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Question:
Diagram of the brain locate the core brain its function course of damage and
its effect.
INTRODUCTION
As the largest portion of the brain, the cerebrum weighs about 2 pounds in a
normal adult. The cerebrum is around most of the structures of the brain and
contains billions of neurons that control everything that a person does, think, and
senses. As the well-developed part of the brain, the cerebrum is what most people
think of when they think of the brain. The cerebrum controls language, senses,
thinking and personality so damage to the cerebrum can have very distinct
outcomes depending on the part of the cerebrum that is damaged.
The largest region of the human brain, our cerebrum controls higher brain
functions such as language, logic, reasoning, and creativity. The cerebrum
surrounds the diencephalon and is located superior to the cerebellum and
brainstem. A deep furrow known as the longitudinal fissure runs midsagittally
down the center of the cerebrum, dividing the cerebrum into the left and right
hemispheres. Each hemisphere can be further divided into 4 lobes: frontal,
parietal, temporal, and occipital. The lobes are named for the skull bones that
cover them.
The surface of the cerebrum is a convoluted layer of gray matter known as the
cerebral cortex. Most of the processing of the cerebrum takes place within the
cerebral cortex. The bulges of cortex are called gyri (singular: gyrus) while the
indentations are called sulci (singular: sulcus).
Deep to the cerebral cortex is a layer of cerebral white matter. White matter
contains the connections between the regions of the cerebrum as well as between
the cerebrum and the rest of the body. A band of white matter called the corpus
callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum and allows the
hemispheres to communicate with each other.
Deep within the cerebral white matter are several regions of gray matter that make
up the basal nuclei and the limbic system. The basal nuclei, including the globus
pallidus, striatum, and subthalamic nucleus, work together with the substantia nigra
of the midbrain to regulate and control muscle movements. Specifically, these
regions help to control muscle tone, posture, and subconscious skeletal muscle.
The limbic system is another group of deep gray matter regions, including the
hippocampus and amygdala, which are involved in memory, survival, and
emotions. The limbic system helps the body to react to emergency and highly
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emotional situations with fast, almost involuntary actions (New Health Guide,
2014).
CEREBRUM STRUCTURE
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and consists of four different lobes
that control senses, thoughts, and movement. The cerebrum is divided into two
halves that are linked by the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum passes
messages between the two halves of the brain. The right half of the cerebrum
controls the left side of the body; the left cerebrum controls the right side of the
body. The four lobes of the cerebrum are the frontal, parietal, temporal and
occipital lobes.
Four Lobes of the Cerebrum and their Functions (New Health Guide, 2014)
Lobes
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Location
The frontal lobe, as the
name implies, is located in
the area of the brain
around your forehead.
Functions
Emotions, planning, creativity, judgment,
movement and problem solving are controlled
in the frontal lobe.
The frontal lobes are further divided into the
prefrontal cortex, the pre-motor area, and the
motor area.
The parietal lobe is behind The senses of temperature, taste, pressure,
the frontal lobe and on the touch and pain are controlled in the parietal
top back of the brain.
lobes. Some language functions may also be
controlled in the parietal lobe.
Temporal
Lobe
There are two layers of the cerebrum. The thick outer layer is called the cerebral
cortex. When you hear someone talk about gray matter, they are typically talking
about the cerebral cortex. This layer is involved with thinking, the coordination of
movement and your personality.
The second layer of the cerebrum is the white matter of the brain. This network of
fibers runs between the different parts of the brain and allows the different areas of
the brain to communicate and pass messages (New Health Guide, 2014).
CAUSES OF CEREBRAL (BRAIN) DAMAGE
When the brain is starved of oxygen for a prolonged period of time, brain damage
may occur. Brain damage can occur as a result of a wide range of injuries,
illnesses, or conditions. Because of high-risk behaviours, males between the ages
of 15 and 24 are most vulnerable. Young children and the elderly also have a
higher risk (WebMD, 2016).
Causes of traumatic brain injury include:
Road traffic accidents
Blows to the head
Sports injuries
Falls or accidents
Physical violence
Causes of acquired brain injury include:
Poisoning or exposure to toxic substances
Infection
Strangulation, choking or drowning
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Stroke
Heart attacks
Tumours
Aneurysms
Neurological illnesses
Abuse of illegal drugs
SYMPTOMS OF BRAIN DAMAGE
There are numerous symptoms of brain damage, whether traumatic or acquired.
They fall into four major categories:
Cognitive
Perceptual
Physical
Behavioural/emotional
Cognitive symptoms of brain damage include:
Difficulty processing information
Difficulty in expressing thoughts
Difficulty understanding others
Shortened attention span
Inability to understand abstract concepts
Impaired decision-making ability
Memory loss
Perceptual symptoms of brain damage include:
Locked-in syndrome The patient is paralyzed and mute, but can think and
reason.
Brain death Brain function cant be measured due to widespread damage.
Removal of life support systems will cause respiratory failure and cardiac
arrest.
Generally speaking, the length of time the patient is unconscious will determine the
severity of the injury and the length of recovery. Most patients who sustain a
moderate or severe brain injury require inpatient and/or outpatient rehabilitation in
order to regain the most amount of brain function possible. Other less severe
immediate effects of brain injury that may be experienced by those who sustain a
moderate or severe injury include:
Vomiting
Dizziness
Dilated pupils
Speech and language problems
Amnesia
Difficulty swallowing
Respiratory and circulatory issues
Cognitive Effects of Brain Injury
Depending upon the severity of the injury, long-term cognitive effects are possible.
The most common long-term cognitive effects include memory loss, post-traumatic
amnesia, concentration and attention problems, communication and language
issues, and post-traumatic dementia.
Cognitive impairments are usually diagnosed by a neurologist, who will test the
patients attention, memory, and the ability to speak and understand. Cognitive
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REFERENCES
Brainandspinalcord.org
(2016).
Effects
of
Brain
Injury
http://www.brainandspinalcord.org/traumatic-brain-injury-effects/
New
Health
Guide
(2014)
Cerebrum
Function
http://www.newhealthguide.org/Cerebrum-Function.html
retrieved
retrieved
from
from
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