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44
2010 IEEE
this text file is run using the Pspice A/D section of the program and the output is examined with the text editor. The
second method is the Schematic Method (now called Capture)
where the user draws the circuit diagram directly on the
screen and then executes that program. The Direct Method is
generally the most rapid method of solving relatively simple
problems. The Schematic (Capture) Method has the advantage of visually seeing whether the circuit components are
connected as intended for more complex circuits but is a bit
more time consuming to setup than the Direct Method for
most simple EMC problems since numerous windows and
drop down menus must be navigated in the Schematic or
Capture method.
Once the Pspice program has been installed on your computer, the following is a description of how you can input your
program, run it, and examine the output. Although there are
several ways of doing this, the simplest is to use the Design
Manager. To load this you click or select the following in this
sequence.
1) Start
2) Programs
3) MicroSim Eval 8
4) Design Manager
The Direct Method is to simply type in the Pspice program
using the TextEdit feature. To enter this and prepare the program we select the following in this sequence.
1) TextEdit (lower button on the vertical toolbar on the left)
2) Type the program
3) Save the program as XXX.cir or XXX.in and close it
4) Select Pspice A/D (second button on the vertical toolbar on
the left)
5) Click on File, Open and select the previously stored file. The
program will automatically run and the output will be stored
in file XXX.out.
6) Click on File, Run Probe in order to plot waveforms or File,
Examine Output in order to examine the printed output.
7) Alternatively you could recall the TextEdit progam and select
File, Open, XXX.out to examine the printed output which is
self explanatory.
3. Execution Statements
4. Output Statements
5. END
The first line of the SPICE program is the Title and is not processed by SPICE. It is simply written on the output and any
plots. A comment line is started with an asterisk (*) and is also
N1
V(N1, N2)
+
+
Element
V(N1)
N2
+
V(N2)
2010 IEEE
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connected to it. Also SPICE requires that every node must have
a dc path to ground (the zero (0) node). Placing a large resistor,
e.g. 1MEG Ohm, between such nodes fixes this problem.
The inductor is shown in Fig. 2(d) and is designated with
the letter L, e.g., LTOM. The current through the inductor as
well as the initial inductor current at t 5 0 1 , I(0), is assumed
to flow from the first-named node to the last-named node. The
initial condition can be specified at the end of the statement
with IC=I(0). The capacitor is shown in Fig. 2(e) and is designated with the letter C, e.g., CME. The initial voltage across
the capacitor at t 5 0 1 , V(0), can be specified at the end of the
statement with IC 5 V 1 0 2 , and this voltage is assumed to be
positive at the first-named node.
All numerical values can be specified in powers of ten and
written in exponential format, e.g., 2 3 10 25 5 2E 2 5, or by
using standard multipliers using standard engineering notation:
N1
I(VXXX)
VXXX
N2
N1
IXXX
N2
I(RXXX)
N1
RXXX
N2
N1
I(0) = IC
SPICE Symbol
10 (giga)
106 (mega)
MEG
10 (kilo)
10 (milli)
10 (micro)
109 (nano)
(pico)
3
6
10
12
LXXX
Multiplier
N2
(d)
N1
+
V(0) = IC
N2
CXXX
N1 N2
value
IC = V(0)
CXXX
optional
(e)
Fig. 2. Coding convention for (a) the independent voltage source, (b) the independent
current source, (c) the resistor, (d) the inductor, and (e) the capacitor.
46
2010 IEEE
N1
o
M
vx
vx
L1
m
GXXX
N2
N1 N2 n m
(a)
n
n
N1
+
+
vx
m
EXXX
L2
L1 m n value
L2
vx
p value
N2
M
L1 L2
N1 N2 n m
(b)
n
N1
VXXX
ix
N2
ix
+
FXXX
N1
ZC, TD
N1 N2 VXXX
N2
(c)
TXXX
N1
n
ix
+
VXXX
HXXX
M2
N1 N2 M1 M2
Z0 = ZC
TD = TD
ix
N2
M1
N1 N2 VXXX
(d)
Fig. 3. Coding convention for (a) the voltage-controlled current source, (b) the voltage-controlled voltage source, (c) the
current-controlled current source, (d) the current-controlled
voltage source.
ways to specify the important parameters for the (lossless) line but
the one shown in the figure is the most widely used; specify the
characteristic impedance of the line and the lines one-way time
delay. Alternatively you can create a lumped RLCG approximate
model of a lossy line using lumped-circuit elements [6, 7]. But the
per-unit-length parameters of resistance R and conductance G in
that model must be constants although these are, in reality frequency dependent which is not readily handled in an exact solution
of the transmission-line equations [67].
Figure 6 shows how to specify the important time-domain
waveforms. Figure 6(a) shows the PWL (piecewise-linear)
waveform where straight lines are drawn between pairs of
points that are specified by their time location and their value.
Observe that the function holds the last specified value, V4
in the figure. Figure 6(b) shows the periodic pulse waveform,
PULSE, that is used to specify periodic clock or other timing waveforms. The function specifies a trapezoidal waveform
Phase
1
2
b be 2 time2Td Df
360
Brackets around items signify that they are optional. Hence to
specify the general sinusoidal waveform
Vo 1 Vasina2paFreq 1 time 2 Td 2 1
x 1 t 2 5 Asin 1 nv 0 t 1 u2
2010 IEEE
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500ix
1 k
V3
500
V1
t1
t3
t2
t4
PWL (0 0 t1 V1 t2 V2 t3 V3 t4 V4)
ix
time
1000
(a)
2000
1
V1
PW
+ 0
ix
500
6
+ 0
time
T D TR
500
500ix
+
500
V2
TF
PER
Pulse (V1 V2 TD TR TF PW PER)
(b)
Fig. 6. Coding convention for the important source waveforms: (a) the piecewise-linear waveform and (b) the pulse
source waveform (periodic).
although it contains both the transient and the steady-state
parts of the solution).
The dc solution is specified by
.DC VFRED 1 10 2
If no sweeping of any source is desired then simply choose one dc
source in the circuit and iterate its value from the actual value to
the actual value and use any nonzero increment. For example,
.DC VFRED 5 5 1
The sinusoidal steady-state or phasor solution is specified by
48
5V
V2
Vout
2 k
V4
2010 IEEE
x 1 t 2 5 c0 1 a cn sin 1 nv 0 t 1 /cn 2
`
n51
There is an important consideration in using the .FOUR command. The portion of the waveform that is analyzed to give
the Fourier expansion coefficients is the last portion of the
solution time of length one period 1@f0 5 T. In other words,
SPICE determines the coefficients from the waveform between
end_time[1/f0] and end_time. Hence, end_time on the .TRAN
command should be at least one period long. In situations
where the solution has a transient portion at the beginning of
the solution interval and we want to determine the Fourier
coefficients for the steady-state solution, we would run the
analysis for several periods to insure that the solution has gotten into steady state. For example consider an input signal
that is periodic with a period of 2 ns or a fundamental frequency of 500 MHz. An output voltage at node 4 would also
have this periodicity but would have a transient period of at
least five time constants. Suppose the maximum time constant of the circuit is 4 ns. Then we would set the end time to
20 ns or more in order to get into the steady state region of
the solution at the end of the solution. The following commands would be used to obtain the Fourier coefficients of the
steady-state response of the node voltage at node 4:
.FOUR f0 [output_variable(s)]
The .FOUR command can only be used in a .TRAN analysis.
The fundamental frequency of the periodic waveform to be analyzed is denoted as f0 5 1/T where T is the period of the waveform. The output_variable(s) are the desired voltage or current
waveforms to be analyzed, e.g., V(2), I(R1). The phase results
are with reference to a sine form of the series:
.TRAN 0.1N 2N
which would run for only one period. There is a FFT button on
the tool bar that can compute the Fast Fourier Transform of the
waveform. Essentially this valuable feature can turn Pspice into
a poor mans spectrum analyzer.
All printed output are directed to a file named XXXX.OUT
if the input file is named XXXX.IN or XXXX.CIR. Plotting
waveforms is the greatest enhancement of Pspice over the original SPICE. This is invoked by simply placing the .PROBE
statement in the program list. No additional parameters are required. Pspice stores all variables at all solution time points and
waits for the user to specify which to plot.
V. Examples
In this brief tutorial we have shown the basic commands that
one can use to solve the vast majority of electric circuit analysis
problems particularly those that are encountered in EMC problems. Essentially Pspice performs the tedious and laborious
solutions of the lumped-circuit models of the problem. Solving
these circuits by hand would not only be time consuming but
would involve so many errors as to make the solutions obtained
useless. We have conscientiously tried to minimize the detail
2010 IEEE
49
159 H
1.6 pF
2
Vin
100
Magnitude (dB)
10
Vout
30
40
50
20
60
1.0
3.0
10
30
Frequency (MHz)
(b)
100
3.0
10
30
Frequency (MHz)
(d)
100
(a)
1.0
100
50
Phase ()
Magnitude (V)
0.8
0.6
0.4
50
0.2
0
1.0
3.0
10
30
Frequency (MHz)
(c)
100
100
1.0
50
VDB(3)=20log10VM(3)
Figure 8(c) shows what we get if we request VM(3): the data are
highly compressed outside the bandpass region. The phase (in
degrees) is plotted in Fig. 8(d). The resonant frequency is 10
MHz. The phase is 190o below the resonant frequency due to the
dominance of the capacitor in this range and is 290o above the resonant frequency due to the dominance of the inductor in this range.
This bears out the important behavior of a series resonant circuit.
2010 IEEE
1
2 k
l=0
2 k
10 mA
+
iL (r) VC (t)
10 mH
2 k
100 pF
500
10 mA
iL (0) = 2 mA
+
VC (0) = 4 V 500
10 mA
0V +
100 pF
3
10 mH
0
(c)
(b) r = 0
(a)
2 k
10 mA
iLss = 10 mA
+
VCss = 20 V
500
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
10
20
30
Time (s)
(e)
(d)
40
50
ZC = 124
TD = 0.3 ns
ZC = 124 +
VL
TD = 0.3 ns
0
0
(a)
VS(t ) +
5 pF
10
We have chosen to solve the circuit out to 50 s, print the solution in steps of 0.05 s, and have directed Pspice to use a solution time step no larger that 0.05 s as well as to use the initial
conditions given for the inductor and capacitor. The result is
plotted using PROBE in Fig. 9(e). The result starts at 2 mA, the
initial inductor current, and eventually converges to the steadystate value of 10 mA, which can be confirmed by replacing the
inductor with a short circuit and the capacitor with an open
circuit in the t . 0 circuit as shown in Fig. 9(d).
EXAMPLE 4 Figure 10 shows an example where an interconnecting set of conductors (lands on a PCB) can cause severe
10
EXAMPLE 3
IS 0 1 DC 10M
R 1 2 2K
VTEST 2 3
L 3 0 10M IC52M
C 1 0 100P IC54
.TRAN .05U 50U 0 .05U UIC
*THE INDUCTOR CURRENT IS I(VTEST) OR I(L)
.PROBE
.END
L = 2 inches = 5.08 cm
10
15 20 25
Time (ns)
(b)
30
35
40
2010 IEEE
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VS(t)
S
101
0
NE
+
RNE
L
201
Spice
0 Subcircuit 0
Model of a
Multiconductor
Transmission
Line
102
202
VNE
RL
0
FE
+
VFE
RFE
.ENDS MTL
Fig. 11. Connection of a SPICE subcircuit model of a multiconductor transmission line (MTL) to its terminations.
logic errors resulting in poor signal integrity. Two CMOS
inverters (buffers) are connected by two inches of lands
15 2 inches 5 5.08 cm 2 on a PCB. The output of the left
inverter is shown as a Thevenin equivalent circuit having a low
source resistance of 10 ohms. This is fairly typical of CMOS
devices except that the output resistance is somewhat nonlinear. The load on the line is the input to the other CMOS
inverter which is represented as a 5pF capacitor that is also
typical of the input to CMOS devices. We are interested in
determining the voltage at the output of the interconnect line,
VL 1 t 2 , which is the voltage at the input to the second CMOS
inverter. The open-circuit voltage of the left inverter, VS 1 t 2 , is
a 5 V, 50 MHZ (period of 20 ns), 50% duty cycle, clock trapezoidal waveform having 0.5 ns rise/fall times. A 10 mil land
lying on a glass epoxy PCB of 47 mils thickness has a ground
plane below it. For the cross-sectional dimensions of the line
the characteristic impedance is ZC 5 124V, and the velocity of
propagation is v 5 1.7 3 108m/s. This gives a one-way time
delay of TD 5 L/v 5 0.0508m/1.7 3 108m/s 5 0.3 ns. The
response for the load voltage is computed with Pspice using
the exact (lossless) transmission-line model contained in Pspice
and is shown in Fig. 10(b).
Solution The nodes are numbered on the circuit diagram
and the Pspice program is
EXAMPLE 4
VS 1 0 PULSE(0 5 0 0.5N 0.5N 9.5N 20N)
RS 1 2 10
T 2 0 3 0 Z05124 TD50.3N
CAP 3 0 5P
.TRAN 0.05N 40N 0 0.05N
.PROBE
.END
52
where MTL is the name given to the subcircuit, and its external
nodes are 101, 102, 201, 202. The subcircuit model ends with .
ENDS and the name of the subcircuit model, MTL These node
numbers are unique to the subcircuit, but their ordering is important.
The call statement in the SPICE main program is formatted as
XMTL S NE L FE MTL
Hence the nodes of the subcircuit MTL are attached to the external nodes of the main SPICE model as S5101, NE5102, L5201,
FE5202 to connect the subcircuit to the MTL terminations as
illustrated in Fig. 11. The subcircuit model must end with
.ENDS MTL
and the main SPICE program must end with the statement
.ENDS
References
Biography
Clayton R. Paul received the B.S. degree, from The Citadel,
Charleston, SC, in 1963, the M.S. degree, from Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, GA, in 1964, and the Ph.D. degree, from
Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, in 1970, all in Electrical Engineering. He is an Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering at the
2010 IEEE
1. Introduction
In 2008 Supplement 1 to the Guide to the expression of
uncertainty in measurements (GUM) [1] was published by
the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM). To
the JCGM, which is chaired by the Bureau International
des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), contribute the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
(IFCC), the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the International Union of
Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the International
Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). The Supplement
1 to the GUM (GUMS1) was prepared the Working Group
1 of the JCGM, which has the task to promote the use of
the GUM and to prepare Supplements in order to broaden
the range of its applications.
The GUMS1 provides an easy to implement numerical approach to the evaluation of measurement uncertainty named
propagation of distributions. The GUMS1 approach goes beyond the limits inherent to the GUM theoretical framework,
(1)
2010 IEEE
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