ANSI/ICEA P-45-482-2007 SHORT CIRCUIT PERFORMANCE OF METALLIC SHIELDS AND SHEATHS ON INSULATED CABLES Approved by AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE 6/20/2007 Publication # ANSI/ICEA P-45-482-2007 ©2007 by INSULATED CABLE ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION, Inc.ICEA P-45-482-2007 ma. Approved as an American National Standard ‘ANSI Approval Date: June 20,2007 Insulated Cable Engineers Assoc., Publication No. P-45-482-Revised 2007 Short Circuit Performance of Metallic Shields and Sheaths on Insulated Cable Published by Insulated Cable Engineers Association P.0. Box 1563 Carroliton, Georgia 30112 www.icea.net, © Copyright 2007 by the Insulated Cable Enginoors Ascociation. All rights including transiation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Beme Conventon for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. ‘© Copyright 2007 by the Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Incorporated.ICEA P-45-482-2007 NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document. ‘The Insulated Cable Engineers Association, ino. (ICEA) standards and guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, ere developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While ICEA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fainess in the development of consensus, it Coes not indepencenty test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or tho soundness of any judgements contained in its standards and uideline publications, ICEA disclaims labilty for personal injury, property, of other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, direcly or indirecily resulting ‘rom the publication, use f, application, or reliance on this document, ICEA disclaims and makes no guarenty or warranty, ‘expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or comploteness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document wil fulfil eny of your particular purposes or needs. ICEA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual ‘manufacturer or seller's products or services by virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document avaliable, ICEA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is ICEA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgement or, as appropriate, seek the advice of 2 competent professional in determining the exercise of reesonable care in any given circumnstances. Information end other standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or information net covered by this publication, ICEA hes no power, nor does it undertake fo police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. ICEA does not certify, test, or inspect products. designs, or instalations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health or safety-related information in this document shall not be attributable to ICEA and is solely the responsibilty of the certifier or maker of the statement,ICEA P-45-462-2007 Page i CONTENTS Foreword : ‘Section! GENERAL. a 14 SCOPE...... =) 42 REFERENCES. 4 Section 2. FORMULAE AND CALCULATIONS 3 Section 3 Tabulated Parameters 5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Formules for Determining Metallic Shield/Sheath Cross-sectional Area... 4 Table 2 Parameters for Use in Equations (1), (2) or (3). 5 Table 3 Values of T;, Approximate Shield or Sheath Operating Temperature, °C at Various Conductor Temperatures... ities Table 4 Values for T2, Maximum Allowable Shield or Sheath Transient nt Temperature, Src Table 5 M Values for T, Temperature of 200 °C... . 6 Table 6 M Values for T; Temperature of 350 °C. 6 ‘© Copyright 2007 by the Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Incorporated.ICEA P-45-482-2007 Page ii Foreword This publication discusses factors for consideration in approximating the operability of insulated and/or covered wire and cable under the influence of uninterrupted short circuit currents encountered as a resuit of cable or other equipment faults. The duration of sucit a fault is considered to be up to epproximately 2 ‘seconds. Calculation for single short circuits of longer durations yield increasingly conservative resus. “The following items must be considered in order to estimate the short crcuit: uit performance of @ epecific 4. The magnitude and duration of the fault current including any fault current division due to available conducting paths. 2. The capability of joints, terminations and other accessories in the affected circuit to withstand the thermal and mechanical siresses created by the fault. 3. The interaction between the faulting circuit and surrounding equipment, such 2s supports, ties and clamps. 4. The capabilty of the affected cable circult, as instelled, to withstand the electromagnetic forces created during the faut. 5. The maximum temperature that cable components can withstand without incurring damage due to heating caused by fault current flow. 6. Damage to adjacent equipment due to arcing at the site of the fault. 7. For limitations imposed on the short-circuit current in the cable phase concustor see ICEA Publication P-32-382, Short Circuit Characteristics of Insulated Cable. ‘An important simplifying assumption in the formula is the adiabatic nature of the heat generated, ie,, the Guration of the fault is so short that al the heat developed by the fault current during this tine is assumed tobe completely contained within the sheath or shield, The amount of heat dissipated from the sheath or shield during continucus, single fauk occurrences of re’atively short curation is small. A significant amount cof heat may be cissipated because of the relatively long cooling periods involved for fauits interrupted and reestablished with automatic reclosing of crcuit protective devices. A non-adiabatic calculation may be more suitable for these situations and for single, uninterrupted short circuits in excess of 2 seconds requiring close accuracy. Non-adiabatic calculation methods are described in several published works listed in Section 1.2 “References. ‘The formula described in this publication is based on the thermal capacity of the metallic sheath/shield material and the transient temperature limi: of the adjacent cable component materials. The quantity of heat contained in the meiallic sheath/shield is that created by the fault current and is also a function of the temperature rise in the metalic sheathishield. The magnitude of the temperature rise Is the difference botwoen the upper temperature of the cable material in contact with the sheathishiold and the operating temperature of the sheatn/shield immediately prior 10 the initiation of the fault. ‘The operating temperature of the sheath o shield depends on the temperature of the conductor and the insulation thickness which is determined by the cable voltage rating. See Section 3, Table 2 for suggested estimated values,ICEA P-45-482-2007 Page ii ‘The maximum transient temperature limits of the cable component materials are those which cause no significant change in the materials. These limits were extrapolated from laboratory test data ‘Suggestions for improvements in this publication are weleome, and should be sent to ICEA at the address bolow. Insulated Cabie Engineers Association, Inc. P.O. Box 1568 Carrollton, GA 30112 ‘The members of the ICEA working group contributing to the writing of this Standard consisted of the following: E. Walcott, Chairman E. Bartolucci R. Fleming W. Temple R. Bristol L Hiivala S. Campbell F. Kuchta J. Cancelosi D. Land © Copyright 2007 by the Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Incorporated.ICEA P-45-462-2007 Page 4 ‘Section 1 GENERAL 44 SCOPE Equations and parameters have been established for short circuit calculations for sheaths or shields made of aluminum, bronze, copper, lead, steel, zinc and cupro-nickel alloy. The types of sheaths or shields included are. + Wires. applied ether helically, as braid or serving; or longitudinally with corrugations. + Holically appli fiat tape, not overlapped. + Helically applied, overtapped, fat tape. + Corrugated tape, longitudinally applied + Tubular sheath, ‘The types of cable materials in contact wih the sheath or shield are: crosslinked (thermoset), thermoplastic, impregnated paper, and varnished cloth. Tho materials which determine the meximum allowable short circuit temperatures are: paper vernished Cloth and several thermoplastic and thermosetting materials presently appearing in ICEA standards, ‘Temperature limite, considered sage, wero established for the various coverings and insulation matorils. The equations may be used to determine: + The maximum shor circuit current permitted for a specific sheath/shield and short crcuit duration. + The sheath/shield size necessary to carry a specific short circuit current for a given duration + The maximum duration a specific sheath/shield can carry a specific short ckcult current. 1.2 REFERENCES “The following references were reviewed in preparing this document. The Transient Temperature Riso of Round Wire Shields of Extruded Dielectric Cables Under Short Circuit Conditions, M. A, Martin Jr., A.W. Reczek ur., IEEE-ICC Open Forum at 87 Meeting Nov. 17-19, 1975. Optimization of Design of Motallic Shield-Concentric Conductors of Extruded Dielectric Cables Under Fault Conditions, EPRI EL-3014, Project 1266-2, final Report 4/83, Optimization of Metallic Shields for Extruded Dielectric Cables Under Fault Conditions, IEEE Paper 86 TAD 330-8. ‘© Copyright 2007 by the Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Incorporated.ICEA P-45-482-2007 Page 2 ‘Normal and Short Circuit Operating Characteristics of Metallic Shiolded Solid Dielectric Power Cable. MA. Martin Jr., D, A. Silver, R. G. Lukac, R, Suarez, IEEE Paper 973 495:9. Fault Test on Embedded Copper Wire and Copper Tepe Shiatded Single Conductor Cables. C. Landinger, L. D. Cronin, IEEE Paper C73-124-5. Buried Power and Tolephone Distribution Systoms-Analysis of Primary Cable Fault Tests and Evaluations of Experience with Random Separation, EE! Pub, 68-62. ‘The Short Circuit Rating of Thin Metal Tape Cable Shields, AIEE Trans, Vol, 87, pp. 740-758, March 1968. Fault Current Rating of Metalic Cable Scroons, T. M. White, S. E. Philbrick, JICABLE 1087, Paper B6.2. Are Cable Shields Being Damaged During Grounds Faults?, P. S. Hamer, B. M. Wood. IEEE Transactions ‘on Industry Applications, Paper PID-86-6, Design of Metallic Shields for Extruded Dielectric Cables, 1984 IEEE IAS Pulp and Paper Conference, D. A. Sliver, M. D. Buckwoitz, Paper PPI-84.14, Calculations of Thormally Permissible Short Currents Taking Into Account Non-Adiabatic Heating Effects, IEC Publication 60949-9-1988.ICEA P-45-482-2007 Page 3 Section 2 FORMULAE AND CALCULATIONS Short circuit current, short-circuit time or effective cross-sectional area of shield or sheath can be calculated from the basic equation: sas Te *Voegg) AY) «0 270x410 (sce = [on [B A short-circuit current, amperes. flective cross-sectional ares of the shield or sheath, circular mils. = Time for short errcutt, seconds. pectfic gravity of shiold or sheath material. pecific heat of shield or sheath materal sbitrary temperature (usually considered 20°C). Speotfic resistivity of shielo of sheath material at temperature To, microhrn-crn A. = Inferred temperature of zero resistance for the shield/sheath material, °C below zoro. Maximum allowable shield or sheatn transient temperature, °C, Operating shield or sheath temperature, °C. Letting 4 K =2470 x10°(8G\sH) 2t* @) Pp Then the equation (1) becomes: at Toth @ re ‘Working equations may be derived from equation (3) giving: 1 rom] “ ) ‘The equation becomes: MA ae 6) or: ” Or: ) Refer to Section 3 for tabulation values of the various parameters ‘© Copyright 2007 by the Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Incorporated.ICEA P-45-482-2007 Page 4 For equations (6) and (7) effective cross-sectional area, A, may be calculated from the formulae in Table 1. If Ais determined from (8), these formulae may be used to determine characteristics of the shield or sheath, Table 1 Formulas for Determining Metallic SI heath Cross-sectional Area ‘TYPE OF SHIELD OR SHEATH FORMULA FOR CALCULATING A (SEE NOTES 1&2) 1. Wires applied etther helically, as a braid or serving; or longitudinelly with nae corrugations. 2._Helicolly applied tape, not overlapped. - 4.27 nw 400 Abd, | | --100_— 3. Helically applied flat ape, overlapped. See NOTE 3. { Tie 3] A. Corrugated tape, longitudinally applied, 1.27[n(d, +50)s 8b 5. Tubular sheath. 4 bd, NOTE: Meaning of Symbols: A = Effective cross-sectional area of shield or sheath, emi B = Tape overlap, mils (usually 375). b = Thickness of tape, mits. de Diameter over exiruded insulation sereen, mils. Gn Mean diameter of shield or sheath, mils. 4, Diameter of wires, mils. w Width of tape, mils. 0 Number of serving or braid wires, or tapos. L Overlap of tape, percent. NOTE2: The effective area of composite shields is the sum of the effective areas of the components. For example, the effective area of a composite shiald consisting of a helically applied tape and a wire serving would be the sum of the area calculated from Formula 2 (or 3) and Formula 1 NOTE 3: The effective area of thin, helically applied overtapped tapes depends, also, upon the degree of electrical contact resistance of the overlaps. Formula 3 may be used fo calculate the effective cross-sectional area of the shield for new cable. An increase in contact resistance may occur after cable installation, during service exposed to moisture and heat. Under these conditions the contact rasistance may approach infinity, where Formula 2 could apply. © Copyright 2007 by the Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Incorporated.ICEA P-45-482-2007 Page S ‘ ‘Section 3 Tabulated Parameters i Table 2 Parameters for Use in Equations (1), (2) oF (3) ; ‘Suggested Values for Properties of Metals at K T= 20°C Calculated from Materiaigg “36 ‘SH P| ‘equation (2) ‘Aluminum 2.70. 0.22 83 | 228 Bronze” 8.80 0.094 | 3.95 [564 Coppert 8.93 0.092 | 1.72 | 234 Leadtt 44.3 0.031 | 206 | 236 Stecit 7.85. Ot 12.0 | 180 Zinctt 714 0.093 | 5.91 |_288 Canpro-Nickel Alloys 8.93 0.09 | 26.5 | 1800 Three quarter hard, 1350 aluminum. Commercial Bronze, 90% copper, 10% zinc. annealed 100% conductivity copper. Pure lead (99.99%). Mid or low carbon siee! commercial roled zinc, 0.08% Lead Cupro Nickel, 80% Copper, 20% Nickel wyatt '§§ These values are believed accurate for the materials shown. Variations may occur due to small changes in composition. Table 3 Values of T;, Approximate Shield or Sheath Operating ‘Temperature, °C at Various Conductor Temperatures. Rated Voltage Shield or Sneath Temperature, °C, at Conductor Temperatures __kv)_[705°ET 100°C T95°c [enc | asec | e0°c | 75 | 70°C | BC S15 | 100 | os | 90 | a5 [ao | 75 | 70 | 65 | 60 25. 95 ‘90 | 90 [85 | 80 | 75 | 70 | 65 | 0 35-46 | 95, oo | es | 0 | 75 | 70 | 65 | 60 | 65 9-345_| 90 es [eo [75 | 7 | 6 | oo | 55 | 50 NOTE: The maximum conductor temperature should not oxcoad tho normal temperature raling of he insulaton used, For more accurate shield/sheath temperatures, contact the cable manufacturer. © Copyright 2007 by the Insulated Cable Encineers Association, Incorporated.ICEA P-45-482-2007 Page 6 Table 4 ‘Values for T;, Maximum Allowable Shiold or Sheath Transiont Temperature, °C Cable Materalin Contact with Shield or Sheath t Grossinked (thermoset) 350" Thermoplastic — 200 impregnated Paper 200. Varnished Cloth 200, NOTE: The temperature of the shield or sheath shall be limited by the material in contact with K. For ‘example, a cable having a crosslinked semi-conducting shield under the metallic shield and a crosslinked jacket over the metallic shield would have a maximum allowable shield temiperature of 350 °C. With a thermoplastic jacket it would be 200 °C. *For lead sheaths this temperature is limited to 200 °C. Table 5 Values forTz Temperature of 200°G Values for M for the Limiting Conditions Where T, = 200 °C. Shield/Sheath Shieid/Sheath Operating Temperature (T,), °C Material 400 95 90 85. 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 ‘Aluminum [0.038 | 0.040 [0.041 | 6.042 [0.048] 0.044 | .045 | 0.046 | 0.047 | 0.048 | 0.088 CaroreeT Bronze 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.045 | 0.046 | 0.047 | 0.048 | 0.049 | 0.050 | 0.051 | 0.052 | 0.053 Copper | 0088 | 0060 | 01062 | c08s | Oves [0.086 | 00s8 | 0.970 LoO7T [cor [oOTE Lead [0.01 [oot [0012 [Gore }aote Toure | 0013 | 0013 [0014 | o.0Te | ore Steel 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.028 Zine | 0.029 | 0.030 [0.030-| 0.031 | 0.032 | 0.033 | 0.034 | 0.034 [0.035 | 0.036 | 0.037 Cupro-Nickei_| 0.017 | 0.018 [0.018 | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.022 Table 6 M Values for Tz Temperature of 350 °C_ Shield/Sheath Values for M for the Limiting Conditions Where T, = 350 °C_ Material Shield/Sheath Operating Temperature (73), °C TO] 8 | 8 | 78 | 70 | 8S] | Aluminum (0.056 | 0.057 | 0.058 | 0.059 | 0.060 | 0.060 | 0.067 | 0.062 [0.063 ‘Commercial Bronze | 0.098 | o.06¢ | 0.066 | 0.067 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.088 | 0.070 | 0.070 | o.071 | o.ore Copper 0.086 | 0.086 | 0.088 | 0.089 | 0.090 | 0.001 | 0.092 | 0.093 | 0.004 | 0.096 | 0.007 Steal [00st [0.037 [0.032 [0.033 [0.033 | 0.034 | 0.034 | 0.035 [0.035 [0.036 [0.038 i 0.042 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.044 | 0.045 | 0.0465 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.048 Cupro-Nickel_[ 0.027 [0.027 | 0.028 [ 0.028 [0.029 [0.029 [ 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.030 | 0.030 [0.030 ‘© Copyright 2007 by the Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Incorporated.