9/27/2012

KHOA CNG NGH

B MN K THUT C KH

BI GING
CHNG 2

CNG NGH CH TO

VT LIU POLYMER (NHA)

KHUN MU
Tin s Nguyn Vn Cng
nvcuong@ctu.edu.vn

CHNG 2: VT LIU POLYMER

2.1. PHN LOI VT LIU K THUT

VT LIU K THUT

NI DUNG
2.1. PHN LOI VT LIU K THUT

KIM LOI

2.2. POLYMER
2.2.1. KHI NIM V POLYMER

Cha st

2.2.2. LCH S PHT TRIN POLYMER

- Thp (iron)
- Gang (cast iron)

2.2.3. U NHC IM CA POLYMER

Khng cha st

2.2.4. NG DNG CA POLYMER

- Al, Mg, Cu, Ti,

Ni, Zn, etc.
- Cc hp kim.
Kim loi qu

2.3. CHT DO
2.3.1. KHI NIM PHN LOI CHT DO
2.3.2. NG DNG
2.3.3. NHN BIT CHT DO
2.3.4. CHN VT LIU NHA
2.4. MT S LOI NHA THNG DNG

2.1. PHN LOI VT LIU K THUT

- Thp (iron)
- Gang (cast
iron)
Hp kim c bit

POLYMERS
Nhit do
(thermoplastic)
- Nylons
- Polystyrene
- Polypropylene
- etc.
Nhit rn (thermoset)
- Epoxy, polyesters.
- Cc hp kim.
n hi (Elastomer)
- Cao su lu ha

CERAMICS
Truyn thng
- t st (Clays)
- Thch anh (Silica)
- Khong cht
(Feldspar)
Cao
- Oxydes, Nitrides,
Carbides,
Ferrides,
Titanates.

HN HP
Composites
Electronics
Magnetic
Construction

Thy tinh

2.1. PHN LOI VT LIU K THUT

POLYMERS

KIM LOI
c: cha st v khng cha st

T nhin: protein, polysacarides, gum resin, cao su

Rn: cha st v khng cha st

thin nhin, cotton, protein ng vt, g, etc.

Cht n hi
Tng hp:

c tnh la chn: Tnh bn (nn, ct, un, etc.), modun n

hi, gin, gii hn ko nn, mt , tnh dn nhit, dn in,
h s dn nhit v in.

1. Cht do: cht nha nhit do (thermoplastic), nha

nhit rn (thermo setting).
2. Vt liu n hi.

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2.1. PHN LOI VT LIU K THUT

2.1. PHN LOI VT LIU K THUT

COMPOSITES

GM (CERAMICS)

L loi vt liu tng hp c t hai hay nhiu vt liu ha

hc khc nhau, hai yu t cu thnh composite l si gia c
v matrix.

Cng, bn nhit cao, chu mi mn tt, cch

in v nhit tt.
C tnh kim loi v phi kim loi

Si gia c: l thy tinh, graphite, aramids, borons hoc cc

cht khc.

S dng chng mi mn, trong xy dng, thy

tinh, chu la, trong cc ngnh k thut nh t,
hng khng, in t, ch to my, y khoa, ...

Matrix: l nha nhit rn (epoxy, polyester, phenolics, etc.),

nha nhit do (polysulfon, polyetherimide, etc.), kim loi, gm
v carbon.
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2.1. PHN LOI VT LIU K THUT

2.2. POLYMER
2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

SO SNH CC C TNH C HC CA VT LIU K THUT

Polymer l g? What is polymer?

2.2. POLYMER

10

2.2. POLYMER

2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

Polymer l g? What is polymer?

LDPE Low Density PolyEthylene

Polymer c ngun gc t Hy Lp, c ngha l gm nhiu units. Polymer c

ngha l l phn t c lp li nhiu ln t cc n phn t (monomer)
nh lin kt cng ha tr, s cc monomer c th ln n hng ngn thm
ch hng triu, kt qu to ra cht cao phn t.
Polymer bao gm cht do v cao su (plastics v rubber), cc phn t ca
chng c mch di.
Polymer thng bao gm carbon, oxygen v hydrogen, ngoi ra cn c Si,
F, Cl, S. Polymer ch gm c carbon v hydrogen l cht hu c.

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2.2. POLYMER

2.2. POLYMER

2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

Nha PE PolyEthylene

Nha PE PolyEthylene

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2.2. POLYMER

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2.2. POLYMER

2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

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2.2. POLYMER

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2.2. POLYMER

2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

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2.2. POLYMER

2.2. POLYMER

2.2.2. LCH S PHT TRIN CA POLYMER

2.2.1. KHI NIM POLYMER

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1838 Bn quyn u tin v phn ng trng hp

c vit thnh sch bi Victor Regnault (Php).
1839 Charles Goodyear (ngi M) pht minh
bin php x l ha rn ca cao su thin nhin,
ng gi l qu trnh lu ha.
1860s J.W. Hyatt (ngi M) pht minh ra celluloid
-mt loi cht do. Qu bng bida c ch to t cht do ny
thay cho ng voi.
1899 Arthur Smith (Anh) s dng bn quyn v nha phenolformaldehyde
to ra vt liu cch in.
1910 Leo Baekeland (B) thng mi ha nha tng hp Bakelite.
1920s phn ng trng ha thnh cng trong cng nghip.
1930s thng mi ha PVC, PE mt thp, PS, PMMA.
1939 DuPont W.H. Carothers to ra sn phm Nylon 6/6 thng mi.
1945 1970: thng mi ha nhiu loi polymer, pht trin nhiu thit b, si tng
hp c s dng.
1970 nay: cht do c si gia c (composite) dn thay th cc vt truyn thng, 20
cht do k thut c pht trin.

2.2. POLYMER

2.2. POLYMER

2.2.3. U - NHC IM CA POLYMER

2.2.3. U - NHC IM CA POLYMER

NHC IM

U IM
C th to sn phm sc nt m khng cn nguyn cng tinh, c th to
c hnh dng phc tp mt cch d dng,

C bn, cng thp hn kim loi, modun n hi thp

Mt thp hn kim loi hoc gm, tnh dn nhit v dn in km (thp

hn 3 ln so vi kim loi),

H s gin n nhit cao (gp 5 ln so vi kim loi, 10 ln so vi gm),

Trng lng ring nh: polymer ~ 1.2 (gm ~ 2.5, kim loi ~ 7.0),
Nhit nng chy thp, nhit dung ring ln gp 2 v 4 ln so vi kim loi
v gm,
Chu n mn v ha cht, c dng rng ri trong vt liu composite,
C tnh cht vt tri so vi kim loi: gim ting n, kh nng to mu d
dng, trong sut cao,

Phm vi s dng nhit thp

n nh kch thc theo thi gian km
D bc chy
Kh sa cha
C tnh c hi nguy him (mi hoc khi trong qu trnh hnh thnh sn
phm)
Ht m
Mt s polymer c th b phn hy di nh nng mt tri hoc tia bc x.

Gi thnh tng i thp.

21

2.2. POLYMER

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2.2. POLYMER

2.2.4. NG DNG CA POLYMER

2.2.4. NG DNG CA POLYMER

Polymer ng dng trong

Polymer ng dng u? Gm nhng sn phm g?

Trao i cng nhm 2 3 ngi, thi gian 2 + 3 pht.

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2.3. CHT DO

2.3. CHT DO

2.3.1. KHI NIM PHN LOI CHT DO

2.3.1. KHI NIM PHN LOI CHT DO

Phn loi theo cu trc mch phn t ca cht do

Phn loi theo cu trc ha hc ca cht do

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26

2.3. CHT DO

2.3. CHT DO

2.3.1. KHI NIM PHN LOI CHT DO

2.3.1. KHI NIM PHN LOI CHT DO

Cu trc mch ca polymer khi gia nhit

Phn loi theo cu trc mch phn t ca cht do

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28

2.3. CHT DO

2.3. CHT DO

2.3.1. KHI NIM PHN LOI CHT DO

2.3.1. KHI NIM PHN LOI CHT DO

Nha lm hng tiu dng v cc chi tit mi mn thp:

Nha k thut: chu mi mn, chng va p, bn chc

PP PolyPropylene

PC PolyCarbonate

PS PolyStyrene (trong sut, dai, bn cao, chu va p, chu

nhit, d gia cng, d pha mu. L tng SX hp
cassette, video, v CD, v TV, t lnh,)

PA PolyAmide (Nylon) [PA6: Nylon 6, PA6,6: Nylon 6,6]: dng

trong cng nghip t v in t.
ABS Styrene Co-Polymers

PE PolyEthylene

PPO PolyPhenylene Oxide

LDPE Low Density PolyEthylene

HDPE High Density PolyEthylene
PVC PolyVinyl Chlorid

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2.3. CHT DO

2.3. CHT DO

2.3.1. KHI NIM PHN LOI CHT DO

2.3.1. KHI NIM PHN LOI CHT DO

Cu trc ha hc ca polymer bn tinh th

Cht nhit do n hi (Elastomer thermoplastic): dng

trong cng nghip v gia dng.
TPU PolyUrethanes
SBS Styrene Butadiene Sityrene

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2.3. CHT DO

32

2.3. CHT DO

2.3.2. NG DNG CHT DO

2.3.2. NG DNG CHT DO

33

2.3. CHT DO

34

2.3. CHT DO

2.3.2. NG DNG CHT DO

2.3.2. NG DNG CHT DO

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2.3. CHT DO

2.3. CHT DO

2.3.2. NG DNG CHT DO

2.3.3. NHN BIT CC CHT DO

Ch : Cc sn phm lm t PVC, thc cht lm t hn hp:

Phng php th nung nng

a.
b.

1. Nha PVC

Cht nhit do s tr nn mm trc khi t 200C

Cht do t nhit s si bt v bt u ra nt trc khi mm ra

2. Cht n nh

TT

Nha

Mm ra?

Bt la

Mu la

Chy tip?

Khi

Mi

Du hiu khc

3. Cht do ha

ABS

Vng b hng

B hng

Hng

Mi gn ging
cao su

4. Ph gia bn va p

PA

Khng

Kh

Xanh l, nh vng

Khng

Si bt khi bt
la

PP

Vng, xanh l y

Du nng

Mm nhit
cao

PVC

Kh

Vng, xanh lc y

Khng

Trng

Hng

D hn gn

PS

Da cam

B hng

Du

Khi bn

PF

Khng

Kh

Vng

Khng

Kht

La si

5. Mu pha
6. Cht hp th UV
7. Cht chng khi, chng chy,
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2.3. CHT DO

2.3. CHT DO

Nhit gia cng ca vt liu nhit do

TT

Nha Tn y

Nhit gia cng ca cht do nhit rn

Nhit khun (C)

Nhit cui piston-vit (C)

PP

Polypropylene

10 80

220 235

TT

Nhit khun (C)

Nhit cui piston-vit (C)

PS

Polystyrene

10 75

200 280

Nha Tn y
PF

Phenolic resins GP

170 190

60 80

ABS

Styrene co-polymers

10 80

220 270

MF

Melamine resins GP

150 165

70 80

PVC

Polyvinyle chloride

20 60

170 200

PMMA

Polymethyl Metacrilate

30 70

190 240

MPF

Melamine phenolic

160 180

60 80

PA6

Polyamide (nylon 6)

50 80

250 280

UP

Polyester resins

150 170

40 60

PA6,6

Polyamide (nylon 6,6)

50 80

250 280

FP

Epoxy resins

160 170

70

PPO

Polyphenylene oxide

40 80

300 330

PC

PolyCarbonate

70 115

300 350

10

POM

60 90

190 210

11

Poly Acetatic resins

Elastomer

(nha n hi cao su)

T lu ha

75 110

12

LDPE

Low density polyethylene

50 70

160 260

13

HDPE

High density polyethylene

30 70

75 110

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40

2.3. CHT DO

2.3. CHT DO

co ca mt s vt liu do

Sn phm nha nhit do s b ph hy, ra nt nu gp nhit cao

TT

Nha

TT

Nha

co (%)

Mt (g/cm3)

TT

Nha

co (%)

Mt (g/cm3)

PS

0,3 0,6

1,05

10

PPO

0,5 0,7

1,06

ABS

0,4 0,7

1,06

11

PC

0,8

1,2

LDPE

1,5 5,0

0,954

12

PA6

0,5 2,2

1,14

HDPE

1,5 3,0

0,92

13

PA6,6

0,5 2,5

1,15

PP

1,0 2,5

1,15

14

PF

1,2

1,4

PVC
mm

> 0,5

1,38

15

MF

1,2 2,0

1,5

PVC
cng

0,5

1,38

16

MPF

0,8 1,8

1,6

PMMA

0,1 0,8

1,18

17

UP

0,5 0,8

2,0 2,1

POM

1,9 2,3

1,42

18

EP

0,2

1,9

Nhit ph hy (C)

ABS

310

PA6,6

320 330

PS

250

PP

280

PVC

180 220

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2.3. CHT DO

2.3. CHT DO
2.3.4. Chn vt liu nha

Chiu dy thnh sn phm nha nhit do

Cho bit nn chn vt liu nha c tnh cht nh th no?

Nha

Chiu dy min
(mm)

PA

0,38

1,6

PC

1,0

2,4

9,5

LDPE

0,5

1,6

6,4

HDPE

0,9

1,6

6,4

PP

0,63

2,0

7,6

PS

0,76

1,6

6,4

PVC

1,0

2,4

9,5

TT

Chiu dy trung bnh

(mm)

Chiu dy max
(mm)

3,2

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2.4. MT S LOI NHA THNG DNG

45

44

2.4. MT S LOI NHA THNG DNG

46

HT CHNG 2

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