EE3706 - Chapter 5 - Operational Amplifiers

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Part 1: DC CIRCUITS
Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

I. Introduction.
II. Operational amplifier.
III. Ideal Op Amp.
VI. Inverting Non-inverting amplifier.
V. Summing amplifier.
VI. Difference amplifier.
VII. Cascaded Op Amp circuits
VIII. Applications
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

I. Introduction
The operational amplifier (op amp) is an electronic unit that behaves like a
voltage-controlled voltage source.
An op amp can: sum signals, amplify, integrate, or differentiate a signal.
Nowadays, op amp are popular in practical circuit designs because they are
versatile, inexpensive, easy to use
This chapter presents the ideal op amp first and consider the non-ideal op amp
later.
Using nodal analysis as a tool, we consider ideal op amp circuits such as the
inverter, voltage follower, summer and difference amplifier.

II. Operational amplifiers
An op amp is an active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, differentiation, and integration.
An op amp package
The op amp is an electronic device consisting of a complex arrangement of

resistor, transistor, capacitor, and diodes treat them as a circuit building
block, study what takes place at its terminals.
There are several important terminal in an op amp:
The inverting input: pin 2 (-)
The non-inverting input: pin 3 (+)
Dual in-line package of op amp
The output: pin 6

The positive power supply V+: pin 7
The negative power supply V-: pin 4

which are often ignored in op amp circuit diagram,
i+
2
3
i2
8
6
1
5
4
but the power supply currents must not be overlook.
An op amp must be powered by a voltage supply
i1
i-
i0
VCC
+
VCC
-
i0 i1 i2 i i
The equivalent circuit model of a non-ideal op amp:
The output section: Voltage-controlled source A.vd in
series with output resistance R0.
Ri: Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at input terminals
The equivalent circuit of the

non-ideal op amp
R0: Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at the output

Voltage output: v0
A.vd A.(v2 v1 )
A: Open-loop voltage gain (gain of the

op amp without any external feedback
from output to input.
4

Table shows typical parameter values of op am:
Parameter
Typical range
Ideal value
Open-loop gain, A
105 - 108
Input resistance, Ri
106 - 1013
Output resistance, R0
10 - 100
Supply voltage, Vcc
5 - 24 V
Op amp can operate in three modes, depending on the vd

Positive saturation: v0 = Vcc
Linear region: -Vcc v0 = A.vd Vcc
Positive saturation: v0 = -Vcc

Ex 5.1: Find the closed-loop gain V0 / Vs. Determine
current i when Vs = 2V
Using the op amp model, we obtain the equivalent
741 parameter
Value
Open-loop gain, A
2.105
Input resistance, Ri
2M
Output resistance, R0
50
R2
circuit applying the nodal analysis gives:
20k
R1
VS V1 V1 V1 V0
2 VS V0

V1
At node 1:
R1
Ri
R2
3
3
7
10k
vS
v0
741
At node 0:
V1 V0 V0 AVd
RO
R2
Vd V1
When vs = 2V:
V1 V0 400( V0 2.106.V1 )
V
0 1.9999699
Vs
2 V V0
V1 S
20,067 V
3
V V
i 1 0 0,2 mA
R2
R2
20k
R1
10k
VS
R0
50
- R
i
Vd
2M
+
+
-
A.Vd

III. Ideal op amp
An ideal op amp is an amplifier with infinite open-loop gain (A = ), infinite input
resistance (Ri = ), and zero output resistance (RO = 0).
Important characteristics of an ideal op amp:
The currents into both input terminal are zero
i1 0 ; i2 0
The voltage across the input terminals is small
i1 = 0
+
V1
-
i2 = 0
+
V2 =V1
-
Vd
V0
GND
Vd V2 V1 0 ; V1 V2

III. Ideal op amp
Ex 5.2: Considering 741 op amp as an ideal op amp. Calculate the V0 /Vs. Find i0
when vs = 1V
As an ideal op amp, we have: V2 VS
Since i1 = 0 R1 and R2 are in series
V2
i2 = 0
i1 = 0
V1
3
4
i0
741
VS
R2
V0
V
V1
R1 0
R1 R2
9
R1
5k
40k
20k V0
V0
V0
9
From these equations, we have: VS
VS
9
V0
V0
V0 9 V
VS 1
Applying KCL at node 0 gives: i0
3
R1 R2 20.10
i0 0,65mA

i2
IV. Inverting Non-inverting amplifier

IV.1. Inverting amplifier
Applying KCL at node 1:
R1 V1
Vi V1 V1 V0
i1 i2
V
V
R
R1
R2 i 0 V0 2 Vi
R1
R2
R1
V
0
Ideal op amp: 1
2
Notes:
The voltage gain AV
R2
depends
R1
only
on
i1
V2
Vi
R2
V0
741
V0
the
external
R2
Vi
R1
element
connected to the op amp.
A key feature of the inverting amplifier is that both the

input signal and the feedback are applied at the
+
Vi
-
R1
R
V
+ f Vi 0
R1
-
inverting terminal of the op amp.

The inverting amplifier is used in a current to voltage converter.

Ex 5.3: Calculate the output voltage v0 and the current through R1 and R2 if vi = 0,5V
R2
This is an inverting amplifier
R
25
V0 2 .Vi .0,5 1,25V
10
R1
Calculating the current though the R1
iR 1
Vi 0
0,5
50 A
3
R1
10.10
25k
R1
10k
Vi
3
7
4
741
+
V0
-
Calculating the current though the R2
iR 2
V0 0 1.25
50 A
3
25.10
R2
10

R2
10k

Ex 5.4: Calculate the output voltage V0
R1
4k
6V
4V
+
V0
-
Applying KCL at node 3:
6 V3 V3 VO
6 V3 V3 VO
R1
R2
4
10
Because of an ideal op amp, we have V3 = V4 = 4V
6 4 4 VO
VO 1V
4
10
11

i2
IV.2. Non-inverting amplifier
R1 i1
3
7
A non-inverting amplifier is an op amp circuit designed

to provide a positive voltage gain:
R2
Vi
+
V0
-
Input voltage Vi is applied directly at the noninverting input terminal.

R1 is connected between the ground and the inverting terminal.
0 V3 V3 V0
i1 i2
R1
R2
V3 V4 Vi
Vi Vi V0
R1
R2
R
V0 1 2 Vi
R1
12

3
Note:
+
V0 = Vi
Vi
If R2 = 0 or R1 = the voltage gain becomes 1

In this case, the circuit is call a voltage follower (or unity gain amplifier)
Characteristic of voltage follower:
A very high input impedance

Useful as an intermediate - stage
(or buffer) amplifier to isolate one
circuit from another.
First stage
Second
stage
Voltage follower used to isolate two

cascaded stages of a circuit
Minimize interaction between the two stages and eliminate inter-stage

loading.
13

R2
10k

Using superposition lets: VO VO1 VO 2
R1
4k
6V
4V
+
V0
-
VO1 is due to the 6V voltage source

VO2 is due to the 4V voltage source
Calculate VO1: Set the 4V voltage source to zero, the circuit becomes an inverter.
VO1
R2
10
6 6 15V
R1
4
Calculate VO2: Set the 6V voltage source to zero, the circuit becomes an noninverter amplifier
R2
10
VO 2 1
4 1 4 14 V
4
R1
VO VO1 VO 2 1V
14

R2
5k
R1
R3 2k
R4
V0
4k
3V
8k
15

V. Summing amplifier
A summing amplifier is an op amp circuit that combines several inputs and
produces an output that is the weighted sum of the inputs.
The summing amplifier is a variation of the inverting
amplifier
Applying KCL at node a gives:
i i1 i2 i3
Va VO V1 Va V2 Va V3 Va
Rf
R1
R2
R3
i1
V1
R1
V2
i
R2 2
V3
i3
R3
Rf
0
i
3
4
+
V0
-
Note that: Va = 0 (ideal op amp)
Rf
Rf
Rf
VO V1
V2
V3
R2
R3
R1
16

V. Summing amplifier
Ex 5.7: Calculate V0 and i0 in the op amp circuit
R1 5k
2V
This is a summer with two inputs
R2
Rf
a 3
2,5k
1V
10k
i0
+
2k VO
-
Applying the equation of summing amplifier gives:
Rf
Rf
10
10
8V
VO V1
V2 .2
R2
2,5
5
R1
The current i0 is the sum of the currents through the 10-k and 2-k resistor
VO Va VO Vb 8 8
i0
4,8mA
10
2
10 2
17

VI. Difference amplifier
A difference (differential) amplifier is a device that amplifies the difference
between two inputs but rejects any signals common to the two inputs.
Applying KCL at node a gives:
R2
V1 Va Va V0
R
V0 1 Va 2 V1
R1
R2
R1
R1
Applying KCL at node b gives:
R2
R3
V1
1
R2
R3
R
R
V0 1
V2 2 V1 V0 2
R1
R1
R1
R3 R4
1
0
3
0 4
Vb
R4
V2
V2 Vb Vb
R4
Vb
V2
R3
R4
R3 R4
Note that: Va = Vb (ideal op amp):
Va
R1
R1
R2
R3
R4
V2
+
V0
-
R2
V1
R1
18

Since a difference apmlifier must reject a signal common to the two inputs
V0 = 0 when V1 = V2
R
R
This properties exists when: 1 3
R2 R4
The op amp circuit is a difference amplifier
R
V0 2 V2 V1
R1
R2
Va
R1
R3
V1
0
3
0 4
Vb
R4
V2
+
V0
-
If R2 = R1, and R3 = R4, the difference amplifier becomes a subtractor V0 V2 V1

Remarks:
The difference amplifier is also known as the subtractor
The difference amplifier are used in varios applications (instrumentation
amplifier)
19

Ex 5.8: Design an op amp circuit with inputs V1 and V2 such that V0 = -5V1 + 3V2
Solution 1: Using only one op amp
V2 V1
5
Rewrite: V0 5V1 3V2 5
Applying the difference amplifier equation: V0
R2
R2
V
5
2 1
R1
R1
R1
1
1
1 5
R2 R2
R2
V 5V
V2 V1 5
In the other word: V0
2
1
R1
R1
R3
R3
1
1
R4
R4
1
Choose:
1 5 3
2 1 R3 R R
R1 10k ; R2 50k

3
4
R4
R3 5
R3 R4 20k
1
R4
20

Ex 5.8: Design an op amp circuit with inputs V1 and V2 such that V0 = -5V1 + 3V2
Solution 2: Using > 01 op amp inverting amplifier + 2-inputs inverting summer.
3R1
For the summer: V0 Va 5V1

For the inverter: Va 3V2
R1
V2
3
4
5R1
5R1
Va
V1
R1
3
4
V0
Combining 02 op amps: V0 = 3V2 - 5V1

Selecte the resistor value: R1 10k ;
21

Ex 5.9: Find the relationship between V0 and 02 - inputs of an instrumentation
4
amplifier.
There are not current into A1, and A2, the
V
7 O1 R1
A1
R3
V1
Va
current I flows through the 3 resisters
V01 V02 i(2 R3 R4 )

V Vb
; Va V1 ; Vb V2
But: i a
R4
V V2
Therefore: i 1
R4
R2
R4
A3
V0
Vb
R3
3
4
A2
R1
VO2
R2
V2
The relationship between inputs and output of an intrumentation amplifier:
R2 2 R3
V0 1
V2 V1
R1
R4
22

Ex 5.10: Obtain i0 in the instrumentation amplifier circuit.
4
3
40k
20k
8V
3
4
R2
R1
R1
20k R2
40k
7
R3
i0
10k
8,01V
23

VII. Cascaded op amp circuits
A cascade connection is a head-to-tail arragement of two or more op amp circuits
such that the output of one is the input of the next.
Characteristics:
Each op amp circuit in the string is called a stage.
Op amp circuits can be cascaded without changing their input-output
relationships beacause:
Infinite input resistance.
Zero output resistance.
The original input signal is increased by the gain of the individual stage.
A A1. A2 . A3
24

Ex. 5.11: Find V0 and i0 in the circuit
4
7
3
i0
R1 12k
The circuit consists of two noninverting amplifiers cascaded
7 a
20mV
R2
3k
At a point:
R3 10k
VO
R4
4k
R1
Va 1 20 100mV
R2
R3
At the output of the second op amp: VO 1
Va 350mV
R4
The current i0 flows through the 10k resistor
VO Vb Vb Va
(350 100).103
i0
i0
25 A
3
R3
10.10
25

Ex. 5.12: Find V0
A
V1=1V
R2 6k
R1
2k
3
4
R3
4k
R7 10k
3
R4 8k
B
V2=2V
R5 5k
7
4
R6
7
4
VO
b 15k
The circuit consists of two inverters A and B and a summer C.
R2
Va V1 3V
R1
R4
Vb V2 4 V
R3
These become the inputs to the summer:
R
2
VO 7 Va 7 Vb 2.(3) (4) 8.333V

R6
3
R5
26

Ex. 5.13: Find V0 if V1 = 2V, V2 = 1,5V
R5 80k
V1
3
7
R1 30k
7
4
R4
R2 50k
R3
15k
V2
VO
20k
7
27

VIII. Applications
Op amp has numerous pratical applications:
Inverters, summers, integrators, differentiators, subtractors, logarithmic
amplifiers
Instrumentation amplifiers, calibration circuits
DAC, voltage-to-curent converters, current-to-voltage converters
Analog computers,
Filters, clippers, rectifier, regulators, level shifters
Comparators, gyrators, oscillators

28

VIII.1. DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter
The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) transforms digital signals into analog form.
A DAC can be realized by using the binary
weighted ladder:
A four-bit DAC
The bits are weights according to the

V1
magnitude of their place value.

Their weights decrease value of Rf/Rn
each lesser bit has half the weight of the next
R1
V3
V2
R2
V4
R3
Rf
R4
3
LSB
MSB
7
VO
higher.
VO
Rf
R1
V1
Rf
R2
V2
Rf
R3
V3
Rf
R4
V4
Binary weighted ladder type
V1, V4 can assume only two voltage levels (0, 1) (binary code) DAC
provides a single output that is proportional to the inputs.
29

VIII.1. DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter
Ex 5.14: Obtain the analog output for binary inputs [0000], [0001], [0010], [1111].
Inputs [B]
Value [D]
0000
0001
0.125
0010
0.25
0011
0.375
0100
0.5
0101
0.625
0110
0.75
0111
0.875
1000
1.0
1001
1.125
15
1.875
1111
V1
-V0
V2
V3
V4
Rf 10k
R1 R2 R3 R4
10K 20K 40K 80K
3
LSB
MSB
VO
Rf
R1
V1
Rf
R2
V2
Rf
R3
V3
Rf
R4
7
VO
V4
V0 V1 0,5V2 0,25V3 0,125V4

Each bit has a value of 0.125V cannot represent a
voltage between 1V 1.125V (DAC resolution).
30

VIII.2. Intrumentation amplifier (IA)
Typical applications of IAs include isolation amplifiers, thermocouple amplifiers,
and data acquisition systems.
From the Ex 5.9, we have:
2R
V0 1
V2 V1
RG
Inverted input
V1
Gain set
RG
3
Non-inverted input
Recall that:
Gain set
Output
V0
V2
The IA amplifies small differential signal voltages

superimposed on larger common-mode voltages.
Schematic diagram
Since the common-mode voltages are equal, they

cancel each other.
31

The IAs have three major characteristics:

The voltage gain is adjusted by one externer resistor RG
The input impedance of both inputs is very high and does not vary as the
gain is adjusted.
The output VO depends on the difference between the inputs V1 and V2, not
on the voltage common to them (common-mode voltage).
32

Ex: A precision Intrumentation amplifier
Product highlight:
Input noise is less than 4 nV/Hz at 1 kHz.
Pin programmable gains of 1, 100, 200, 500 and
1000 provided on the chip. Using a single
external resistor for other gains.
The offset voltage, offset voltage drift, gain
accuracy and gain temperature coefficients are
guaranteed for all pretrimmed gains.
Provides totally independent input and output
offset for high precision applications.
A sense terminal is provided to enable the user
to minimize the errors induced through long
leads. A reference terminal is also provided to
permit level shifting at the output.
Datasheet:
http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/data_sheets/AD620.pdf
Price (100 - 499)
Price (1000)
$4.82
$4.09
33

Ex: LT167 Single resistor gain, programmable, precision intrumentation amplifier
Price (1 - 99)
Price (1000)
$6.45
$5.55
Datasheet: http://cds.linear.com/docs/Datasheet/1167fc.pdf
34

EE3706 - Chapter 5 - Operational Amplifiers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EE3706 - Chapter 5 - Operational Amplifiers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

The op amp is an electronic device consisting of a complex arrangement of

Dual in-line package of op amp

The output: pin 6

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

but the power supply currents must not be overlook.

An op amp must be powered by a voltage supply

The equivalent circuit of the

R0: Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at the output

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

A: Open-loop voltage gain (gain of the

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

Supply voltage, Vcc

Op amp can operate in three modes, depending on the vd

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

circuit applying the nodal analysis gives:

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

IV. Inverting Non-inverting amplifier

connected to the op amp.

A key feature of the inverting amplifier is that both the

inverting terminal of the op amp.

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

This is an inverting amplifier

Calculating the current though the R2

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

IV.1. Inverting amplifier

Applying KCL at node 3:

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

IV.2. Non-inverting amplifier

A non-inverting amplifier is an op amp circuit designed

Input voltage Vi is applied directly at the noninverting input terminal.

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

IV.2. Non-inverting amplifier

If R2 = 0 or R1 = the voltage gain becomes 1

A very high input impedance

Voltage follower used to isolate two

Minimize interaction between the two stages and eliminate inter-stage

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

IV.2. Non-inverting amplifier

Ex 5.5: Calculate the output voltage V0

VO1 is due to the 6V voltage source

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

IV. Inverting Non-inverting amplifier

IV.2. Non-inverting amplifier

Ex 5.6: Calculate the output voltage V0

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

Note that: Va = 0 (ideal op amp)

Chapter 5: Operational amplifiers

This is a summer with two inputs

Applying the equation of summing amplifier gives:

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011