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Plateau state polytechnic barkin ladi

Department of General Studies

List of Group Members Two


S/NO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14
15
16.
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Name
Zephaniah David Daipa
Ibrahim Linda Maichib
Igyem David Agwom
James Amise
Juliana Samuel maren
Pam Lyop Samuel
Ubme Isaifanus K
Sylvester rotgak Ezekiel
Damsam Florence Martep
Kaneng Joshua joy
Shwardit Godwin Simput
Dauda ibukum Joshua
Agwom Dorcas Akas
Pam Fwogos Roseanis
Michelle Godiya Derrick
Manjah Jangwok Mwantep
Pam Gyang Bulus

Malice no
0071
0138
0102
0084
0040
0021
0895
0094
0076
0010
0087
0042
0054
0113
0115
0049
0059

Question:
Diagram of the brain locate the core brain its function course of damage and
its effect.

INTRODUCTION
As the largest portion of the brain, the cerebrum weighs about 2 pounds in a
normal adult. The cerebrum is around most of the structures of the brain and
contains billions of neurons that control everything that a person does, think, and
senses. As the well-developed part of the brain, the cerebrum is what most people
think of when they think of the brain. The cerebrum controls language, senses,
thinking and personality so damage to the cerebrum can have very distinct
outcomes depending on the part of the cerebrum that is damaged.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN (New Health Guide, 2014)

The largest region of the human brain, our cerebrum controls higher brain
functions such as language, logic, reasoning, and creativity. The cerebrum
surrounds the diencephalon and is located superior to the cerebellum and
brainstem. A deep furrow known as the longitudinal fissure runs midsagittally
down the center of the cerebrum, dividing the cerebrum into the left and right
hemispheres. Each hemisphere can be further divided into 4 lobes: frontal,
parietal, temporal, and occipital. The lobes are named for the skull bones that
cover them.
The surface of the cerebrum is a convoluted layer of gray matter known as the
cerebral cortex. Most of the processing of the cerebrum takes place within the
cerebral cortex. The bulges of cortex are called gyri (singular: gyrus) while the
indentations are called sulci (singular: sulcus).
Deep to the cerebral cortex is a layer of cerebral white matter. White matter
contains the connections between the regions of the cerebrum as well as between
the cerebrum and the rest of the body. A band of white matter called the corpus
callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum and allows the
hemispheres to communicate with each other.
Deep within the cerebral white matter are several regions of gray matter that make
up the basal nuclei and the limbic system. The basal nuclei, including the globus
pallidus, striatum, and subthalamic nucleus, work together with the substantia nigra
of the midbrain to regulate and control muscle movements. Specifically, these
regions help to control muscle tone, posture, and subconscious skeletal muscle.
The limbic system is another group of deep gray matter regions, including the
hippocampus and amygdala, which are involved in memory, survival, and
emotions. The limbic system helps the body to react to emergency and highly
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emotional situations with fast, almost involuntary actions (New Health Guide,
2014).
CEREBRUM STRUCTURE
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and consists of four different lobes
that control senses, thoughts, and movement. The cerebrum is divided into two
halves that are linked by the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum passes
messages between the two halves of the brain. The right half of the cerebrum
controls the left side of the body; the left cerebrum controls the right side of the
body. The four lobes of the cerebrum are the frontal, parietal, temporal and
occipital lobes.
Four Lobes of the Cerebrum and their Functions (New Health Guide, 2014)
Lobes
Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Location
The frontal lobe, as the
name implies, is located in
the area of the brain
around your forehead.

Functions
Emotions, planning, creativity, judgment,
movement and problem solving are controlled
in the frontal lobe.
The frontal lobes are further divided into the
prefrontal cortex, the pre-motor area, and the
motor area.
The parietal lobe is behind The senses of temperature, taste, pressure,
the frontal lobe and on the touch and pain are controlled in the parietal
top back of the brain.
lobes. Some language functions may also be
controlled in the parietal lobe.

Temporal
Lobe

As the name implies, the


temporal lobe is located
on each side of the brain
behind the temples.
Occipital Lobe The occipital lobe is
located at the back lower
part of the brain at the
back of head.

Most hearing and language functions are


controlled in the temporal lobes. Emotion,
learning and auditory processes are also located
in the temporal lobes.
Vision and the ability to recognize objects are
controlled in the occipital lobe. The retina of
the eye sends input to the occipital lobe of the
brain which then interprets the signals as
images.

Layers of the Cerebrum


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There are two layers of the cerebrum. The thick outer layer is called the cerebral
cortex. When you hear someone talk about gray matter, they are typically talking
about the cerebral cortex. This layer is involved with thinking, the coordination of
movement and your personality.
The second layer of the cerebrum is the white matter of the brain. This network of
fibers runs between the different parts of the brain and allows the different areas of
the brain to communicate and pass messages (New Health Guide, 2014).
CAUSES OF CEREBRAL (BRAIN) DAMAGE
When the brain is starved of oxygen for a prolonged period of time, brain damage
may occur. Brain damage can occur as a result of a wide range of injuries,
illnesses, or conditions. Because of high-risk behaviours, males between the ages
of 15 and 24 are most vulnerable. Young children and the elderly also have a
higher risk (WebMD, 2016).
Causes of traumatic brain injury include:
Road traffic accidents
Blows to the head
Sports injuries
Falls or accidents
Physical violence
Causes of acquired brain injury include:
Poisoning or exposure to toxic substances
Infection
Strangulation, choking or drowning
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Stroke
Heart attacks
Tumours
Aneurysms
Neurological illnesses
Abuse of illegal drugs
SYMPTOMS OF BRAIN DAMAGE
There are numerous symptoms of brain damage, whether traumatic or acquired.
They fall into four major categories:
Cognitive
Perceptual
Physical
Behavioural/emotional
Cognitive symptoms of brain damage include:
Difficulty processing information
Difficulty in expressing thoughts
Difficulty understanding others
Shortened attention span
Inability to understand abstract concepts
Impaired decision-making ability
Memory loss
Perceptual symptoms of brain damage include:

Change in vision, hearing, or sense of touch


Spatial disorientation
Inability to sense time
Disorders of smell and taste
Balance issues
Heightened sensitivity to pain
Physical symptoms of brain damage include:
Persistent headaches
Extreme mental fatigue
Extreme physical fatigue
Paralysis
Tremors
Seizures
Sensitivity to light
Sleep disorders
Slurred speech
Loss of consciousness
Behavioural/emotional symptoms of brain damage include:
Irritability and impatience
Reduced tolerance for stress
Sluggishness
Flattened or heightened emotions or reactions
Denial of disability/increased aggressiveness
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EFFECTS OF CEREBRAL (BRAIN) DAMAGE


Brainandspinalcord.org (2016) outlined the following effects of brain damage:
Mild Brain Injury
A mild brain injury is described as one that results in a loss of consciousness and/or
cognitive issues like confusion for 30 minutes or less. Symptoms may include
dizziness, vomiting, confusion, mood swings, memory and attention issues, and
headache, and sometimes are so mild that patients and/or their loved ones overlook
them completely. However, because mild brain injury can have devastating effects
if not recognized and treated, its important that anyone who has been in an
accident and is experiencing any symptoms, however mild, seek medical care right
away. Because mild brain injuries often do not show up on the MRI or CT scan, its
important to keep careful track of any symptoms, and report them accurately.
There are a wide variety effects that result from brain injury, and they vary in
both duration in type. As a general rule of thumb, the more severe the brain injury,
the more permanent and debilitating damage will result. Effects can be immediate
or long term, and can be physical, cognitive, or emotional.
Moderate or Severe Brain Injury
A moderate or severe brain injury may result in six abnormal states of
consciousness. These include:
Stupor The patient is unresponsive but can be aroused by strong stimulus.
Coma The patient cant be aroused.
Persistent vegetative state The patient is unconscious but has sleep-wake
cycles and periods of alertness.
Minimally conscious state Similar to persistent vegetative state, but the
patient shows signs of cognitive processing.
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Locked-in syndrome The patient is paralyzed and mute, but can think and
reason.
Brain death Brain function cant be measured due to widespread damage.
Removal of life support systems will cause respiratory failure and cardiac
arrest.
Generally speaking, the length of time the patient is unconscious will determine the
severity of the injury and the length of recovery. Most patients who sustain a
moderate or severe brain injury require inpatient and/or outpatient rehabilitation in
order to regain the most amount of brain function possible. Other less severe
immediate effects of brain injury that may be experienced by those who sustain a
moderate or severe injury include:
Vomiting
Dizziness
Dilated pupils
Speech and language problems
Amnesia
Difficulty swallowing
Respiratory and circulatory issues
Cognitive Effects of Brain Injury
Depending upon the severity of the injury, long-term cognitive effects are possible.
The most common long-term cognitive effects include memory loss, post-traumatic
amnesia, concentration and attention problems, communication and language
issues, and post-traumatic dementia.
Cognitive impairments are usually diagnosed by a neurologist, who will test the
patients attention, memory, and the ability to speak and understand. Cognitive
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issues are treated by neuropsychologists (general behavioral and cognitive


impairments), occupational therapists (daily living activities such as dressing,
doing laundry, and cooking), and speech-language pathologists (communication).
Sensory Effects of Brain Injury
Long-term effects on the senses are also possible, including problems with vision,
hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Depending upon the nature of their injury, brain
injury patients may also experience problems telling left from right, doing math,
remembering visual information, drawing objects, recognizing objects, being
spatially aware, following directions, and building objects.
Sensory Effects of Brain Injury
Sensory effects of brain injury are generally treated through retraining. For
example, a person who has trouble drawing objects will undergo repetitive therapy
until he or she has been retrained to perform the skill. In addition, therapy may
include helping the patient compensate for deficits. For example, a person who has
spatial issues may be taught to scan their environment in a certain way.
Emotional Effects of Brain Injury
Some patients experience long-term emotional or behavioral problems after
experiencing a brain injury. Common emotional effects include irritability, anxiety,
insomnia, depression, confusion, frustration, agitation, mood swings, and clinical
depression. Behaviors may include violence, inappropriate actions, emotional
outbursts, lack of self control, impulsivity, poor self-awareness, and alcohol and
drug abuse.
Some people who suffer from the emotional effects of brain injury are put on
medication, some are put in counseling and psychotherapy to help them deal with
their emotions, while others undergo a combination of both.
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Physical Effects of Brain Injury


Seizure is the most common long-term physical effect among those who have
experienced a brain injury, especially those who have contusions or hematomas.
Other physical that may result from brain injury include Parkinsons disease, loss
of coordination, partial paralysis, and sudden muscle contractions.
Patients who experience physical effects as a result of brain injury undergo
physical therapy at both inpatient and outpatient therapy, and frequently require
long-term therapy to help them deal with impairments. In addition, there is a wide
variety of adaptive equipment on the market to help traumatic brain injury
survivors adapt and succeed.
How brain damage and brain injuries are treated
Anyone who has a head or brain injury needs immediate medical attention.
A brain injury that seems mild, referred to as a concussion, can be as dangerous as
clearly severe injuries. The key factor is the extent and location of the damage.
Brain injury does not necessarily result in long-term disability or impairment. But
the correct diagnosis and treatment is needed to contain or minimize the damage.
The extent and effect of brain damage is determined by neurological examination,
neuroimaging testing such as X-rays or CT scans, and neuropsychological
assessment such as checking reflexes. Doctors will stabilise the patient to prevent
further injury, ensure blood and oxygen are flowing properly to the brain, and
ensure that blood pressure is controlled.
About half of severely injured patients require surgery to repair a ruptured blood
vessel or to relieve pressure on the brain.

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If a patient is severely injured, rehabilitation may be arranged to assist in long-term


recovery. This may include:
Physiotherapy
Occupational therapy
Speech and language therapy
Psychological support
How brain injuries can be prevented
Most injuries that cause brain damage are preventable. Here are some rules to
follow to reduce the risk of brain damage:
Never shake a child.
Install window guards to keep young children from falling out of open
windows.
Install shock-absorbing material on playgrounds.
Wear helmets during sports or cycling.
Wear seatbelts in cars, and drive carefully.
Avoid falls by using a step-stool when reaching for high items.
Install handrails on stairways.
Dont use illegal drugs.
Drink alcohol only in moderation, and never drink and drive.

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REFERENCES
Brainandspinalcord.org
(2016).
Effects
of
Brain
Injury
http://www.brainandspinalcord.org/traumatic-brain-injury-effects/
New
Health
Guide
(2014)
Cerebrum
Function
http://www.newhealthguide.org/Cerebrum-Function.html

retrieved
retrieved

from
from

WebMD (2016). Brain damage: Symptoms, causes, treatments


retrieved from http://www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/braindamage-symptoms-causes-treatments

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