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ESTRUCTURA DE LOS SUELOS

Ing. Jos Miguel A. Vsquez Sevillano

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ESTRUCTURA DEL SUELO


Las partculas del suelo no se encuentran aisladas, forman unos agregados
estructurales que se llaman peds, estos agregados (o terrones) por
repeticin dan el suelo. Es como la unidad de los cristales que por
repeticin origina el mineral. Los agregados estn formados por partculas
individuales (minerales, materia orgnica y huecos) y le confieren al suelo
una determinada estructura.
Unin de partculas orgnicas e inorgnicas del suelo mediante interacciones fsicoqumicas

agregados

ordenacin de agregados y huecos

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Se habla de estructura como una


propiedad y es ms bien un estado, ya
que cuando el suelo est seco, se
agrieta y se manifiesta la estructura,
pero si est hmedo, el suelo se vuelve
masivo, sin grietas y la estructura no se
manifiesta.
En los peds hay un material inerte,
arenas, que se unen por la materia
orgnica y las arcillas y otros agentes
cementantes.
Si las arcillas estn dispersas, el suelo
carece de estructura, si estn
floculadas, forman estructura.

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Estructura laminar:

se compone de partculas de suelo agregadas en lminas o capas finas que


se acumulan horizontalmente una sobre otra. A menudo las lminas se
traslapan, lo que dificulta notablemente la circulacin del agua. Esta
estructura se encuentra casi siempre en los suelos boscosos, en parte del
horizonte A y en los suelos formados por capas de arcilla.

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Estructuras en bloques angulares o bloques subangulares:


Son partculas de suelo que se agrupan en bloques casi cuadrados o
angulares con los bordes ms o menos pronunciados. Los bloques
relativamente grandes indican que el suelo resiste la penetracin y
el movimiento del agua. Suelen encontrarse en el horizonte B cuando hay
acumulacin de arcilla. Los agregados tienen formas de bloque, sin
predominio de ninguna dimensin.

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Bloques angulares
bloques polidricos de unos 10 cm, de caras
rectangulares y aristas rectas. Formada por ciclos de
humedad/sequa y congelacin/descongelacin

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Bloques subangulares
bloques de menos de 10 cm con caras curvas y aristas
agudas, es tpica de zonas ridas y semiridas pobres en
materia orgnica.

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Estructuras prismticas y columnares:


son partculas de suelo que han formado columnas o pilares verticales
separados por fisuras verticales diminutas, pero definidas. El agua circula con
mayor dificultad y el drenaje es deficiente. Normalmente se encuentran en el
horizonte B cuando hay acumulacin de arcilla.

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Prismtica
pilares verticales, a menudo con seis lados, y unos 15 cm de dimetro, con la superficie
superior plana. Caracterstica de los horizontes B de los suelos arcillosos. Por lo general no
permiten la penetracin en ellos de las races.

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Prismtica

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Columnar
prismas cuya parte superior en lugar
de ser plana tiene forma de cpula.
Formada
por
expansin
y
contraccin de arcillas en suelos
sdicos.

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Columnar

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Estructuras granulares y migajosas:


son partculas individuales de arena, limo y arcilla agrupadas en granos
pequeos casi esfricos. El agua circula muy fcilmente a travs de esos
suelos. Por lo general, se encuentran en el horizonte A de los perfiles de
suelos.

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Granular compuesta
Esferas imperfectas no porosas. Estructura ms favorable,
normalmente corresponde a suelos con gran actividad
biolgica ricos en bases y materia orgnica, como praderas
con multitud de lombrices

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Migajosa
Estructura granular compuesta muy porosa.
Medios con materia orgnica bien evolucionada.
Tambin es comn en praderas

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Grumosa-migajosa

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Sin estructura:
condicin en la que no existen agregados visibles o bien no hay un
ordenamiento natural de lneas de debilidad, tales como:

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Maciza o estructura continua


cuando el suelo aparece como
un bloque compacto.

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Granular simple o sin estructura


Donde no hay ninguna unin entre los partculas, se trata de granos sueltos sin elementos finos,
tpica de horizontes arenosos

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