Design and Development of a Three-Storey Dormitory Building in

Muntinlupa City
Lot 4-K-1-B-3-D-2, National Highway, Brgy.Tunasan, Muntinlupa City

Project by

Gilbuena, Roldan A.
Itable, Daniel Laurence S.
Mendoza, Khaled

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

(SCEGE)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(Degree Program)

Mapua Institute of Technology

Manila City

September / 2014
Previous Degrees

Executive Summary
The design and development of a three storey dormitory
building aims to be of help primarily to the students of Lyceum Alabang
which happens to be right across the project site. The building will also
serve as an innovative structure for the entire Muntinlupa City for it is
planned to be constructed using indigenous materials and some other "green
structures" which will make the building environment friendly to nearby
establishments.

Also, we are to design such a structure which will also be

resistant to the expected and present loads and forces. We took into
consideration the need for an environment-friendly structure, including the
incorporation of large windows with reflective coatings, LED lights, and
eliminating obstructions to ensure proper air ventilation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0

Introduction
1.1. Problem Statement
1.2. Project Objectives
1.3. Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering
1.4.The Project Beneficiary
1.5.The Innovative Approach
1.6.The Research Component
1.7.The Design Component
1.8. Sustainable Development Concept

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2.0

Environmental Examination Report

2.1. Project Description
2.1.1. Project Rationale
2.1.2. Project Location
2.1.3. Project Information
2.1.4. Description of Project Phases
2.1.5. Research Phase
2.1.6. Pre-construction Phase / Operational Phase
2.1.7. Operational Phase
2.1.8. Abandonment Phase
2.2. Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving
Environment
2.2.1. Physical Environment
2.2.2. Biological Environment
2.2.3. Socio-cultural, Economic and Political Environment
2.2.4. Future Environmental Conditions without the Project
2.3.Impact Assessment and Mitigation
2.3.1. Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental
Issues/Impacts
2.3.2. Brief Discussion of Environmental Impacts
2.3.3. Brief Discussion of Significant Socio economic
Effects/ Impacts of the project
2.4. Environmental Management Plan
2.4.1. Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and
Enhancement
2.4.2. Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

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2.4.3. Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement
Measures
2.4.4. Monitoring Plan
2.4.5. Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements

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3.0

The Research Component

3.1. Abstract
3.2. Introduction
3.3. Review of Related Literature
3.4. Methodology
3.5.Results and Discussion
3.6. Conclusions and Recommendations

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4.0

Detailed Engineering Design

4.1.Loads and Codes
4.1.1. Introduction
4.1.2. Dead Load
4.1.3. Live Load
4.1.4. Earthquake Load
4.2.Structural Design
4.2.1. Beam Design
4.2.2. Column Design
4.2.3. Slab Design
4.3.Design of Foundation
4.3.1. Footing Computation
4.4.Plan Set
4.4.1. Architectural Design
4.4.1.1.Perspective
4.4.1.2.Floor Plan
4.4.1.3.Elevations
4.4.1.4.Section
4.4.2. Structural Design
4.5 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering
4.5.1 Major Area of Civil Engineering: Structural
Engineering
4.5.2 Minor Area of Civil Engineering: Construction
Engineering
4.5.3 Minor Area of Civil Engineering: Geotechnical
Engineering

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5.0

Promotional Material
5.1.Walkthrough

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6.0

Budget Estimation

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7.0

Project Schedule

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8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0

Conclusion and Summary

Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
Appendix
12.1. Article Type Paper
12.2. Original Project Report Assessment Sheet
by Panel Member
12.3. English Editor Assessment and Evaluation Rubric
12.4. Accomplished Consultation Forms
12.5. Compilation of Assessment Forms (Rubrics)
12.6. Copy of Engineering Drawing and Plans
12.7. Copy of Project Poster
12.8. Photocopy of Receipts
12.9. Relevant Pictures
12.10. Other Required Forms
12.11. Student Reflections (What have you achieved 3 to 5
years from date of graduation?)
Resume of each Member

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13.0

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List of Tables, Illustrations, Charts or Graphs

Figures:
Fig.1 Project Location showing nearby streets....11
Fig. 2 Dead Load 26
Fig. 3 Live Load .26
Fig. 4 3D Rendered View ...27

Tables:
Table. 1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and
their Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development ..14
Table.2 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement
Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities .....16
Table.3 Monitoring Plan..........19

1.0 INTRODUCTION
One of the major problems that we are experiencing today is pollution.
Nowadays, pollution isnt always caused just by vehicles plying the streets of
Metro Manila, but also from the lights that we use and even our very way of
consuming electricity. We commonly use CFC bulbs because we think that they
are less expensive. But little do we know that they consume a lot more electricity
than other lights do. We seldom take into consideration the interior design of the
building and the possible savings we can get from carefully designed interiors.

Another problem encountered in Metro Manila is flooding. Floods are one

of the hazards that can endanger the safety of the people. These are the primary
cause of diseases nowadays in Metro Manila, such as dengue, among others. Not
only that, they also delay the traffic in the roads.

These two problems are the primary considerations of our proposed design
of a four-storey commercial building. It is our aim that the structure will be able
to reduce significant amounts of energy that are usually caused by our appliances
and lightings, and help in promoting the drive towards a friendlier environment.

1.1 Problem Statement

The town of Tunasan in Muntinlupa City, where our project is situated, has
an estimated population of 51,300 persons as of May 2010. Near our project sited
are the Lyceum of Alabang College and Saint Peregrine Chapel. The beneficiary
wishes to design an environment-friendly dormitory that will cater to the needs of
the students of Lyceum College, and at the same time help them save significant
amounts of energy.

1.2 Project Objectives

The projects primary objective is to develop and design a three-storey
dormitory building that will be of help to the students of the said school and at the
same time is designed well to save significant amounts of energy. Since economy
is not a constraint, the beneficiary intends to consider putting up plants in the
vicinity and incorporate sustainability in the structure by installing glass windows

8
with reflective coatings to reduce the need for lightings. LED lights will also be
used for the structure since these also help reduce energy consumption.

1.3 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering

The three fields of civil engineering that are concerned with our project
are structural engineering, construction engineering, and environmental
engineering. Above everything else, it is important that our structure will be
sufficient enough to resist gravity loads that are caused by the structures and
occupants, and lateral forces that result from seismic forces. Thus, structural
engineering, being the major field, will take care of these concerns. Construction
engineering, being one of the minor fields of civil engineering, will be in charge
of the methodologies and materials for the green structure, and environmental
engineering will handle the overall green design component of our structure.

1.4 The Project Beneficiary

The whole project will be funded and implemented by Mr. William and
Mrs. Ong. The said commercial building is situated along National Highway,
Tunasan, Muntinlupa City. The students of Lyceum College Alabang and church
goers from the said chapel will surely benefit from this project because of the
accessibility of a temporary refuge for the students of the said school, as well as
of food stalls, cafs, and school supply stores which will be located on the ground
floor. Moreover, it may also help reduce unemployment in the said area since
these stalls will require additional workers.

1.5 The Innovative Approach

In this design project, our group utilized some commercialized programs
to aid us in our design of the whole building. We used SketchUp8 for designing
the perspective layout of our building. Other software were also needed, as
follows:
AutoCad 2012
This software will aid us in detailed sketching and efficient scaling
of plans that will be used throughout our design process.

9
StaadPro 2007
It is an advanced structural design program that will serve as our
basis in the design of structural members. This may also foresee the
stability of our structure based on the loads that will be used in the
structure.

Microsoft Excel 2010

This is a spreadsheet program that can be used to tabulate the
computations and data of our structure.

Design Norms Considered

Two design norms were noted in the design of this commercial building.
The primary design norm of our structure is the safety of the structure against
failure. A structure should not only be able to protect the environment, but the
people using and are near the structure should be protected as well.

The next consideration for our design is the protection of the environment,
since we are designing an environment-friendly structure. This is the primary
reason why we incorporated green design in the structure.

1.6 The Research Component

Because our structure will stand at a fault line, we took that into
consideration, thus designing an earthquake resistant structure, and chose
different materials and energy-saving procedures that can be used in constructing
a green building.

1.7 The Design Component

We considered and designed a three storey building that can resist
different kinds of loads and forces, and its components such as the substructure,
superstructure, and tested several lateral force resisting systems that would be the
most suitable to minimize damage against earthquakes. For the substructure
design, foundations were designed to resist the loads from the structure,
depending on the type of soil present in that said area. A soil investigation may

10
have had to be done whenever deemed necessary. The slabs, beams, and columns
were designed to resist gravity loads and lateral forces (such as seismic forces) in
accordance with the provisions of the National Structural Code of the Philippines
and other pertinent codes and standards followed in practice.

1.8 Sustainable Development Concept

This whole project will benefit not only the students of the said school but
it may also help the entire community of Tunasan, Muntinlupa City through the
conservation of energy resources.

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2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT

2.1Project Description
2.1.1 Project Rationale
The main reason why we are planning to develop the building into a green
structure is that Muntinlupa City experiences a huge consumption of energy
because of the massive commercialized way of living occurring within the metro.
It also covers the designing a building which is more developed and environmentfriendly to somehow address the said concern.

2.1.2 Project Location

The project will be located at Lot 4-K-1-B-3-D-2Brgy. Tunasan,
Muntinlupa City. However, we aim to put green construction methods in the
design so that the building will meet the projects objectives.

Fig. 1: Project Location showing nearby streets

2.1.3 Project Information

The project will be about designing and developing a three-storey
dormitory building along the main road of Muntinlupa City into a green structure
to be able to improve further its efficiency to the said city.

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2.1.4 Description of Project Phase

The project will have four phases: pre-construction/operational phase,
construction phase, operational phase and abandonment phase. The preconstruction/operational phase includes the things to be done before the project
starts; it is the preparation before the construction and operational phases. The
construction phase includes the preparation of the site and construction of the
structure. The operational phase of the project is how it operates or works. And
lastly is the abandonment phase which discusses what should be done with the
project if it is unoccupied.

2.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational Phase

Survey, sourcing of construction materials

Detailed Engineering study, review and designs

City

Secure of permits and clearance from the local government of Muntinlupa

2.1.6 Construction Phase

Clearing and Grubbing

Removal/Disposal of trees, slumps, brush, roots, logs, rubbish and

other objectionable matter.

Excavation

Excavation and cut/fill of land.

Water and Sewer Lines

Installation and organization of water and sewer lines.

2.1.7 Operational Phase

The building will normally host peoples businesses on a regular basis. It
will be typically be used to be of service to the students from the nearby school,
Lyceum College, Alabang. And when one unit is vacant, it will just be open for
people looking for a nice accessible place to temporarily live in.

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2.1.8 Abandonment Phase

This phase is not expected in this project since each unit is expected be
occupied by the buyers. Vacant unit/s will be occupied by the buyers.
Abandonment will occur if the buyer cannot pay his obligations. The forfeited
property will then be re-sold to other clients who are interested and more capable
to pay.

2.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving

Environment
2.2.1 Physical Environment
Muntinlupa City is composed of 9 barangays and one of these is Barangay
Tunasan, with an estimated land area of 890 hectares, a population of more or less
75,000 inhabitants residing in the barrio proper and in different subdivision,
puroks and sitios. It has 13 subdivisions and villages, 7 puroks, 12 sitios and 1
industrial complex, which houses 25 factories and business establishments.

The project location is surrounded by local retail stores, hospital, school,

churches, residential houses, and other common establishments. There are malls
near the place like SM and Puregold, and many others. The project area is
generally along the main road of Tunasan, Muntinlupa City.

2.2.2 Biological Environment

The biological status or condition of the surrounding environment of the
project can be considered as already polluted for there is a minimal number of
plants and trees and a large number of commercial establishments.

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2.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment

The area of Tunasan, Muntinlupa City experiences a lot of floods that
cause heavy traffic which results in huge disturbance to a lot of residents of
Muntinlupa and its nearby cities.

However, industrialization in Muntinlupa City has achieved a considerable

and rapid pace of development and Muntinlupa is considered as one of the top
industrialized cities here in the Philippines and as a result its working population
has been increasing rapidly.

2.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project

Without having the flood problem being addressed properly, the
disturbance it causes could affect the flow of cars exiting the San Pedro and
Susana Exits of the South Luzon Expressway for these two exits are connected by
the national road along Tunasan, Muntinlupa.

2.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation

2.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental
Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various Stages
of development

POSSIBLE
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEM/ISSUES

LEVEL OF IMPACT

NOISE GENERATION

MODERATE IMPACT

WATER QUALITY

MODERATE IMPACT

AIR QUALITY

LOW IMPACT

FLORA AND FAUNA

MODERATE IMPACT

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2.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Impacts on the Physical and

Biological Resources
2.3.2.1 Air Quality
The construction of the project will produce air pollutants during and after the
construction.

2.3.2.2 Water Quality

The possible residues that the construction will produce will be drained on the
public sewer that the community had.

2.3.2.3 Noise Level

The construction of the project will produce noise that may affect the
establishments surrounding the project like schools.

2.3.2.4 Flora and Fauna

The construction will not affect the fauna because there are very few plants and
trees surrounding.

2.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic

Effects/Impacts of the Project
The contractor must notify the residents and the management of the
nearby establishments about the construction of the project. The contractors
should also discuss the mitigation measures that were determined to reduce the
distractions that might be faced during the construction of the said commercial
building.

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To avoid air quality and noise problems, temporary walls are to be created
to contain or muffle the noise produced by the equipment, and to prevent dust
from spreading all over the vicinity. Construction equipment is allowed for usage
during night time, to obviate disturbances to the day time activities of Lyceum
College and St. Peregrine Chapel. Also, to avoid accidents, hard hats and proper
construction attires are required for the workers.

To avoid traffic congestion on the area, which lies along the main road of
Muntinlupa City, strict traffic rules and policies must be implemented.

2.4 Environmental Management Plan

2.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement
Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
Risk

Mitigations

Cost

Responsibiliti
es

Construction Phase

Noise Level

Most of the noise that will be

produced on the construction will be
during daytime. If heavy equipment
will be used, most of the work will be
done to avoid disturbance to the
establishments near it.
n/a

Before Construction Phase

The contractor will discuss to the
workers the measures to avoid air
related
problems
during
the
construction phase.

During Construction Phase

Fences will be constructed along the

Contractor

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perimeter of the project location to
avoid disturbance. Regular sprinkling
of water will be done for dust
prevention.
Air Quality

n/a

Contractor

n/a

Contractor

n/a

Contractor

After Construction Phase

To control air infection in the area
clearing of any objects that may affect
air quality must be done after the
construction phase.

Prevent
emissions
of
harmful
substances that may harm publics
health.
Health

Solid Waste

Use of hardhats and have proper attire

for the construction workers to avoid
injuries.

In order to keep the cleanliness in the

area, right solid waste disposal and
regular garbage collection will be
ensured.

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Construction Phase

Traffic

To prevent traffic congestion on the

road near the project, adequate parking
will be provided at the same time strict
traffic enforcement will be applied.

n/a

Contractor

2.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

The contractor must notify the management of the near establishments,
and the residents about the construction of the project. The contractors should also
discuss the mitigations determined to reduce the distractions that might be faced
during the construction of the said commercial building.

To avoid air quality and noise problems, temporary walls are to be created
to restrain the noise produced by the equipment, and to prevent dust generation all
over the vicinity. Construction equipment is allowed for usage during night time,
to obviate disturbances to the day time activities of Lyceum College and St.
Peregreene Chapel. Also, to avoid accidents, hard hats and proper construction
attires are required for the workers.

To avoid traffic congestion on the area, which lies along the main road of
Muntinlupa City, a strict traffic rules and policies must be implemented.

2.4.3 Monitoring Plan

In process of construction, a person will be assigned to make sure that each and
every mitigation and enhancement measure that was previously identified will be
followed. The monitoring must be strictly done to ensure safety.

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Environmental
Problem

Enhancement
Measure

Monitoring

Noise

Noise Control

Daily

Air Quality

Dust control
provided with
water sprinklers
to reduce air
pollutants
mainly dust.

Daily

Solid Waste

Proper Waste
Management

Daily

Traffic

Signs and
cautions will be
provided and
strict traffic
management
will be done.

Daily

2.4.4 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements

For the institutional responsibilities and agreements of this project, it will
comply with the requirements of the local municipality of Muntinlupa in building
a structure in the area. Coordination with the Muntinlupalocal government will be
done for the guidelines to be followed in constructing the project. In designing the
project, references were made from NSCP 2010 (National Structural Codes of the
Philippines 2010) for the loads to be considered.

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3.0 THE RESEARCH COMPONENT

3.1 Abstract
The primary goal of our project is to construct an eco-friendly structure
that will be able to serve the people surrounding the area of Tunasan, Muntinlupa
City, without the need of sacrificing the lives of the people and the conditions of
our streams and lakes. Also, it will, in a way, reduce unemployment in that area
since new job opportunities will come from the stalls that will be opened for the
convenience of the patrons.

3.2 Introduction
In biogeography, a species is defined as native (or indigenous) to a given
region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural
processes, with no human intervention. Every natural organism (as opposed to a
domesticated organism) has its own natural range of distribution in which it is
regarded as native. Outside this native range, a species may be introduced by
human activity; it is then referred to as an introduced species within the regions
where it was anthropogenically introduced.

An indigenous species is not necessarily endemic. In biology and ecology,

endemic means exclusively native to the biota of a specific place. An indigenous
species may occur in areas other than the one under consideration.

The terms endemic and indigenous do not imply that an organism

necessarily originated or evolved where it is found (Indigenous (ecology), n.d.,
par. 1-3).

3.3 Review of Related Literature

3.3.1 The Science Behind Green Building
Sustainable building takes most of us back to the classroom for a refresher
on the physical properties of energy, air, and water. Green building practices, as
well the selection of the appropriate building materials, revolve around a few

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basic principles of science. Science is what sustainable building relies on,
principles that once understood can guide you every step of the way, including:
A house is a system of interrelated parts
Energy loses some of its potential each time it is converted from one form to
another, which explains why passive solar heat is much more efficient than
electric heat
Form follows function when it comes to design, meaning that construction
should be tailored to the environment in which the house is built.
Air leaks in the building envelope represent a significant loss of energy and
open the door to moisture damage inside wall and ceiling cavities.
Controlling the movement of heat, air, and moisture involves every part of the
building and everyone on the building team (GreenBuilding.com, n.d.-1, The
Science, par. 1-6).

3.3.2 Green Building Best Practices

The following are taken from GreenBuilding.com (n.d.-1), Best Practices, par.
1-6:
Look for designs that use energy as close to its sources as possible to
minimize conversion losses: passive solar heat, for examples, over electrical
resistance heating.
Consider heat transmissions in all its forms - convection, conduction, and
radiation - in selecting building materials and building practices.
Create an effective air barrier and make sure everyone on the build team
understands their role in maintaining it through various stages of construction.
Include some form of mechanical ventilation in the house and strive for a
"pressure neutral" interior as a minimum requirement.
Make sure construction details are able to handle water movement via gravity,
diffusion, and capillary action.
In areas of high noise, consider window upgrades, sound barriers, and
alternatives to conventional stick framing.

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3.3.2A House as a System

Green doesn't have to be expensive to build, nor does it have to look
"different". It can be designed in any style, or any shape. The main focus of green
building is to provide benefits to the occupants. A green building is a building that
is designed, constructed, and operated utilizing a whole-system design approach,
with the goal of enhancing the overall environmental performance of the building
and the site on which it sits.

Our built environment is changing the world significantly. Many of the

homes built today consume an inordinate amount of natural resources and energy;
building contribute over 40 percent of the total greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, more than either industry or transportation alone. Green building is a
systematic approach that covers every step of design and construction from land
use and site planning to materials selection, energy efficiency and indoor air
quality. At its most basic, green building is a tripod of three interrelated goals:

Energy Effect it is the cornerstone of any green building project. A welldesigned and green-built home consumes as little energy as possible and uses
renewable resources of energy whenever possible. Lower energy use not only
saves homeowners money but also has broader societal benefits, including:
fewer disruptions in energy supplies
better air quality
reduced global climate change

Conservation of Natural Resources - There is a great variety of effective

building strategies that conserve natural resources and provide other benefits,
such as lower costs. Strategies include the use of durable products to reduce waste
and specifying recycled-content products that reuse natural resources.

Indoor Air Quality - Poor indoor air quality is often caused by mold and mildew
that are the result of leaks or poorly designed and maintained heating and cooling

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systems. Another common source of indoor air pollution is the off-gassing of
chemicals found in many building materials. Some are known carcinogens
(GreenBuilding.com (n.d.-2), par. 1-6).

3.3.3 Glasses for Green Buildings

Green buildings too are constructed using a variety of materials. The only
difference being that - the materials come packed with a great deal of energyefficiency. Therefore, green buildings not only minimize the use of nonrenewable resources, but also maximize the reuse, recycling and utilization of
renewable resources.

Glass is carving a niche for itself as one of the most popular 'green'
building materials. It is highly sought-after, for its ability to extend both
functional as well as aesthetic advantages. Glass has today transformed
architecture across the globe. It gives a plethora of design options, helps use light
and space and is used as a material for structural glazing or curtain wall of the
building. It has truly become a symbol of futuristic architecture
(glassisgreen.com, n.d., par. 1-8)).

3.3.4 Reflective Glasses in Green Building Design

Reflective glass is a type of solar control glass which is energy efficient. It
is widely used in green building and modern architecture because of its energy
saving and aesthetic properties. It is manufactured by advanced online pyrolytic
coating technology, wherein silicon based coating is applied to the glass surface
by means of pyrolysis. This coating imparts a mirror-like appearance to the
glass, giving it visual appeal while providing functional benefits like solar control
and glare reduction.

Since it acts as a powerful barrier for suns heat from entering the
building, it serves as an excellent material for window glazing, facades, skylights
and glass for exteriors. Wherever there is a need to cut the heat coming in, and
allow only the light to be transmitted, i.e., French glass door/patio glass doors and
glass greenhouses - reflective glass is widely used.

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Reflective solar control glass reflects a large proportion of incoming solar
radiation, thereby restricting heat penetration into the building. It reflects the right
quantity of sunlight so as to limit glare, while allowing adequate amount of
natural light (Glazette, 2012 Nov. 8, par. 1, 3-4).

3.3.5LED Lights
Lighting maintenance can be a costly and time consuming chore,
especially in public buildings. The electrical maintenance required for lighting
systems that daily receive harsh and continual use, sometimes 24 hours a day, 365
days of the year is overwhelming. The physical and financial effort needed to
maintain public building lighting has, in the past, created pounding headaches and
gaping holes in the budget.

LED lighting contributes to energy savings and sustainability by

improving working conditions through deliberately directed light and lowering
the energy needed to power lighting fixtures. LED lighting also dramatically
lowers costs, an important asset for public building projects, by out-living
previous solutions and lasting for many years beyond traditional lighting fixtures.
In public building management, like any facility management or building upkeep,
time is money, and because changing LED fixtures happens far less often than
usual traditional lighting, public building management will spend less time on the
ladder changing bulbs and more time devoted to other pressing needs.

The initial cost of an LED retrofit can frighten off the most dedicated user
of green technology, but luckily, this cost pays itself back within five years of
installation, if not sooner, for LED fixtures and bulbs can last for ten years, if not
more. This impressive ROI means that a little initial planning for a greater initial
cost results in future financial and sustainable benefits down the road. LED
lighting is a positive addition for any facility, including public buildings.

There are two major benefits for installing

and particularly in a public building project. LED
financial benefits and notable physical benefits. By
financial and physical impact, we see that the
apparent.

LED lighting in any building,

lighting produces measureable
evaluating LED lighting by its
benefits are overwhelmingly

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LED lighting should pay for itself when all savings have been calculated.
This benefit can be especially crucial in public building projects that may be
operating on a severely limited budget. While the initial cost is something to
consider, the benefits of LED energy savings and the helpful maintenance savings
due to a much longer time before failure or routine bulb change, make a higher
installment cost well worth the effort. In addition to the rapid ROI, many state and
local utilities offer significant rebates that can pay for up to half the cost of the
installation in certain areas, which may very well include public buildings. There
are online calculators to help discover a buildings predicted ROI for an LED
installation, should an electrical contractor, engineer, or designer need numbers
for a specific example.

For physical benefits, it must be noted that LED lighting is measured in

lumens, which captures the delivered light to a surface. Traditional lighting,
conversely, is measured in watts. Because LED lighting has more direct stream of
light beaming from its fixtures and in many cases its particular optics can be
adjusted to point more accurately at the target area, it more effectively fulfills
lighting needs, whether it be over bathroom sinks, lining hallways, or illuminating
particular alcoves in any building, public or otherwise. This better efficiency often
means that for public buildings, manufacturing facilities, or larger retrofits, a oneto-one fixture replacement is often not necessary.

As with any project, its necessary to do your research before jumping

right in. Public buildings are no different, and there are three components to LED
lighting that should be considered before installing a whole retrofit: the lifecycle,
temperature, and color of fixtures.

Because it can be dimmed without affecting the life of the fixtures, lights
that are frequently switched on and off experience no negative consequences. This
is especially useful in applications with sensors where the fixture can be shut off
when the area is not in use. Lights can also be dimmed when outside light is
measured to be maintaining light levels, therefore saving energy in the process.
These features are often particularly helpful in public building lighting design. A
well-designed fixture can also retain 90 percent of its initial output after 70,000
hours, which is nearly twice the life of long-life fluorescent sources. Fewer
fixtures will be required over time, which means the longer lifecycle does not
pose environmental problems, and, unlike traditional lighting choices, LEDs do
not contain hazardous materials, further improving the green initiative in a
building.

26
LED lighting can work in very chilly temperatures, in fact performing
better when temperatures are low, but can also work in hot temperatures as well.
Most LED fixtures possess the ability to work in temperatures ranging up to
135o F as well as applications well below freezing, making them flexible for use
in many buildings environments. This ability of LEDs to function well in cold
environments makes them ideal for freezer applications where traditional lighting
solutions have needed special technologies added to continue to perform properly.
Besides this temperature benefits, LEDs in this cooler environment can see
extended life and increased savings versus other fixture technologies due to the
fact that they can be cycled on and off quickly, such as when occupancy sensors
are installed, with no effect on the LEDs performance due to temperature.

LED lighting has the ability to natively produce a variety of colors that
can suit a particular buildings needs, from directional use to ambiance. Because
of this ability, LED lighting can generate specific colored light with fixtures that
direct a majority of the light directly from the fixture to the space. This provides a
distinct advantage over fluorescents where due to the nature of using lamps some
of the light must first be reflected up and then back down to the space in question.
This is why while both technologies can offer color temperatures to suit different
facility needs, LED fixtures can use less energy for the same color at the same
light levels.

LED lighting solutions contribute immense time and financial savings

over the lifecycle of the fixtures. The best way to prove its worth is to view the
impact of actual lighting initiatives (Fuller, 2013, par. 1-10).

3.3.6 Air Ventilation for Green Buildings

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through
an indoor space by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or other
mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure differences
between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and space cooling.

The use of natural ventilation is definitely an advantage with the raising

concerns regarding the cost and environmental impact of energy use. Not only
does natural ventilation provide ventilation (outdoor air) to ensure safe healthy
and comfortable conditions for building occupants without the use of fans, it also

27
provides free cooling without the use of mechanical systems. When carefully
designed, natural ventilation can reduce building construction costs and operation
costs and reduce the energy consumption for air-conditioning and circulating fans.

The design for natural ventilation should incorporate maximizing both the wind
and stack driven ventilation design concepts as mentioned above. General design
considerations include:

Increasing air supply intake by ensuring no outside nor inside obstruction

(such as furniture and interior partition) will obstruct inlet openings;
Ensuring that rooms will have inlet and outlet openings located in opposing
pressure zones. This includes openings on the windward and leeward walls or
on the windward wall and roof;
Inlets should supply air at a low location in the room. Outlets should be
located across the room and at a higher level;
The long facade of the building and the majority of the openings should be
should be directed so that the windward wall is perpendicular to the summer
wind;
Including skylights in the design. They are very desirable for night time
thermal comfort in houses to vent heated/warm air that rises, and allow heat to
be radiated into the cold. It can also be a good outlet for wind ventilation;
Providing at least three-meter clearance from floor to ceiling.
Window areas should not be excessive in size;
Designing high thermal capacity and exposed ceilings for night cooling.
Reducing the possibility of wall warming by utilizing light-colored building
exteriors, trees/shrubs to provide shading and evaporative cooling, grass and
other groundcover to keep ground temperatures low; and
Keeping internal loadings low (Green Building Tech, 2007, par. 1-3, 8, 14.111).

28

3.4 Methodology
Green Commercial Building

Review of Related Literature

Initial Design Planning

Green Design
Find another
concept
YES

Is it
effective?
NO

Detailed Engineering Design

YES

Estimation of Cost

Consult the Beneficiary

Need
Revision?

NO

Final Assessment

29

3.5 Results and Discussions

A green structure doesn't have to cost so much with the process of
building one, nor does it have to look "different." It can be designed in any
manner, style or any shape. Thus, the main focus of green building is to provide
benefits to the occupants. A green building is a building that is designed,
constructed, and operated utilizing a whole-system design approach, with the goal
of enhancing the overall environmental performance of the building and the site
on which it sits.

Many of the homes built today consume an inordinate amount of natural

resources and energy; buildings contribute over 40 percent of the total greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, more than either industry or transportation alone. Green
building is a systematic approach that covers every step of design and
construction from land use and site planning to materials selection, energy
efficiency and indoor air quality. At its most basic, green building is a tripod of
three interrelated goals: energy effect, conservation of natural resources, and
indoor air quality.

3.6. Conclusions and Recommendations

Based on the findings, articles, and journals that were presented on the
preceding pages, it was proven that LED lights are more economical to use and
produces more light than incandescent bulbs. Together with energy-saving
measures, LED Lights can be advantageous to use, and will help save energy
consumption for future use.

Architectural measures can also be incorporated to lessen use of electricity

such as designing large windows and reflective glasses. These measures are
popular methodologies in green building design. Large windows allow fresh air
outside to flow inside the home. This allows more air to circulate inside the home.
In this way, these measures can help lessen the need for air conditioning units.

30
The researchers recommend the use of bright colors in the architectural
design since it was proven that these measures will aid to lessen the need for
electricity. Provisions for window sizes should be confirmed first on the existing
building codes and use the maximum size of window that the code allows to
comply with the existing codes.

31

4.0 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

4.1

LOADS AND CODES

4.1.1

Introduction

The structural codes used in the proposed four-storey dormitory conform

to the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1
(Buildings and other Vertical Structures) and to the American Concrete Institute
(ACI) Code for Buildings. Minimum design loads are considered based from the
NSCP 2010, as well as the seismic considerations.

For the structural plan, different load combinations were considered for
the design to be safe. In the software that was used, STAAD pro 2007, the
considerations were Dead Load combination, Live load combination, and
Earthquake load combination along X and Z.

4.1.2

Dead Load

Dead Loads used for the design were based on National Structural code of
the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1 Table204-2 Minimum Design Dead
Loads (kPa)

DEAD LOAD
Ceiling = 0.8 kPa
Exterior walls =2.2kPa (hollow concrete masonry)
Interior Walls = 0.93 kPs (50x100mm @ 400mm, 15mm gypsum
insulated .10mm siding)
Floor Finish = 1.1 kPa (ceramic or quarry tile)
Waterproofing = 0.26 kPa (bituminous gravel covered)
Roof Deck Finish = 0.77 kPa (ceramic quarry tile)

32
4.1.3

Live Load

LIVE LOAD
Ground Floor = 4.8 kpa (commercial/store)
*Typical Floor = 1.9 kPa (residential)
Roof Deck = 1.9 kPa (residential)

4.1.4

Earthquake Load

Seismic Loads (Seismic Zone 4)

Total Design Base Shear (Using Static Force Procedure)

Total Design Base not exceeded:

Total Design Base Shear shall not be less than:

For Zone 4, Total Design Base Shear shall also not be less than:

E = The Earthquake load of an element of the Structure resulting from the

combination of Horizontal Component (Eh) and Vertical Component (Ev).
Eh = The Earthquake load due to the Base Shear, V.
Ev = The load effect resulting from the Vertical Component of the earthquake
ground motion and is equal to an addition of 0.5CaID to the dead load effect, D,
for the Strength Design, and may be taken as zero for allowable Stress Design.
= Reliability / Redundancy Factor = 1.0
V = Total Design Base Shear
R = 3.5 (for Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame, OMRF)
W = Total Seismic Dead Load
I = Importance Factor = 1.0 (for Standard Occupancy Structure)
T = Ct (hn) = Elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds
Ct = 0.0488

33
Base Shear Computation
Table 208-4 Near Source Factor, Na
Seismic Source
Closest Distance to known
Type
Seismic Source
< 5 km
>10 km
A
1.2
1.0
B
1.0
1.0
C
1.0
1.0
Table 208-5 Near Source Factor, Nv
Seismic
Closest Distance to known
Source Type
< 5 km
>10 km
> 15 km
A
1.2
1.2
1.0
B
1.0
1.0
1.0
C
1.0
1.0
1.0
Table 208-7 Seismic Coefficient, Ca
Soil Profile Type
Seismic Zone, Z
Z = 0.2
Z = 0.4
Sa
0.16
0.32 Na
Sb
0.2
0.4 Na
Sc
0.24
0.4 Na
Sd
0.38
0.44 Na
Se
0.34
0.44 Na
Table 208-8 Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Soil Profile Type
Seismic Zone, Z
Z = 0.2
Z = 0.4
Sa
0.16
0.32 Na
Sb
0.2
0.4 Na
Sc
0.32
0.56 Na
Sd
0.4
0.64 Na
Se
0.364
0.96 Na
Seismic Zone (Section 208.4.4.1)
The Philippine Archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only. Zone 2
covers the provinces of Palawan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, while the rest of the country is
under Zone 4. Each Structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor, Z, in
accordance with Table 208-3.
Table 208-3 Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Zone
2
Z
0.20

4
0.40

34

Occupancy Categories (Section 208.4.2)

For purposes of earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be
replaced in one of the occupancy categories listed in Table 103-1. Table 208-1
assigns importance factors, I and Ip, and structural observation requirements for
each category
Table 208-1 Seismic Importance Factors
Seismic Importance
Occupancy Category
Factor, I
Essential
1.50
Hazardous Facilities
1.25
Special Occupancy
1.00
Structures
Standard Occupancy
1.00
Structures
Miscellaneous Structures
1.00

Seismic Importance
Factor, Ip
1.50
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00

Structure Period (Section 208.5.2.2)

Response modification factor for lateral force resisting system, Rw, is the
numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over strength and global
ductility capacity of lateral-force-resisting systems, as set forth in
Table 208-11A Earthquake Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete
System Limitation and
Building Height
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System
R
o Limitation by Seismic
Zone, m
Zone 2
Zone 4
A.Bearing Wall Systems
Special Reinforced Concrete shear
4.5 2.8 NL
50
walls
Ordinary Reinforced Concrete shear
4.5 2.8 NL
NP
walls
B. Building Frame Systems
Special Reinforced concrete shear
5.5 2.8 NL
75
walls or braced frames
Ordinary Reinforced concrete shear
5.6 2.2 NL
NP
walls or braced frames
Intermediate Pre-cast concrete shear
5.5 2.8 NL
walls or braced frames
C. Moment Resisting Frame Systems
Special Reinforced Concrete frames
8.5 2.8 NL
NL
Intermediate Reinforced Concrete
5.5 2.8 NL
NL
frames

35
Ordinary Reinforced Concrete frames
D. Dual Systems
Special Reinforced concrete shear
walls
Ordinary Reinforced concrete shear
walls
E. Dual System with Intermediate Moment
Frames
Special Reinforced concrete shear
walls
Ordinary Reinforced concrete shear
walls
Shear wall frame interactive system
with reinforced concrete moment
frames and ordinary reinforced
concrete shear walls
F. Cantilevered Column Building System
Cantilevered Column elements
Shear Wall-Frame Interaction Systems

Figure 2: Dead Load

3.5

2.8

NL

NP

8.5

2.8

NL

NL

6.5

2.8

NP

NP

6.5

2.8

NL

50

4.2

2.8

NL

50

4.2

2.8

NP

NP

2.2
5.5

2.0
2.8

NL
NL

10
50

36

Figure 3: Live Load

37

STAAD.Pro Report
To:

From
:

Copy
to:

Date
:

05/01/20
14
13:23:00

Ref:

ca/ Document1

3D Rendered View

Figure 4: 3D Rendered View

38

4.2 Structural Design

The structural design of the Three Storey Dormitory
Building was done using some design software. For the design of reinforced
concrete beams and columns, the designers used STAAD pro 2007 software. For
the design of slabs, the designers created a program using Microsoft Excel to
solve for the required reinforcements.

4.2.1 Beam Computation

INPUT
Mu=69.7 KN-m
Vu=32.37 KN
f'c=28 Mpa
fy=414 Mpa
h=350 mm
b=250 mm
cc=40 mm
main=16 mm
sec=10 mm
OUTPUT
b = 250

2- 12

h =350

d = 292

10
Stirrups

4 - 16
main
bars

cs = 31.3333333333333

cc =40

say:
10
stirrup
at 146
mm
spacing

39

SOLUTION:
d

h cc

sec

1
(
2

main

d = 350-40-10-0.5(16)
d = 292 mm

Ru

Mu
bd 2

69.7x1000000
Ru = 0.9(250)(292)^2
Ru = 3.633160276
calc

.75f' c
1
fy

2Ru
.85f' c

calc = .75(28) 1 - 1 - 2(3.63316027605763)

414
.85(28)
calc = 0.00844656

bal

.85f' c1 600
fy(600 fy)

bal = .85(28)(.85)(600)
414(600+414)
bal = 0.028914044

min

1.4
fy

min = 1.4
414

max .75 bal

max = .75x0.0289140439642112

40
min = 0.003381643

max = 0.021685533

Use : 0.00844656
min
calc max
As bd
As = (0.0084)(250)(292)
As = 616.5988845
A16 = ()(16)^2
4
A16 = 201.0624 mm2
n = __As__
A16
n = 616.598884457113
201.0624

n = 3.06670409
use n = 4 bars
s = 142

2(cc) 2( sec ) .5( main)

4 - 16

s = 250-2(40)-2(10)-.5(16)
cs = 31.33

s = 142 mm

cs

s
n 1

main

cs = 142-16
4-1
cs = 31.33333333 mm

cc = 40

41
DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
1
f' c bd
6

Vc

Vc = (1)( 28.5 )(250)(292)

6(1000)
Vc = 64.37994857 KN
1
Vc
2

Vc

Vc = .9x64.3799485692384

.5Vc = .5 x 57.9419537123145

Vc = 57.94195371 .5Vc = 28.97097686

if Vu
1
Vc ; proceed to CASE 1
2

if Vu
if

1
Vc
2

Vu

2
f' c bd ; proceed to CASE 3
3
2
f' c bd ; proceed to CASE 4
3

Vs

Vc ; proceed to CASE 2

Vc :

Vs

FOR CASES 3 & 4:

Vu

Vn

Vs

Vn = 32.37
0.9
Vn = 35.96666667 KN

Vn

Vs = 35.9667 - 64.3799
Vs = -28.4132819 KN

= 2(28.5 )(250)(292) = 257.52 KN

2
fc'bd
3
3(1000)

CASE 3:
s

Avfyd
Vs

s = (2)()(10)^2(414)(292)
4(-28.4133)

s = -668.3172717 mm
use s = -668.31727 mm

Vc

42

Maximum Spacing:
if

Vs

if

Vs

1
3
1
3

f' c bd

max

f' c bd

max

d
2
d
4

= 28(250)(292)
3
= 128.7598971 KN
Smax = 146 mm
say: 10 stirrup at 146 mm spacing

SUMMARY:

Schedule of Beams
M ARK
POSITION

B1
SUPPORT

BxD

B2
M IDSPAN

SUPPORT

250 x 350

M IDSPAN

250 x 350

TOP BAR

2-12

2-12

2-12

2-12

BOT BAR

4-16

4-16

3-16

3-16

STIRRUP

2-10 @50, REST @ 75

2-10 @50,REST @75

RB/CB
SUPPORT

M IDSPAN

250 x 350
2-16

2-16

2-16

2-16

2-10 @50,REST @75

43

B1

B2

4.2.2 Column Computation

COLUMN

DIMENSION

VERTICAL
BARS

TIES

C1

300mm x 300mm

8-20 mm

2-10mm @ 50mm,
20-10mm @
75mm, rest @

44
150mmo.c.

2C1

300mm x 300mm

8-16 mm

C1

2C1

2-10mm @ 50mm,
20-10mm @
75mm, rest @
150mm o.c.

45
4.2.3 Slab Computation
SOLUTION:
Slab weight= 23.5kn/m3 x thickness
= 23.5 x 0.1
= 2.35
FF+CEILING= 1.9
DEAD LOAD= 4.25
One-way slab
Dead Load= 4.25 kPa
Live Load= 1.9 kPa
Length= 2 m
fc'= 28 MPa
fy= 414 MPa
db= 12 mm
cc= 20 mm
ds= 10 mm
Wu= 8.14 kPa
Wu= 8.14 kN/m (Consider 1 m strip)
Moment Mag Factor
Mu+=wL^2/14 = 2.325714286
M- =wL^2/10 = 4.07
Mu max=4.07
Vu=8.14 x (1.85-d/1000) --EQ 1
Thickness:
a) Vu=Vc=0.85*fc'/6*b*d --EQ2
d=19.87279673
t=45.87279673
t=50 mm
b) Minimum thickness for deflection control
Note: fy<415 Mpa
tmin=L/28(0.4+fy/700)
tmin=70.81632653
= 80 mm

46
c)For flexure
Mu=Mn=fybd^2*(1-0.59 fy/fc')
max=0.021685533
d=25.95420872
t=51.95420872
=60
tgov=80
Use t=100 mm
REINFORCED AT MIDSPAN:
Bottom Bars:
d=74
Mu+=Mn
a = -8.723571429
b=1
c = -0.001139856
=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a)=0.001151422
=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a)=0.113480528
min=0.003381643
min=0.003195352
gov=0.003381643
As=250.2415459 sq.mm/m
n=2.212621055
say 3 bars
s=451.9526729
smin=3h
smin=300
s=300 mm
REINFORCED AT SUPPORT:
Top Bars:
d=74
Mu-=Mn
a = -8.723571429
b=1
c = -0.001994748

47
=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a) = 0.002030723
=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a)= 0.112601227
min=0.003381643
min=0.003195352
gov=0.003381643
As=250.2415459 sq.mm/m
n=2.212621055
say 3 bars
s=451.9526729
smin=3h
smin=300
s=300 mm
Shrinkage Bars
As=0.002bh
=200 sq.mm/m
n=2.546479089
say 3 bars
s=392.6990818
smin=3h
smin=300
s=300 mm
SUMMARY:
Schedule of One way Slab
Shorter
Direction
Sla
b
No.

S1

Thk

100m
m

Botto
m Bars

Longer Direction
Direction
Top
Bars

Botto
m Bars

Dia

Spacin
g

Dia

Spacin
g

10mm

300m
m

10m
m

300m
m

Top
Bars

Dia

Spacin
g

12mm

300m
m

Dia

12mm

Spacin
g

300m
m

48

Schedule of Girders
M ARK
POSITION

G1
SUPPORT

BxD

G2
M IDSPAN

SUPPORT

250x 400

M IDSPAN
250x 400

TOP BAR

4-16

2-16

4-16

2-16

BOT BAR

2-16

2-16

3-16

2-16

STIRRUP

12-2 @50, REST @ 85

12-2 @50, REST @ 85

G1

G2

49

Schedule of Footing Tie Beams

M ARK
POSITION

FTB
SUPPORT

BxD

M IDSPAN
250x 400

TOP BAR

3-16

3-16

BOT BAR

3-16

3-16

STIRRUP

2-10 @50,REST @ 170

FTB

50

4.3 Design of Foundation

The design of foundation will show the design of isolated square footing
for the support that carries the greatest axial load. The dead load and live load
combination governs. Using the STAAD Support Reaction Output, we can solve
all the required steel reinforcements in the footing in compliance with the NSCP
2010

4.3.1 Footing Computations

Input values:
Cc = 75 mm
Df=1.5 m
qa=210.00 kPa
soil= 15.00 KN/m3
f'c=28.00 Mpa
fy=414.00 Mpa
Diameter of bars = 16.00 mm
c.s.(mm) = 300 x 300
DL= 192 KN

51
LL= 100 KN
A. Square Footing:
Approx. Area of footing = (192KN + 100KN)/(210 kPa (1.5m*15 kN/cu. m) = 1.5573
sq. m
B/L = sqrt(1.5573) = 1.2479 m; say 1.3m
Therefore, assume 1.3m x 1.3m square footing!

Depth of footing:
qu = (factored Load/ Area of footing)
qu =((1.2*192)+(1.6*100))/(1.3*1.3)
qu = 231.006 kPa = 0.231006MPa
A. Based on wide-beam shear:
Vu = q u Ashaded
Vu = (0.231006MPa)(1300mm*(500-d))
Vu = 300.3078(500-d)

d
150 mm

500-d

650 mm

Vu =

Vc

300.3078(500-d) = 859.869d
done-way = 129.4233 mm

B. Based on two-way or punching shear

Vu = q u Ashaded

Vu = 0.231006((1300)2 -(300+d)2 )
300 mm

300+d

b o = 4(300+d)

52

Vcap = 7.05 5(300d+d2 )

Vu =

Vc = 0.75Vc

d = 145.9664 mm. (governing)

t= 145.9664mm +75mm + 1.5(16mm)

t=244.9664mm (say, 250 mm)

Required Steel Area:

d = 145.9664 mm

0.65 m
0.15 m

0.5 m

Mu = (231.006)(0.5)(1.3)(0.25)
= 37.538475kN-m
Mu =

Ru bd2

37.538475 x 106 = 0.9 Ru (1300)(250-75-8)2

qu = 231.006 kPa

Ru = 1.1504 MPa

= 0.00285

min

= 0.00338 (use this!)

As = bd
As = (0.00338)(1300)(151)

53
As = 663.82 mm2
Number of 16-mm bars:

N = 3.3016; say 4 bars

Center-to-center spacing of bars:
Soc = 1300-(75*2)-16/(209 kPa)
Soc = 378 mm; say 370 mm
Clear spacing of bars:
Sclear = 370 mm -16 mm = 354 mm
B. Rectangular Footing
I. Effective Soil Pressure:
= 187.5 kPa

II. Size of Footing:

Shorter Length =

= 0.8824 m; say 0.9m

Longer Length = 2*0.8824 m = 1.7648 m; say 1.8m

Rectangular Footing Dimensions = 0.9 m x 1.8 m

III. Depth of Footing:

qu = 240.988 kPa = 0.240988 MPa

54

a. Based on wide beam shear:

Vu = qu Ashaded
Vu = (0.240988)(900)(750-d)
Vu = 216.8892(750-d)
*900*d
750 - d

Vc=793.7254d
Vu = Vc

300

750
900

d = 200.28 mm (governing)

b. Based on two-way shear:

Vu = qu Ashaded
Vu = 0.240998[900(1800)-(300+d)2 ]

Vc = 7.0553(600d+d2 )
Vu = 0.75Vc
d = 164.3 mm
Total Depth = 200.28 +1.5(16) +75
Total Depth = 299.28 mm; say 300 mm

Steel Requirements: Along long direction

d = 145.9664 mm
Mu = (240.998)(0.75)(0.9)(0.375)
= 61.0026kN-m

55
Mu =

Ru bd2

61.0026 x 106 = 0.9 Ru (900)(300-75-8)2

Ru = 1.59928MPa

= 0.004

min

= 0.00338 (use this!)

As = bd = 724.1 mm2
Number of 16-mm bars:

N = 3.6014; say 4 bars

Center-to-center spacing of bars:
Soc = 900-(75*2)-16/(209 kPa)
Soc = 244.67 mm; say 240 mm
Clear spacing of bars:
Sclear = 240 mm -16 mm = 224 mm
C. Rectangular Combined Footing

56

Figure.

Figure.
Use
dows
dtws
dgov
T
Thickness:
dact
dlonger
dshorter

610.26
199.62
610.26
709.26

642
626

I. Along Longer Direction:

725
725

unit
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

57

Asreq
N
Use
So.c.
Sclear

1
1737
8.638
9
79.25
63.25

2
1736.8
8.6382
9
79.25
63.25

5
1736.81
8.63819
9
79.25
63.25

3
1736.8
8.6382
9
79.25
63.25
>
>

4
1737
8.638
9
79.25
63.25
25
OK!
16.00 OK!

II. Along Shorter Direction:

under column
1 Asreq
n
So.c.
Sclear
under column
2 Asreq
n
So.c.
Sclear.

Along
A Asmin
n
So.c.
Sclear
Along
B Asmin
N
So.c.
Sclear

1298
6.454
88.33
72.33

mm2
7
mm
mm

1960
9.75
102.9
86.89

10
mm
mm

4012
19.95
146.4
130.38
635.5
3.161
101
85.00

20

bars
>
>

25
16

OK!
OK!

>
>

25
16

OK!
OK!

bars

mm
mm

22
>
>

bars
25
OK!
16
OK!

mm
mm

5
>
>

bars
25
OK!
16
OK!

58
Footing Schedule
Long Direction
(BARS)
Mark

Size

Short Direction

Depth

(BARS)

Sets

Bottom
(in mm)

(in mm)

Bottom
Left

1400x1400
F1

CF1

Mid

Right

Left

Mid

Right

1500

t = 275

5100x800

1500

t = 725

1500

5-16mm

5-16mm

9-16mm

7-16mm ,
20-16mm ,
14-16mm ,

59

4.4 Plan Set

4.4.1 Architectural Design
4.4.1.1 Perspective

60

4.4.1.2 Floor Plans

61

62

63

4.4.1.3 Elevations

64

65

66

67

4.4.1.4 Sections

68

69

4.4.2 Structural Design

4.4.2.1 Foundation Plan

70

4.4.2.2 Framing Plans

71

72
4.5 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering
4.5.1 Major Area of Civil Engineering: Structural Engineering

Structural Engineering is one of the most important fields of Civil

Engineering which focuses on the design of beams, slabs, columns and even the
foundations underneath the structure. The goal of a structural design is to ensure
the safest yet most conservative design for the structure. It is the reason why
codes provide safety factors/ multipliers in the design formula. It is important that
the structure to be design should be able to resist gravity loads such as rain, wind,
seismic loads, among others. When satisfied, it is ensured that the structure will
be safe for usage.

Structural designers are the ones who design the structural components.
Their role is primarily to ensure the safety and integrity of the structure in
consideration, and that the gravity loads can be resisted by the structure. While
ensuring that the structure is safe, the engineer should be able to come up with an
economical design. When these two components are met, the structure has
achieved the best design possible. They should also incorporate the aesthetic
requirements of the structure and to choose the appropriate materials (steel,
concrete, timber) to be able to meet certain design requirements.

In this paper, the researchers have designed a three-storey building with a

roof deck in Muntinlupa City that will cater to the needs of the students in that
Municipality. The major area in this research will be structural engineering since
it is the field which will take care of the overall structural integrity of the
structure. The purpose of the said project is to propose a three-storey dormitory
building that can withstand all kinds of gravity loads, ensure a long lifespan for
the structure, and to design a safe yet economical design while incorporating
innovations in the structure. The design project covers both the substructure and
the superstructure of the building, specifically the foundations, beams, girders,
columns, beams, and slabs. The beneficiary of this project is Mr. William and
Mrs. Merlyn Ong. In their aim to help the students of Lyceum College of
Muntinlupa City, they aim that the end-product of this project will benefit the
students and help those who live far from the school have an affordable residence,
and at the same time, contribute something towards a greener environment. The
beneficiaries will be the one who will implement the construction of the whole
project.

73
The reference for all the design procedures that were done in this design
project is the sixth edition of the National Structural Code of the Philippines,
which were mostly based on international codes from the United States of
America such as the American Concrete Institute codes on the design of
reinforced concrete structures, among others.

The infrastructure being proposed in this project is a dormitory building

that has a roof deck on the top that will serve as a venue of the beneficiarys
events, parties, etc. The first procedure of the design process is to determine all
the possible sources of loads in the structure such as the dead loads, live loads,
wind loads, and earthquake loads. Dead loads are the loads that are permanent and
stay constant for a long period of time. It includes the weight of the structure and
immovable materials such as the ceiling. Dead loads are calculated the values
indicated under Table 204-1 (Minimum Densities for Design Loads from
Materials) and Table 204-2 (Minimum Design Dead Loads) in Section 204 of the
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010. Live loads, on the other hand,
are loads which do not remain constant over a long period of time. They vary in
magnitude and position, and do not include loads caused by the construction and
environment such as fluid loads, wind loads, rain loads, and earthquake loads.
Values for the live load are determined based on the values indicated under Table
205-1 (Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads) in Section 205 of the
National Structural Code of the Philippines. Lastly, environmental loads also
affect the structural integrity of the structure. For this design project, the
researchers primarily focused on earthquake loads. It happens at contact surfaces
of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravity
waves. Earthquake loads are calculated using the design values stated in Section
208 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010.

According to the National Structural Code of the Philippines, buildings,

towers and other vertical structures and all portions thereof shall be designed to
resist the load combinations specified in Section 203.3 or 203.4 and the special
seismic load combinations of Section 203.5. It is considered that the most critical
effect will occur when one or more of the contributing loads are not acting and all
applicable loads shall be considered in accordance with the specified load
combinations. Basic load combinations values indicated under Section 203.3.1
and the alternate basic load combinations under Section 203.4.2 of the National
Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 are used for the strength design
computations.

74
The design moments that were used for the beam and column
computations were done using STAAD Pro 2007. All values that were generated
by this program were transferred to a program that the researchers programmed
using Microsoft Excel 2010. This program is capable of computing the
dimensions of the beams, columns, footings, and the diameter of the bars that are
to be used for the structure. According to Section 408.4.2 of the National
Structural Code of the Philippines, approximate methods of frame analysis may
be used

The design project primarily uses concrete as a construction material for

the whole structure. Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or other
aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water.
When incorporated with steel bars it is now called as reinforced concrete.
Reinforced concrete has been chosen by the researchers because it is
advantageous to use because of its considerable compressive strength per unit cost
compared to other materials, and it is more resistant to the actions of fire and
wind. Compared to steel structures, concrete is known to be very rigid and is a
low-maintenance material. This makes concrete more economical to use in a very
long period of time and meets the needs of the beneficiary to offer a dormitory
that is affordable to the students and at the same time will accommodate the
aesthetic requirements. Another reason why the researchers chose concrete as a
structural material is because it has a very long service life. Under proper
conditions, reinforced concrete structures can be used indenitely without
reduction of their load-carrying abilities. It is made known from recent studies
that the strength of concrete does not decrease with time but actually increases
over a very long period, measured in years, because of the lengthy process of the
solidication of the cement paste. It is usually the only economical material
available for footings, oor slabs, basement walls, piers, and similar applications.
Concrete only consumes low amounts of steel and cement, which also makes this
project more viable for implementation.

After
designing the
were the first
specifies that
T-beam.

the design moments were determined, the researchers started

components of the reinforced concrete structure. Beams and slabs
ones to be designed. The National Structural Code of the Philippines
for monolithic construction continuous slabs shall be designed as a

75
For the footings, there are primarily three kinds of footings that were used
in this project. They are the square footing, rectangular footing, and the
rectangular combined footing. These were determined from the geotechnical
engineering report that the researchers got from the Municipal Hall of Muntinlupa
City.

Still the National Structural Code of the Philippines specifies that all
members of frames or continuous construction shall be designed for the maximum
effects of factored loads as determined by the theory of elastic analysis except as
modified by Section 408.5. It shall be permitted to simplify the design

76
4.5.2 Minor Area of Civil Engineering: Construction Engineering

Construction engineering is a professional discipline that deals with

the designing, planning, construction, and management of infrastructures.
This
means that everything from the design up to the planning on the construction will
be covered by our thesis. It also includes some modifications that will be applied
on our building. It is one of the most important field of engineering because it will
manage on how the building will be constructed starting from land surveying up
to the finishing.

Construction engineers are problem solvers, they help create infrastructure

that best meets the unique demands of its environment. They must be able to
understand infrastructure life cycles and have the perspective to solve technical
challenges with clarity and imagination. Therefore individuals should have a
strong understanding of maths and science, but many other skills are required,
including critical and analytical thinking, time management, people management
and good communication skills.

Our thesis is about the design and development of a Three storey

dormitory building, as we all know it is just a simple construction but managing
the construction is just the same on every structures. Our thesis also provide some
green modifications that should be applied on the building thats why we
consider it as construction part of the thesis. This thesis also shows the total
project cost, project schedule and equipment utilization schedules. The
beneficiary of our project is Mr. and Mrs. Ong thats why they should know every
detail of the project.

The main reference for the estimation of the project cost is what the group
have learned on our courses, while the prices are from the average material costs
that is present near the area. It is also the same with the making of project
schedule, the group also used what weve learned from the course.

The building is a three storey dormitory, which is made mostly of

concrete and steel that is a usual type of building thats why most of the
construction method that being applied is used for most of the buildings. Even

77
though the development part on the thesis, which is providing some materials or
modifications for it to be called a green building, it just slightly affect the
construction.

The first part on having a project is designing a plan that will suit what the
beneficiary wants which is having a dormitory building that also have open spaces
on the first floor to be used for commercial use. The researchers first consulted
the beneficiary what they really want to see on the building, according to them
they want some rooms that will be suited for students, who are the target
customer. Even though the beneficiary are not strict about the details the group
want to provide a building that exceeds there expectation. To achieve that the
group consulted some engineers and architects regarding for the planning stage so
that everything about the plan follows all specification like spacing of the
columns, dimension of each rooms, the location of fire exit and many more. As
the group consulted to architect and other engineers. The researchers found out
that there are still many things to be considered in making a plans.

As the set of plans have been done, the group also added some
modifications to make the building green. The thesis shows that green doesn't
have to be expensive to build, nor does it have to look "different". It can be
designed in any style, or any shape. The main focus of green building is to
provide benefits to the occupants. A green building is a building that is designed,
constructed, and operated utilizing a whole-system design approach, with the goal
of enhancing the overall environmental performance of the building and the site
on which it sits.

Our built environment is changing the world significantly. Many of the

homes built today consume an inordinate amount of natural resources and energy;
building contribute over 40 percent of the total greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, more than either industry or transportation alone. Green building is a
systematic approach that covers every step of design and construction from land
use and site planning to materials selection, energy efficiency and indoor air
quality. At its most basic, green building is a tripod of three interrelated goals
which are energy effect, conservation of natural resources and indoor air quality.

78
The group provides the use of glasses, LED lights and natural air
ventilation as the green application on our building. Glass is widely used as a
part of green building because it just not provide nice aesthetics for the
building, it also help the lighting so that it will lessen the use of electricity during
the daytime. The group also suggests the use of reflective glasses so that it will
reflect much light to block the heat penetration on the building.

Lastly, the group also provide the use of LED lights rather than
commercial fluorescent bulbs. Lighting maintenance can be a costly and time
consuming chore, especially in public buildings. The electrical maintenance
required for lighting systems that daily receive harsh and continual use,
sometimes 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year is overwhelming. The physical
and financial effort needed to maintain public building lighting has, in the past,
created pounding headaches and gaping holes in the budget. LED lighting
contributes in energy saving and has lower costs.

After applying the development on the project the group proceeds in

designing the structural parts of the building. As the structural plan is finished the
group proceed in estimating the project cost. The process of estimation cost is
starting to the estimating of materials that will be used. Includes cement, bars,
hollow blocks, woods and many more. Each materials are estimated based on
what the group have learned on the school. Each materials have some percentage
so that the group will not experience shortage in materials. The material cost is
based on the available material cost on the hardware shops near the area. The
group also includes the added materials so that it will be included on the total
project cost.

After having the estimated project cost, the group proceed on project
scheduling. The group specifies the step by step process on the construction so
that we can allot times regarding on the project. The researchers decided to
provide long amount of days on each step for the reason that it may be delayed
due to some external factors like weather and many more. The group also shows
what step are the critical ones and which are the minor so that even the project is
in delay it can still coupe up with the schedule. Another thing is that the group
also provide the manpower and equipment schedule to know how many
manpower and equipment are to be used.

79
For the project schedule, the group used the MS Project as a powerful tool
to program the flow of the project, from the start until the end. The researchers
provided pertinent details on the said program and at the same time, projected all
possible delays in the construction process such as the days where in the project
construction cannot commence due to legal holidays.

80
4.5.3 Minor Area of Civil Engineering: Geotechnical Engineering

The site is located within the residential areas of TunasanMuntinlupa

City. On the eastern, western and southern boundaries were existing; while on
the northern part was road. The general topography is flat and the surface is
believed to be natural gradeline.

A geotechnical evaluation was prepared for the foundation designed of a

three storey commercial building at Sto Nino Village TunasanMuntinlupa City.
One borehole was drilled by means of wash boring procedures with rock coring
to determine the conditions of the foundation soil. This incorporates all the field
and laboratory procedures and results adopted in the investigation as well as the
evaluation of the test results for the foundation analysis. The level of
information is believed adequate to judge the probable engineering performance
of the sub soils.

Thus the primary objective of the soil collected was to meet all the
foundation requirements of the project, along with these are; to conduct a
detailed soil investigation of the area and check the integrity of the foundation
of the soil, to be able to recommend the most suitable type of foundation
scheme and the associated net bearing capacities, to evaluate the magnitude of
the expected foundation settlements and to recommend any mitigation
procedures and to identify any foundation soil stability problems within the
project area.

Laboratory test procedures include the classification of soil for

engineering purposes, Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) was used to
classify the soils. Also, the particle size analysis of soil where soil is passed thru
a series of sieves and the weight of the soil retained in each sieve is determined.
A graph is drawn relating the percent finer by weight and the particle size on a
semi log scale. The percentage can be obtained and used for foundation
evaluation. The liquid limits of soils, the liquid limit is the moisture content at
the point of a change between the liquid and the plastic states of the soil. Plastic
limits of soil where in the moisture content at the point of a change between the
liquid and the plastic states of the soil. And the moisture content of the soil.

81

One borehole was carried out to depth reaching hard bearing layer. The
borehole was located in accessible area within the project site. To advance the
borehole was boring was employed. Standard penetration (SPT) was carried out
in soil at depth intervals of not more than 2.0 m. The SPT is performed using
the standard split spoon sampler, having 50 mm outside diameter, 35 mm inside
diameter and about 710 mm length, which is attached at the bottom of a string
of drill rods. The sampler is driven into the bottom of the borehole by means of
63 kg hammer falling freely along a guide from a height of 760 mm onto an
anvil at the top of the drill rods. The sampler is driven to an initial penetration of
150 mm to bypass disturbed soil at the bottom of the borehole. Then it is driven
300 mm further. The number of blows required for each 150 mm is recorded.
The total number of blows for the last 300 mm of penetration is known as the
standard penetration resistance (N) of the soil. Correlations have been
developed between the SPT N value and soil parameters which can be used for
bearing capacity estimates. During the SPT disturbed soil samples are obtained
in the split barrel sampler as it penetrates into the soil. Part of the retrieved soil
is placed in moisture-tight plastic bags for further examination and laboratory
testing.

The analysis of the soil project begins with the site investigation of soil,
rock, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest
to determine their engineering properties including how they will interact with,
on or in a proposed construction. Site investigations are needed to gain an
understanding of the area in or on which the engineering will take place.
Investigations can include the assessment of the risk to humans, property and
the environment from natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides,
sinkholes, soil liquefaction, debris flows and rock falls.

The soil within this area can be idealized as four layers in which the
upper layer consists of clayey sand dark gray moist, loose to medium dense with
appreciable amount of gravel. The second layer is silty clay light gray in color,
wet, medium dense to dense. The third layer is silty sand light gray in color, dry,
and dense. The bottom layer is clay and sandstone light to dark brown, coarsegrained, poorly cemented, massive formation. Groundwater table was not
observed below the ground during the investigation.

82
As we evaluated the field and laboratory data and arrived at a conclusion
that the proposed structure can be supported on mat foundation. The net
allowable soil bearing capacity recommended for footing at depth of 1.5m is
210 Kpa.

Considering the type of structure under study, the loads expected there
from the subsurface conditions at the site, spread footing foundation would be
most economical foundation for the proposed building. The spread foundation
could be in the form of isolated spread or combined.

Isolated spread footing shall be placed on firm layer formation below the
natural grade line at depths which can be established in the course of
excavation. This layer may be encountered at depths ranging from 1.5 m and
below. At this depth the footing are expected to bear on firm layer of clayey
sand. Combined footing, if adjacent footings are to each other it is suggested to
be combined for ease of construction. It is further suggested to integrate the
grade beams with the combined footings to obtain a stiffer foundation from the
inverted T configuration. The foundation can then be analyzed as part of the
moment resisting frame which may result in a more economical safer structure.

To prepare the site for this type of foundation surface materials

consisting of old pavements, footings and debris should be removed as these
would not only interfere with the construction of the foundation but can be a
source of uncertainty in the soil structure interaction. Excavation works through
soil are expected to be fairly routine by manual methods but would be more
expedient with the use of back-hoes. Pneumatic hammers may be needed to
break up existing concrete pavements and substructures.

A major procedure is done on the site, and this starts with the site
preparation. Site preparation involves staking out of the site. The site location
would be surveyed and marked out for the locations boundary lines. The
topographical heights of the site would also be determined. It is followed by
clearing of the site. Obstruction on the location would then be removed,
allowing space for the equipments, materials and machinery that is to be used
for the construction. Then for the last step for the site preparation would be
excavation. This is for the foundation construction and design.

83
The site coefficient S and seismic zone factor Z required to determine
the design S is design base shear V for structural design S is defined in terms of
the soil profile (see National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), 4th ed.,
1992, Table 2.2B, p.2-48). Based on the geology of the site and the soil profiles
as determined from the borings it is recommended to use an S factor 1.2. for this
site stated by the studys codes and provisions, the maximum zone factor of
Z=.4 shall be used.

After such is we now then determine and design the type of foundations,
earthworks, and/or pavement sub-grades required for the intended man-made
structures to be built. Foundations are designed and constructed for structures of
various sizes such as high-rise buildings, bridges, medium to large commercial
buildings, and smaller structures where the soil conditions do not allow codebased design. Foundations built for above-ground structures include shallow
and deep foundations. Retaining structures include earth-filled dams and
retaining walls. Earthworks include embankments, tunnels, dikes, levees,
channels, reservoirs, deposition of hazardous waste and sanitary landfills.

The primary considerations for foundation support are bearing capacity,

settlement, and ground movement beneath the foundations. Bearing capacity is
the ability of the site soils to support the loads imposed by buildings or
structures. Settlement occurs under all foundations in all soil conditions, though
lightly loaded structures or rock sites may experience negligible settlements. For
heavier structures or softer sites, both overall settlement relative to unbuilt areas
or neighboring buildings, and differential settlement under a single structure,
can be concerns. Of particular concern is settlement which occurs over time, as
immediate settlement can usually be compensated for during construction.
Ground movement beneath a structure's foundations can occur due to shrinkage
or swell of expansive soils due to climatic changes, frost expansion of soil,
melting of permafrost, slope instability, or other causes. All these factors must
be considered during design of foundations.

Many building codes specify basic foundation design parameters for

simple conditions, frequently varying by jurisdiction, but such design
techniques are normally limited to certain types of construction and certain
types of sites, and are frequently very conservative.

84

5.0 PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL

5.1 Walkthrough

Three Storey Dormitory /

Commercial Building in
Tunasan, Muntinlupa

Ground Floor is used for commercial

establishment and the remaining floors
are dormitories.

Rooftop is an open space that

serves as a multipurpose area for the clients of the building.

85

Walkthrough of the ground floor commercial area.

Room design sample, 2 space saver double decks for 4 occupants.

86

Walking through the 2nd and 3rd floor hallway.

Roof deck.

87

6.0 BUDGET ESTIMATION

In estimating the bill of quantities, the researchers considered the
following costs as shown below. The group canvass the unit cost for each of the
following materials (see figure below) in order to obtain a grand total of Twelve
Million One Hundred Sixty-nine Thousand Five Hundred Sixty-five (PHP.
12,169,565) respectively. The group also provided 35 Percent (35%) of Material
Cost for computing the Labor cost of each of the following direct costs.

DESCRIPTION
I. SITE WORKS
Clearing and
Grubbing
Excavation &
Backfilling

UNIT

QUANTITY

UNIT
COST

AMOUNT

Sq. m.

198.9882

250

49747.05

Cu. m

298.48

2000

596960

Total

II. FORMWORKS
Form Lumber
Plywood
Nails
oil

Pcs.
Pcs.
Kg
li.

2352
166
32
2

40
300
45
40
Total

94080
49800
1440
80
-

III. CONCRETE
WORKS
Reinforcing Steel Bars
Concrete Works

Kg
Cu. m.

6562.36
1707.90

40
3000
Total

262494.47
5123700
-

IV. MASONRY
WORKS
6 CHB w/ Mortar
4 CHB w/ Mortar

Sq. m.
Sq. m.

655.2
625.8

420
400
Total

275184
250320
-

V. METAL WORKS
Stair Railings
Balcony Railings

Pc.
Pc.

12
9

1500
1200
Total

18000
10800
-

VI. CARPENTRY
Ceiling
Cabinets & Others

Sq. m.
Pc.

795.92
15

Sq. m.

198.9882

200
250
Total
120

159184
3750
23878.584

VII.
WATERPROOFING

88

VIII. DOORS &

WINDOWS
Panel Doors
Door Locks
Lavatory w/ Faucet
Windows

Sets
Sets
Sets
Sets

40
40
33
31

IX.
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHES
Floor Finishes
CR Floor Finishes
CR Wall Finishes
Exterior Wall Finishes
Interior Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes

Sq. m.
Sq. m.
Sq. m.
Sq. m.
Sq. m.
Sq. m.

792
36.48
159.6
479.50
479.50
792

MATERIAL COST
LABOR COST
DIRECT COST
MOBILIZATION
CONSUMABLES
TOTAL PROJECT
COST

Total

3000
300
1528
3000
Total

120000
12000
50424
93000
-

450
350
350
600
550.75
550
Total
8292719.029
2902451.66
11195170.69
559758.5345
414635.9515
12169565.18

356400
12768
55860
287700
264084.625
435600
8292719.029

89

7.0 PROJECTS SCHEDULE

This chapter pertains to the project scheduling that will be followed to
complete the whole project from start until the end. The following project
schedules were made possible in coordination with the beneficiary, project
adviser and the panel members that gave their valuable suggestions.

By subdividing the project into different phases, the group has come up
with three hundred and sixty nine days in total to finish the whole project,
assuming that there are no delays in the construction of the whole project. Stated
below are the detailed engineering works and the duration of each construction
work. The Project is expected to start on March 2014 and is expected to end on
March 2015, giving us a total of 369 days.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Summary of Project Duration

CLASSIFICATION
DURATION
General Requirements
20
Earth Works
22
Concrete Works
117
Masonry Works
52
Plumbing/ Sanitary Works
57
Electrical Works
30
Ceiling Works
21
Architectural Works
30
Specialty Works
20

Manpower Utilization Schedule

DESIGNATION
Project Manager
Structural Engineer
Rebars/Concreting Works Engineer
Formworks Engineer
Line/Grade and Earthworks Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Sanitary Engineer
Quality Assurance and Control
Officer
Accountant
CAD Operator

QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

90
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Warehouse
Purchaser
Time keeper
Foreman
Carpenter
Steel Man
Masonry
Electrician
Welder
Laborer

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
2
1
3
5
10
5
3
3
75

Equipment Utilization Schedule

EQUIPMENT
QUANTITY
Excavator
2
Hauler
1
Dam Truck
1
Concrete Mixer
4
Elf Truck
2
Pick-up Truck
3
Vibrator
4

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8.0 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY

This study answers to the challenge of having a complete structural and
construction design of the three-storey dormitory that the beneficiary wants to be
constructed, while satisfying the requirements of making it an environmentallyfriendly structure at the same time. The group was able to design a dormitory that
will safeguard the end-users, provide natural lighting, and make it flood-free by
incorporating a ramp in the structure. The group was also able to design rooms
that will not just be spacious to the users, but also be energy-efficient.

The group incorporated the use of LED lights, one of the latest
inventions today in the lighting industry. At first, LED lighting may seem to be
expensive, but test shows that in the long run, it will be more economical than the
conventional ones. It is also proven to be durable, thus eliminates the need to buy
a new one from time to time. LED lights are also brighter and strikes directly into
the ground because it is measured in lumens. The beneficiary also needed to use
large windows to let larger volume of air pass through the building. These
eliminated the need for air conditioning equipment and lessen the emission of
CFCs. Bright colors were incorporated into the architectural design to eliminate
the need for electricity-powered lighting during daytime and lessen the need for
lighting.

Structural integrity is also important in designing this structure because

students will be utilizing this building. It is therefore important to keep the
students safe from accidents by following accepted standards and practices. These
were done by using a reliable computer program and following the design
provisions of the National Structural Code of the Philippines. Architectural
specifications were also followed to avoid accidents and satisfy the needs of the
dormitory users. The group considered the most economical design to minimize
costs while avoiding sacrificing the safety of everyone involved.

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9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
As for the recommendations, for the building to be right and proper
towards the nearby establishments, we would say that it would be better for the
property line to have an at least .7 meter allowance from the building right beside
it so that the isolated footing designed on the top-right side of the project will still
be within the property line. In addition to that, as we can see on the 3D rendered
view, the stairs going to the roof deck has some kind of housing or covering; we
recommend eliminating it entirely. Because with that on the design the slab where
it is standing, which is a two-way slab and which happens to be the only two-way
slab of the project, it will be much thicker than all the other slabs, making it not so
good in terms of aesthetics. For a more economical yet user-friendly structure and
to increase the net return of income, we also suggest using tiles instead of granite
flooring.

We also recommend the use of large windows with reflective coatings and
eliminating all kinds of obstructions on the windows to ensure proper ventilation.
Light colors should also be used to lessen the need for lighting during daytime. If
there are incandescent bulbs present, they should be replaced with LED lights.
The architects and engineers should ensure that the clearance from floor to ceiling
is at least three meters to ensure proper ventilation and lighting. The architects
should also be informed that windows must not be excessively large so as to
balance aesthetic requirements. Lastly, internal loadings must be kept low.

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10.0 Acknowledgements
The group wishes to convey its sincerest thanks to Mr. William Ong and
Mrs. Merlyn Ong for entrusting this project to us. This research would not
become possible if not because of their help.

We also sincerely extend our deepest gratitude to our parents for

supporting us in the duration of this project, and for encouraging us even when
the challenges are tough. Their help has been very helpful in the hardest times of
this thesis preparation.

Lastly, we thank God for this exciting opportunity of helping someone

satisfy their needs, and also help others in the long run. It was only through His
grace that we were able to finish this paper

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11.0 References
1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. National Structural Code
of the Philippines Volume 1: Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures,
6th Edition. 2010

2. Indigenous (ecology). (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)
3. GreenBuilding.com (n.d.-1), What is green building science? Retrieved
from: http://www.greenbuilding.com/knowledge-base/what-greenbuilding-science
4. GreenBuilding.com (n.d.-2), A house as a system. Retrieved from:
http://www.greenbuilding.com/knowledge-base/house-system
5. Green Building Technology Net. (2007). Natural Technology. Retrieved
from: http://gbtech.emsd.gov.hk/english/utilize/natural.html
6. glassisgreen.com (n.d.). Green products for green buildings. Retrieved
from: http://www.glassisgreen.com/green-product.php
7. Glazette (2012 Nov. 8), Reflective glass for building design, par. 1, 3-4.
Retrieved from: http://www.glazette.com/reflective-glassfor-buildingdesign-348.html
8. Fuller, S. (2013 October 3). The financial and environmental benefits of
LED lighting in public buildings. Triplepundit.com. Retrieved from:
http://www.triplepundit.com/2013/10/led- lighting-public-buildings/

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12.0 APPENDIX

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12.1 ARTICLE TYPE PAPER

98

12.2 ORIGINAL PROJECT

REPORT ASSESSMENT
SHEET BY PANEL MEMBERS

99

12.3 ENGLISH EDITOR

ASSESSMENT AND
EVALUATION RUBRIC

100

12.4 ACCOMPLISHED
CONSULTATION FORMS

101

12.5 COMPILATION OF
ASSESSMENT FORMS
(RUBRICS)

102

12.6 COPY OF ENGINEERING

DRAWING AND PLANS

103

12.7 COPY OF PROJECT

POSTER

104

12.8 PHOTOCOPY OF
RECEIPTS

105

12.9 RELEVANT PICTURES

106

12.10 OTHER REQUIRED

FORMS

107

12.11 STUDENT
REFLECTIONS

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13. RESUME OF EACH

MEMBER