in the middie of the slab instead ie underside. In this case the two wings /eaterstop can point upwards slightly in ‘of a V to improve the embedment in 1B shows a vertical movement joint in a .2 soft joint filing, and a bulb in the fhe waterstop to denote the nominal jot the joint. This is builtin Tike a waterstop SS construction joint, whereby the joint filing ‘seral woo! mat) has tobe attached concreting the second part ofthe wal. “Bess Cand D show a movement joint in a linctucing the water bar fited inthe c “se = central bulb and locating lugs to DIN 7865 Fe F300). The locating lugs intaly attach Pent: bar tothe formwork while the fist [Setct he wall is concreted (C). Prior to cast- “See second part of the wall the joint filing "= Smnated mineral woo! mat) has to be es place botwoon the locating lugs (D), “8 Fang of facade pals _Bespersion anchors ensure that facing leaves fete a space behind are secured witout [pears The anchors oe pottoned within he [Bea iatistonbetveon tncbeoring end Berg leaves. Only stainless steel may be ses tr such anchors: thy are acustable in [eee crectons, Te thing et the eto edge [Sime panel can take to fom of a specorar Fearerer to secre to panel epainst wna [ezsicion Figure 1.102 shows a dowel [Era votoon to procat concrete — Sackng sp 9 Wrote wo rertorce- = = Se Feannganchor 100 Sab avppartadon Facase anchor beam or wal GE Meesep note 119 Wal oo 114 Sandwich panel = Gow ony 115 Precast leading = = 121 Raercomont 4302 189Construction details F 482 Movement joints DIN 18540 covers the sealing of joints in ‘nal walls with sealing compounds. Char are formed on the outer edges by placing = ‘Quar fillets inthe formwork and this pros Clean, lightly recessed joint. The thickness ‘the sealing compound infront ofthe backs stip Is a result of the respective width oft joint and spacing of the joints (A) Joints in external walls can also be sealed ‘covering them with a strip of material bon: = to the concrete. Polysulphide, polyurethane = silicone are the main materials employed. & ‘sealing compound made from the same ma eral is applied to the edges ofthe joint anc the cover strip pressed into this to form a si ‘curve in section. The cover strip can be pos Vertical joints constructed as drained joints ‘and horizontal joints as stepped drained jor (D) have proved worthwhile in practice, Spec care is required to ensure that the layers of thermal insulation between the loadbearing and facing leaves are properly covered, ‘The seal to the joint between two gable walls i Positioned in the outer sealing layer above the Upstand in the roof slab. In this case the back- ing strip is bonded between the layers of bit menised felt (F) Nontspacing | Joint width “Thickness fee | rom"V'min | ing compound m- | dm. bl oe | | tolerance lo teem | toy | ry | 2 [as [io [8 [a pes | 0s | 0 | a 2355 [zo | 2 | 3565 fs | as [as 2858 35_[o | 16 [as Concrte 20 Screed Ineturanierced 30 aster concrete 40. Thermal nauaton Precast concrete 4&3 Sumenised fet ‘omen (waterprocting) ‘Shoot metal flashing 48_Interayer (Coneratolaidto fais 53. Sealing compound‘There sno movement in the construction joint ‘eetween ground slab and wall. The contact [pressure can make the joint watertight, pro- ‘sce the concrete ofthe walls cast perfectly ‘ag2rst the concrete of the ground slab. This is

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