Chemistry

y Lecture 1 Atoms, Moleculess and Quan

ntum Mechanics
Examkrackers MCAT Com
mprehensive Co
ourse, Charles Feng
http://fenguin.net/mcat fenguin@gmail.
f
.com (224) 5332-0039

Atoms
otons, neutron
ns) + electrons
Nucleus (pro
Elements wrritten as
= masss number = pro
otons + neutro
ons
o
= atom
mic number = protrons
o
= elem
ment symbol (i.e
e. Mg)
o
Isotopes:
sam
me
atomic
num
mber
(same # protons),
p
diff mass
m number ((diff # neutrons)

Atomic
weigh
ht/molar
mass
:
from
periodic
c
table,
define
o we use?)
d in amu or g//mol (when do

#
moles
=
#
grams
/
mo
olecular
weigh
ht
o
ectrons than protons, so has a charge (+ caation, - anion)
Ion: diff # ele
nces:
Size differen
e element: cations are smalle
er than neutral, anions are la rger than neu tral
o For same
e # electrons: smaller with hig
gher atomic number b/c of m
more attractivve force from p
protons
o For same
eriodic Table
Pe
Period: horizzontal row
umn, numbere
ed 1-18 or IA-V
VIIIA, IIIB-IIB
Group/Familly: vertical colu
Types
of
elem
ments

o Metals:
Tend to lose electro
ons to form positive ions
t
rically conducttive, luster (shi ny)
Ductille, malleable, thermal/electr
Generrally solids @ room temperatture except mercury
Usually form ionic oxides
o
n
metals:
in
the
e sunken area of the periodicc table (sectio n B groups)
Transition
o
Nonmeta
als:
tend
to
gain
n electrons to form negative
e ions, usually form covalentt oxides
o
Metalloid
ds:
between
a
metal
m
and
a
no
onmetal
o
milies
Groups/Fam
Alkali
me
tals (Group 1A
A): low melting
g point, form 1+ cations, reacct strongly with
h most nonmeetals including
g water (to
o
droxides and hydrogen gas)
form hyd
e
metals (G
Group 2A): high
her melting po
oint, less reactiive than 1A, fo
orm 2+ cations
o Alkaline earth
A:
can
form
fou
ur
covalent
bo
nds
with
nonm
metals.
C
can
f
form
strong
pi
Group
4A
bonds, everytthing else can form two
o
additionaal bonds for a total
t
of 6
A: can form thrree covalent bo
onds. N can fo
orm strong pi b
bonds, everyth
hing else can fo
orm two addittional
o Group 5A
bonds for a total of 5
s
most important, both can make stro
ong pi bonds. O
Oxygen reactss with
o Chalcogeens (Group 6A): oxygen and sulfur
metals to
o form metal oxides. Pure sulfur is S8
nd like to gain electrons
o Halogenss (Group 7A): F, Cl, Br, I. All exxist as diatomicc molecules an
Noble
gas
ses
(Group
8A)
):
nonreactive,
normally
foun
nd
in
nature
as
s isolated atom
ms
o
olecules: H, O, N,
N Cl, Br, I, F
Diatomic mo
onds, large ato
oms (3rd period
d or above) havve d orbitals so
ore than 4 bon
nds
o can form mo
Small atoms can form pi bo

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Chemistry
y Lecture 1 Atoms, Moleculess and Quan
ntum Mechanics
Examkrackers MCAT Com
mprehensive Co
ourse, Charles Feng
http://fenguin.net/mcat fenguin@gmail.
f
.com (224) 5332-0039

Pe
eriodic Trend
ds
Ionization en
nergy: energy itt takes to remo
ove an electro
on
b
Electronegattivity: tendencyy to attract an electron in a bond
nity: willingnesss of an atom to
t accept an ad
dditional electtron
Electron affin
nization, electrron affinity, ele
ectronegativityy) increase goiing LEFT-RIGHT, BOTTOM-TO
OP
Start with E: (energy of ion
w E: (atomic radius, metallic character) in
ncrease going RIGHT-LEFT, TTOP-BOTTOM
Dont start with
SII
ol
Units: kg, m, s, A, K, cd, mo
ga/kilo/deci/ce
enti/milli/micro/nano/pico/ffemto
Prefixes: meg
M
Molecules: separate and distinct units mad
de of atoms
Empirical forrmula: relative number of ato
oms of one ele
ement to anoth
her
ms per molecu
ule
Molecular forrmula: exact number of atom
p
composition by masss
Calculating percent
o For each atom, find we
eight of atom in
n molecule / to
otal molecularr weight
e
form
mula from percent mass
Calculating empirical
o Assume a 100 gram sam
mple, multiplyy by % masses to find # gram
ms of each elem
ment
o Find # mo
oles of each element from th
he # grams
e
form
mula (might havve to multiplyy by a factor to make all num
mbers
o Divide byy smallest # of moles to get empirical
integers)
nt the molecular formula, haave to use (give
en) total moleccular weight
o If we wan
Bo
onds
Covalent bon
nd: shares elecctrons; electron
ns closer to mo
ore electroneg
gative atom
ation energy/b
bond energy: en
nergy it takes to
t break a bon
nd
Bond dissocia
o Higher bo
ond energy = lower bond length
o Double bonds
b
have hig
gher bond ene
ergy (lower len
ngth), triple bo
onds even high
her/lower
s
mad
de from two or
o more elemen
nts
Compound: substance
Naming compo
ounds
Ionic: cation + anion
o Cations usually
u
just nam
me of elementt
o Metals with more than one possible charge
c
(i.e. cop
pper) called co
opper (I) or copper (II)
d in -ide
o Anions off elements end
o Polyatom
mic anions containing oxygen end in -ite or -ate (also hyp
po- -ite and peer- -ate)
Acids: named
d after anion
o Acids of elements
e
= hydro- element -ic
o Oxyacds = anion name
e -ic/-ous acid
west, then oth
her one w/ pre fixes
Binary moleccular compounds (2 elementss): leftmost/low

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Chemistry
y Lecture 1 Atoms, Moleculess and Quan
ntum Mechanics
Examkrackers MCAT Com
mprehensive Co
ourse, Charles Feng
http://fenguin.net/mcat fenguin@gmail.
f
.com (224) 5332-0039

Ch
hemical reacttions
Physical vs ch
hemical changes: chemical when
w
moleculaar structure is cchanged
t balance all equations!
e
Remember to
gent: what willl get used up first
f
Limiting reag
o Find # mo
oles available of each reactaant
o Look at raatios between
n coeffs in balanced equation
n to find out w
what gets used
d up first
v actual yield
Theoretical vs
o Theoreticcal is whats prredicted by equation, actual is what you g et in an exper iment

o Percent yiield: % yield
100%

Types of Reaactions
o Combination: A + B C
o Decompo
osition: C A + B
o Single dissplacement: A + BC B + AC
C
+ CB
Double
di
isplacement:
AB
A
+
CD

AD
o
Q
Quantum Mech
hanics
umbers
Quantum nu
mber : shell levvel
o Principal quantum num
al quantum num
mber : subshe
ell/orbital shap
pe: s, p, d, f. Ca n range from 0 to
1
o Azimutha
mber : which
h orbital; range
es from
to
o Magneticc quantum num
s quantum number
n
: 1/2
1 or 1/2
o Electron spin
on principle: no
o two electron
ns can have the
e same set of q
quantum numbers
Pauli exclusio
o electron will
w go into eacch available orbital before an
ny orbital has 2 electrons
Hunds rule: one
Aufbau princciple: electronss look for an avvailable orbitall with the loweest energy statte
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
p 4s 3d 4p 5s 44d 5p 6ss 4f 5d 6p
Electron conffiguration:
o Br = 1s22ss22p63s23p64s23d104p5 = [Ar] 4s23d104p5
ns: 4s23d4 4s
4 13d5, 4s23d9 4s13d10
o Exception
u have the righ
ht number of electrons
e
o For ions, make sure you
Heisenberg
about both th
uncertainty
u
prin
nciple:
we
can
never
be
sure
he position and
d the momenttum of a particcle

Ellectromagnettic Energy
ntum theory: electromagnet
e
uantized in disscrete incremeents
ic energy is qu
Plancks quan
For
a
photon
n,
and
/

ectra:
Emission spe
ergy levels thaat are unique ffor each atom
o Electronss have specific quantized ene
p
of the right
r
waveleng
gth hits the atom, it can exc ite an electron
n to a higher energy level
o When a photon
m the high ene
ergy level releaasing another photon
o After a while, the electrron drops from
o If you use
e a wide spectrum of light, you can see wh
hat wavelength
h of photons aare released to
o identify the m
material
Photoelectric effect:
ed from metal by shining ligh
ht on it
o Electronss can be ejecte
b greater thaan the work fun
nction of th e metal
o The light energy must be

o The kinettic energy of ejjected electron

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