Lindsay Morton

3//14
Test # 2

Changing Ocean Ecosystems Study Guide (Chapter 5 -8)

Chapter 5/6:
Facts
The Microbial World
-

All arose from a common ancestor 3.5 billion years ago

Microorganisms are the most abundant form of marine life
1st form of life on earth, all forms evolved from them
3 domains of life
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eurkarotic Protists

Viruses
- Classified as a non living particle not made up of a cell
- Extremely small, can only be seen by a very powerful
microscope
- Parasites that reproduce and develop only when infecting a
living cell
- Parts:
o Head: consists of a chain of genetic material (RNA/DNA)
o Tail: aids in binding/introduction of genetic material to
the host cell
o Sheath
o Capsid: outer protein coat, protects the head
o Plug
o Tail fibers
- Lysogenic Viruses: incorporate their genetic
Material into host DNA
- Bacteriophages: lysogenic viruses that
Specifically target and destroy bacteria
- Directs bacteria to produce new viruses

- Cell lysis and release of new viral parasites

- The Lytic Cycle

Prokaryotes
- Smallest, structurally simplest and oldest form of life on
planet
- Lack nucleus and most eukaryotic organelles
- Simple circular shaped DNA (single loop)
- Domain Bacteria
o Bacteria
o Cyanobacteria
- Domain Archaea
- Metabolism
o Autotrophs: bacteria/Archaea that make there own
organic compounds for energy
Photoautotrophic: utilize light for photosynthesis
Chemoautotrophic: utilize hydrogen sulfide for
chemosynthesis

o Heterotrophs: obtain energy from organic compounds

by respiration
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Domain: Bacteria
- Very small, very numerous
- Importanat as decomposers, breaking down dead organic
material (detritus into nutrients to be used by other
organisms)
- Important food source
- Have three basic shapes
1. Cocci
2. Bacilli
3. Spiralis
- Cyanobacteria: important photoautotrophs, transformed
earths atmospheres
o Live freely or in colonies
o Can fix nitrogen gas to useful forms
o Nitrogen Fixation: atmospheric nitrogen is useless and
must be fixed or reduced to nitrate before it can
serve as a nutrient for marine organisms
o Stromatolites: massive calcareous mounds formed by
cyanobacteria
Domain: Archaea
- Simplest form of life
- 3.8 billion years old
- 1st discovered in hot environments (hot springs, acid drain
ponds)
- Can live at temperatures up to 121 degrees C
Domain: Eukarya
- Unicellular Algae
o Diatoms
12,000 species, many marine
Form diatomaceous earth

Characteristic: Silcia Frustrales

Produces crysolaminarin carbohydrate
Dominate in temperate/polar regions
Provide food in form of themselves and O2
A sexual reproduction (fission)

o Dinoflagellates
Two flagella
Armored plates of cellulose
Often photosynthetic heterotrophic
Dominate in warm waters
- Animal Like Protists
o Formainiferans
Protozoa, often called forams
Calcium carbonate test
Long, thin pseudopodia for trapping food
Primarily benthic organisms
o Radiolarians
Protozoa with silica shells
Radiating spines for capturing food
Mostly pelagic
Form radiolarian ooze in deep waters
- Macrophytes (seaweeds)
o Eukaryote autotroph with complex structure and
reproductive strategies
o No true roots, leaves, or vascular system
o Parts:
Thallus: complete body
Blades: leaf-like flattened area
Pneumatocycsts: gas bladders
Stipe: stem like structure for support
Holdfast: anchor seaweed

- Green Algae
o Phylum Chlorophyta
o Aka plants
o 7,000 species
o Simple thalli
o Mostly freshwater, 10% marine
o Believed to be ancestors of terrestrial, vascular plants
o Often bloom in response to nutrient pollution
o Storage Carbohydrate: starch
o Cell Walls: cellulose
o Example: sea lettuce, dead mans fingers
- Brown Algae
o Phylum Phaeophyta
o 1500 species
o Include largest seaweeds, almost all marine
o Storage Carbohydrate: laminarin oil
o Cell Walls: alginates
o Example: rockweeds, tropical algae, kelp
- Red Algae
o Phylum Rhodophyta
o Most numerous group of seaweeds
o Almost all marine
o Some are heterotrophic parasites
o Storage Carbohydrate: starch
o Cell Walls: agar, carrageenan, cellulose
o Example: porphyra
- Flowering Plants
o Seagrasses
Horizontal stems (rhizomes)
Pollen (carried by currents)


o Salt

Flowers (very small/inconspicuous)

Marsh Plants/Mangroves
Cordgrasses
Mangrove trees/shrubs
Both non marine species
Halophytes (self tolerant)

Chapter 7:
Facts

- Kingdom Animalia
o Consumers
o Vertebrates
o Invertebrates (97% of all animal species)
o 18 different invertebrate phylum
o 6 Phylums to Know
1. Porifera (sponges)
2. Cnidaria (cnidarians)
3. Mollusca (molluscs)
4. Arthropoda (arthropods)
5. Echinodermata (echinoderms)
6. Chordata (chordates)
- Marine Lifestyles

- Types of Symmetry

- Sponges
o Phylum: Porifera
o Meaning: Pore-bearers
o Level of Organization: cellular
o Habitat: benthic
o Behavior: sessile
o Symmetry: asymmetrical
o Reproduction: both (asexual budding, sexual
broadcast spawning), most are hermaphrodites
o Feeding Behavior: filter feeder (water actively pumped
through a feeding structure or filtering structures are
swept through the water)
o Special Feeding Feature: choanocyte
o Support Structures: sponging (elastic protein fibers),
spicules (siliceous or calcareous structures)
o 6000 species

o Example: tube sponge, encrusting sponge, coralline

sponge
- Cnidarians
o Phylum: Cnidaria
o Meaning: stinging creature
o Level of Organization: tissue (made of polyps)
o Habitat: benthic/pelagic
o Behavior: sessile/motile
o Symmetry: radial
o Reproduction: both (asexual budding, sexual
fertilization), many develop larvae stage
o Feeding Behavior: carnivores
o Special Feeding Feature: nematocysts
o Adults either have mouth up (polyp) or mouth down
(medusa)
o 10,00 species, almost exclusively marine
o Lifecycle may alternate between a sedentary polyp and
a motile medusa or spend life as one stage only
o Example: corals, sea anemones, jellyfish
- Molluscs
o Phylum: Mollusca
o Meaning: soft bodied
o Level of Organization: true organ system
Ganglia: local brains, clusters of nerve cells
located in different parts of the body
o Habitat: benthic/pelagic
o Behavior: sessile/mobile (nekton)
o Symmetry: bilateral
o Reproduction: sexual (mainly hermaphroditic)
External fertilization bivalves
Internal Fertilization cephalopods
Veliger: planktonic larvae with tiny shells
(gastropods or bivalves)
Cephalopods: lack larvae, develop from yolk filled
egg sacks

o Feeding Behavior: predators, grazers, filter feeders,

parasitic, varies
o Special Feeding Feature: Maxilla
o Complete digestive tract salivary and digestive glands
that release enzymes that break down food
o Radula: unique to molluscs, small ribbon of teeth used
to feed, made of chitin, rasping organ
o All have gas exchange through gills
o Head with sensory organs- eyes
o 200,000 species
o Example: snails, clams, oysters, octopuses, squid,
chitons

o Classes
1. Gastropods
Class: gastropoda
Meaning: stomach footed
Body resting on a ventral creeping foot
Special Feeding Feature: radula
Largest and most diverse class
Example: snails, limpets
2. Bivalves
Class: bivalvia
Meaning: two valves
Body is laterally compressed and enclosed in a 2
part shell
Special Feeding Feature: crystalline style (rod
shaped structure in the stomach that secretes
enzymes to help break down food, acts as a
grinding stone)
Commercially important species, economically
important
Gills for gas exchange and filter feeding

 May live in sediment or attach to a rocky

substrate
Example: clams, mussels, oysters
3. Cephalopods
Class: cephalopoda
Meaning: head footed, head pushed down
toward the foot
Special Feeding Feature: Radula
650 species
Very motile with complex nervous system
Foot has evolved to become tentacles with
suckers
Eyes similar to vertebrates
Example: octopus, squid
- Arthropods
o Phylum: Arthropoda
o Meaning: armored achievers
o Level of Organization: true organ system
o Habitat: benthic
o Behavior: sessile/mobile
o Symmetry: bilateral segmented body with jointed
appendages and 2 pairs of antennas
o Reproduction: sexual (separate sexes)
Internal fertilization: gametes are shed into water
column
o Special Feeding Feature: maxilaped
o Growth through molding, shedding of the exoskeleton
o More than one million known species
o Are all crustaceans (copepods & amphipod= small
crustaceans, decapods = large crustaceans)
o Example: barnacles, shrimps, lobsters, crabs
- Echinoderms
o Phylum: Echinodermata
o Meaning: spiny skin
o Level of Organization: true organ system

o Habitat: benthic
o Behavior: sessile/mobile
o Symmetry: pentamerous radial, lack
head/anterior/posterior
o Reproduction: sexual (separate sexes)
External fertilization: gametes shed into water
column (broadcast Spawners)
o Feeding Behavior: varies, predators, passive
suspension, deposit feeders
o Special Feeding Feature: mouth
o Water vascular system- network of water filled canals
used for locomotion tube feet
o Complete digestive tract
o Endoskeleton
o Example: sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars
- Chordates
o Phylum: Chordata
o Dorsal nerve cord
o Gill slits
o Notochord: flexible rod for support
o Post anal tail
o bilateral
o Example: tunicates, lancelets
Chapter 8
Facts
Marine Fishes
- There are over 30,000 species of marine fishes
o 75-100 new species discovered each year
- Thought to be the 1st vertebrates
- Oldest and structurally simplest
- Have a backbone (vertebral column or spine)
- Most economically important marine organism (fertilizer,
food, sport, pet, etc)

- Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata

- 3 types of Marine Fishes
1. Agnatha (jawless fishes)
2. Chondichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
3. Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Class: Agnatha
- Meaning: jawless
- Most primitive
- Feeding Behavior: suction
- Body type: elongated cylindrical eel like, lack paired
fins/scales
- Skeleton made of cartilage, not bone
- Examples
o Hagfish (aka slime eels)
Feed on dead/dying animals
Bore into prey
Slime defense
Cold waters
o Lampreys
o Temperate regions
o Breed in fresh waters
o Move to sea as adults

Class: Chondrichthyes
- Meaning: Cartilaginous
- Body Type: cartilaginous skeleton, moveable jaw, paired
pectoral fins, skin covered with placoid scales
- Examples:
o Sharks
Living fossils
Slow growing/reproducing
Overfished shark finning
Fusiform body shape (spindle like): wide in middle,
tapers at both ends

Sandpaper like skin (placoid scales)

Caudal fin, 2 dorsal fins, paired pectoral fins
5-7 gill slits
Powerful jaws with recyclable teeth
Spiracle: aids in the transfer of oxygen to gill slits

o Rays & Skates

Dorsoventrally flattened body
Mostly benthic
Ventral gills & mouth
Whip like tail (rays only, defensive spines)
Paired flattened pectoral fins (fused with head,
wing like)
o Ratfishes
Deep water fishes
Single pair of gill slits
Rat-like tail
Class: Osteichthyes
- Meaning: boney
- General Body type: skeleton made of bone, skin covered
with cycloid scales, vary greatly
- Smooth skin of cycloid covered in mucus
- Caudal fin, 2 dorsal fins, fin rays used as rudder and
protection (can be venomous), paired pectoral fins
- Operculum (gill covering)
- Terminal mouth

- Swim bladder: internal organ, gas filled sac that allows fish
to control its bouyancy
- 96% of all fishes
- 23,000 species 75-100 new species ID each year
- Commercially the most important marine organism

- Examples:
o Coelacanth
Discovered in 1938
Thought to be extinct 60 million years earlier
Thought to have given rise to 1st land vertebrates
Paddle like fins = 1st vertebrate appendages
Living fossil

- Body Shape = directly related to life style, used as

camouflage
- Coloration= useful as camouflage and display
o Chromatophores specialized skin cells where colored
pigments are located
o Warning colors, cryptic colors, disruptive colors,
countershading
- Locomotion

o rhythmic side-to-side motion produced by

myomers, band of muscles
o s shaped waves provide thrust, great variation
- Feeding
o Filter feeders utilize gill rakers
o Grazers see grasses/sea weed
o Carnivores
Digestive System of Cartilagenous Fish (sharks, skates, rays)

Circulatory System
- all fishes have a 2 chambered heart, pumps out de-O2 blood
to gills (gas exchange)
- Arteries = O2 blood
- Capillaries allow O2
& nutriets to reach
cells
- Veins = de O2 blood
Respiratory System
Cartilaginous Fish

Bony Fish

- Process is slightly different between 2 types of fish but

outcome is the same
- Gills are irrigated, fish must irrigate its own gills to gather
oxygen for growth and production of necessary processes
o Most cartilaginous fish use the swimming motion to
irrigate gills
o Bottom dwellers use spiracles to irrigate the gills
o Boney fish force water across the gills by contraction of
its Buccal Cavity
It closes its operculum inhales water into the
cavity opens its operculum contracts, forcing
water across its gills
- Gills are supported by gill arches (has 2 filaments)
o Gill rakers protect the filaments from
food particles or specialize in the
collection of filer feeders
o Filaments contain rows of lamella
which contain capillaries
o Lamella increases the surface area and
efficiency of gas exchange
o Lamella umbers increase in active
swimming species
o O2 enters blood from seawater by
diffusion
o Counter current exchange: flow of
seawater over gills, blood flowing
opposite direction, ensures diffusion of
O2 occurs over entire gill surface
o hemoglobin: protein in red blood cell,
carries O2, myoglobin: protein in
muscle, stores O2
o Amount of myoglobin increases in active swimmers

o When water has already been depleted of O2, it

encounters blood from veins that are even more
depleted
o Blood that has already been enriched with O2
encounters waters rich in O2 just entering the gill
chambers
Osmoregulation
- The concentration of solutes in fish is less than that of
seawater (loss of water through diffusion)
- Marine bony fish drink continuously, excrete salts using the
kidneys and special chloride cells in the gills, and excrete
waste high in salt concentration
- Cartilaginous fishes raise the concentration of solutes in their
blood, and excrete waste high in salt concentration, blood
matches solute concentration of seawater
Nervous System- Sensory Organs
- Vertebrates have the most complex systems
- Central nervous system (brain/spinal cord) coordinates all
bodily functions
- Olfactory organs: sense of smell
o Sharks blood detection in less than 1 ppm
o Salmon memorize smells in route to sea
- Lateral line: sense of vibration
- Ampullae of Lorenzini: detects electromagnetic fields
(internal compass)
Behavior
- Territoriality: establishment of territories and aggressive
behavior
- Schooling: well defined groups with a coordinated effort and
no leader
o Reproduction strategy
o Hunting mechanism
o Increased swimming efficiency
o Protection against predation
- Migrations: mass movements of individuals, homing behavior

o Anadromous: spend most of life at sea but migrate to

fresh water to breed
o Catadromous: spend most of life in fresh water but
migrate to sea to breed
Reproduction and Development
- Reproduction
o Internal/External Fertilization
- Development
o Oviparous: spawned from eggs
o Ovoviviparous: females retain eggs internally
o Viviparous: live bearers